TG 9780199062553

CONTENTS
Page
2 Pakistan—Our Country
4 Pakistan’s Physical Regions
5 The Northern Mountains
7 Central Pakistan
9 Climate
12 The Indus River System
15 Irrigation
18 Farming
22 Animals and Poultry
25 Agricultural Problems
28 Minerals and Mining
31 Energy and Electricity
35 Industries: An Introduction
37 From Agriculture to Industry
40 Main Industries
43 Small Industries and Crafts
45 Transport and Communications
48 Population
51 Trade and Aid
53 Global Issues
56 Lesson Plans
68 Assessments
1
PAKISTAN —OUR COUNTRY Pupil’s Book 1–3
Diversity
Emphasize the startling diversity that is found in Pakistan, geographically, ethnically, linguistically,
etc. This is a good opportunity to ask pupils to prepare a large wall chart. A small map of Pakistan
can be placed in the centre with photographs, photocopies, and captions pointing to various parts
of the map: scenery from tundra, desert, fertile plain, barren plateau; people from different ethnic
communities; scenes of village and city life, etc. Some of the contrasts pupils might wish to examine
are: great modern cities like Karachi and Lahore versus traditional villages or nomadic settlements
in the west; the lifestyles of farmers, nomads, city workers, industrial labourers, etc.; agricultural,
industrial, and village output; languages.
Tell students that Pakistan was the gateway to the subcontinent. Historically, wave after wave of
invaders from central Asia and even as far away as Europe swept into this region. Many of these
invaders, left behind settlers.
Rainfall
Pupils might find it easier to understand the concept of ‘rainfall’ with the help of the following
simple demonstration. Borrow two glass jars from the science lab. Fill one with 50 millimetres of
water and the other with 900 millimetres of water. Explain that these are the levels which the water
accumulated from rainfall would cover in one year if none ran off or evaporated.
Answers to Pupil’s Book page 4

1. Using a scale of 1,000,000 km2 = 1 cm2, the areas of each country would be:
Afghanistan—0.662092; Iran—1.663; India—935.774; China—1221.462; Pakistan—
0.796095. This would mean squares of sides: Afghanistan—0.81 centimetres; Iran—1.29
centimetres; India—30.59 centimetres; China—34.95 centimetres; Pakistan—0.89
centimetres. If the squares are drawn one inside the other on a large sheet of paper,
China can be drawn first with the others arranged in size in the bottom left-hand corner.
2. a. Climate: Burning waterless desert; permanently frozen land; fertile, semi-fertile,
barren land
b. Height: From 100 metres above sea level to 8607 metres above sea level
c. Rainfall: From 125 millimetres to 750 millimetres
d. Population: From sophistic dwellers to peasant farmers
e. Settlements: From huge cities with populations in the millions and modern amenities
to sparsely populated primitive hamlets without electricity and running water
2
3. Individual work. Pupils should be asked to consult Oxford School Atlas for Pakistan.
4. Individual work. Pupils should be asked to consult encyclopedias and other reference
material. They may wish to visit embassies and consulates for additional information.
5. Individual work. In addition, ask pupils to look at brochures from travel agencies and then
make posters, advertising a specific aspect of Pakistani tourism: mountains (scenery,
adventure, roughing it out, exploration, photography, etc.); historical sites (Mohenjo-daro,
Taxila, Gandhara, etc.); river cruise along the Indus, with descriptions of scenery along the
way, etc.
Additional exercise
MCQs
Choose the correct answer:
1. Which country is not a neighbour of Pakistan:

a. Iran
b. Afghanistan
c. China
d. Turkey (Turkey)
2. The Indus Plain is one of the:
a. coldest regions
b. driest regions
c. wettest regions
d. most fertile regions (most fertile regions)
3. The area of land Pakistan covers is:
a. 800,000 sq km
b. 900,000 sq km
c. 500,000 sq km
d. 600,000 sq km (800,000 sq km)
4. The highest land of Pakistan is permanently:
a. dry b. wet
c. freezing d. warm (freezing)
5. K2, which rises to a height of 8607 metres, ranks at which number in the world:
a. highest b. second
c. third d. fifth (second)
3
PAKISTAN’S PHYSICAL REGIONS Pupil’s Book 5-7

1. Individual work
2. Individual work. Ask pupils to think of reasons other than those given on page 6 of the
Pupil’s Book.
3. ‘Doab’ is the land between two adjacent rivers.
Additional exercise
MCQs
1. The northern and western parts of Pakistan are:

a. mountainous b. plain
c. desert d. plateau (mountainous)
2. In length, Pakistan is about:
a. 1000 km long b. 1600 km long
c. 1800 km long d. 2000 km long (1600 km long)
3. In width, Pakistan is about:
a. 200 km wide b. 180 km wide
c. 457 km wide d. 675 km wide (675 km wide)
4. Few people live and work in the Karakoram range due to:
a. lack of water
b. hot climate
c. cold Climate
d. heavy rainfall (cold climate)
5. Which of the following is not a desert region of Pakistan:
a. Thal
b. Thar
c. Balochistan
d. Potwar (Potwar)
4
THE NORTHERN MOUNTAINS Pupil’s Book 9–10
Famous peaks
Ask pupils to make a list of the famous peaks in and around the Pakistan region, with photographs,
if possible: K2; Nanga Parbat; Gasherbrum 1; Broad Peak; Gasherbrum 2. These are 2nd, 9th, 11th,
12th, and 14th highest in the world respectively.
It might be worth mentioning that all of the mountains in the world over 8000 metres in height are
in the Himalaya-Karakoram-Hindu Kush Ranges. These are very young fold mountains, growing at
the rate of 10 centimetres a year.
Mount Everest
When Sir George Everest, the Surveyor-General of India in the 1840s, mapped Mount Everest, he
said that its height was 29,028 feet (8,847.73 metres). Despite the fact that he was using simple and
primitive surveying equipment, when the height of Mount Everest was calculated with the help of
satellites in 2000, this figure was off only by a few metres.
Silk Route
Explain to pupils that the Gilgit/China route through the Khunjerab Pass was the old Silk Road from
the subcontinent to China. Ask pupils to prepare a map of this route. (They can use the map on page
73 of Oxford School Atlas for Pakistan as a base map.)
The main routes were from Italy, through what is now Turkey, Iraq, and Iran to the Hindu Kush, the
area of the Turfan Depression, then eastwards across China to the Huang He River. The goal was
Xian/Loyang, which is roughly where the main tributary joins the Huang He from the north.
Another section of the route originated from various parts of the subcontinent and merged at the
Khunjerab Pass, north of which it joined the main European section of the Silk Route.
Discuss the Silk Route. Ask pupils to measure the distance between Italy (take Rome as a starting
point) and Xian. Ask pupils how long it would have taken merchants to travel from Europe to China
by caravan. Tell them that it usually took two years for a round journey.

1. Mountains block cold winds from central Asia. They also cause precipitation, especially
during the south-eastern monsoons as the winds rise to cross the mountains.
2. a. The Karakoram Range; b. the Hindu Kush Range; c. the Himalayan Range
3. This is a general knowledge question. a. Mount Everest (8848 metres); b. the Hillary/
Tenzing Norgay expedition in 1953. Pupils can be asked to work in groups and prepare
posters on the expedition.
4. a. apricots; b. hydroelectricity
5
5. Ask pupils to design a travel poster or leaflet. Refer to question (5) on page 2 of this
Guide.
Additional exercise
MCQs
1. Which of the following is not a famous mountain range:

a. Himalaya b. Karakoram
c. Hindukush d. Khunjerab (Khunjerab)
2. In terms of height, K2 is:
a. the second highest in the world
b. the third highest in the world
c. the highest in the world
d. the smallest in the world (the second highest in the world)
3. Khunjerab Pass is:
a. 4700 metres above sea level
b. 2000 metres above sea level
c. 4000 metres above sea level
d. 4900 metres above sea level (4700 metres above sea level)
4. The only cereal that survives cold, high altitude is:
a. barley b. maize
c. corn d. wheat (barley)
5. Which is the rare mineral found in Chitral?
a. antimony
b. graphite
c. sapphire
d. marble (antimony)
6. Khunjerab Pass carries road traffic from:
a. Gilgit to China
b. Karachi to Gilgit
c. Peshawar to China
d. Peshawar to Gilgit (Gilgit to China)
6
CENTRAL PAKISTAN Pupil’s Book 12–16
Wind erosion
Try to obtain pictures of sand dunes. In windy areas, the force of the wind carries away the smaller
(and more fertile) particles of soil, leaving behind only the coarser, infertile particles. The Sindh
Desert is said to be advancing at about 0.8 kilometres annually because of wind erosion. Overall, it
is estimated that 140 square kilometres of soil is eroded annually, although the government is doing
its best to halve—or even reverse—this.
The cutting down of trees for fuel in the past is largely responsible for the poor condition of the soil.
In some parts, particularly in the western half of the country, depredations of the herds of goats who
eat everything even vaguely vegetative has impeded regeneration.
Indus River
Draw special attention to the Indus River as it is the lifeblood of Pakistan. Ask pupils to prepare
a map of the course of the river, with photographs and text on the countryside through which it
passes, including regions, products, vegetation, irrigation, etc.

1. Pupils will have to use their imaginations for this question. On the Potwar Plateau,
looking:
North: In the far distance, one can see the snow-capped peaks of the Karakoram and
Hindu Kush Mountain Ranges; poor agricultural land; the breeding of sheep, camels, and
donkeys.
North-west: One can see the distant mountains of Afghanistan; the fertile valleys of
Peshawar and Kohat; extensive irrigation.
East: One can see the cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi; Kashmir.
South-east: One can see the fertile area around Sialkot.
South: One can see the barren Salt Range and, beyond that, the fertile Indus Plain and the
Thal Desert.
South-west: One can see the Balochistan Plateau; poor soil; scattered settlements.
2. Individual work
3. south-western Tibet. Bunji. Jhelum; Chenab; Ravi; Beas; Sutlej. The Land of Five Rivers.
the melting of ancient glaciers; the present snowfall is insufficient to maintain the existing
flow of water in the rivers. very slowly. deposits silt and mud brought down from higher
levels, which forms rich alluvial deposit. floods; from time to time, changes course; splits
into channels.
7
4. Karachi and Port Qasim. Much of the coastline to the east is marshy and full of mangrove
swamps. Much of the coastline to the west is undeveloped and backed by the Makran
Desert, so that communications with the rest of the country are poor.
Additional exercise
MCQs
1. Average rainfall west of River Indus is:

a. 250 to 380 mm b. 220 to 300 mm
c. 200 to 250 mm d. 150 to 200 mm (250 to 380 mm)
2. Potwar Plateau lies:
a. East of River Indus b. West of River Indus
c. North of River Indus d. South of River Indus (East of River Indus)
3. The Salt Range is of interest to geologists because:
a. It has massive salt reserves.
b. It is like a rock museum.
c. It receives heavy rainfall.
d. It has prehistoric fossils. (It is like a rock museum.)
4. Length of Indus River is:
a. A bit less than 3000 km b. A bit more than 3000 km
c. About 4000 km d. More than 4000 km (A bit less than 3000 km)
5. What percent of total land area of Pakistan does Indus Plain cover
a. 40% b. 25% c. 50% d. 35% (40%)
6. Cholistan desert is an extension of:
a. Sahara desert b. Thar desert
c. Thal desert d. Nara Desert (Thar desert)
7. It is possible to irrigate and grow crops in which desert:
a. Thar b. Balochistan c. Thal d. Nara (Thal)
8. The Indus River enters Pakistan near:
a. Bunji b. Attock c. Peshawar d. Noshera (Bunji)
9. A possible reason for the downfall of Indus Valley Civilisation may be:
a. flooding b. War c. Famine d. Epidemic (flooding)
8
CLIMATE Pupil’s Book 18–21
Rainfall
It is difficult to determine a figure for average rainfall in Pakistan because the regions vary so widely,
from 0 to 1500 millimetres. A temperate country such as the United Kingdom, for example, has a
range of about 550 to 1,250 millimetres. Ask pupils to compare these figures with the world record
of 22,900 millimetres in Assam; if all of the rainwater had stayed on the ground, it would have been
almost 30 metres deep. Point out a building of that height in the local area so that pupils can imagine
what it would have been like.
Soils
In much of Pakistan, the soils are not particularly fertile. Alluvial soil (fine mud), brought down by
swift-flowing mountain streams and rivers from the erosion of the sides and river beds, is generally
very rich. This soil is deposited when these rivers slow down and flood the plain.
Aside from rich alluvial, the soil in Pakistan requires irrigation. Irrigation brings its own problems,
including salination and waterlogging (see page 17 of this Guide).
This section in the Pupil’s Book should be read in conjunction with pages 15 to 18 of Oxford School
Atlas for Pakistan. As the map on page 18 indicates, the really fertile soil is only found in the two
sections along the River Indus.
Temperature
Temperature is also highly variable in Pakistan. Show pupils the following temperature chart:
Place January June
temperature (ºC) temperature (ºC)
Multan 10 to 15 35+
Chitral 0 to 5 Up to 27
Lahore 10 to 15 32 to 35
Karachi* 18+ 27 to 32
Jacobabad 10 to 15 35+
United Kingdom 4 to 5 16
*Ask pupils why the range between January and June temperatures is so much narrower here. (The
moderating influence of the sea.)
Natural vegetation
Plants in Pakistan have to struggle in order to cope with the frequent varia�ons in temperature
and rainfall (including drought) and poor soil. Much of the natural vegeta�on in level parts of
the country is called rakh. Rakh consists of rough, drought-resistant shrubs or small trees, o�en
9
covered with sharp spines to protect them from animals. These shrubs are rarely more than 3 to
4 metres high and are only useful as fuel. They are not large enough for use in buildings. The main
species of rakh forests include acacia, tamarisk, capparis, salvadora, dodonaea, and prosopis. Ask
pupils to collect twigs/leaves of some of these for display in the classroom. Books that might be of
interest in this respect are T.J. Roberts’ Wildﬂowers of Pakistan (OUP 1998) and Pakistan: Natural
Wonders (OUP 2000). The la�er is wri�en especially with the young reader in mind and gives a
succinct and clear overview of the natural regions of Pakistan.
Along the banks of rivers, where there is a good supply of water, there are narrow bands of bela
forest. These trees – like poplars and willows—are larger and more useful economically. Shisham is
used widely in furniture making and babul for house building and farm tools. Mangroves have little
economic use except as firewood. Coniferous forests, especially those in the north like fir, pine,
spruce, and cedar, and deciduous trees such as oak, maple, willow, birch, horse chestnut, walnut,
and juniper, are useful for industrial purposes and for making boxes and furniture.
Forests cover only about 4.5 per cent of Pakistan’s land area, which is very low, as a balanced
economy should have about 20 per cent forest coverage. This low per centage is due to centuries
of chopping down trees for fuel and for agricultural land. The government has started an extensive
refforestation programme to remedy this problem.

1. July to September. South-eastern monsoons. the north; 1500 millimetres. 500 millimetres
2. Refer to pages 15 and 16 of Oxford School Atlas for Pakistan.
3. a. Rich alluvial soil brought down by mountain streams and rivers is found mainly in the
Indus Basin.
b. Poor, dry soil is found in the rest of Pakistan, except the deserts, where there is
sand. The soil near the Indus estuary is salty.
4. The ways in which people have changed the face of the countryside include: deforestation
(trees cut down for fuel, leading to soil erosion and, over centuries, deserts); over-grazing
(especially by goats) has turned once fertile land into desert; irrigation (which has only
enabled a small proportion of land to produce healthy crops); reafforestation (a recent
government programme to restore some forests); reclamation (of some desert areas,
especially in the Thal Desert).
10
Additional exercise
MCQs
1. By world standard rainfall in Pakistan is:

a. modest
b. high
c. low
d. very high (modest)
2. Western Depressions refer to when winds blow:
a. from the drier centre of Asia
b. from any direction
c. from north to south
d. from east to west (from the drier centre of Asia)
3. Alluvial soil is:
a. rich and fertile
b. infertile
c. salty
d. dry (rich and fertile)
4. During winter months amount of rainfall is less and concentrated in:
a. the North
b. the South
c. the East
d. the West (the North)
5. Estuary refers to:
a. the U shaped mouth of the Indus
b. the V shaped mouth of the Indus
c. mouth of the Indus where the soil is alluvial
d. mouth of the Indus where the soil is suitable for crops
(the V shaped mouth of the Indus)
11
THE INDUS RIVER SYSTEM Pupil’s Book 23–27
Indus River
The Indus River, at about 3000 kilometres in length, is approximately half the length of the Amazon,
Nile, Huang He, and Mississippi. At first glance, it does not offer many of the advantages that these
rivers do—excellent transport systems, fairly regular flow, rich fishing, etc. However, without
the Indus, Pakistan would be little more than semi-desert. The Indus is the bloodline of Pakistan,
particularly now that its earlier seasonal flow has been tamed and the water is released throughout
the year. The Indus is a major source of electrical power for the country, producing about 40 percent
of all electrical energy. It contains a modest number of fish, but for irrigation it has no parallel.
Almost half (45 per cent) of the farm land is watered by the Indus (75,100,000 square kilometres).
Path of the Indus

In the earlier days, the Indus (like the Huang He in China) was very liable to change its course because
the land in the lower half of its journey was relatively flat. Especially south of Sukkur, the course of the
Indus has moved westwards. It reached its present position about 200 years ago. With the control
over the waters by dams and barrages, today it is less likely to make big changes in its course.
Floods
Controlling the waters of the Indus so that there were not huge floods at the south-western monsoon
time, and then long dry periods, made a vast change in agriculture. The system of canals and side
canals allows water to be directed to specific areas and fields by means of sluice gates. Nevertheless,
floods do sometimes occur.
The Indus usually floods about every 7 or 8 years. However, there were a series of floods in 1973,
1974, 1978, and 2010. The 1973 flood covered 36,000 square kilometres, killed 1600 people and
demolished 3 million homes. The 2010 floods caused even more devastation, making 20 million
people homeless, killing 2000. Major crops standing on 30 per cent of the country’s agricultural land
were destroyed causing food shortage.
Indus Water Treaty 1960

The Indus Water Treaty 1960, under which the waters from the Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej were given to
India, has also reduced the total flow on the lower reaches of the Indus. Some agreement had to
be reached over the division of the waters as the headworks of the Ravi and Sutlej were in Indian
territory and could consequently be controlled or cut off by them. As part of this treaty, Pakistan
had to build—with aid from the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New
Zealand—two huge storage dams (Tarbela and Mangla), five barrages as well as a number of canals.
Even India had to contribute to the cost.
12
1. a. By providing water for irrigation
b. By providing silt for fertile soil
c. Hydroelectric power
2. a. Seasonal flow of the river because of the monsoons (dams have to be built to help
control flooding and maintain an even flow throughout the year).
b. occasional flooding causes damage to land and property.
3. By building dams, weirs, and barrages to contain the water and release it steadily
throughout the year; by building banks to contain the water.
4. Ask pupils to consult a dictionary.
a. A weir is a low dam built across a river to raise, divert, or restrict it into other
channels or to regulate its flow.
b. An embankment is a bank that is raised artificially to prevent a river from
overflowing onto the surrounding countryside.
5. a. Natural vegetation consisted of harsh, tough plants suitable for semi-arid conditions,
including thorns, acacia, tamarisk, vetches, and thistles.
b. This has changed over the centuries owing to the chopping down of trees for fuel
and for building; clearing away the land for agricultural purposes; overgrazing by
herds of goats and sheep.
6. The picture shows a gnarled old tree covered with thick leaves and what appear to be
small orange fruits. Notice the otherwise rocky landscape.
Additional exercise
MCQs
1. Pakistan’s economy is mainly based on:

a. agriculture b. industry
c. mining d. exports (agriculture)
2. The per cent area of Pakistan that Indus and its tributaries cover is :
a. 40%
b. 30%
c. 25%
d. 10% (40%)
13
3. Barriers of mud or cement built up on the sides of a river to prevent flooding are called:
a. weirs
b. embankments
c. dams
d. bridges (embankments)
4. Barriers built across rivers or canals to regulate their flow are called:
a. weirs
b. dams
c. bridges
d. embankments (weirs)
5. In the flood season, when the Indus joins its tributaries it can be as wide as:
a. 6 km
b. 2 km
c. 10 km
d. 5 km (6 km)
14
IRRIGATION Pupil’s Book 29–33
The Indus Water Treaty 1960

The Indus Water Treaty was jointly financed by the United States, the United Kingdom, West
Germany, Australia, and New Zealand, with a contribution from India. The remainder was to be
financed by Pakistan itself. The construction of these dams not only helped to control the water flow
but also provided much-needed hydroelectric power. At the time of their construction, Pakistan had
not discovered its large reserves of natural gas and was in need of fuel.
Irrigation problems
Pakistan is an arid or semi-arid country and can produce little in terms of crops without irrigation.
However, there are several problems associated with irrigation.
Waterlogging from unlined canals (i.e. canals just cut into the soil) can now be remedied with
concrete lining, which is one of the reasons why Pakistan needs so much cement. Fortunately, the
raw material (limestone) is readily available. Tube wells help to lower the water-table so that the
water sinks to deeper levels.
Salination is another problem associated with irrigation. Relate this to the saltiness of the sea. To
cleanse some of the salt from the upper layers where the roots are, land can be rinsed with pure
water, often drawn from deep in the ground by tube wells, or desalinated chemically by sprinkling
gypsum (a material which Pakistan fortunately has plenty of).
Try an experiment with the class to illustrate how waterlogging and salination affect plant growth.
Plant seeds (beans or other legumes are quick and easy) in pots until they are established with a
couple of leaves. Keep one pot full of water (if you use a flower pot, you will have to make sure there
are no holes at the bottom) and water the other with strong salt water. Ask pupils to monitor their
growth.
Other methods of irrigation

About 43 per cent of the water for irrigation comes from the Indus and its tributaries. The rest comes
from wells or karez. Shallow wells only contribute about 1.5 per cent of the water for irrigation on
small peasant holdings because the effort of extracting relatively small amounts is so great. About
54 per cent comes from tube wells.
Karez provide about 1 per cent of the water for irrigation. Although this system of ir-
rigation is found only in Pakistan, China, and Iran, the author found an identical system
being practised recently in the foothills of the Atlas Mountains in Morocco.

1. a. The treaty was more important to Pakistan than India because all of the rivers except the
Indus originated in Indian-occupied Kashmir. India could, in theory, jeopardize much
of Pakistan’s precious water resources (which they in fact did for a month in 1948).
15
b. The Treaty allotted the three western rivers (Indus, Chenab, and Jhelum) to Pakistan,
while the eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej) were allotted to India. Pakistan was
given till 1970 (or 1973 if necessary) to build storage dams, barrages, and weirs.
2. The pictures should show farmers lining canals with cement, digging deep tube wells to
lower the water-table, and planting trees along the banks of the canals.
3. a. waterlogging b. salinity
4. A tube well is a deep well bored into the ground by a mechanical ‘drill’ to reach the pure
water deep under the surface of the Earth. Tube wells are important because they do not
dry up like shallow wells do. The water that comes from deep under the ground is pure.
5. Ask pupils to refer to page 31 of their Pupil’s Books. They may wish to consult other
sources of information as well. They should be encouraged to act out the scene in class,
preferably with simple costumes and props.
Additional exercise
MCQs
1. The first major modern irrigation scheme began in the:

a. middle of 19th century
b. early 19th century
c. late 18th century
d. early 20 th century (middle of 19th century)
2. The water dispute with India was resolved through the World Bank in:
a. 1955
b. 1970
c. 1947
d. 1960 (1960)
3. The treaty gave Pakistan the right to build this dam near Jhelum.
a. Tarbela Dam
b. Kalabagh Dam
c. Mangla Dam
d. Hub Dam (Mangla Dam)
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4. The system of irrigation involving boring of wells and tunnels is called
a. kinara
b. karez
c. doab
d. persian wheel (karez)
5. Waterlogging refers to:
a. a system of soaking logs in water
b. when water in unlined canals gets soaked into the surrounding soil
c. using logs to make bridges In water
d. a system of pumping out water from marshy areas
(when water in unlined canals gets soaked into the
surrounding soil)
6. Which of the following is not an alternate form of irrigation?
a. karez
b. tubewells
c. shallow wells
d. embankments (embankments)
7. The poisonous effect of salt through water logging can be neutralized with the use of:
a. sodium
b. silver
c. mercury
d. gypsum (gypsum)
17
FARMING Pupil’s Book 35–41
Land
Emphasize how most of the land in Pakistan is dry or semi-dry, with poor soil in general, mountain
and desert terrain—and yet, the country is remarkably self-sufficient in wheat, barley, rice, and
cotton. Pakistan exported 2,829,503 metric tons of rice in 2009–10.
Agriculture and agriculture-related exports of 2009–10 were:
Product Percentage of total export value

cotton/yarn and thread 1.2
rice 2.4
raw cotton 0.1
cotton fabrics 1.6
Rabi and kharif crops

Rabi crops are mainly bread-and-butter crops—survival crops—for the average small
farmer. They are relatively easy to grow and form the bulk of the domestic diet.
Kharif crops, like cotton, tobacco, and rice, are usually cash crops, sold at the market to
buy goods the farmer needs. They tend to be more valuable than rabi crops.
Oil-seeds
Oil-seeds (rape/mustard) have actually fallen in output in the last 25 years. This may be owing to the
fact that people are using more sophisticated cooking oils. Edible oil-seeds are generally considered
much more healthy than the fat derived from animal sources. They are also cheaper and are being
used more and more in the developed world.
Pulses
Pulses are a very valuable source of food, as they are rich in protein. Vegetable protein is not as
beneficial as animal protein but is, of course, much cheaper and perfectly adequate for a normal,
healthy diet. Beans, peas, and lentils are also being used extensively in developed countries as a
substitute for meat.
Fruit
Fruit is a valuable export item. The quantities being exported are steadily rising. 533,000 tons of fruit
were exported in 2010 as compared to 260,000 tons in 2000.
Cotton
Fragments of cotton have been in found at Mohenjo-daro, dating back to 3000 BC. The native variety
of cotton is short and stapled (i.e. the fibre is coarse) and is suitable for coarser fabrics. About 90 per
18
cent of the crop today is of improved, more valuable varieties with longer staple. Insect damage can
be severe; the cotton plant needs constant pesticide spraying, the expense of which is generally too
much for the smaller farmer.
Sugar
The second largest cash crop to cotton is sugar. Pakistan is self-sufficient in sugar. The average
consumption has risen from 3 kilogrammes per capita per year in 1947 to 25 kilogrammes today.
This is still low by western standards, where consumption is over 50 kilogrammes per capita per
year.
Discuss these figures in class. Countries in the west are very concerned about the high consumption
of sugar which is bad for the health in every way. High consumption of sugar leads to tooth decay,
heart disease, obesity, and many other medical conditions. Sugar is insidious in the western diet:
huge amounts of it are found in soft drinks, ice-cream, cakes, and pastries, corn flakes and other
cereals, commercial sauces, etc. It is difficult to find products that do not contain sugar in the west.
Tobacco
The area under tobacco cultivation presently is 57,000 hectares, yielding about 1,20,000 tons. This
comes to nearly 2 per cent of the total area under cultivation. Pakistan has become the fifth larest
tobacco producing country. The crop contributes 4 per cent to the G.D.P.
Fertilizers
Fertilizers are crucial for higher yields. Unfortunately, most have to be imported so a balance has
to be struck between the cost of importing fertilizers and increased yields. The use of fertilizers
in Pakistan is about 133 kg/hectare. Even though this is higher than the world average of 94.1 kg/
hectare, the yield productions are much lower. Ask pupils why there is such a disparity in the use of
fertilizers. Larger countries have lower figures because they have vast areas of farm land and little
need to produce very high yields per hectare.
Pesticides
Pesticides are also crucial for higher yields, especially for cotton and fruits, which are unsaleable on
the export market if damaged by insects. The great majority of pesticides are imported. The value
of imported pesticides rose from Rs. 3,477,000 in 2000 to Rs. 8,741,000 in 2010, an increase of over
130 times.

1. Rabi. October–December; April–May. a. wheat b. barley c. oil-seeds d. gram.
Kharif. April–June; October–December. a. cotton b. rice c. tobacco d. maize e. millet
f. sugar cane
2. a. cloth, clothing, yarn b. cotton seed oil c. ‘cake’ for animal feed
19
3. a. It is by far the biggest export earner for Pakistan.
b. It produces valuable by-products like oil and animal feed.
4. a. Rice provides home-grown basic food for many millions of Pakistanis.
b. Cotton needs rich, very well-drained soil, moderate rainfall, and plenty of fertilizer.
Rice needs vast amounts of water and heavy soil. It is planted underwater in paddy-
fields.
5. a. The rest is consumed within Pakistan.
b. Growing one’s own food crops means less expenditure of valuable foreign credit for
imports.
6. a. Smoking causes lung cancer, cancer in general, heart conditions, respiratory
conditions (like bronchitis and asthma).
b Individual, pair or group work
7. a. Wheat is the main grain used in Pakistani food.
b. It grows under a wide variety of climatic conditions as long as there are no
extremes. It is reasonably tolerant to a lack of water.
8. Class work. The main fruit crops are citrus, mangoes, bananas, apples, apricots, almonds,
grapes, and guavas.
Additional exercise
MCQs
1. What fraction of Pakistan’s workforce is employed by farming?

a. one quarter
b. one fifth
c. three quarters
d. half (half)
2. What fraction of Pakistan’s wealth is produced by farming?
a. one quarter
b. one fourth
c. three quarter
d. half (one quarter)
3. What percentage of Pakistan’s cultivated land is covered by Rabi crops?
a. 55 b. 40
c. 50 d. 30 (55)
20
4. Which of the following Is not a Kharif crop?
a. cotton
b. rice
c. maize
d. wheat (wheat)
5. Kharif crops are planted just before the wet season from:
a. May to June
b. April to June
c. July to August
d. January to February (April to June)
6. The quantity of pulses eaten each year in Pakistan is:
a. 1 million tons
b. 5 million tons
c. 2 million tons
d. 3 million tons (1 million tons)
7. Which Rabi crop is grown all over Pakistan?
a. wheat
b. barley
c. oil seeds
d. pulses (wheat)
8. The most important area for tobacco growing is:
a. Rawalkot
b. Chuniyan
c. Chitral
d. Mardan (Mardan)
9. Sugar is a greedy plant requiring ample rainfall, heavy fertilizing, and the following
sessions of irrigation
a. twelve
b. eight
c. sixteen
d. twenty (sixteen)
21
ANIMALS AND POULTRY Pupil’s Book 43–44
Animals and mechanization

Mechanization is still very limited in Pakistan. Animals continue to play a major role in the agricultural
economy as draught animals for carts and ploughs, for turning simple machinery such as the Persian
wheel, for threshing grain with their feet, for providing milk and, often among poorer families, meat
when due to old age their working days are over. Animals on the whole are not well looked after or
well fed because fodder is at a premium.
Meat consumption
Goat meat forms the largest percentage of Pakistani meat consumption. Per capita meat consumption
in 2007 was 12.2 kg.
Cattle
Indigenous species of cattle are generally all-purpose beasts of not very good quality. They are not
bred specifically for meat or milk. Cattle dung is the normal source of manure and fuel among rural
populations.
It is estimated that even the smallest holding really needs two buffaloes, but statistics show that this
is not the case in real terms, and that larger farms have more than two. Smaller farmers may have
to borrow or hire animals.
Selective breeding
The government is trying to improve livestock—especially cattle—by selective breeding. Red Sindhi
and Sahiwal are good local breeds. Friesians and Jerseys, with their fine milk yields, are being
imported from Europe.
Explain the concept of selective breeding to pupils. Use it to illustrate why local cattle is generally
poor. Village cattle usually mate more or less indiscriminately, so that their offspring do not stand
much of a chance of improving. If, by careful selection, a pair of animals with known qualities (high
meat or milk yields, for example) are mated, their offspring will most likely be better, stronger, and
more productive. If both mating animals have poor genes, their offspring are most likely to inherit
them. The same applies to good genes.
Goats and sheep

Goats and sheep are much hardier than cattle and can survive on just about anything. They can
scavenge over a wide area so they are ideal for breeding in mountainous regions. However, they
have a tendency to eat every vestige of herbage, turning already poor land into dry desert. In North
Africa, one species of goat has even learned to climb trees so that not even these are safe from its
ravages.
22
The wool of Pakistani sheep is tough and wiry, suitable mainly for carpets and coarse fabrics. As with
cattle, the government is trying to improve the breeds.
Poultry
Poultry is the mainstay of many rural families. They can be bred on a minimum of food and usually
scavenge around the house for sustenance.

1. Machinery is far too expensive for the average farmer; often, the plots are too small to
make machinery like tractors a viable option.
2. a. Cattle is often inbred, resulting in lower standards. Animals are usually not bred for a
specific purpose—milk, meat or strength—but are multi-purpose and not the best in
any particular task.
b. The government is trying to improve standards by encouraging farmers to breed
local cattle with imported cattle like Jerseys and Friesians or with good local breeds
like Sahiwal and Red Sindhi.
3. a. The care and upkeep of sheep and goats take up a lot of time; someone has to look
after them constantly.
b. They are destructive, eating every green leaf in their path.
c. Their wool is generally of poor quality and does not fetch a high price in the market.
d. Sometimes, owing to the scarcity of grass in an area, a member of the family is
forced to travel great distances in order to find fresh pasture for their herds.
Reasons farmers would give for continuing old practices: I don’t like change. My family
has been raising sheep and goats for generations. The number of sheep and goats I keep
is a matter of prestige for me and establishes my standing in the community. These sheep
and goats provide my family with meat and milk. The land is already very unproductive;
what would we eat? I don’t know how to grow or manage the new crops that are proving
so lucrative in other areas of the country.
4. Individual work
23
Additional exercise
MCQs
1. Following is not supplied by animals and poultry:

a. milk and eggs
b. leather
c. fodder
d. wool (fodder)
2. The reason why much milk is not sold to the market:
a. It is of poor quality.
b. It is difficult to transport it.
c. It is insufficient in quantity.
d. It is contaminated. (It is difficult to transport it.)
3. Farmers do not like cross breeding of cattle because the better animals are:
a. more expensive
b. more weak
c. unhealthy
d. have a short life span (more expensive)
4. Pakistani cattle is of poor quality due to:
a. lack of good quality fodder
b. inbreeding
c. lack of vaccination
d. lack of good hygiene (inbreeding)
24
AGRICULTURAL PROBLEMS
Pupil’s Book 46–48
Natural problems
Most of the natural problems have been dealt with in previous sections: only one-third of the land
is arable; dry conditions with low rainfall; generally poor soil, etc. Relatively little can be done to
remedy these problems, although remarkable improvements are being made: reclamation of land
in the Thal Desert, mechanization on larger farms, the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides.
Those problems created or perpetuated by humans are more intractable.
Quality of stock and seeds

This has already been dealt with earlier. The government is trying to improve the quality of both
stock and seeds but the improvement of stock is a long-term project.
Basic problems
The three basic problems related to agriculture are: farm size, lack of capital, and conservatism (or a
reluctance to accept change).
Fragmentation of land
Surveys show that more than one-third of all farms are below the subsistence level, indicating that
most farmers are struggling to survive. The government recommends that the smallest size farm
that can still benefit from mechanization still has to be at least 0.2 square kilometres. Only about 3
per cent of the total number of farms are above this size.
The fragmentation of land is a major problem. Because of inheritance laws, the land belonging to
one farm is scattered over a number of plots that are interspersed with plots belonging to others. In
Attock and Rawalpindi Districts, a holding of 10 to 20,000 square metres is often divided into 12 to
18 plots. This fragmentation wastes time and resources: time is wasted travelling from one plot to
another; it is difficult to irrigate scattered holdings; tiny plots mean that it is impossible to introduce
mechanization. The problem of fragmentation has been obvious for many years, and legislation has
been passed over the last 80 years in an effort to amalgamate the land. There have been minor
successes but, in general, the conservatism of farmers is a main hindrance. They are very reluctant
to give up traditional patterns of farming.
Lack of capital
As with other areas, there is a shortage of capital for investment in new equipment, stock, and
seeds. Overseas investors are often reluctant to invest in what are generally considered inefficient
enterprises. With small-scale agriculture, farmers usually make little profit above living expenses to
buy improved equipment.
25
Tradition
Many farmers with smaller holdings are very conservative, working with methods and materials that
their ancestors have used for generations. It is difficult for them to break away from this pattern,
especially as many are illiterate and cannot read the material the government produces to advise
them about new farming techniques. The traditional inheritance laws also militate against good
farming practice: the division of land among surviving children reduces the size of holdings but, as
both good and bad land has to be shared out, the fragmentation of land is inevitable.
Statistics
In Pakistan about 81 per cent farms are under 0.05 square kilometres, 93 per cent under 0.1 square
kilometres.
In the author’s village in the southern United Kingdom, the local farm (arable; mainly grain) is over
2 square kilometres and is run by two men with large-scale mechanization. They spend much of the
year in the farm office because nothing is required of them outdoors!

1. Natural problems: Poor soil; only one-third of the land is suitable for agriculture;
insufficient rainfall (and that, too, seasonal); erosion (both natural and man-made);
diseases endemic in a hot climate; the cost of pesticides is very high.
Problems caused by humans: Over-grazing of sheep and goats, leading to denudation and
desertification; poor quality stock and seeds; small, inefficient farms; lack of capital to
make major improvements in farming techniques; traditional work patterns generally
inefficient for large-scale production.
2. All of the points under ‘Problems caused by humans’ can apply here. Some ideas for
posters include: The depiction of sacks of grain under the old and new systems, showing
how the output has multiplied; a ‘before’ and ‘after’ drawing of a landscape, showing the
once-verdant landscape transformed into a desert after sheep and goats have been
allowed to over-graze; local breeds of stock shown with improved breeds, with buckets of
milk to indicate increased yield, large chunks of meat to indicate better meat production
and fleeces to show better quality wool; a map of scattered landholdings with lines to
show how far the farmer has to travel from one area to another set against a map with
holdings gathered into one block.
3. a. Small, scattered fields mean that traditional farming techniques have to be used in
order to cultivate them. They are too small for mechanization because tractors have
to leave edges round the fields and must have space to turn. Traditional farming
techniques are not very efficient and are extravagant of labour.
b. Individual work. Pupil’s can be asked to consult Oxford History for Pakistan Book 3
(OUP 1998), page 16, for additional information on the Enclosure Movement.
26
4. Crops Actual increase Percentage increase
wheat 2252 tons 10.4%
rice 1858 tons 37%
maize 690 tons 25%
sugar 2129 tons 4.5%
Additional exercise
MCQs
1. Which one of the following is not a naturally caused agricultural problem:

a. land
b. climate
c. erosion
d. money (money)
2. Which of the following does not cause land erosion?
a. over grazing by cattle
b. water
c. chopping down trees
d. pests (pests)
3. Which one of the following agricultural problems is not caused by humans:
a. poor quality stock and seeds
b. farm size
c. climate
d. reluctance to change (climate)
4. What percentage of Pakistan’s land is fit for crops of any kind under irrigation?
a. 25
b. 32
c. 38
d. 15 (38)
27
MINERALS AND MINING Pupil’s Book 50-56
As recent geological surveys show, Pakistan has a great potential in metalic minerals like copper,
gold, silver, platinum, chromites, iron, lead, and zinc. There is also a presence of multi-coloured
granite, marble, and other stones of high quality for export purposes.
Currently about fifty-two minerals are being mined, prominent among them being coal, rock salt,
limestone, gypsum, sulphur, crude oil, and natural gas.
The present contribution of the mineral sector to the GDP, about 0.5%, is expected to increase with
the commercial exploitation of Saindak and Reco Diq copper and gold, Duddar zinc and lead, and
Thar coal and gemstone deposits.
Problems associated with mining

There is the purely physical problem of locating mineral sources and then reaching them through
transport networks. Mining equipment, especially that of oil and gas, is very technical and expensive
and has to be imported—and Pakistan is short of foreign exchange. The technicians who operate
this machinery also require training and have to go abroad in order to acquire certain skills. Many of
these trained workers prefer to go to other oil-rich states where they can command higher salaries.

1. a. There is a plentiful supply.
b. It is relatively easy to distribute.
c. It can be bottled for use in more remote places where laying gas lines would be too
expensive.
d. It helps save on expensive fuel imports.
e. It is ideal for industry—a flexible fuel for power stations and other factories.
f. It is the basic raw material for a number of chemical industries.
g. It is a potential fuel for motor vehicles.
2. a. low-grade fuel with heavy pollutants
b. thin seams, which are often unworkable
c. seams subject to faults, where rocks have folded or broken
d. some seams being exhausted, forcing miners to dig deeper and more expensive
mines
3. Discussion
4. a. Limestone: cement, chemicals
b. Salt: chemicals, flavouring food, fertilizers
c. Gypsum: cement, plaster of Paris, ceiling boards, desalination of land
28
d. Marble: buildings, statues
e. Kaolin: pottery, tyre and paint manufacture, paper
5. a. Poor communication in some places (inaccessible to transport)
b. Cost of importing expensive machinery
c. Shortage of highly trained technicians
d. Technicians trained abroad often do not return to Pakistan.
6. Discussion. Highlight the following points:
For leaving the country: Higher wages overseas (some of which can be sent home—there
is, in fact, a very high input of money, especially from migrant workers in East Asian
countries); equipment is often more modern and highly technical; greater opportunities
for advancement and training.
For returning to Pakistan: The country needs technicians and there is a moral debt to the
state that educated you; unless highly trained people work in Pakistan, there will be no
development; as industry is relatively young, there are opportunities for promotion if you
have the right skills.
Additional exercise
MCQs
1. Natural gas is not found in which following form:

a. dissolved in oil
b. in a rock pocket above the oil
c. trapped in a porous rock
d. dissolved In water (dissolved In water)
2. Pakistan’s own natural gas provides what per cent of all its energy needs:
a. 30
b. 40
c. 5
d. 45 (40)
3. Pakistan’s coal is of very poor quality due to:
a. large ash and sulphur content
b. less ash and sulphur content
c. large granite content
d. high carbon content (large ash and sulphur content)
29
4. What is the required depth for a coal seam for it to be worth mining:
a. 5 cm
b. at least 10 cm
c. 8 cm
d. 6 cm (at least 10 cm)
5. In which of the following areas are Pakistan’s oil wells concentrated?
a. Potwar plateau
b. Northern regions
c. Southern coast
d. Thar desert (Potwar plateau)
6. The main iron field is at:
a. Zhob Valley
b. Abbotabad
c. Kalabagh
d. Badin (Kalabagh)
7. Where are chromite deposits found in Pakistan?
a. Zhob Valley in Balochistan
b. Indus valley
c. Khewra
d. Dandot (Zhob Valley in Balochistan)
30
ENERGY AND ELECTRICITY
Comparative statistics
Energy consumption is shown in comparative tables in kilogrammes/coal equivalent; that is, the
amount of energy that would be given off by burning the equivalent weight of coal.
The chart below gives some comparative figures.
Country Energy consumed
Kenya 4.863 billion kwh (2008 est.)
Pakistan 72.2 billion kwh (2007 est.)
India 56.8 billion kwh (2007 est.)
Morocco 20.78 billion kwh (2007 est.)
China 3.438 trillion kwh (2008 est.) (vast reserves of coal)
Iran 153.8 billion kwh (2007 est.) (vast reserves of oil)
Malaysia 99.25 billion kwh (2007 est.) (vast reserves of oil)
Hong Kong 42.1 billion kwh (2009 est.) (a city state does not give a true picture because
there is such huge industrial and commercial consumption)
Sweden 134.5 billion kwh (2007 est.) (a wealthy state with no fuel resources of its own
and bitterly cold winters)
United States 3.873 trillion kwh (2008 est.) (has its own oil and gas reserves but buys huge
amounts from overseas. This is gross extravagance.)
Electricity
Emphasize the convenience of having electricity. Ask pupils about boiling a kettle
a. in their home (if they live in the city), and

b. in a village where there is no electricity (collecting firewood, lighting the fire, putting
the kettle on, and so on). Baking is even more complicated in rural communities.
Talk about how electricity is used in pupils’ homes. List all of the domestic electrical appliances that
consume energy, from stoves and air-conditioners to hair driers and shavers.
Discuss how electricity is used in Pakistan: almost half is used for domestic purposes.
There should also be some discussion on how electricity is used in rural areas and what benefits it
can bring. See the answers to question (3).
31
Thermal power
Thermal power generators, which use oil or natural gas as energy sources, are the largest producers
of electricity with an output in 2010 of 42.5 per cent of the total output. Oil is expensive as it has to
be imported, although the proportion of locally produced oil is steadily increasing. Stations powered
by natural gas are also steadily increasing.
Hydroelectric power
Hydroelectric power supplies well over 40 per cent of Pakistan’s electricity. It is very expensive to
build dams and hydel stations but, once installed, they are relatively cheap to run as there is no fuel
to be bought.
Other sources of energy

There are small amounts of coal-fired stations (local coal mixed with higher grade, often from
abroad). About 2.3 per cent of Pakistan’s electricity is produced by nuclear power.
An interesting development in Pakistan is the introduction of solar power stations. As there is plenty
of sunlight, they make use of this ‘free’ energy. Solar power is still in the experimental stage, but it
is being installed in small stations, often to power one or two villages. One such station, financed by
the EEC in Swat (1980s), supplies enough power for 170 houses, each with two lights, and a fan, 46
street lights, and lights and fans for three mosques. In the Pupil’s book on pg 58, solar energy is not
part of the pie chart as its generation in Pakistan is negligible at the moment.
Wind power, though very expensive to install, is again virtually free of regular costs, and would seem
to be useful in the more remote regions of Pakistan.
Point out that there is nothing mysterious about nuclear power. Electricity is produced by a dynamo,
which is turned by a turbine driven either by water (hydel) or steam from a boiler (thermal). In a
nuclear plant, instead of using oil or gas to heat the boilers, a nuclear reactor is used. However, there
are problems associated with nuclear power: the need for skilled workers; the threat of accident (tell
pupils about the Chernobyl disaster in Russia in 1986).

1. Note that the figures in the chart have been rounded off.
a. Pakistan is a warm country and does not need the heating that Japan does. However,
India and Bangladesh are also warm countries.
b. Pakistan is a largely agricultural country and does not consume as much energy as
industrial nations.
c Pakistan does not have locally generated fuel resources to make electricity.
d. Pakistan is a developing nation—many people, especially in the remoter regions,
have no electricity and rely on natural fuels such as wood for heating and cooking.
32
2. Hydel: Expensive to build but relatively cheap once installed; can suffer from reduced
output in years when there is low rainfall to refill lakes; because the best sites are usually
in the north at some distance from major centres, long and expensive transmission lines
have to be built.
Solar: Very good for remote areas where it would be uneconomical to install power lines.
Main weakness is the expensive initial investment and the comparatively low output per
unit.
Thermal: Pakistani coal makes a great deal of ash and does not produce much heat. It is
also a source of pollution when burned. Other fuels used in thermal boilers are, at the
moment, imported and therefore expensive.
Nuclear: Although the cost of installing a nuclear plant is high, once running, it produces
electricity very cheaply. However, skilled operators are required and safety standards
must be very high.
Wind: Although the cost of building wind farms is high, once running, they produce
virtually free electricity. However, they are dependent on wind speed, and are noisy and
unpleasant to look at.
3. a. Increased standard of living, with lighting, television, and the use of small domestic
machines.
b. Improved water supplies (deep tube wells powered by electric motors can be
installed).
c. Faster agricultural processes with small agricultural equipment such as mills,
winnowing machines, etc.
d. Increased leisure time as some of the manual work can be done by electric-powered
machines.
4. Individual work
Additional exercise
MCQs
1. Pakistan consumes little energy because:

a. It is a hot country and requires little artificial heating.
b. It has surplus rainfall.
c. It has adequate power plants.
d. It has low population.
(It is a hot country and requires little artificial heating.)
33
2. Which of the following is not an energy source:
a. thermal
b. hydel
c. nuclear
d. aquatic (aquatic)
3. Which energy source does not require the use of ‘dynamo’:
a. solar energy
b. nuclear
c. thermal
d. hydel (solar energy)
4. Which hydel station provides maximum hydroelectricity:
a. Mangla
b. Tarbela
c. Warsak
d. Guddu (Tarbela)
5. Nuclear powered electricity has a low running cost due to:
a. uranium rods
b. skilled operators
c. cost of building
d. security cost (uranium rods)
34
INDUSTRIES: An Introduction
Bar charts
Refer to the bar charts on page 64 of the Pupil’s Book. The actual wealth has increased between
2002 and 2010 from Rs. 4,100,000 million to Rs. 13,850,000 million—an increase of about 3.38
times. The real point here is that the percentage contributed by the different sectors (agriculture,
services, industry) has changed dramatically. Pupils can work this out in the exercises.
Link between agriculture and industry

It is important to stress the link between agriculture and industry. Industry needs agriculture to feed
its urban workers as well as to provide raw materials for industrial work such as food processing.
Agriculture also needs industry for machinery, chemicals (such as fertilizers, pesticides, and
herbicides), etc. Ask pupils to look at the drawings on page 52 of the Pupil’s Book (these make no
allowance for improved strains of seed and stock).
Industrial pyramid
The industrial pyramid on page 66 is not to scale. It would be impossible to devise a scale which
would incorporate textiles with exports of US $ 4,533,000,000 and leather with US $ 192,000,000
—the cotton bar would have to be more than 23 times the length of the leather one!
Needs of industry
The needs of industry are fairly self-explanatory. Perhaps funding could be explained in more detail
to pupils. Pakistan itself does not have enough money to finance major projects so it has to borrow
from developed nations or organizations such as the World Bank. This money is normally on loan
and has to be repaid with interest. The total foreign debt of Pakistan is now $ 58.512 billion. Just two
years ago, in 2008, it was $ 47 billion.
Education
Education is a vital element in Pakistan’s industrialization—literate, skilled workers are essential,
especially in the supervisory and managerial ranks. One may continue to cling to traditional methods
in agriculture, but industry is one area which is constantly changing so workers need to keep abreast
of new developments.

1. Agriculture Industry
2002 984,000 738,000 Millions of rupees
2010 1,523,500 4,155,000 Millions of rupees
35
2. Industry can help agriculture in the following ways: chemicals (fertilizers, herbicides,
pesticides); equipment (tractors and other machinery); electricity (with many uses in
agriculture, especially in tube wells and small milling machinery); processing; good
communications.
3. Good supply of cheap energy: Pakistan has this thanks to hydroelectric and gas-powered
plants.
Good supply of raw materials: Pakistan has relatively few mineral resources except
natural gas and large amounts of relatively low-cost minerals such as limestone. Importing
raw materials can be very expensive.
Capital: To invest in expensive industrial buildings and machinery. Pakistan is short of
foreign exchange and has to borrow, repaying loans with interest.
Trained workforce: Pakistan has a poor literacy rate but the state of education is steadily
improving—although not fast enough for the rapidly changing needs of modern industry.
Good communications system: Electronic communication is fine but physical
communication (road, rail, etc.) still needs improvement. As good hard-surface, all-
weather roads are essential, many such roads and highways were built between 2000–7.
The railway network is in need of much capital for improvements.
Agricultural base: To feed urban industrial workers. Pakistan has this, but with the
benefits of industrialization, the output can be increased.
4. Good communications are vital: to transport raw materials to industrial areas; to transport
finished products to markets and/or ports for export; to keep up with world demands and
orders from abroad; to swiftly and easily move workers from one place to another.
Additional exercise
MCQs
1. Which resource does Pakistan have in abundance?
a. communications infrastructure
b. funds
c. workers
d. good quality raw material (workers)
2. The reason why industry is more important to a country is because:
a. industrial goods are sold at a more stable price
b. demand for agricultural goods has fallen
c. industrial goods are cheaper to produce
d. industrial goods are superior quality (industrial goods are sold at a more stable price)
36
FROM AGRICULTURE TO INDUSTRY
Wool
The tough, hard nature of much of Pakistan’s wool makes it highly suitable for carpets. In the west,
one sees many photographs of very small Pakistani children making carpets, mainly on a domestic
basis. This causes a very emotive outcry. Ask pupils to discuss child labour: is it innately wrong? If so,
why? What would these children do otherwise? Is it better for them to learn a highly skilled craft at
an early age—or should they be outside playing?
Rayon
In a country overflowing with cotton, it is surprising to find its rival, rayon, being widely manufactured,
especially as much of the raw material has to be imported. Ask pupils to bring samples (or garments)
of the different types of textiles—cotton, wool, rayon, silk—and talk about the differences in texture,
weight, etc.
Sugar
The text is fairly self-explanatory. Perhaps discuss the disadvantages of a high sugar diet. Sugar
has a pleasant taste; even babies are attracted to sweet rather than plain foods. Food and drink
manufacturers, especially in the west, are playing on this natural taste for sweetness (intended
originally perhaps to maintain calories during hard manual labour) by putting sugar or sugar
substitutes in unlikely foods like bread, etc.
Sugar is a major cause of illness. In the United Kingdom in May 2007, 46 per cent of all males over
16 were overweight, and 17 per cent were obese. About 32 per cent of women were overweight,
and 22 per cent obese. This extra weight puts a great strain on the body, especially on the heart
and circulatory system, leading to heart attacks and strokes. It limits mobility which, in turn, also
increases weight.
Point out how little of the sugar cane is wasted. Sugar cane is used to produce sugar and its by-
products, and the residue (bagasse) is used for fuel in the refining process, for making building
boards and for fodder. The less refined sugars can be used to make industrial alcohol (and in Brazil
has actually been used to produce petrol).
Tobacco
In general, the native tobacco in Pakistan is too strong for international tastes and is consumed
almost entirely within the country. Like sugar, it is a serious health hazard. Heart disease, lung
cancers, circulatory problems, bronchitis and asthma are all potentially fatal and are directly linked
to smoking.
Ask pupils to comment on the following table of smokers by socioeconomic grouping (1999):
37
Leather
The vast number of animals in Pakistan means that huge amounts of leather are available, and
Pakistan has exploited this, especially in the field of sports equipment, which is sold all over the
world, largely because of its high quality and relatively low prices.
Cooking oils
The problem of transporting and distributing milk and ghee to cities in a hot climate has resulted in a
major switch to vegetable cooking oils. This has the advantage of improved health as the oils contain
unsaturated fats, unlike milk which has a high proportion of saturated fats. Saturated fats are said to
be a cause of cancer and increased body weight.
Jute
Jute is the ideal fibre for coarse packing material, although in some less developed areas (especially
in China) it is used for clothing.

1. cotton; 70. cloth, clothing, yarn, canvas, towels, hosiery. wool. carpets; Pakistani wool is
tough and coarse, suitable for treading on. rayon/artificial silk. wood; imported.
2. a. Ginning or removing the seeds from raw cotton.
b. spinning into yarn
c. weaving
d. making into garments or other products.
3. a. Cricket balls and all cricket equipment, tennis and other rackets (like squash), hockey
sticks, footballs
b. There is a plentiful supply of leather from all kinds of domesticated animals.
c. Pakistani sports goods offer high quality with very reasonable prices.
4. Sugar cane is used for: domestic commercial sugars for consumption as sweeteners or as
an ingredient in processed foodstuffs; bagasse (crushed stems) for heating sugar-boiling
furnaces; bagasse for coarse building boards; residue of crushed cane for animal food; by-
products such as industrial alcohol for chemical factories.
38
Additional exercise
MCQs
1. Ginning is a process from which:

a. cotton fibres are turned into yarn
b. seeds are removed from raw cotton
c. fibres are straightened for spinning
d. yarn is woven into cloth (seeds are removed from raw cotton)
2. Rayon is produced from:
a. soft wood
b. silkworms
c. hard wood
d. gum trees (soft wood)
3. The thick brown sweet liquid that is the by-product of sugar refining is called:
a. molasses
b. corn syrup
c. sucrose
d. honey (molasses)
4. Which of the following trees does not produce wood for sports equipment?
a. Mulberry
b. Babul
c. Poplar
d. Neem (Neem)
5. The bulk of raw material for jute comes from:
a. Burma
b. Nepal
c. India
d. Bangladesh (Bangladesh)
39
MAIN INDUSTRIES Pupil’s Book 79–82
Industries at Partition
Empathize with the precarious state of the economy of Pakistan at Partition. There was virtually no
industry or mining, the agricultural sector was weak and the communications network was shaky.
The progress that we see today may not be outstanding compared to some economies, but one
must consider the very low base from which the country started, the interruptions of war and the
unstable political conditions which have inhibited the inflow of foreign capital. On top of this, the
soaring birth rate, the decreasing death rate and the influx of refugees have put an added strain on
the economy.
Graphs
It might be worthwhile asking pupils to draw a graph of the population of the Pakistan region since
1901. The figures can be taken from the table below.
Year Population (in millions)
1901 16
1911 19
1921 21
1931 23.5
1941 28
1951 34
1961 43
1971 65
1981 84
1991 114
2001 144
2011 175 approx.
A graph with 1 centimetre representing 10 million people on the vertical axis and 1 centimetre on
the horizontal indicating the decades will reveal a dramatic picture. Ask pupils when the population
began to soar, and why. If, on the same graph, curves are shown to indicate birth and death rates,
some significant conclusions can be drawn. A different scale for the vertical axis must be used, of
course.
40
Birth rate Death rate
Year
per 1000 persons per 1000 persons
1901 46 44.4
1921 49 48.6
1941 45 31.2
1981 43.3 11.8
1993 39.3 10.1
1997 36.7 9.0
2003 29.5 8.7
2008 28.3 7.8
2010 25.3 7.0
This illustrates quite dramatically one of Pakistan’s major problems: while the birth rate has fallen
by less than 10/1000 in a century, the death rate has fallen 34.4/1000. Economically, Pakistan has to
keep abreast of these changes in order to maintain the status quo.
Building industry
Cement and iron are the building blocks of an industrial nation, not only for machinery but also for the
entire infrastructure of buildings, roads, canal linings, barrages, and dams. Pakistan has the basic raw
materials to produce cement. Shortly after independence, Pakistan was actually exporting cement.
With the development of the country, it was forced to import. Today, it is exporting cement.
Chemical industry
With Pakistan’s relatively poor soil and a climate which favours agricultural pests and diseases, a
chemical industry is essential. Again, Pakistan is fortunate in its limitless supply of salt, which is
an ingredient of many chemicals, and its petrol industry, which supplies many more raw ingredients
for chemicals. Even so, chemicals and drugs are still a very large and expensive item on the import bill.
In 2010, for example, Rs. 331,075 million was spent on machinery; Rs. 690,200 on oil; and chemicals
and drugs were third at Rs. 195,755 million.
Petroleum
Petroleum by-products are used in the chemical industry to produce dyes, flavours for food products
and raw material for synthetic textiles. Ask pupils to browse through their encyclopaedias or websites
to obtain a complete list of petroleum by-products.

1. a. Treating raw oil (crude oil), which is a thick, black, tar-like substance, to extract the
various compounds it contains like petrol, diesel, and kerosene.
b. It has developed to meet the ever-increasing demands of transport and industry.
c. See Teacher’s Notes above.
41
2. a. Cement is one of the foundations of the industrial world and is used in the
construction of buildings, transport systems, harbours, dams, irrigation canals,
airports, etc.
b. Pakistan has the raw materials—limestone—for making cement.
3. a. Chemicals: 138%; Drugs and medicines: 272%; Chemical fertilizers: 609%; Electrical
goods: 500%; Machinery: 242%; Transport equipment: 164%; Petrol and petrol
products: 300%.
b. Chemicals and fertilizers
c. Because of the demands of agriculture (fertilizers and pesticides) and the demands of
growing industries.
d. The figures indicate a steadily growing industrial economy.
Additional exercise
MCQs
1. Capital refers to:

a. money b. skilled workers
c. infrastructure d. Islamabad (money)
2. Crude oil refers to:
a. kerosene b. refined oil
c. diesel d. sludge-like unrefined oil (sludge-like unrefined oil)
3. Main raw material for cement is:
a. limestone b. sulphur
c. caustic soda d. soda Ash (limestone)
4. The centre of iron and steel industry is at:
a. Nowshera b. Faisalabad
c. Karachi d. Lahore (Karachi)
5. What percentage of its chemical needs does Pakistan have to import?
a. 10 b. 15
c. 18 d. 12 (10)
42
SMALL INDUSTRIES AND CRAFTS
Small industries
Small industries are those which are defined as having fewer than 50 employees (without electricity)
and less than 20 (with electricity). The government encourages small industries with loans,
technical assistance, and training, thereby helping to reduce the migration to cities where there is
high unemployment. Often, people from villages are not trained for employment and life in urban
areas.
Small industries generally cater to local trade—constructing doors, windows and furniture for village
houses and pottery for local use; in larger communities, rice-husking, flour milling, oil-seed pressing,
shoe and clothing manufacture, etc. Some of these items are for wider use and export, like sports
equipment, surgical instruments, cutlery, carpets, and handicrafts.
Small industries suffer from lack of capital; lack of standardization; shortage of power; poor
marketing; irregular supplies of raw materials.
Cottage industries
Cottage industries are defined as those where the owner (and often his family) produce the goods
themselves, at times in their own home. Sometimes families produce craft items during seasons
when they do not have to work the land. Cottage industries specialize in craft and decorative work,
like embroidery, bead work, and carved wood and bone. These items are usually sold to tourists or
exported to the United States or Europe.

1. Possible reasons: the cost of land is lower; the cost of labour in the countryside is lower
than the cost of labour in urban centres; the cost of transporting workers from their
homes to places of employment is circumvented or reduced.
2. Individual work
3. While pupils can come up with individual answers, they should mention that cottage
industries are important because they help preserve centuries of craft traditions which
are an essential part of a nation’s cultural heritage.
43
Additional exercise
MCQs
1. Which of the following is not a cottage industry?

a. decorative brassware
b. carved wood objects
c. fancy needlework
d. steel (steel)
2. What fraction of Pakistan’s industrial workers live in the countryside?
a. half
b. three-quarters
c. none
d. one-third (three-quarters)
3. Smaller factories that make an important contribution to the export market include:
a. sports equipment
b. pottery
c. ivory objects
d. footwear (sports equipment)
44
TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS
Importance of transport
Emphasize that communications are the vital arteries of modern civilization. Small, self-contained
communities in the past did not need extensive communications systems. However, today they are
essential. Pakistan, apart from the great Indus area, is generally difficult for transport because of its
desert, mountain, and other different terrains. In many of these areas, there are few people so that
building communications systems such as road and rail are not a practical solution. It is a pity that
the great artery of the Indus is not navigable for the large ships that are used in trade.
Railways
The change in railways since 1960 is really minimal, and the rolling stock and substructure of the
railway system is getting older. The consistent apathy shown to the department has resulted in
the0 deterioration in the quantity and quality of service. From 1994 to 2003, the quality of track
kilometres fell from 8775 to 7791 kilometres. The year 2010 saw the suspension of many inter-city
train services.
Refer to the figures below for distances, freight, and passengers. Ask pupils to draw bar graphs for
these and other transport figures.
Transportation statistics
Railways
Length Passengers Freight
Year
(kilometres) (millions) (millions of tons)
2000 77,91 68.80 5.89
2010 7,791 58.97 4.63
Roads
Year High (kilometres) Low (kilometres)
2000 144,652 105,320
2010 179,290 80,328
45
Cargo at Karachi Port
Year Total (millions of tons) Export Import
2000 25,982 5,918 20,064
2010 20,545 6,536 14,009
Motor vehicles
Year Motor cars Buses Motorcycles
2000 1,182,307 154,401 2,260,772
2010 1,688,562 194,857 3,357,134
Roads
The bulk of traffic for both passengers and freight has moved to roads, which are much more
convenient, carrying goods and passengers from door to door. Roads are expensive to build and
maintain. There is still much work to be done, even though some of the terrain in Pakistan militates
against road building.
Ports and shipping

Pakistan’s relatively short coastline in relation to its area precludes a good system of ports. Much of
the coastline is inhospitable; to the west of Karachi, backed by desert, and to the east, swampy.
Telecommunications
Pakistan has a sophisticated system of telecommunications and is well up to the world average for
international communications. Progress in this sector has been phenomenal. In 1999, there were
just 2.1 phones per 100 Pakistanis. By 2005, the number had risen to 2.9 per 100 Pakistanis. The
number of mobile phone users has risen from 742,600 in 2000 to 97,579,940 in 2010.

1. People are travelling more; goods are moved more frequently from one place to another;
communities are no longer self-sufficient; exports and imports are on the rise; workers
have to be transported.
2. a. Too shallow, especially in the lower reaches
b. Too variable in water flow from season to season
c. Dams and barrages and other waterworks for irrigation make it impossible for ships
to travel long distances.
d. It meanders so that the actual distance by water is many times more than what it
would have been in a direct line by land.
3. a. Rolling stock and track are out of date and need repair.
b. Two gauges can make travel difficult as one train cannot travel over the other track.
46
c. Road transport is much more convenient (door to door without the inconvenience of
loading/unloading.
d. As local coal is unsuitable for firing the engines, either expensive foreign coal or oil
has to be imported.
4. a. Direct transport of goods from factory/port/market to destination without loading/
unloading; quicker.
b. Direct travel from door to door without having to transfer from one train to another;
can travel whenever it is convenient (i.e. in private cars); no need to follow
schedules; easier to carry belongings, etc.
5. Increased consumption of petrol; increased car imports. Other problems: increased
pollution; not as suitable for heavy or bulky loads such as coal, rock, oil, machinery, grain,
etc.; increased congestion; road accidents.
6. Individual work. Ask pupils to consult the local railway station, airport, etc. They may also
wish to consult a road atlas to help them with (b).
Additional exercise
MCQs
1. Conditions along which part of the country allow for a relatively good transport network?
a. eastern part b. western part
c. southern part d. northern part (eastern part)
2. Indus River is not a good means of transport because it is:
a. too deep b. too shallow
c. lacks dams and barrages d. too rough (too shallow)
3. Which form of transportation is very important in Eastern Punjab for expansion of
agricultural industry?
a. roads b. railway
c. waterways d. air (railway)
4. Pakistan’s major sea port is:
a. Karachi port b. Port Qasim
c. Gwadar Port d. Pasni Port (Karachi port)
5. What percentage of Pakistani sea-borne trade is carried by Pakistani ships?
a. 50 b. 100
c. 20 d. 70 (20)
47
POPULATION Pupil’s Book 93–98
Diversity
Because the region that is now Pakistan was on the invasion route from central Asia to the rich
subcontinent, many different people have passed through this area. Ask pupils to make a wall display
of the same sentence written in as many different local languages as possible.
Population explosion
The main problem in Pakistan is that of the population explosion. Improved medical care has reduced
the incidence of epidemics like malaria, etc. However, the funds for this medical care have been
stretched to capacity, especially in urban areas.
The birth rate has fallen only slightly since 1901 (46 per 1000 people) to 2010 (28.40 per 1000
people). The death rate, however, has fallen dramatically since 1901 (44 per 1000 people) to 2010
(7.60 per 1000 people). More people are surviving to adulthood; they in turn will have children, and
so the population will increase exponentially. This imposes a great strain on the nation’s economy:
more people means much more has to be spent on education, health care, and other facilities. The
rising economy of the country is barely keeping pace with the increasing population.
Male/female ratio
One might comment on the proportion of males/females in Pakistan. Pupils should look at Question
2 on page 99 and discuss the reasons for the disparity. In almost all of the developed countries, the
number of males is less than that of the females. This is natural because in all developed countries
female life expectancy is greater than that of males, sometimes up to 5 to 8 years longer. Why is
it different in less developed countries? This can be the subject of a serious class discussion. There
are many factors to consider: constant pregnancies (and, therefore, a higher birth rate); overwork
(especially in rural areas); the dominant male syndrome where men expect the best of everything
and do little domestic work; lower status of women and less concern for their welfare; death in
childbirth.
Point out the difference in birth rates in urban and rural areas. In 2009, 60.87 million (urban) and
109.07 million (rural). Ask pupils why they think there is a higher birth rate in rural areas.
Urbanization
Urbanization is a problem throughout the developing world. When people in villages see (through
exposure to television, newspapers, radio, etc.) the superior living conditions of cities, they think
there is a better life for them there. The mass migration of people from rural to urban areas is a
problem difficult to reverse, despite the fact that the conditions for many of these newcomers are
often more squalid than in their villages. In 1961, Karachi had a population of 2 million; by 2010 it
had risen to over 16 million.
48
1. There are so many ethnic groups in Pakistan because of centuries of foreign invasion.
2. a. Fairly straightforward.
b. The topics for discussion are listed above. Russia has fewer males than females
because of the appalling casualties they suffered during World War II. According to
estimates, about 20 million people (mainly males) were killed during the war.
3. a. The standard of living can rise only very slowly because any increase in the national
wealth is almost always matched by an increase in population.
b. There is an increasing burden on all government services, including education,
health, etc.
c. Unemployment
d. Migration from rural to urban areas, with a resultant rise in urban overcrowding,
poverty, crime, etc.
4. a. Although primary education is, in theory, compulsory and free it is not rigorously
enforced, particularly in rural areas. The standard of schools is often extremely low,
and parents sometimes withdraw their children from schools because there is little
or no progress. Child labour, especially in rural areas, is also a factor; often, parents
feel that it is better for their children to be earning a wage, however small, instead of
attending school. There is no compulsory education at the secondary level. The
disparity between boys and girls attending schools is also disturbing.
b. Class discussion
5. Class discussion
Additional exercise
MCQs
1. By what rate is the population of Pakistan increasing per year?

a. 2.8
b. 5
c. 1.5
d. 3.5 (2.8)
2. The original inhabitants of the region were called:
a. Dravidians b. Aryans
c. Kalash d. Mughals (Dravidians)
49
3. Urbanization refers to the process of emigration from:
a. East to West
b. village to city
c. city to village
d. North to South (village to city)
4. What fraction of Pakistan’s urban population lives in Karachi and Lahore?
a. one-third
b. two-third
c. half
d. quarter (one-third)
5. Which factor does not contribute to low crop yield?
a. salinity
b. water logging
c. water erosion
d. fertilizers (fertilizers)
50
TRADE AND AID Pupil’s Book 100–103
Imports and exports

Ensure that pupils understand the principle of spending within budgets. No country is able to exist
without imports. Even Pakistan, which is largely self-sufficient in basic foodstuffs, has to import most
of its technology, machinery, and fuel.
Some developed countries (Britain, for example) are almost entirely dependent on exports. In the
past, this largely consisted of machinery, chemicals, and other manufactured goods, but today, as
with many countries, the exports are called ‘invisibles’. While machinery and physical goods can
be seen (i.e. ‘visibles’), there is a vast trade in insurance, banking, and share dealing. These are
collectively called ‘invisibles’. Pakistan is not very active in invisible exports.
Pakistan has to import far more than it exports. In 2010, it exported US $ 14,162 million in goods and
imported US $ 25,107 million worth of goods. Pakistan does have a moderate invisibles income from
wages sent home by Pakistanis living abroad. Unfortunately, the majority of those who send back
money are poorly paid manual workers whose incomes are not very high.
Borrowing
Point out the problems of borrowing from international organizations, primarily the repayment with
high interest rates. Almost 45 per cent of the total budget of Pakistan is allocated to debt servicing.
By comparison, expenditure on defence, which is high by normal standards because of the threat of
powerful neighbours, and security related expenditures within the country, was Rs. 32.9 billion in
2009. Note that most countries struggle to pay the interest on foreign loans while the capital sum
borrowed remains. Today, there is a strong lobby at the United Nations to cancel these debts for
developing countries.
Gross Domestic Product

Ask pupils to look at the GDP chart on page 103 of the Pupil‘s Book carefully. Discuss the various
items. Agriculture still provides almost one-quarter of the total GDP, although the proportion
generated through manufacturing is rising.

1. a. Balance of payment is the relationship between the amount a country exports (so
earning foreign credit) and the amount it has to pay for imports (so using up foreign
credit).
b. Most countries are not self-sufficient and need to import goods in order to survive.
Some European nations, Japan, and the United States are fortunate in exporting
high-value manufactured goods and importing relatively low-value food goods. If a
country sells more goods overseas than it buys from abroad, it saves on foreign
exchange and living standards rise.
51
2. The money the country borrows has to be repaid with very high rates of interest. Most
countries struggle to repay the interest while the bulk of the loan remains.
3. a. The amount of money earned inside the country
b. The amount of money earned inside the country plus any foreign earnings for rents,
shares, etc.
Additional exercise
MCQs
1. Balance of payment refers to:
a. a record of a country’s exports and imports b. country’s earnings
c. country’s expenditures
d. interest payments (a record of a country’s exports and imports)
2. One of Pakistan’s largest lenders is:
a. United States of America b. Canada
c. UK d. France (United States of America)
3. Gross Domestic Product refers to:
a. the amount of debt accumulated by a country
b. the amount of wealth inside a country
c. the amount of interest to be paid by a country
d. the difference between exports and imports (the amount of wealth inside a country)
4. GNP stands for:
a. Gross National Product b. Gross National Projection
c. Grand National Product d. Gross Natural Product (Gross National Product)
5. GNP = GDP + ?
a. wealth generated by income from abroad
b. interest c. bank loans
d. credit (wealth generated by income from abroad)
6. Life expectancy refers to:
a. number of years an average person can expect to live
b. number of babies a woman will expect in her life
c. number of years a sick person will live
d. number of years a rural person can expect to live
(number of years an average person can expect to live)
52
GLOBAL ISSUES Pupil’s Book 105–111
Population explosion
The population explosion is one of the more serious global issues. Although the world seems capable
of supporting its present population, in practice it is not because of poor agricultural production. Ask
pupils to look at the list of the most rapidly growing populations (below). Which among these are
from the developing world? The rate of increase of smaller countries (Qatar, Oman, Yemen, Macao,
etc.) will not cause a massive surge in population because they have low populations to begin with.
However, in countries like China, India, and Pakistan, with their massive populations, even a low
percentage increase translates into huge figures.
Ensure that pupils understand what percentage increase means. If the percentage increase is 4 per
cent, for example, that means that for every 100 people in one year, there are 104 the next. This, of
course, is a compound calculation, not just a steady rise of 4 per cent a year.
Fastest growing populations

Country Percentage increase
Jordan 2.19
Malawi 2.78
Oman 3.14
Gambia 2.52
Yemen 2.71
Qatar .86
Macao .89
Libya 2.11
Saudi Arabia 1.54
Syria 1.95
Swaziland 1.21
Iran 1.25
United Arab Emirates 3.56
Congo 3.16
Zambia 3.11
You may wish to ask pupils to find out the actual population figures for the countries listed above.
Birth rate
It is a tragedy that the South African states which have such high birth rates also have very high death
rates, mainly because of the spread of AIDS. The death rates for Nigeria (16.31 per 1000 people),
53
Cango (11.39 per 1000 people) and Zambia (12.84 per 1000 people) are much higher than those for
Saudia Arabia (3.34 per 1000 people) and Pakistan (7.06 per 1000 people).
Like so many world problems, the basic answer is to educate people and teach them that traditional
ideas about large families—a sign of virility and extra hands to help in chores/work—are no longer
viable in the modern world.
Life expectancy
Ask pupils to look at the disparity in life expectancy on page 108. Notice how there is less difference
between the male and female figures in developing nations than in developed ones.
Discussion topics
Discuss other problems, including housing, sanitation, waste disposal, education, health, and
employment, especially as technology develops.
Discuss the morality of the one-family-one-child policy in China. Is this accepting reality and taking
strict if unpopular measures to counteract it, or is it a gross infringement of civil liberty?
Population tree
The population tree on page 110–111 is interesting. In all developed countries, the ‘tree’ is roughly
symmetrical, with a larger number of females throughout the groups, especially in the upper
sections. Pakistan’s population tree is very unusual: while there are more girls born, after age 5 there
are consistently more males. Similarly, the 55–69 and 65–75+ figures are very unusual. Can anyone
suggest the reason for the bulge in the birth rate between 1917 and 1921 (the 60-64 range), and
why the numbers in the top three blocks actually increase?

1. a. Better health care, with more babies surviving the early years
b. dramatic increase in life expectancy
c. better food and the elimination of widespread famines (improved transportation of
food, relief, etc.)
d. improved sanitation with the elimination of many diseases
e. better education
f. better government health services
2. a. Food shortages b. housing shortages c. unemployment
d. increased pollution and waste disposal problems.
e. increased demand on government services, like health, education, and welfare.
3. a. Larger workforce
b. larger pool of people from whom the very best can be selected for certain jobs
c. more security in the home with large, traditional families.
54
4. (a) Asia in general. Pupils can list individual countries. (b) Many of these countries are
among the poorest in the world so that standards of living, already very low, will fall even
further.
5. More cars, rickshaws, buses, and motorcycles, to accommodate larger numbers, means
more exhaust fumes, noise pollution, and traffic jams. More waste and garbage is
produced by larger numbers; often, this is not efficiently disposed of and leads to
unsightly and unhygienic garbage dumps on the side of roads. Ask pupils to think of more
reasons of their own.
Additional exercise
MCQs
1. Every year world total population increases by:

a. 5%
b. 2%
c. 1%
d. 1.8% (2%)
2. The first thing to consider when discussing overpopulation Is:
a. epidemics
b. communications
c. shortage of food
d. housing (shortage of food)
3. Traditionally people of less wealthy countries have larger families because:
a. children in these countries often die.
b. there are more job opportunities. In these countries.
c. there are more schools in these countries.
d. the medical system is better in these countries.
(children in these countries often die.)
55
LESSON PLAN
Topic: Pakistan—Our country and its physical regions—Northern mountains
Time: 40 minutes
Teaching objectives:
By the end of the lesson students will be able to:
• identify the location of Pakistan on the world map with reference to the surrounding countries
• describe the physical features of the country
• explain the influence of different physical features on the lives of the people living there
• locate the longitudinal and latitudinal position of Pakistan
Resources: political world map, physical map of Pakistan, Oxford School Atlas for Pakistan, textbook,
video showing the scenic beauty of the country; blank Pakistan maps, colouring pencils
Introduction: 5 minutes
World map can be used to locate Pakistan and also to identify the neighbouring countries of
Pakistan.
Explanation: 40 minutes
• Make the students identify the longitudinal and latitudinal position of Pakistan by looking at the
World map.
• List these in their journal: neighbours, location (latitude/longitude), total square area
• From the physical map of Pakistan students will identify the physical regions. Students can plot
them on the blank map of Pakistan using colours to differentiate.
• The physical regions shown on pages 1 and 2 of the textbook can be discussed.
• Students can then discuss in groups of three how physical features such as mountains, deserts
and plains can influence the lives of people.
• Later students can give a presentation on the different physical features.
Recapitulation: 5 minutes
• A scenic video of Pakistan can be shown to sum up the lesson.
Homework:
• Reading of page 1–10 of the textbook
• Locating the physical region on the blank map of Pakistan
• Attempt questions on pages 4, 8, and 11.
56
LESSON PLAN
Topic: Central Pakistan
Time: 40 minutes
Teaching objectives:
By the end of the lesson students will be able to:
• identify the major landforms of Pakistan
• study the relief and drainage of the Indus system
• analyse the influence of relief and drainage on life and normal activities of people
Resources: physical map of Pakistan, textbook, board
Open discussion about the physical regions of Pakistan
• After recapping the physical regions describe each region.
• This can be done by listing the features on the board and the students can copy it in their
books.
• On the blank map students can mark the drainage pattern of Indus River. The main tributaries
can be highlighted and the features formed by the river can be discussed.
• Mind map the physical regions and their descriptions.
Homework:
• Reading of pages 12 to 16 of the textbook
• Attempt questions on page 17 of the textbook.
57
LESSON PLAN
Topic: Climate
Time: 40 minutes
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the lesson students should be able to:
• identify the differences in climate in different physical regions of the country
• explain the importance of rainfall in Pakistan
• demonstrate an understanding of the different types of rainfall with reference to Pakistan
• describe the different soil types found in Pakistan
• describe the natural vegetation of different regions of Pakistan
Resources: textbook, maps showing the temperature and rainfall variation in Pakistan (Oxford School
Atlas for Pakistan), illustrations of the natural vegetation of various regions of Pakistan, samples of
different types of soil, class sets of cards showing the physical regions and different climatic features
of each
Open discussion of the influence of geographical features on the climate of a region, e.g. desert and
mountains
Prior reading of pages 18 – 21 of the textbook is required.
• Use a map showing the temperature and rainfall variation in different physical regions of
Pakistan to develop the lesson. At the same time, refer to the different physical characteristics
of the regions.
• The teacher should adopt the inquiry method, i.e. elicit answers from students, while proceeding
to discuss the different soil types.
• Students should study the soil specimens and should write down the characteristics of the
different types on a piece of paper.
The teacher can use the cards to reinforce the concepts taught. This is a pairs activity where students
match the cards showing different regions with their climatic features and soil types.
Homework:
• Read pages 18 to 21 of the textbook.
• Attempt questions on page 22.
58
LESSON PLAN
Topic: The Indus river system: Irrigation
Time: 40 minutes
Learning outcomes:
• explain the contribution of the Indus system to the agricultural activities of Pakistan
• describe the climate and the natural vegetation of the Indus plain
• list the reasons for, and consequences of, the Indus Water Treaty and explain the need for a
comprehensive irrigation system
• explain the causes and solutions to the problems of water supply
• describe different types of irrigation system
Resources: textbook, map showing the irrigation system of Pakistan, blank outline map of Pakistan
for each student
Open discussion of the importance of agricultural activities to daily life and how they contribute to
prosperity.
Prior reading of pages 23–33 of the textbook is required.
• Use the drainage map of Pakistan to explore the features of the Indus river system. Each
feature can be described carefully using the inquiry method; students should use their previous
knowledge of drainage basins.
• On the blank outline map of Pakistan, students can mark the dams and small dams shown on
page 18 of the textbook.
• Students can also analyse the climate of Pakistan.
• The teacher should explain the reasons for the Indus Water Treaty of 1960.
• Students can assess its effects and solutions of problems caused by the treaty.
• Different irrigation systems can be introduced using illustrations/charts, and their advantages
can be assessed.
• Mind map the climate of Pakistan.
• Mind map on the board the Indus system showing its drainage features, taking suggestions
from students.
• List the main reasons for and effects of the Indus Water Treaty.
59
Homework:
• Read pages 23–33 of the textbook.
• Attempt questions on pages 28 and 34.
• Draw diagrams of various methods of irrigation.
60
LESSON PLAN
Topic: Farming/Animal and poultry
Time: 40 minutes
Learning outcomes:
• differentiate between the two main cultivation seasons and the types of crops grown in each
season
• describe the cultivation processes of these crops
• demonstrate an understanding of livestock farming and the uses of this type of farming
Resources: textbook, maps of Pakistan showing the main growing regions of different crops, a blank
outline map of Pakistan for each student, specimens of wheat, cotton, and other plant crops or their
final products, slide show to sum up the main ideas
Open discussion of the seasons in Pakistan such as warm and wet, cold and dry
• The teacher should introduce the two cultivation seasons and list the crops grown in each of
these seasons.
• The calendar shown on page 35 can be made in the form of a chart and displayed in the
classroom.
• Show students the samples of plants or plant products and discuss the cultivation processes
and requirements of these crops.
• Students should mark the cultivation regions for each crop on the blank outline map.
• Explain the differences between livestock farming and arable farming.
• Discuss the various animals that are raised and how they fulfil specific needs of the economy.
• A slide show can be prepared illustrating all the important features of the lesson—students can
be questioned on the slides at random to assess their understanding.
Homework:
• Students can collect specimens of pulses or other crops or their products and bring them to
class. These will be displayed in the class.
61
LESSON PLAN
Topic: Agricultural problems
Time: 40 minutes
Learning outcomes:
• list the natural and human factors that contribute towards agricultural problems in Pakistan and
differentiate between them
• demonstrate an understanding of the causes and effects of these problems
Resources: textbook
Open discussion of the possible problems for agricultural activities; list these problems
• Discussion of the causes of the problems identified, drawing on previous knowledge
• Classify the causes as natural or man-made (human) factors.
• Mind map ‘Problems of Agriculture’ and list all the causes.
Homework:
• Attempt question on page 49.
62
LESSON PLAN
Topic: Minerals and mining/Energy and electricity
Time: 40 minutes
Learning outcomes:
• list the various minerals found in Pakistan
• identify the metallic and non-metallic minerals found in Pakistan
• locate on a map of Pakistan the areas where these minerals occur
• identify the sources of electricity and describe how it is used in Pakistan
Resources: textbook, a short documentary film clip on the mineral resources of Pakistan
Show the students a short documentary showing the excavation of mineral resources to arouse
interest in the topic.
• The topic can be taught through discussion of the mineral resources after listing them on the
board. Students can be asked to suggest uses for these minerals.
• Graphic representations such as those on pages 40, 42, 47, and 48 should be integrated in the
explanation to assist understanding.
• Information on the uses of the mineral resources they have studied in the lesson up to this point
can be displayed in the form of a flowchart.
• A graphic representation of ‘The main sources of energy in Pakistan’ can be used to explain the
various sources and their contributions to the total energy consumption of the country.
• A short discussion can be conducted to identify the best sources of energy for Pakistan
• A short quiz to assess learning and understanding
Homework:
63
LESSON PLAN
Topic: Industries: an introduction/From agriculture to industry
Time: 40 minutes
Learning outcomes:
• explain the significance of industrialisation in boosting the economic development of the
country
• identify the industrial processes that rely on agricultural output
• identify major and minor manufacturing industries
Resources: textbook, chart paper, markers, adhesive material such as sticky tape
Open discussion of why a country should not rely completely on an agricultural economy
• Divide the class into groups of four. Each group should be given a specific topic to discuss.
Students can also do research on these topics using the Internet or the library.
• Students will produce posters showing the results of their research to present to the whole
class. One person from each group will be the presenter.
• Each group will be given 2–3 minutes to present their work. The teacher should supply any
information that is left out.
• Encourage creativity in displaying their conclusions visually.
Note: this lesson can be completed as two separate sessions.
• All the points discussed by the groups can be summed up using their charts. Students can record
this information in their notebooks.
Homework:
• Attempt questions on pages 70, 78, 83, and 86.
64
LESSON PLAN
Topic: Transport and communication
Time: 40 minutes
Learning outcomes:
• explain the importance of good transport and communications for a country
• describe various types of transport system
Resources: textbook
Open discussion of why people need to move from one place to another.
• Discuss the importance of transport systems in the industrialised countries, and especially in
Pakistan.
• List all the modes of transport and highlight their advantages and disadvantages.
• Student discussion of how developments in transport and communication systems have brought
improvement to people’s lives.
• Short quiz to assess understanding and learning
Homework:
65
LESSON PLAN
Topic: Population/Global issues
Time: 40 minutes
Learning outcomes:
• explain the population explosion and the factors that lead to the unequal distribution of
population in Pakistan
• describe the population explosion in different parts of the world
• explain the reasons for, and the ways to solve, the problem of population explosion
Resources: textbook, Internet, library, charts, markers, and sticky tape
Use the graph showing the population explosion in Pakistan on page 94 of the textbook to trigger
student discussion of this topic.
Prior reading of pages 93–98 and 105–111 of the textbook is required.
• The teacher should build up the lesson on students’ observations and their understanding.
• The graphs showing population explosion and the annual increase in population can also be
explained and discussed.
• The class should be divided into groups for cooperative learning through group discussion.
• After group discussion, each group’s main points should be presented as a poster and displayed
in the classroom.
• In a plenary session one person from each group should present the group’s views.
• The teacher can add any necessary additional information.
• All the points shared by the groups can be reviewed through an open discussion.
Homework:
• Read pages 93 to 98 and 105 to 111.
66
LESSON PLAN
Topic: Trade and aid
Time: 40 minutes
Learning outcomes:
• explain what is meant by balance of payments
Resources: textbook
Introduce the analogy that just like domestic households, countries also earn income and incur
expenses.
• Explain all the terms related to balance of payments.
• Explain the figures on pages 100, 101, and 103.
• Students should explain these terms in their own words in their notebooks.
• Short quiz to review understanding.
Homework:
67
ASSESSMENT FOR UNITS 1–4
(Pages 1 to 17)
1•
2•
1. On the outline map of Pakistan:

a. identify the physical regions marked as 1. and 2.
b. name the eastern tributaries of the Indus system.
c. describe the physical features of the region you have named.
d. Explain how people have adapted themselves to live in the area marked as j.
2. Identify the following from the descriptions.
a. the second highest peak in the world, found in Pakistan
b. the pass which is 4700 metres above sea level and connects Gilgit to China
c. the plateau that has small streams and receives 400 mm of rainfall annually
d. the mountains that exist south of the Potowar Plateau.
e. the pass that connects Pakistan with Afghanistan
f. the mountains found alongside the Sulaiman Range
3. Write short answers.
a. Name the south-eastern deserts of Pakistan.
b. Name the doab which is in the Thal Desert.
68
c. What is meant by reclamation?
d. Name the area where the River Indus joins the River Kabul.
e. Name the mountains bordering the North-western region of Pakistan.
f. Name the ancient system of irrigation used in Balochistan.
Answers
1. a. 1. Northern mountains 2. Balochistan plateau

b. Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej
c. Himalayas, Karakorums, and the Hindu Kush are perhaps the most famous mountain
ranges in the world. Most of the peaks are over 4,500m high; four of them rise
above 8000m; K2 is the highest; the area contains important passes such as the
Khunjerab Pass.
d. Very few people live here because of the harsh climate and difficult terrain. People
grow barley as it can survive the cold weather; they also grow fruits such as apricots
which they trade with the people of the south.
2. a. K2
b. Khunjerab Pass
c. Potowar Plateau
d. Salt Range
e. Khyber Pass
f. Central Brahui Range
3. a. Nara, Cholistan
b. Sindh Sagar Doab
c. turning infertile land into land that can grow crops
d. Attock
e. Hindu Kush
f. Karez
69
ASSESSMENT FOR UNITS 5 AND 6
(Pages 18 to 28)
1. Define the following terms:

a. alluvial
b. estuary
c. embankment
d. doab
e. GDP
2. Give short answers for the following questions:
a. Name the months in which the most rain falls in
Pakistan.
b. Name the types of rainfall that occur in the months
you have named above.
c. What three factors must be kept in mind when
growing crops?
d. Which areas in Pakistan have the most fertile soil,
suitable for crop cultivation?
e. Name the major dams built across the River Indus
and the rivers on which they are built.
f. What led to the massive clearance of forests in
Pakistan?
3. Study the graph which shows the annual discharge of the
River Indus.
a. Which month(s) show(s) the highest discharge?
b. Give reasons for the higher discharge in the month(s)
named.
J F M A M J J A S O N D
c. How would the high discharge affect the farmers
Annual discharge of River Indus
living in or near the region?
70
Answers
1. a. fertile soil brought down by the river

b. area where the river joins the sea
c. barriers of mud or cement built up along the banks
of a river to prevent flooding
d. the land between rivers
e. Gross Domestic Product is the total amount of money produced in a country.
2. a. July/September
b. monsoon
c. temperature, rain (convectional), soil type
d. East of Pakistan, along the Indus Valley
e. Tarbela Dam – Indus; Mangla Dam – Jhelum
f. Forests have been cleared for fuel, or building, or to make room for settlements and
the planting of crops.
3. a. June–September
b. melting of snow and glaciers and monsoon rainfall
c. It can flood. Millions of tons of silt and mud sinks down to the riverbed, making it
shallow. This type of soil is very suitable for crop cultivation and agriculture; if this
silt and mud was deposited on the surrounding countryside, it would make the soil
fertile.
71
(Pages 29 to 42)
1. a. Indicate on the table below whether the following crops are produced in the Rabi
season or the Kharif season.
Crop Rabi Kharif
rice
sugar cane
barley
pulses
wheat
cotton
tobacco
b. Explain the differences between the two growing seasons, Rabi and Kharif.
2. Give the uses of millet and maize.
3. Identify each crop from its description:
Description Crop
It likes to grow with its feet in water.
It is often attacked by boll-weevils.
It is a greedy plant that needs sixteen sessions of irrigation.
It provides fats that are needed for our health and for energy.
It is an important substitute for meat.
4. Give detailed answers for the following:

a. Describe the cultivation process of wheat.
b. Explain how the Indus Water Treaty of 1960 has helped Pakistan to resolve its water
crisis.
c. The system of irrigation in Pakistan has facilitated crop cultivation throughout the
year. In what ways has this become a hazard for the cultivable land?
d. Draw a clearly-labelled diagram to explain how karez works.
e. Why is rice grown from June–September?
72
Answers
1.
i Crops Rabi Kharif
rice √
sugar cane √
barley √
pulses √
wheat √
cotton √
tobacco √
ii Rabi—crops planted from October–December immediately after the wet season, and
harvested in April–May.
Kharif—crops planted just before the wet season from April–June, and harvested
from October–December. These plants need more water and heat.
2. maize—used for animal fodder, as corn oil
millet—eaten as porridge, flat cakes, animal fodder, especially for poultry
3. rice, cotton, sugar cane, oilseeds, pulses
4. a. It is planted in October–November; grows well in winter months and harvested in
April–May. It is mostly grown under natural rainfall conditions and additional water is
provided through irrigation. Strong winds that blow in May and June help in the
threshing and winnowing of the grain.
b. After Partition, Pakistan had to give up the headworks of the main tributaries that
join the Indus River. It could be dangerous as India could build dams and divert most
of the water for its own use. Finally, in 1960, the World Bank helped resolve the
issue. The rivers such as the Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab came under the control of
Pakistan, while the rivers Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej were given to India. Parts of Pakistan
that were irrigated by the Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej are now provided with water from
the Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab through a network of canals. Pakistan has built dams
and barrages to hold back the water during floods.
c. There are two problems:
i. water-logging: the water in unlined canals can soak into the surrounding soil and
make it water-logged. The roots of plants must have air or they will die.
ii. salt: when the water evaporates, the salts are left behind. This forms a white
deposit on the surface of the soil; over the years, the salt build-up in the soil can
become strong enough to poison plants.
73
d. Students should draw the diagram and explain it. Make sure the following labels are
on the diagram: irrigated fields, wells to help digging of tunnel and to keep tunnel
open; well to find water table; bedrock; porous rock; water table.
e. Rice needs a great deal of water (at least 1200mm per year) and it is in this period
that Pakistan receives a high amount of rainfall due to the monsoons.
74
(Pages 43 to 49)
1. Answer the following questions.

a. Although cattle are a rich source of milk in Pakistan, why are they only reared on a
small scale?
b. Why is the government trying to discourage the widespread breeding of goats and
sheep?
2. Put the following agricultural problems in the correct columns:
Problem Natural Human
upper layer of soil eroded
farm size 10 to 12 metres
little rainfall
poor soil
locust attack
lack of funds
lack of education
superstition
Answers
1. a. Cattle require a good, steady supply of food in the form of grass or other
green plants. Also they are of poor quality because of inter-breeding.
b. Goats and sheep thrive on tough grass and are destructive because they can turn
fairly fertile land into a desert by eating every green thing in their path.
2. Problem Natural Human
upper layer of soil eroded √
farm size 10 to 12 metres √
little rainfall √
poor soil √
locust attack √
lack of funds √
lack of education √
superstition √
75
(Pages 50 to 63)
1. Write short answers for the following questions:

a. How is natural gas obtained?
b. What problems does Pakistan face in exploring its natural reserves of mineral
resources?
c. List the sources of energy. Which of these sources is ideal for Pakistan? Give reasons
to support your answer.
2. List the uses of the following materials:
a. rock salt
b. gypsum
c. limestone
d. marble
e. kaolin
3. Fill in the blanks so that the sentences below are true.
a. is an advantage of using nuclear energy, while
is a disadvantage.
b. The government has set up huge hydel stations in three locations which are
, , and .
c. Electricity is produced by a machine called a .
d. Natural gas fulfils of Pakistan’s energy needs.
e. Rocks that contain metals are called .
4. Identify the minerals described below:
a. Reserves of this mineral are found in the Zhob valley.
b. It is found in the Salt Range.
c. Concentrated deposits are found in the Potowar Plateau areas.
d. It is found in Khewra, Dandot, and Dand Khel.
Answers
1. a. Once the gas has been located, and the pipes put down the holes to reach it, gas is
fairly easy to obtain. It can be sent along pipelines easily and cheaply.
76
b. remote regions with poor communications; not enough skilled workers; expensive
mining, and transport equipment
c. nuclear, solar, wind, hydel, thermal. Hydel is ideal as Pakistan has natural sites to
build dams and sufficient rainfall.
2. a. rock salt: cooking, preserving food, fertilizer, and other chemicals
b. gypsum: building, in plaster of Paris, cement
c. limestone: cement, glass, and chemical industry
d. marble: flooring, monuments, and statues
e. kaolin: chinaware, pottery, rubber, in paint and paper making
3. a. low running costs, chances of radiation
b. Tarbela, Mangla, and Warsak
c. dynamo or generator
d. 40 per cent
e. ore
4. a. chromite
b. rock salt
c. oil
d. gypsum
77
(Pages 64 to 86)
1. Complete the flow chart.

Raw materials Main chemicals Main uses of
limestone
natural gas
sulphur processed in factory
2. List four uses of

Cement Sugar cane
juice waste
3. Pakistan needs an industrial economy to make it strong. Complete the following flowchart
to demonstrate what is required to achieve this.
Raw materials Education Communication
supply supplies supplies
for for for

a. Describe the four processes which take place in the cotton industry.
b. Describe how rayon is made.
c. Explain the importance of fertilizers for agriculture.
d. What are cottage industries? Give examples.
78
5. Write short notes on the following industries to explain their importance for
Pakistan.
a. The leather industry
b. The wool industry
c. The vegetable ghee industry
d. The iron and steel industry
Answers
1. Raw materials Main chemicals Main uses of
limestone sulphuric acid soap
natural gas caustic soda paper
sulphur soda ash fertilizers
processed in factory
petrol refining
iron and steel
textiles
2. Cement Sugar cane

irrigation Juice Waste
dams molasses coarse paper
roads cattle feed board
building fuel -
chemical industry -
human consumption -
3. Raw materials Education Communication
supply supplies supplies
well-educated,
coal, iron ore, oil roads, telecommunication
trained workers
for for for
chemicals, fertilizers, competent

access to market places
and cement workforce
79
4 a. ginning—the seed is removed from the raw cotton; spinning—the cotton fibre is
turned into yarn; weaving—the yarn is woven into cloth; garment making—the cloth
is stitched into clothes.
b. Softwood trees are finely chipped, the chips are dissolved in special chemicals and
this produces a thick solution. The solution is forced through a nozzle from which it
emerges as a thin thread. This thread is hardened by passing it through a tank of
chemical. It emerges as a fine thread—rayon or artificial silk.
c. Our soil lacks organic matter and requires large amounts of fertilizer in order to
produce a decent crop yield. Animal dung is used on a small scale, but for large-scale
farming activity, chemical fertilizers are used.
d. Cottage industries are small-scale industries which are run from people’s homes.
They make embroidered articles, fancy needlework, slippers, carved wooden objects,
decorative brassware, and rugs and carpets.
5. a. The leather industry: leather products are the fifth-largest export item of Pakistan;
leather is mainly provided by sheep, buffaloes, goats, and cows. Industries associated
with leather are tanning, manufacturing of leather goods such as jackets, suitcases,
and bags.
b. The wool industry: most Pakistani wool is coarse and harsh and is suitable only for
coarse clothing and blankets used in the northern and colder parts of the country.
The quality of wool is very suitable for carpet making. In terms of money, carpets are
Pakistan’s fifth-largest export.
c. The vegetable ghee industry: Pakistan is unable to produce enough ghee from cattle
for the entire population. Vegetable substitutes have been developed for cooking,
especially for use in the towns and cities. The industry is widespread where there are
large population centres.
d. The iron and steel industry: Iron ore is mostly found in areas where it is difficult to
set up mining centres. Some iron is mined in the Kalabagh region, which has
considerable reserves, but the quality of the ore is rather poor. The centre of the
industry is Karachi where both local and imported ores are used to produce steel.
Pakistan Steel can produce one million tons of iron and steel a year. Producing steel
for railways, bridges, building, and machinery is cheaper than importing finished
products. Karachi and Taxila are centres for the manufacture of industrial machinery,
cranes, road-making machines, and steam boilers.
80
(Pages 87 to 112)
1. List Pakistan’s industries and show how much each contributes to the country’s GDP.
Industry Percentage contribution to GDP

a. Explain why the railway system has not been able to meet the country’s
transportation needs.
b. How has the rise in the country’s population affected the road transport system?
c. Although it is the most efficient means of transport, why is air transport still not
suitable in many instances?
d. Explain how a rise in imports can improve the country’s balance of payments.
3. Explain what is meant by the term population explosion.
4. List the languages spoken in Pakistan. Which languages are most commonly spoken in
Pakistan, and why?
5. Explain why there is an increasing trend toward urbanisation in Pakistan. How does this
affect the management of resources?
6. What are the global effects of over-population? Can you suggest any possible solutions to
this problem?
Answers
1. Industry Percentage contribution to GDP

manufacturing 18.9%
mining 2.5%
building 2.7%
electricity 1.7%
2. a. The present system is not efficient. Railway engines and bogies are insufficient. The
total length of railway track needs to be extended. The quality of service needs to be
improved. The population of Pakistan has increased manifolds and the Railways
dept. has failed to keep pace with the growth.
81
b. The total length of roads has increased four times. There has been an increase in the
number of motor vehicles. The road system accounts for 60% of all passenger and
freight traffic in the country. The government is improving dozens of major roads and
motorways.
c. air travel is very expensive; during bad weather the chances of accidents increases;
airports need large runways to operate
d. The balance of payments is the difference between the amount of money a country
earns from its exports and the amount of money it spends on importing goods from
other countries. If a country has to import more than its exports, then it cannot
afford to carry out many development projects. It has to borrow money from other
countries which has to be paid back with interest.
3. The term population explosion refers to the rapidly increasing population of the world.
4. Punjabi, Hindko, Baluchi, Urdu, Sindhi, Siraiki, Pushto, English
Urdu—as it is commonly spoken and understood by everyone—it is the national language
Punjabi—it is spoken in the most densely-populated province
English—it is the business language of Pakistan
5. More and more people move towards urban centres for better opportunities. However
when this happens, it becomes difficult to find jobs, suitable housing, food and education.
It becomes difficult to maintain high standards of hygiene and health care and law and
order.
6. Effects - shortage of land; problem of housing; increase in population; deteriorating
educational standards, unemployment, health-care facilities also worsen.
Solutions: education, suitable legislation
82

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CONTENTS

Answers to Pupil’s Book page 4

1. Which country is not a neighbour of Pakistan:

Answers to Pupil’s Book page 8

1. The northern and western parts of Pakistan are:

Answers to Pupil’s Book page 11

1. Which of the following is not a famous mountain range:

Answers to Pupil’s Book page 17

1. Average rainfall west of River Indus is:

Answers to Pupil’s Book page 22

1. By world standard rainfall in Pakistan is:

Path of the Indus

Indus Water Treaty 1960

1. Pakistan’s economy is mainly based on:

The Indus Water Treaty 1960

Other methods of irrigation

Answers to Pupil’s Book page 34

1. The first major modern irrigation scheme began in the:

Product Percentage of total export value

Rabi and kharif crops

Answers to Pupil’s Book page 42

1. What fraction of Pakistan’s workforce is employed by farming?

Animals and mechanization

Goats and sheep

Answers to Pupil’s Book page 45

1. Following is not supplied by animals and poultry:

Quality of stock and seeds

Answers to Pupil’s Book page 49

1. Which one of the following is not a naturally caused agricultural problem:

Problems associated with mining

Answers to Pupil’s Book page 57

1. Natural gas is not found in which following form:

a. in their home (if they live in the city), and

Other sources of energy

Answers to Pupil’s Book page 63

1. Pakistan consumes little energy because:

Link between agriculture and industry

Answers to Pupil’s Book page 70

Answers to Pupil’s Book page 78

1. Ginning is a process from which:

Answers to Pupil’s Book page 83

1. Capital refers to:

Answers to Pupil’s Book page 86

1. Which of the following is not a cottage industry?

Ports and shipping

Answers to Pupil’s Book page 92

1. By what rate is the population of Pakistan increasing per year?

Imports and exports

Gross Domestic Product

Answers to Pupil’s Book page 104

Fastest growing populations

Answers to Pupil’s Book page 112

1. Every year world total population increases by:

1. On the outline map of Pakistan:

1. a. 1. Northern mountains 2. Balochistan plateau

1. Define the following terms:

1. a. fertile soil brought down by the river

4. Give detailed answers for the following:

1. Answer the following questions.

1. Write short answers for the following questions:

1. Complete the flow chart.

2. List four uses of

supply supplies supplies