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August 2012, Volume 3, No. 4
International Journal of Chemical and Environmental Engineering

Arsenic Contamination in Ground Water Sources of District

Matiari, Sindh
A.A. Uqailia, A. H. Mughalb and B. K. Maheshwaric
a
Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan
b
Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan
c
Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan

Corresponding Author
E-mail: arslan_uqaili@yahoo.com
Tel: +923332755701

ABSTRACT:

The presence of arsenic (As) has been reported across the globe in drinking water sources, Asia
being the most significantly affected area for arsenic contamination around the world. In Asia
around 100 million people are at risk of arsenic contaminated water sources and more than
700,000 cases have been reported for arsenic related diseases.

Many research studies have been conducted for arsenic contamination, furthermore many studies
are being carried out but still there is significant lack of knowledge about the prevalence and
impact of arsenic and its epidemiology in under developed countries like Pakistan. The focus of
this study is on the rural areas of Sindh using ground water as major source of drinking water. In
Pakistan groundwater arsenic concentration has reached up to 1100 μg/L compared with WHO
limits of 10μg/L internationally and 50μg/L for Pakistan.

In the province of Sindh, around 36% of the population is exposed to arsenic contamination
above WHO limits. Therefore, keeping in view the catastrophic situation, a study on arsenic
prevalence in the district of matiari has been conducted to identify presence of arsenic in ground
water. 85 water samples were taken from district matiari from hand pumps and boring and did
field analysis for salinity and total dissolved salts (TDS). Further, the samples were brought in
water testing and surveillance laboratory, LUMHS, Jamshoro where samples were tested for
turbidity and arsenic. Arsenic presence was tested by Merck arsenic kit for 0.00-0.5 mg/L. The
concentration for arsenic was estimated by visual comparison of the reaction zone of analytical
test strip with the color scale. From the total of 85 samples, 60 samples are positive for arsenic,
and among those 22 samples are positive above WHO criteria for Pakistan (0.05mg/L or50μg/L).
This research is part of the efforts taken to evolve and develop a community based awareness of
arsenic hazards and sustainable arsenic mitigation system by establishing spatial and temporal
prevalence of arsenic in the study area.

Key words: Arsenic, ground water, Matiari, Sindh

August 2012, Volume 3, No. 4
International Journal of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
INTRODUCTION:
Water is the most important and basic
necessity for the human life. Without water
life can’t exist and as the population of the
world is increasing the supply of safe and
healthy water has become a great concern.
This is the important debate for both policy
makers and international organizations
dealing with the subject of water shortage
and safe water supply[1]. Among the safety
and quality of water, arsenic has been one of
the important components in contamination
of drinking water specifically in the south
East Asian region. Considerable literature
has been published in recent years on the
presence of arsenic in groundwater being
utilized by humans around the globe and
particularly in Asia. Arsenic has been
identified in the underground water sources
of south East Asian countries and most
prominently in Bangladesh, along with
India, Pakistan and Nepal. In this research
our main focus is on Pakistan.
The main source of drinking water in
Pakistan is ground water. Majority of people
use the water without any treatment or
filtration so it gives rise to a number of
water based diseases. Arsenic is a naturally
occurring element and widely distributed in
earth crust in the form of inorganic arsenic
compounds[2]. Here we have collected
samples from district matiari of Pakistan.
District Matiari consists of three talukas,
Matiari, Hala, and Saeedabad. It is
connected to district Jamshoro in the west,
Nawabshah in north, Sanghar in the east and
Hyderabad in south. In the present work, we
have sampled UC Matiari, UC Hala, UC
Bhit Shah, UC Nasarpur, and UC Faqir
Nuthiani of district Matiari [3].
The consumption of contaminated water
over long periods of time is the primary
route of human exposure to arsenic. Though
a lot of research has been carried out still
there is dearth of knowledge on the presence
and distribution of arsenic in water. The
presence of arsenic in water poses many
health hazards. Among them the common
effects are skin lesions, skin cancer, itching,
night blindness, lung cancer, renal cancer,
bladder cancer, colonic cancer, peripheral
neuro-pathology and vascular pathology
(Blackfoot disease).
Arsenic is an environmental contaminant
that imposes a high risk of morbidity and
mortality. There may be many areas in
Pakistan that are not tested yet and may
yield high concentrations of arsenic. This
particular study was motivated by previous
research studies conducted in rural areas of
Punjab and Sindh and aims at evaluating
arsenic concentration determining the spatial
distribution of this contaminant in Matiari
district and ultimately gauging the incidence
risk in the environment of local community.
Literature review:
Many studies have been conducted
worldwide as arsenic has become a very
important aspect of environment and
community based research. Arsenic has been
found as underground naturally occurring
substance contaminating drinking water
sources and giving rise to mass poisoning, as
arsenic is still undetected in majority of
areas and proper steps are needed to free the
water of arsenic. Among the research being
carried out, Asia is the most significantly
affected area, and in particular, south East
Asia.
August 2012, Volume 3, No. 4
International Journal of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
Figure 1 Countries affected on the current global scenario on arsenic contamination emphasizing on Asia [3]
Among the studies conducted around the
globe, maximum work is done over
Bangladesh as arsenic is considered to be at
very high and alarming levels for both
health and environmental aspects.
I. Allan H. Smith, et al ‘
Contamination of drinking-water by
arsenic in Bangladesh’ reported more
than 50% population of Bangladesh
using contaminated water and out of
2022 samples around 35% are more
than 50 μg/L and 8.4% samples are
alarmingly high at around 300 μg/L
[4].
II. Seth H. Frisbie, et al ‘The
Concentrations of Arsenic and Other
Toxic Elements in Bangladesh’s
Drinking water’ took samples from
112 tube wells of Bangladesh and
around 50% samples have arsenic
concentrations above the WHO
guidelines, along with arsenic 30
more contents were tested and most
of them exceeding the normal WHO
criteria [5].
III. M.M.H Khan, et al ‘Magnitude of
Arsenic Toxicity in Tube-well
Drinking Water in Bangladesh and
Its Adverse Effects on Human
Health Including Cancer’ reported
that in Bangladesh 59 districts out of
64 have been already affected by
arsenic in underground drinking
water, where this particular source of
drinking water is the main source for
97 percent of the rural people [6].
Along with this many studies have been
conducted on the health and environmental
effects of arsenic as it has become the most
widespread mass poisoning particularly in
Bangladesh. Among few other areas where
research has been done, South America has
also shown very high concentrations of
arsenic in the groundwater.
August 2012, Volume 3, No. 4
International Journal of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
IV. Juan D. Paoloni, et al ‘Arsenic in
Water Resources of the Southern
Pampa Plains’ reported 97% positive
arsenic concentrations exceeding the
WHO limits showing maximum
concentrations of up to 0.30mg/L[1].
From the research studies in Pakistan, most
have been carried out in southern Punjab
where arsenic has been found in high
quantities few studies have also been done
in Sindh yielding similar results on arsenic
exceeding the WHO limits.
V. T.AHMED, et al ‘ WED
international conference’ reported
that around 20% population of
Punjab is exposed to arsenic
contamination of 10 μg/L and 3%
population above 50 μg/L and 36%
and 16% population of Sindh is
exposed to 10 μg/L and 50 μg/L of
arsenic respectively [7]
VI. ISLAM-UL-HAQ, et al
‘Groundwater arsenic contamination
– a multi directional emerging threat
to water scarce areas of Pakistan’
reported that in the province of
Sindh, groundwater arsenic
concentration has reached up to 1100
μg/l against WHO limits of 10 μg/l.
in district Rahim Yar Khan and it
was observed that out of 19307
samples, 9644 samples were within
the safer limits <10 μg/l (49.95%)
and the rest of 9663 samples
(50.05%) were found with varying
arsenic concentration from 20 μg/l to
500μg/l [8].
VII. G.M.ARAIN et al ‘Arsenic
contamination in underground water
of Matiari and Khairpur districts
Sindh’ reported 37% samples
positive for 50 or >50 μg/L of
arsenic and 15% samples positive for
very high level of 250 μg/L of
arsenic [2].
METHODOLOGY
54 water samples from Taluka Matiari and
21 samples from taluka Hala were collected
from hand pumps, and motor pumps. Water
samples were collected from each source
after allowing water to flow for 5 min.
Water samples were being collected in clean
0.25L polystyrene bottles which were
subjected to 3 times rinsing before taking
the water for sampling.
Field analysis was carried out for the
conductivity, TDS, salinity and temperature
by the Senso direct con 200 conductivity
meter. Arsenic was measured in LUMHS
Water testing and surveillance Laboratory
with Merck Arsenic Kit for 0.01-0.5 mg/L
[9]. This test generates arsenic hydride
which reacts with the mercury bromide
present in the analytical strip to form a
yellow brown mixed arsenic mercury
halogenide. The concentration of arsenic
was measured by visual comparison of the
reaction zone of the analytical test strip with
scales of fields of color.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
District Matiari includes three talukas:
Matiari, Hala, and Saeedabad. In the present
working, Matiari and Hala talukas were
sampled. In these areas mostly ground water
as boring through hand pump or motor
pump is used for drinking. This was the base
of collecting samples from these areas for
the detection of arsenic.
The release of Arsenic may be correlated to
one of the three most established theories:
August 2012, Volume 3, No. 4
International Journal of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
 Release of Arsenic due to
Phosphorus because of
application of phosphate
fertilizers;
 Desorption of Arsenic due to
reductive Dissolution of metal
oxy-hydroxides;
 Oxidation of pyrite.
In the research area, pesticides and
fertilizers are being used on cotton and
sugarcane crops. Phosphate fertilizers are
extensively used in the area. In many
studies, elevated arsenic concentrations in
groundwater have been found due to
application of phosphate fertilizers
(Campos, V., 2002, Davenport, J.R. &
Peryea, F.J. 1991). Water quality survey
conducted by PCRWR in the study area
revealed higher PO4, concentration in the
study area (water quality status in Pakistan,
2003). Hence preferential adsorption of
phosphate on sediments can also be held
responsible for the release of arsenic [9].
The total no of samples collected from
district Matiari were 85; 39 from UC Matiari
, 19 from Bhit Shah, 12 from Nasarpur, 11
from Hala and 4 from UC Faqir Nuhthiani
(fig:1.1) ,
Figure 2 Fig 1.1 distribution of samples from district
Matiari
The samples were taken from ground water
boring through hand pumps and motor
pumps. 40 samples were taken from motor
pumps and 45 from hand pumps from the
above mentioned areas of the district.
ARSENIC: The normal range of arsenic
for under developed countries given by
WHO is (0.05mg/L or50μg/L) and
internationally in developed countries it is
(0.01mg/L or10μg/L). From these 85
samples 60 samples were found to be
positive for arsenic contamination fig 1.1, out
of these 60 samples 22 samples were above
WHO limits for Pakistan (0.05mg/L or 50
μg/L) for arsenic as show in table1.1 & fig 1.2,
18 samples were positive at international
limits of (0.01mg/L or 10 μg/L) of arsenic
and 20 were positive but below WHO
criteria for arsenic at the level of
(0.005mg/L or 5 μg/L) of arsenic and were
tested in the water testing and surveillance
lab LUMHS Jamshoro . These samples
along with arsenic were tested for turbidity,
color, salinity, and total dissolved salts
(TDS).
 August 2012, Volume 3, No. 4
International Journal of Chemical and Environmental Engineering

Figure 4. Arsenic above WHO limits for Pakistan

Figure 3 arsenic concentration from total
no of samples Among the 45 samples of hand pump, 26 are
positive for arsenic and 10 are above WHO
Table 1.1 (samples showing arsenic criteria for Pakistan (0.05mg/L). Similarly
concentration 0.05mg/L or above) from 40 samples of motor pump 34 were
positive for arsenic and 12 were above
S. Sampling Area Arsenic mg/L WHO limits of 0.05mg/L as shown in
5 UC Matiari Kacho 0.05 table1.2 and fig 1.3.
6 UC Matiari Kacho 0.1 Table 1.2 arsenic detection among water sources
8 UC Matiari Memon colony 0.05
Arsenic
Pir Noor Shah Colony; Total Arsenic 0.05mg/L
32 Matiari 0.05 samples positive or above
Pir Noor Shah Colony; Hand pump 45 26 10
34 Matiari 0.08
Motor pump 40 34 12
39 Matiari Stop 0.1
40 Govt. School; Matiari Stop 0.1
48 Noor Shah Colony; Matiari 0.05
49 Noor Shah Colony; Matiari 0.05
60 NasarPur 0.25
61 NasarPur 0.25
62 NasarPur 0.25
64 NasarPur 0.1
65 NasarPur 0.1
67 NasarPur 0.25
68 NasarPur 0.1
69 NasarPur 0.25
70 NasarPur 0.1
77 New Hala 0.1 Figure 5 Arsenic among water sources
82 UC I Hala 0.05
Turbidity: The acceptable WHO range for
83 Talabulmola colony hala 0.1
turbidity is 1-5 NTU, while in the samples
84 UC I Hala 0.05
which we collected, the range extended from
0 NTU to 74 NTU. Total of 5 samples were
found to be above the WHO criteria fig 1.4.
August 2012, Volume 3, No. 4
International Journal of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
Figure 6 Turbidity above WHO criteria
TDS: Normal TDS limits set by WHO are
500-1000 mg/L but values of TDS found in
collected samples ranged from 358 to 5318.
With 49 samples out of 85 having TDS
above the WHO criteria (fig1.5).
Figure 7 Samples above normal TDS level
CONCLUSION:
This research is part of the efforts taken to
evolve and develop a community based
awareness of arsenic hazards and sustainable
arsenic mitigation system by establishing
spatial and temporal prevalence of arsenic in
the study area. From the data collected and
analyzed, the samples collected from district
Matiari have given alarmingly high
concentration of arsenic in the drinking
water ranging from 0.005-0.25mg/L. And it
shows that this water is very unsafe for
human consumption and efforts should be
taken to decrease it, provide alternate source
and educate the community.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The research over Arsenic contamination
has pointed towards a major health problem
in Dist. Matiari and a survey taken from
general population showed that ninety-seven
percent of people are unaware of the
inclusion of Arsenic in their drinking water
sources. It is therefore pertinent to devise a
holistic approach and taking the community
into participation, following measures are to
be taken:
1. It is highly desirable to form a
research group with geologists,
hydrologists, geo-chemists, water
supply and environmental engineers,
and public health experts to conduct
in-depth investigation on the sources
and causes of arsenic contamination
in groundwater.
2. Water Management:
 Screening of all tube wells
should be undertaken.
 As testing facilities should be
available at an affordable cost.
 Groundwater pumping rate
should be minimized for
irrigation.
3. Alternative sources of drinking
water: innovative alternative sources
such as, pond sand filters, infiltration
galleries, or rain wells, and in some
places even rainwater harvesting can
be adopted to alleviate the arsenic
disaster.
4. Use of surface water: Existing
surface water could be purified by
filtration and chlorination, and even
by ultraviolet disinfection or solar
radiation and can be used in drinking
and other house hold purposes.
August 2012, Volume 3, No. 4
International Journal of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
5. Removal of arsenic by chemical
precipitation: Coagulants such as the
salts of
Aluminum and iron should be used
to remove the arsenic from domestic
drinking water.
6. Removal of arsenic by oxidation:
Oxidants such as free chlorine,
ozone, Permanganate, hypo-chlorite,
and Fenton reagent (H2O2/Fe2+)
should be used to remove arsenic
from drinking water
7. Extraction and distribution of arsenic
free groundwater from deep aquifers:
If other alternatives are costly and
complicated potable drinking water
can be extracted and distributed from
deep aquifers.
REFERENCES
1. Paoloni, J. D., Sequeira, M. E.,
Esposito, M. E., Fiorentino, C. E., &
del, C. B. M. Arsenic in water
resources of the southern pampa
plains, argentina. J Environ Public
Health, (2009). 2009: 216470. doi:
10.1155/2009/216470
2. Arain, G. M., Aslam, M., &
Majidano, S. A. Arsenic
contamination of underground water
in district matiari and khairpur.
jour.chem.soc.pak, (2007). 25(5).
3. Sengupta, M. K., Mukherjee, A.,
Hossain, M. A., Ahamed, S.,
Rahman, M. M., Lodh, D., et al.
Groundwater arsenic contamination
in the ganga-padma-meghna-
brahmaputra plain of india and
bangladesh. Arch Environ Health,
(2003). 58(11): 701-2. doi:
10.3200/AEOH.58.11.701-702
4. Smith, A. H., Lingas, E. O., &
Rahman, M. Contamination of
8. Removal of arsenic from water
collected from the existing
contaminated sources by filtration:
Water filters should be used at
drinking water treatment plant or at
each individual household source.
9. Removal of arsenic from the existing
water sources: The sources of arsenic
contamination must be controlled
and arsenic contaminated soil and
shallow groundwater aquifers should
be cleaned to prohibit the future
contamination.
10. In-situ remediation of arsenic
contaminated groundwater: This can
be achieved by using iron filings
permeable walls.
drinking-water by arsenic in
bangladesh: A public health
emergency. [Review]. Bull World
Health Organ, (2000). 78(9): 1093-
103.
5. Frisbie, S. H., Ortega, R., Maynard,
D. M., & Sarkar, B. The
concentrations of arsenic and other
toxic elements in bangladesh's
drinking water. [Research Paper].
Environ Health Perspect, (2002).
110(11): 1147-53.
6. Khan, M. M., Sakauchi, F., Sonoda,
T., Washio, M., & Mori, M.
Magnitude of arsenic toxicity in
tube-well drinking water in
bangladesh and its adverse effects on
human health including cancer:
Evidence from a review of the
literature. [Review]. Asian Pac J
Cancer Prev, (2003). 4(1): 7-14.
7. Ahmed, T., Kahlown, M. A., Tahir,
A., & Rashid, H. People-centred
August 2012, Volume 3, No. 4
International Journal of Chemical and Environmental Engineering

approaches to water and areas of pakistan. In 6th

environmental sanitation:
Proceedings of the 30th wedc
conference, lao national cultural
hall, vientiane, lao pdr, october
2004. In 30th WED international
conference, viantiane:2004, 662.
8. Haque, I. U., Nabi, D., Baig, M. A.,
& Hayat, W. Groundwater arsenic
contamination – a multi directional
emerging threat to water scarce
International Groundwater Quality
Conference, Fremantle, Western
Australia,:2007, 24-30.
9. Yu, G., Sun, D., & Zheng, Y. Health
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[Research Paper]. Environ Health
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doi: 10.1289/ehp.9268
August 2012, Volume 3, No. 4
International Journal of Chemical and Environmental Engineering

Appendix
Table 1.1(table of all parameters tested)

S.NO. Sampling Area Source Turbidity NTU Salinity % TDS mg/L Arsenic mg/L
1 UC Matiari Kacho Hand pump 42 1.8 2028 0.005
2 UC Matiari Kacho Hand pump 0 1.6 1981 0.005
3 UC Matiari Kacho motor pump 0 2.5 3718 0.025
4 UC Matiari Hand pump 0 1.4 1792 0.005
5 UC Matiari Kacho Hand pump 0 3.1 3819 0.05
6 UC Matiari Kacho Hand pump 0 2.7 3723 0.1
7 UC Matiari Memon Colony motor pump 0 0.4 535 0.005
8 UC Matiari Memon Colony Hand pump 0 3.3 4065 0.05
9 UC Matiari Memon Colony motor pump 0 1.6 1995 0.01
10 UC Matiari Memon Colony motor pump 0 2.9 4419 0.025
11 UC Faqir Nuhthiani Hand pump 0 1.2 1582 0.005
12 Bughio Muhalla UC Bhit Shah motor pump 0 1.2 1589 0.005
13 Bughio Muhalla UC Bhit Shah motor pump 0 0.7 969 0.005
14 Bughio Muhalla UC Bhit Shah motor pump 0 1.7 2430 0
15 Bughio Muhalla UC Bhit Shah motor pump 0 1.1 1342 0
16 Bughio Muhalla UC Bhit Shah motor pump 0 1.4 1722 0
17 Tambooro Chowk UC Bhit Shah motor pump 0 2 2670 0
18 UC Matiari Memon Colony Hand pump 0 0.4 516 0.005
19 UC Matiari Memon Colony Hand pump 0 3.1 3820 0.005
20 UC Matiari Memon Colony motor pump 0 4.1 5318 0.005
21 UC Matiari Memon Colony motor pump 0 0.4 501 0.01
22 UC Matiari Memon Colony motor pump 0 3.1 3818 0.005
23 UC Matiari Memon Colony motor pump 0 0.4 498 0.01
24 UC Matiari Memon Colony Hand pump 0 2.9 3517 0.01
25 UC Matiari Noor Shah Colony Hand pump 64 0.4 548 0.01
26 UC Matiari Noor Shah Colony Hand pump 0 0.4 485 0.01
27 Bhit Shah motor pump 0 0.8 1014 0
28 Bhit Shah motor pump 0 1.4 1771 0
29 Bhit Shah motor pump 0 1.4 1736 0.005
30 Bhit Shah motor pump 0 1.6 2319 0
31 Bhit Shah motor pump 0 1 1272 0.005
32 Pir Noor Shah Colony; Matiari Hand Pump 0 1.9 2418 0.05
33 Pir Noor Shah Colony; Matiari motor Pump 0 0.4 533 0.01
34 Pir Noor Shah Colony; Matiari Hand Pump 0 2.2 2810 0.08
35 Matiari Stop Hand Pump 0 0.4 496 0.005
36 Matiari Stop Hand Pump 0 0.4 520 0.005
37 Matiari Stop motor pump 0 0.4 481 0.005
August 2012, Volume 3, No. 4
International Journal of Chemical and Environmental Engineering

S.NO. Sampling Area Source Turbidity NTU Salinity % TDS mg/L Arsenic mg/L
38 Mosque; Matiari Stop motor Pump 0 0.4 489 0.005
39 Matiari Stop Hand Pump 48 0.5 579 0.1
40 Govt. School; Matiari Stop Hand Pump 0 0.5 654 0.1
41 Matiari Stop Hand Pump 0 0.5 720 0
42 Tamborochowk; Bhit Shah Hand Pump 0 1.3 1673 0
43 Tamborochowk; Bhit Shah Hand Pump 0 2.2 2720 0
44 Dargah; Bughiomohalla; Matiari Hand Pump 0 1.1 1389 0
45 Bughiomohalla; Matiari Hand Pump 0 2.5 3815 0
46 Bughiomohalla; Matiari Hand Pump 0 1.2 1498 0
47 Noor Shah Colony; Matiari Hand Pump 0 2.1 2780 0.01
48 Noor Shah Colony; Matiari motor pump 0 0.4 554 0.05
49 Noor Shah olony; Matiari motor pump 0 1.2 1519 0.05
50 Noor Shah Colony; Matiari motor pump 0 0.4 488 0.01
51 Noor Shah Colony; Matiari motor pump 0 0.7 844 0.025
52 Noor Shah Colony; Matiari Hand Pump 99 2.7 3728 0.005
53 Noor Shah Colony; Matiari Hand Pump 0 3.1 3910 0.01
54 Noor Shah Colony; Matiari Hand Pump 0 3 3780 0
55 Bhit Shah Hand Pump 0 2.7 3721 0
56 Bhit Shah Hand Pump 0 3 3785 0
57 Bhit Shah Hand Pump 0 3.5 4210 0
58 Bhit Shah Hand Pump 0 3 3670 0
59 Bhit Shah Hand Pump 0 1.6 2310 0
60 NasarPur Motor Pump 0 0.4 506 0.25
61 NasarPur Motor Pump 0 0.4 511 0.25
62 NasarPur Hand Pump 0 0.4 528 0.25
63 NasarPur Motor Pump 0 0.8 1198 0
64 NasarPur Motor Pump 0 0.3 427 0.1
65 NasarPur Motor Pump 0 0.4 496 0.1
66 NasarPur Hand Pump 0 1.8 2792 0.005
67 NasarPur Motor Pump 0 0.3 419 0.25
68 NasarPur Motor Pump 0 1 1218 0.1
69 NasarPur Motor Pump 0 0.3 400 0.25
70 NasarPur Motor Pump 0 0.3 374 0.1
71 NasarPur Hand Pump 0 0.4 491 0
72 NasarPur Motor Pump 0 0.5 567 0
73 NasarPur Motor Pump 0 0.4 484 0.005
74 Matiari motor Pump 89 0.3 358 0.025
75 UC I Hala Hand Pump 0 0.3 425 0.025
76 Matiari motor pump 0 1.6 2311 0.025
77 New Hala motor pump 0 0.9 1.84 0.1
 August 2012, Volume 3, No. 4
International Journal of Chemical and Environmental Engineering

S.NO. Sampling Area Source Turbidity NTU Salinity % TDS mg/L Arsenic mg/L
78 New Hala motor pump 0 0.5 634 0.01
79 New Hala motor pump 0 0.5 672 0
80 UC I Hala motor pump 0 1.6 2317 0.01
81 UC I Hala Hand Pump 0 1.4 1750 0
82 UC I Hala Hand Pump 0 1 1167 0.05
83 Talabulmola colony hala Hand Pump 0 0.9 1084 0.1
84 UC I Hala motor Pump 0 0.5 716 0.05
85 UC I Hala Hand Pump 0 0.5 627 0

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