CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Local Literature

Dumlao [ CITATION 17ht1 \l 1033 ] said that employability of

tourism graduates, journey endeavor risen as capacity difficult

work commercial center for trying tourism graduates interior the

teach. Tourism understudies seen outstandingly competent on

voyage tourism occupations which incorporate the front office,

nourishment and fluids, housework and journey staffing anticipate

for convey genius reservation machine and bar mixology. Also,

they seen intemperate on graduate qualities such as buyer desire,

dynamic soul, communique capabilities, organizational

competencies, self-management competencies, self-focus, self-

reliant, administration and confidence. Clearly, managers seen

employability with brilliant abilities on the front office,

dinners and refreshments, housework and journey staffing segment.

Furthermore, enrollment authorities from keeping an eye on office

evaluated tall on recognized graduate qualities highlighting the

significance of surpassing buyer anticipations, adjusted work

involvement. Moreover, employability has developed to be, and is

in all probability to remain, an essential issue for a spread of

partners in higher preparing. The protest analyzes three

competing points of view on employability, named here as the

‘possessive’, ‘positioning’ and ‘processual’ strategies.

Rutkowski [ CITATION 15ht \l 1033 ] argues that pervasive in-work

poverty is the main challenge facing labor policy. Poverty is

primarily due to low earning capacity of the poor and to their

limited access to regular and productive jobs. Behind these are

the two interrelated root causes of in-work poverty—low education

of the poor, and the scarcity of productive job opportunities.

The labor market is segmented into “good” and “bad” jobs, with

the poor working in the latter. They hold jobs that are informal,

temporary or casual, and low-paid. Widespread informality means

that the poor neither benefit from the minimum wage policy nor

from employment protection legislation. They do not benefit from

wage growth either, because their bargaining power is weak.

“Good” jobs are so few, especially in rural areas, that even

better educated workers are often forced to take unskilled jobs

and work as low-paid laborers. Furthermore, reduction of in-work

poverty hinges on removing constraints to gainful employment in

both supply side (better education and skills) and demand side

(better jobs). It is critical that the young poor have improved

access to quality education, and be equipped with skills required

in the modern sector of the economy. But in parallel, better jobs

need to be created, which can be attained from the growth of the

formal and higher value added sector of the economy. Moreover,

process of structural transformation should be supported by

effective labor policy, labor regulations need to be made simpler

and more flexible to facilitate the reallocation of labor from

less to more productive activities, and from informal to formal

sector. However, targeted training programs have the potential to

address the problem of low skills among the poor workers,

especially the young ones. Such programs should be developed on a

pilot basis and expanded if proven to be cost-effective.

Maguigad [ CITATION 13ht1 \l 1033 ] stated that tourism could be an

enhancement elective usually sought after within the Philippines

from the 1970s till display where it's distant a column of the

USA’s financial framework. Entries from outside roots are

expanding at twofold digit boom cites while domestic tourism

keeps up to outpace around the world entries. Current law on

tourism all through the past two a long time keeps up to put

significance on the venture as an motor of boom. Be that as it

may, such direction got to be respected against the scenery of

adjacent administration structures, quality relations, and

partner linkages that include strategies on comprehensive arrive

utilize making plans and tourism. Furthermore, the joined

together states faces a misfortune of natural organizers, wherein

tourism arranging could be a sub-specialization. The modern-day

political biology is that of a countrywide government that

surrendered its endless powers in arrive utilize and tourism

making plans to neighborhood governments that once you consider

that 1992 have battled to keep side by side with the usage needs

of countrywide law. Those testy relationships in turn make

destitute impacts to the home grown environment well-documented

within the surveys of Boracay island. Tourism arranging interior

the more extensive natural arranging range within the USA is in

require of re-evaluating linkages, running connections, and

vitality relations among the various partner’s interior they

arrive use-tourism making plans procedures, given the challenges

of existing political and regulatory systems interior the

national and adjacent governments.

Aguado [ CITATION 17ht2 \l 1033 ] discussed that the proposed

program of the see at focused on scholarly improvement, work

plausibility, and moving forward administration capacities of

Bachelor of Science in Tourism graduates and the full college.

It's distant emphatically embraced that some time recently

graduation, understudies must get adequate time to encounter pre-

employment examinations, interviews, and internships. School

enhancement trainings have to be acknowledge to the ones

instructing master subjects to assist understudies develop as

all-inclusive competitive, all work environments and divisions

have to be keep to improve their offerings toward the achievement

of greatest pleasant preparing of the college. Furthermore, it

shown the appraisal of learnings and the program in expansion to

the modern-day work notoriety of graduates and their

accomplishments. The discoveries of the see at served as the

thought of the analyst to enhance, upgrade, or beautify the

educational module of Bachelor of Science in Tourism to create

this additional mindful to the wishes of the quick-converting.

Ought to be able to offer quality tourism preparing which can be

conceivable by utilizing giving an upgrade and capable

educational programs.

Hendricks [ CITATION 13ht \l 1033 ] pointed out that there are

imperative issues were raised around the high-quality of business

within the seaward benefit region in developing countries,

proposing that numerous sports have an characteristic conundrum

of strikingly taught representatives acting low-professional

employments. However, based on empirical data amassed within the

area of benefit zone in Baguio City Philippines, this content

examination the know-how and aptitudes securing of workers

utilizing the concepts of employability and routine gifts. This

study illustrates that over the sea carrier quarter work could be

a portion of a longer-time period calling arranging of

representatives and an plausibility for fortifying their

employability on the around the world work showcase. Moreover,

the early organize of advancement of the coastal carrier division

offers laborers with openings for neighborhood upward work

mobility. The article contends that the field got to be looked at

from an worker-based viewpoint that emphasizes their

employability and customary aptitudes procurement to be able to

secure the longer-term favors of the field for developing

universal areas.

Foreign Literature

According to Rowee & Zegwaard [ CITATION 17ht \l 1033 ]

employability is often used interchangeably with the notion of

work-readiness. Contends that work-readiness is a set of

conditions sufficient for gaining initial employment, while

employability is a set of skills which are necessary but not

sufficient for gaining employment. Whatever term is used, it is

better to holistically consider that a graduate need to be both

employable and work-ready to increase their chances of

employment. In addition, conceptions of employability have

broadened in recent years, from a focus on mostly technical

skills and attributes thought to be required by graduates in

order for them to be considered work-ready, to a wider notion

encompassing non-technical areas such as networking and

professional identity. In addition, conceptualizations focus on

an individual’s potential to acquire desired employment through

the development of appropriate human capital which differs from

realized employability the actual acquisition of desired

employment focuses of this special issue is on the former. Most

existing conceptions of employability view it as a set of skills,

teamwork, organizational, communication and discipline specific

as well as personal attributes such as self-confidence,

resilience, discipline which are relevant to employment and

desired by industry. Furthermore, Mohamed, SPR & Yacob [ CITATION

12Oc \l 1033 ] explained that employability is about work and the

ability to be employed, such as the ability to gain initial

employment, to maintain employment and make transitions between

jobs and roles within the same organization to meet new job

requirements, and to obtain new employment if required.

Employability to a person's capability for gaining and

maintaining employment an alternative account of employability

takes a more relative approach. Employability as the relative

chances of getting and maintaining different kinds of employment

while most people view employability in absolute terms, focusing

on the need for individuals to obtain credentials, knowledge and

social status, the concept of employability can also be seen as

subjective and dependent on contextual factors. Therefore,

employability not only depends on whether one is able to fulfill

the requirements of specific jobs, but also on how one stands

relative to others within a hierarchy of job seekers. In

individual’s view, employability depends on the knowledge, skills

and abilities they possess, the way they present those assets to

employers, and the context within which they seek work. As such
employability is affected by both supply-side and demand-side

factors which are often outside of an individual's control.

PJ and Singh [ CITATION 18De \l 1033 ] stated that tourism and

travel management programs have been taught at different levels

in Universities and colleges in India as a vocational course its

purpose of introducing a curriculum in tourism was to educate and

train students about tourism, travel and hospitality industry

also providing suitable employment opportunities to the graduates

at the end of the course period. With this students entering in

tourism profession, or placement of students in tourism and

hospitality institutions are determined by the course curriculum,

assistance of the institution in proving campus recruitment and

preparedness of the students to join the industry.

Resa [ CITATION 12Au \l 1033 ] , stressed that there are several

ways to get a job. One way is for the employer to ask you to

work. If this happens, you had better realize that you are

extremely lucky. Your situation is rare indeed. Usually you have

to get out there and dig up your own leads. Employability is

understood as the ability to gain initial meaningful employment,

or to become self-employed, to maintain employment, and to be

able to move around within the labor market. Therefore, role of

higher education is 'to equip students with the knowledge, skills

and competences that they need in the workplace and that

employers require and to ensure that people have more

opportunities to maintain or renew those skills and competences

throughout their working lives.

Divan & Mcburney [ CITATION 16ht \l 1033 ] pointed out that in this

study we explored the process by which students manage their

employability, the skills and attributes gained by students as a

consequence of undertaking a particular activity and how their

experiences influence how they subsequently manage their

employability.

Graduate employability is a key strategic issue for the Higher

Education (HE) sector internationally, driven by government

initiatives and labour market demands. However, graduates must

not only possess a set of skills but also act in ways that lead

others to ascribe to them the identity of a person worthy of

being employed. In addition, graduate’s identity emerges and

views this as developing over time through engagement with

opportunities and interactions with employers and work that

affect students’ sense of self and their ability to position

themselves in the job market who reports that the way individuals

engage with the world of work is dependent largely on their self-

perception as a future worker and the types of work-related

dispositions they are developing.

Local Studies

Sarmiento & Siccion [ CITATION 18ht1 \l 1033 ] presented that the

unequal gender distribution of students enrolled in Tourism

Management is a proof that more women will be more found working

in tourism-related employment. Graduates experienced the ease of

entry level employment but it does not mean that graduates will

be employed in tourism and other tourism-related jobs. The

university must be aware that there might be over-production of

BS Tourism Management graduates and should study if the program

should still be offered or limit enrollees so it could respond

proactively in this mismatch in employment. Due to personal and

family concerns, it appeared that civil status affects the

employability of the graduates. Satisfaction in salaries,

benefits and challenges in the job also influenced their length

of employment. The work experience was found to influence the

employment opportunities of the respondents as seen in the

increase in salary as well as in vertical mobility in their

career. Better personal demeanor and better interaction with co-

workers were also found to influence the pay and the length of

employment.

Doroja, Gawala & Tagnipes [ CITATION 18Ma \l 1033 ] stated that

College of Hospitality Management should maintain the standard or

quality of education that the graduates have received, conducting

career service program and curriculum enhance for the readiness

of graduates in occupational or employment. Furthermore,

graduates strongly perceived the employment advantage when it

comes to knowledge, skills and attitude.

Alcaraz, Luyun & Pangilinan [ CITATION 18Ma1 \l 1033 ] manifested

that majority of the graduates are employed and some of them are

still finding the right job, it could be observed that majority

of the respondents reason not yet employed was family concern and

decided not to find a job. In addition, health-related reason, no

job opportunity and lack of work experience. Graduates reason for

taking the course or pursuing the degree in BSHM had a good grade

in high school, influence of parent or relative, peer influence,

availability of course offering in chosen institution.

Furthermore, graduates pursue advance studies for promotion and

for professional development, were employed as regular or

permanent employee, contractual, temporary self-employed and

casual.

According to Alvarez [ CITATION 2005 \l 1033 ] graduates stand a

greater chance for future promotion, salary increase, more

benefits and privileges. The facilitation of school issuance of

documents is of great importance especially for the newly

graduate to facilitate their easier job placement. The conduct of

training relevance to their field has a great impact on their

performance in the work field. Furthermore, it is a big factor to

consider the fast issuance of school credentials and documents of

the graduates which may help them in applying for their job,

moreover, assistance from the office of the student’s affairs to

keep posting job advertisement from the industry.

In the study of According to Caiyod, Escamillas, Gesmundo

& Guarina [ CITATION 16La \l 1033 ] Most of the Human Resource officers in

the hospitality industry do not give intensive eyeing to the

demographic profile of the applicants such as age, gender and

religion as it does not affect the applicant’s capability to do

work well in the industry. In terms of physical appearance, the

researchers found out that good grooming and hygiene play an

important factor as they are the integral part of the property.

Other important factors are soft competencies indicated in this

study as they give the positive impact to the applicants and also

benefit the hospitality firms. Work experience is a very

important hiring factor for the Human Resource officers as it

gives them the bird’s eye-view of the applicants’ capabilities to

do a job well done. There is a significant relationship between

the respondents’ gender and the applicant’s work experience.

There is no significant relationship between the other profile

respondents and the factors affecting fresh graduate’s

employability.
Foreign Studies

Casablanca [ CITATION 19ht \l 1033 ] stressed that employability

problems is presently receiving respectable attention. In

Morocco, a significant range of employers are happy with the

abilities of their new employed employees. However, alternative

employer’s specific their discontentment with the newly hired

staff and believe that they lack a number of the foremost basic

skills required for undefeated employment. The present paper

income by providing a scientific review of employability skills

from the perspective of employers. It aims to analysis the gap

between employers’ needs of graduates and their actual skills

with specific specialize in employers’ perception.

Waikato [ CITATION 16ht1 \l 1033 ] stated that assessment in work

included learning (WIL) packages generally entails place of

business supervisors rating scholar overall performance in

opposition to standards primarily based totally on employability

abilities. Yet investigations of variations in corporation scores

which can effect on pupil results are rare. This paper reviews on

a pilot observe that tested manager critiques of the overall

performance of tourism and hospitality control college students

mission a obligatory capstone internship, both paid or non-

remunerated. The descriptive and exploratory statistical

evaluation examines facts derived from over a hundred manager

assessment forms. A few extensive variations in manager scores of

overall performance in paid and unpaid agencies and with inside

the relative significance of abilities had been found.

Dhaliwal & Misra [ CITATION 20ht \l 1033 ] found out that this study

conducted from the business perspective, thus the educational

establishments whereas planning curricula, produce such academic

ambiance wherever the talents reported by the study may be

inculcated among their students through theoretical likewise as

sensible knowledge, and develop them by developing employability

skills and attributes needed globally. The study also presented

concerning moderate and least reported skills also should be

targeted by the institutions. The study was confined to the

foremost most popular employability skills by the cordial

reception industry and within the future, the studies could also

be carried from the opposite stakeholders, students and academic

read point’s. Furthermore, employability skills in the context of

the hospitality industry, Identify the various employability

skills needed in the hospitality industry and to examine the most

important employability skills needed by the recruiters from

various studies conducted in the field of the hospitality

industry.

Luka [ CITATION 15Jo \l 1033 ] revealed that tourism has become one

of the largest and fastest-growing economic sectors in the world.

Hospitality industry largely depends on quality employees to

provide exceptional service to its guests. Hence, relevant

employability skills and competences are of particular

importance. Previous studies demonstrate the significance of such

employability skills as problem solving, teamwork, leadership,

communication in foreign languages.

According to Bouchon, Daya & Ragavan[CITATION Fre16 \l 1033 ] the

development of this step programme appears to be timely with the

changes in both academia and industry regarding the type of

professional and managerial education in the tourism and

hospitality. It is argued that this programme is designed to

respond to the needs of a growing industry while educating

students to be reflective individuals who are capable of taking a

leadership role within the industry eventually, the experience

developed remains quite unique. Furthermore, this involves

providing students with first-hand knowledge of the management

process and values of the industry while using techniques and

capabilities learned on campus it introduces the notions of

competences, commitment and contribution developed between

selected students and potential future employers.

Synthesis
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