Orchestrating the Nation ‘The Nineteenth-Century American Symphonic Enterprise ————— Douglas W. ShadleCHAPTER 12 ole Antonin Dvorak, Bohemian Prophet stonin Dvotik’s arrival n the United States clneldsd with the four hundredth anniversary of Christopher Columbus's stored" ‘ry’ ofthe New Wald war ato fy years ater Anthony Philp Heinrich, 2 fellow Bohemian, had presided over the establishment of the NewYork Philharmonic. Thee concerns, coincidentally, veapped, Both wanted to Iesprove the general sate of musical culation nthe United State, At ‘both grappled with uertions of musk stye and national expen, But times were diferent now The very orchertra Heinrich had tipo ound, snd that bad pully bud oquat to prform isi ape tthe pportuny to givethe premiere of Dots latest symphony, From he New Worl 2893, ike Henrich, Dvotk was no stranger to controversy He raed eth «rs, partialarly n Sarton, fer making public pronouncement about be fo construct an American national syle. The controversy sid around vehether or nt American composers ought t sek inspiration nthe mie ‘of African American “plantation song” (or “Nepro meld as they were Sometimes called) apd Nati American music to the extent that mat ‘dans trained inthe Wertem claseal tration undertond there tyes fall Dots new symphony purportedly mansesed this approach an twas generally well received. Some cries eve hailed ita the dawning of {new erin American compotion, Dyas urea es European ast tre his concomitant celebrity states granted his ew nd i mune c= fence among wide auience—or i one diagreed atleast the pains of Tegner ‘Shmphonits had already dresed question of national entity for over ity years. Wiliam Henry Bry had attempted to translate alloy ‘opera nto Amerlen symphonies through the filer of democracy. Louie on) Moree Gotshal had attempted to unite the Americas throgh 2 Fsion flee. Though be tended toward the supposed universalism of Geman nase and even denied the possiblity oft national syle, Joba Koowles Prine believed thatthe United utes would be the nw home of gest mare. Bliworth Phelps ad writen a monunen to the country's polit hear. (Geonge Federck Bristow and Louis Maat ad larated westvard expo sion. Anthony Philip Helnich and Robert Step sd found nition i "Native Amerie, however imaginary thor conceptions were And Chai, iho ered toward Pais peerpectivg, ha developed a eye ightneet {hat secned American enoogh a hic 3 learn 1685. Then Deo red the proverbial pot, leading intersted scan uch a Arthr Weld {nd Herbert Krum to wonder agin ithe country wold ever ave 3 taly tional mse Henry Schoonefas evidenty terete Rava Symphony ad ot convinced anyone thatthe mater was sled ‘Questions concerning the sures ofa fll derived musical spe (and whether thes sures wee athena American or nd recived ellos Tare of attention daring the debe Sur ues hve sine ferme the cor ‘este of our understanding ofthe impact of Dvotks rie US resiency. Butaich single-minded orur has bacuredthefac chat questions abeuthow tw cate a mational school of composition had aed occupied Amer usa discourse for decades, Swept up inthe hendness ofa clebrity' vist, many parlants in the dete seemed o forget. Upon DvotA’ ara National Consrestory funder leannete Thurber mission of fostering @| “hatona muse spite" which bd originally meant traning excellent per formers suddenly enveloped the creation of anation] tle of ompontion, tthether or ot on slteadyexisted One sgtin the merc compton Dart svmed virtually inconeequentl fori fate ‘THE PROPHET ARRIVES ‘Ne York iy pled ut all the stops fr Dvti’s areal in ate October of 1892, not lngafter the Brookyn premiere of Gorge Templeton Song’ Sim, with a spleniconcert designe to display local msi talent featured robust enon of national iyo, we et Works fom the com posers tn hand, and, inexplicably Line Tas. All ete exccted adits Lear ell erected, homer wa the introductory speed ven by one of ‘Boston Symphony founder Henry Higginson older cousins theabeltionit, post, and sca formes Co. Thomas Wentworth Higginson (1625-1910, "He was an improbable choice fra gust speaker. In his long speech, which Are potalele between the daeingof Ameria andthe davaing of msi ‘gpinsonaseted thatthe history of musichad begun with Flestria, who he then claimed was one of Chlstopher Columbus contemporaries. Notcovare ofthe historical inaccuracy, he proceeded calmly and eventual date feed his peiary thee that muse was Sestne tof ne shoes lowing ‘he Bohemia aria? But the damage had been done: The press panned Higginson’ gfe an needled hin ort. venso,theeroractsllypstedrefton on thenatate ‘fatonalcompestional ses A fe day ter he event, Henry Krehbi wondered the Bohemian visto would indcd prove tobe 304 Medel and rnentorforAmerias compen Could help them develop amides ‘American shel of composition? Reel claimed tht recent writer bad ‘denied th possiblity ofeuch choo because Americans lacked te sn gta ‘on of atonal style “sorginal pclae of hth or melody’ in ‘sence, shared folksongs. Taking Higginso'«bunder at launching pod, be ‘printed out that many groups of eomposers, ranging from the Resize ‘hoo! ofthe Netherlands (Columbus actual contemporaries to the dasa ‘alVienose schoo ofthe eighteenth century, red po sack sborignal ele ‘ments yet somehow managed to coalesce nately unified caster ‘But this definition of “sho” needed revision, he claimed: "nthe ad sense schoo the product af secs man wo has invented or devel ‘peasy which has peatd the popula aste nd proved tobe Behe ‘orhis thoughts” This was eights poston“ the American people ofthe ‘ature are bound tobe a compo peopl Krehbiel continued onal Matond wil thei at be composite athe eit of he Felson ato bet down esi to the vieation of tee arte ‘eher storcoase aw wn thin eer he ny ft redeem r ‘rey though nad, hr aod of alsin thi cuny of aoe Keil blieved that national schools soli be bated on Clk song a ‘hat Americans had plenty of scl material athe disposal. He ad been ‘making his argument fr several years, and be stood in diet oppston to Dwight, who believed inthe power of rat gusto exer inet In ‘ence Dwight eptomized he ezence of the ol schol vos sutaility at amentr amen gueton beaut crits didnot find hs new works very praiseworthy He war not this compositional peak, they claimed. After naming the composes commercial secs in Gree Brain as detrimental ths art, Keeiel contended that he "ha acid 2 fatal abit in compostion sn, ike Rubintin, soem unable to ty bi hand when he as only plattedes to ater" eras this was not the moet baopltable way to treat guest Dvotd espondedin kind Later hat al, stated pully that th United Stats had prodced very tapes” mas, 2 esturethat quickly earned the ee of sme ofthe country mae renowned snrontu ovowAr,sonEuian tronuer (245) composes including Bostonians George Whield Chadwick and Amy ‘each Krehbiel probably agreed with Dota “Our chief wat be had once Clad, "ine teoretcllesenng or etna cleverness eioriginly, Strength, and beauty of dea” Thee were the very properties that Jo Kroner Pain rites, inlaing Krehbiel nse, Mad persed nite syapbonse. “he New York Phlharmoni, under the Wagneran and pro-American Anton fei diretion, gov the New York premier of Sinan in March f 1853, nly afew monte ster Ovo atrial WJ. Hendereon (1855-1997), the car-arrying Wagnerian eric of the New York Ten was enamored, Cimparing the work favorably to muse by Richard Sau. "th hori trample of what maybe dane i thi protution ofa mble att 03 nary toliem he noted that "there ra mental anc emotional el win which tou may legitimately ack to eae the imagination by it endestor #0 rice enetion of sorb nature” Eu frm being eas rogram ruse, lls listener needed to nowt appreciate tong symphony was that this {stale ofthe conquest of evil and unbridled passione hy Chistian” Following brie deseripton of the work itself Henderon eat on to praive ‘Strong’ individualiy, trestnent of themes bald coloration ratory of ha ‘moni ublety. and “perfect ene” with chromatic modulation. Yet the oom of the work, for Henderson, detracted tem ts overall elec, which seas edeemed oly by the sehen? ‘Others dsmlsed the symphony with a amie charge: It wae program mse Weng forthe Inkpen, E Ienaus Severson averted that “it Sronghas wretenaverong ambitious andlaboredspmphoy wih le ainsi to programme tobe acetal, inthe Gist plc. 1A ‘musics tinesomey gurus and unbeatifl and ful of aber nase: nd ‘ts serngth that ofthe technician, with his pages laboriously worked out fat a complex and curgi self-aserieness” Taking vp much mote pace, rc acount the story of Snr net detail uta ead ae og joke, ae,“ i ply that ene appreciation of Mr. tong sym Phony mst wait upon a knowledge ofall wehave sad abut hs programme” ‘After being Strong “an unsgulsed flower of Ralf be went o to devi the thie nd fourth movements a bing ovetydepenéent onthe progam whereas the irst and scan wer “ufcient unto cemsles, rom ams rin of view, alone Fllewing from this distinction, Krehbiel predltbiy Prac the opening 2 the “aconget pat ofthe wrk” and added that it Ig sy be questioned whether ar eer ben equled by an American ‘Srpboniet in srngth and Sea of ena mary of rate But forall of their ponsigcating about thera or ot) of ering sep ‘emotional musi ed to 2 story, both Hendezon ané Stevenson aged 1 finger 2 Strong eer theft hat Siem would not appl Yo moet(246) Octane econ concertgoers. With an impeccably serious symphony at hand, suddenly ty sveage listener mattered despite beng ignore fr decades by crite. Py ‘would ave famed at the inconsistency. Krehbiald no cae one way rhe othe. Bothhe ae Dvotk were on what ‘rod ut tobe shared lion. The compose kewarm tection in ‘ctcber ha key fed from memory by the following May. when a per ory espd off he page ofthe Aw York Heras Dv nally broke hi ‘lence on the question of tinal style when he four eather an (bef mascot ousey mth fundedupon at ec ngs ‘lois hs mrt the el odin of ay eur ad rg choc compotion tobe deel inthe Usted Sate | Teebeutel and ‘arid theertete pod f theo They ar Amera.(. There ‘here maloies could be used to expres vietsly any “mood or purpose” he ed, and naturally move American listeners, aking ther both we ful and powerful tool, One of i stents ha aleady ttompted o write large-scale work seis sty and Dvotk had encouraged him 9 continue emit oppoition from castes. Krehbiel mur have been plese, och Bohemian hed stuongly affirmed his own postion on the matter. Herald reporter Janes Cieelman (1853-1315), Dvorak’ supposed inter viewer famed the question of American national musi n terms of | teanstanic importance wasn er locale ie a Keeble to believe, Using a personal connection to Anon Rubinstin as a way | scquiteceblty,Cresiman claimed tat vot’ soggertions wealdbean Suspcour method for combating Wagneriem, which many Americans bol ‘ied nth rospieon for decades For those who remembered, Reinet ‘acest American plo tour the ety 1870s also granted hi wice a igh degre of authority” "The tanstlansc nature ofthe dsatsion wae no imited to Crea ‘sexy comments, The Pais eton of the Hurld featured respontes (0 Deotiks Mens gathered fem several European Iuinarie, incidig Rubinstein himeel. A slighty confused Jooeph Joachim (1831-1907), oe of the worl’ ending vin and cls frend of Brame, remarked that “aemay bea very god idea to try and merge the American negro melodie into a deal frm, and that these melodies would then give the Catt the tional American music” Asimiaryprplened Rubinstein believed ie wa ron orokAr, soma tRoener (247) fantastic es’ bt fl that Americans North America eaet—ha thread spate need to look for napraton among 3 suppor exotic pop of peple Acordng tan interviewer, Anton Brackner 124-1859), Inldemallya year Bristow eno, ronnedentheiden at he oka German tno portion muchclorer 0 Panes (Bruckner a ley an ar ben ought up mid the adn of te eporce and bonever eet the negro melt might heel never Alchough these opinions had very le esiual fet in Europe, they had Achieved the mos descr forthe Herl: People wer talking, “The sensationalism worked. The aequlston of Buropeen commentary in the wed lowing the tial expost allowed the Heras New York ets to compl a blodkbuster Sunday elton that cud excerpts from the ‘open remals aswel asa ter from Drotdk atfrming the comments ‘made in his interview with Creelman’ The Boston Heald also benefited ‘fom the ime lag and pited a maj story on Dvotdk hat ated a wie ‘rarity of opinions rom loa musicians. The pect exentially mieored that ofthe Baropean,Jobn Knowle Paine predictably greed with the hole prospect oa national mus, pholdng his el that art msi was Solver: dard N. Catlin (1695-2826), a wll noe theater msc, braced Dvti’sroggetions fly. Stil oters questioned the degre 0 tic plantation song tere “Americ ata BJ Lang(1837-1909) one of owt mast ditingiched conductrg, mained shat] butoptimitic and encouraged Dvotolatrate is there, "whic, allowed, might eet forthe dark ace of cur eouthern tates and ts itor, what iat wat forthe Hungarian, Chopin forthe oe and Dots himself ae bon fo the oben ‘Drak tooleup Lang challenge in is new symphony Krehbiel thought thatthe compocer had ien to mest itand bleed the pice foetal new ae Weng with inside information granted by Drak himsel, Krehbiel ‘wot lengthy and penetrating spas of the work tht included sey {denen handwritten musa! strains highly unos element in. 2 Ahly newspaper. He cnclded tha each movement hada kay sii acet ranging from ethic gestures to scales and coloration tht marked IC a8 Pectin Arercan, Respones to the woe’ pemnine wee ls exception tly enthusiatie and ncaded positive remark from mires sich a Vitor Herbert (1859-1924, the Philharmonic’ placa ele, and Anton Seid hinsl Krehbiel was elated, Creelman vindte, Bach hailed the(265) Ochertinseon sneronty ovoRAr, sont FROPHET (9) potential entrt that Chadviccoul participate Krehbiel a faa this suggestion. The prise incidentally, had been reduced to $300, amber tat might have enticed Bristow hd he not been 00 old I wt thre time whet he made ara commision forthe Aradion Drak ote Chadick tat he had won the flowing Apel the very month that Welds td Roosevel’s aries pared across the dese of outer readers With the prize awarded, he stage had ance agin been set fora “trac American "ut Chad war not destined ob that composes Fllowing the wok premiere in October, rts gered his eypbory witha mange of monty eqative sponses Waren Davenport of the Boeon Hera lamented thst “ei induced to conlae that Me. Chad ha edt achive amie ss” Returing to Chadwick's ality to wet syrphony, he conchae tha dsmisal “fhe masterpiecesn thisform of composition by Moz, Beethoven, Schumann, Mendlscko, Schubert, Brabms, Paine, Raf, and Dvorak ate eymponies, then thls work of Mr, Chad must be placed fn sme other dass of cmpostion"® Lous Elson compared the muse to Beshms Inthe st movement the compost lads one into a development ‘hat i jungle made up of fragments. The composer lls nt the syle of| ‘Brahms in glvog many smal thoughts ater than one continous one, but Beas plecenrkis more neligble™= Philip Hale, wing to New York Masa Cur, singly allel the wore a “appointment” Equal ant-Brabs andant- Dro, he also twisted is nif "Mc Chadwick has ben stingat the fet of Me Johannes Brahms He ar lo stra no doubt unconcouly—t the plasing performance of ér Aston Dvorak on thecelbratd intrument kan athe Negron Amereanpipe, wich bleh invntonof Mess Krehbiel Company” ‘ad damning wt fant pase, headed "Nocthathebas in any degre what er coped iter of them men" Of ours the reson forthe work ack of ‘nepition war ea to bots Ie war 4 prise” symphony. “The road f0 the ‘empl of Fae paved with prin composts odin under foot” Hale spat "orgoten by the attra band tha rsh tewarthe losedoor™ "Not everyone found s2 much to dared. Wiliam F Aphorp waxed at length that “t woud take mare than » prize to kill this symphony” tnd eajyed the unexpected rhythmic apd tonal transformation ef the {rt movement's primary theme atthe beginning ofthe recapitulation (example 121." He lo detected traces of sn America sound, ating that (Chadwick badarneee dhe seriousness ofkisealier work" helor not 2 whi ofhis native harm and fascination bys dong” The scheroin pr tua sounded Americas, Hale nodded, ang, “Me Chadwick has avoided themistake of ying deliberately urna serious workof tnt wander Ingbooth where alleged folk songs arable and potted outby the stickof| {he showman” (example 122) Tiscomment wasan cbique reference tothe ‘work asa massive success for both Dok andthe ft of American msi Bur the gests encom came from the pe of Kew York Ter rite WJ Henderson "We American should thank sed lonor the Boerson rash ‘who has shown us how to build our national school of nui” The whale (rent wat callie sigh of eli since American comnpovers kad pup ‘dy been aling at the projet for decades" Unlike the other reviewers, Henderson remarked openly on American composer! previous file, potentially touchy subject "The compen ‘the eres, and the manic pblie ll bored under the delsion tha De Drosk wae going to take api of Bell da Ring Marching Tarugh ‘Gergia!and ‘Way Down Upon the Seance Rte? and try to ake asym shony wth unsynphonic and inflenite mcloies, The Anerion compar Ind ted such tunes andif we may be pardoned the word—they wold ‘ot symphonize" To which composrs he wa referring remains 2 mp ‘try, bt his general thrust was cat ear atempts to asifer a natond spit had involved only eh mere quotation of minstrel tones; this of eure was entry fale. A mere teenager when Best's Arcadian premier “Henderson di not know any beter, ‘THE PROPHET CHALLENGED “Geoge Whitefield Chadwick entered the Dvotik debate when he bli Almisied the Boberla’s eas, He sid he wold be “trey to se Neg relodles become the basi of an Aerican shoal of musi compostion™® [ter writers have nevertheless eed to portay Chadwick 2s one ofthe oniginatre ofa itnctaly Ameren sy, much a contemporaries of ostachal, Stop, Bristow nd Php had argnd othe cele. Ina ‘say on American eymponist writen n 1900 for example the tpl ‘ogative Lous Elson remarked that ‘Chadwick's symphonic war has a ‘epecial ners fom the fact that he has managed to impart» distinc ‘Rmerian chara | Te stheren of bi ert pony (€ majo) inl ‘ter apath whch Doiskpnerally ese the credit for having dacovee fora Baons memory must have been fling ims he hd ai nothing of the sot in hi view ofthe premiere one chapter I) And the fc tha Drotas ecommenation invled engaging withthe musi of marginal ‘sed populations the very element Cadi had ejected inthe ress et seem tocar, Te May of 1895, the National Conservatory announced a second round of competition for Amerian works This time Chadic deced tt Iba with a new ympony Basan easy decison, fr be had been sng one since test the premiere of Henry Schoeneeli eaie ‘he committee even made accommodations to raise the maximum 3g6See. Tsotsi Te Ci aon Ag (Recaption mo 276-88 (te tobi avo sonata Rona (251) columbia Expotion of Chicago one of Dvoek’s central sours of mus {alinpzation, From Apthorp perspective Chadwick’ mse was autent ally Ameran” Cities would ater change their tune as Chad’ profile continued to ise ster Dvltl’sdepartare Felling am al Chadwiek concert staged by the Boston Symphony in 1904, one writer emarked that "the st move fet ofthis i ful af ened musicianship, the development of themes ‘range moet carefuly cried out that we now of inany Amerie inst metal work Te alickng” chen proved tht Chadwick was phat {lly the American master" A year late, che Boston Globe reported that Pl Zschorisc, a Brin criti, gave exceptionally big pate: "I dedare that [cnsder this symphony the best of al tat hasbeen writen ince Brahms] Prom thiseymphony, old George W. Chadwick tobe th mast important ving Anglo-American composer Edward Elgar nt excepted" Speaking forthe works orginal audience, however, Hs had shaken is bend Allial one inde mucho praise in the work, bat atthe ead one must oofess thatthe pest American spony ent yet writen But there wold be sill more attempt before cenurysend ‘THE PROPHET REINTERPRETED Amy Beach (1867-1944) ayoung but respected marie voiein 183, became Inwolred inthe Doi controversy when the Boston Herald published het finaly wrought espnse tothe Robern heoie alegre those of Pal, Chadwick, and other leng Hight While not denying Dvotik’s tlic compliment, he claimed that opr melodies” were “ot fully pal ‘tour country’ nar wee they ofa nate” American people, ostend, she oie out |Wecf the Noth sold he ar alt ened by 8 ng, ‘Scchoriih engined whores om ur ans JTa rertomakethe bt of al songs of an nation a material fe ml notion, the writer hub oof he pope bone ogs he coos rater rough up ng bem” or ft melady to move sistema, the nda nad a lose personal ‘eltlonship with the cure from which the man arose, Dvotk was ot trong abot the means Fok eong-but rather emeaning or potentials {ener Takingher theory apd combining with Dias prt, Beach more Int action by wring be ft synghony, Cali, jus day ater heating he ‘Boston premio the New Word” Symphony She wold become on ofthe Set American compocersto make a symphonic deb felling the fas(252) Ocean Ntin Had the discussion taken place sny sooner, Beach woul hav ben an sltely candidate to ener ta all Despite showing great prlnty fr ‘musica child she faced immense peace nd ifraies ea ee reer hat evolved around her identity and stator a2 woman, When ae patents approached Wilks Gericke, the newiyappeinted director of he Boston Symphony, or advice about pursuing further compositional ai ng, be suggested that she Become an autodat wile tying the pret orks ofthe past, cether than rveling abroad toed atone of Bus Prestigious conservatories, nother word, he woud ener the pth tha Pin and Chadwick ad een able to allow. Furthermore, he abandon br caer perfor after naerying a Boston physician an directed bee musical focus exlusely toward eomperition.Thouph ied her perfor ‘ance carer ths new areangerent gave her ame opportunity ea fae tars heel withthe Intimate deta ofa vate number of ecnex” Sach Careful ty lowed Beach o seule a istne and rare isto scurnen ‘hatshon in her works. With the fiancal backing of her busbind,shealsy Ai ot face the same nstiuonal challenges that vexed Fy, eistn ad Prag. Upon hearing Dv symphony, each complained privately boat tin notes she ep to here esemad ter tobe 1hrn caer, L. Jando represent onthe prac syste a hee carat fe Nat ora ome oe ge thi ering, nna sly eel ate, bet cheery and omic be lew move ‘men cpl ging tthe ieee wth oe aby bing ong ‘hep From thi pn of view eb, bat here ach re ht ‘ghee been dof a gi el" ‘She had not heard Phelps Emancipation, which rics beived ha feo tively captured the pathos of slavery. Even so, she began er work aed ith fea Seas abst national marc and mail realm, areas where he ‘elleved Dvotc had fallen shor. Beach entered into a cer dialogue with Dwoaks*New Worl” while dressing wha she perceived ate fer. Wheres the Bohemians melo ‘ie hinted aan exile otherness hat latenere were upponed to intuit a American ( at leas that was Krebiel agument Beach quoted fk ‘une taken directly rom elder peated sures ad ued them a the bal for further elaboration. The seond movement othe Gale Symphony opens with abroad French horn slo that melts ito afl resentation af any ‘une called “Coit Ornadh” (he Lite eld of Barly) played by the hoe, pethape with a nod tthe “winkin™ abot ine inthe analog por tion of Chadwicks Second example 12.3). Over the couse ofthe movement the tne peat in arouse gies, cadng in substan duet betwee stony DvOHAR,tontutanFronuET (259) ean 123; cuttin of Fel fae” Bc Sepsis Set Abn 51 eo gS sich us Re regen tothe bang Scot re tour New Wo arp Sr and carl onic iting 88 Te apc woe peer ema ei, ui 9 cee Sti meneete cance te aoe primy eee ends nce sone ging Both ens pe ear in ur tect Dela ui ae rl ating tthe Pain nae Che EL umd ete nen he igh entra ca ee ted guys each sn 7 ‘Somat sea i ce mood cated yr sting etn a an Baths De Ch Hy Del Se Cosham seers tne wih pe te eee cticrcn newer the Cam badd hat it Far en edn comet flown the ed tabs sues ihely ete eet and deh tht gn angle Sr op eTpebenon Symphony, under the direction of Emil Paut (1855-1932), pre where ony n Oca o 135, he ea falling Dak cee ee amas ned Willan FA he a ant hs ceed eepn oh wo ht SERRA meh othe bone. ere were no mata sot re esterase Arty sun, pty desea te taf the tard moron xaple 1240) o's ld of Se sac character vig the arctic ee Lg(258) Ocha htin umole 124 uo Quon Bh Spon aE, Gi Le og (Goch mm 15-25 do vin and sacl. o ‘aden, rom he thier of the so he ti Helen rth mari sbout the oration en "ast ews ofthis prormance wee ih congratulatory a congatulatry a ned Des nha” arch he pee a eee cots not meth nnn pli he dengan eae hadthe hr fet Pacing ern cgay with Ple and Chai os worse ad decried wth thea rn Wn for the Bao oi adighted Hoar Teka Sled th wo igi ida plac che permanent canon bt foie pil atten av ts pcton a ale ‘it Wondering ty had oe ven thet epee, Prot are woul gues ther bec mods asian oftate ich history and poetry hae oud nthe compo nd and eat and ‘ne intend ohn othe heer the windy wnt omy wr te ‘trang aes, tbe sea ee ange ppt ad terest combate ‘rier the land ale of thea al ™ Te his only knowlege ofthe work's background derive from Apthoes ote he might not have known Bech quted and developed atl ee [aston OHA 2HEANAN MOMHEE (255) songs, moe ole according a Dvotk’presceptin. For Tick the sy= phony projected » nation! ethos without necessary embodying ational nual vale, ‘Other eateries, inching Apthorp and Pip Hal kes not commen at any length on the expansion of national identity, even given ‘ewok clear diloge with Dros, Aptorp focused ie stetion on the swoiksovchertzation.” But the moet negative cris displayed elghtened Thule oer the emergence of tay valid American sphoni ice ap ‘leo peng to iteratonal sudiences Lous Eso, who hd denied the [abe of reat American symphony" t Chadwick’ lest effort, remarked ‘hat Beach's work wat fey even fom sch high postion art tothe cessful cation of syphonier nee the male nor the feral native Clmpoers ee as yet produced amuses compotion nts ag, hers lum that aging to sand the text f time” Andi once were not enough Ae mae the poe gsi ‘Pain remot fall Anerencsoone) tay geleaneddevelgmetot themer a Chad th stant nd bilan of toe Seer Beach (he elete ety terns of slo oement, bx the “Amie Cheon! whoo hie inall tee eld ha ce yet arene inthe mative tymchonle reper” ‘Te question of style based nationalism animating the Dvotak debate fe conta to Elion, who believed that marl greatness was tansce {entsnd natones He leo showed tle acknowledgment ofthe enthuse terepons ofthe audience, which overwhelmed Beach with applause afer tery movement He deseribed this sponses cordial appreciation” "Aer sveral sporadic performances over the next sx months, aur and he Beton Symphony brought out the wor gain Brook alongside 3 ‘ew overture by Elsworth Peps, Though hepa of hep’ overture, the ay age citc wa take by Bea's symphony and tchoing Apborp com patel orhesel writing to that Joes af Calan two figtes wth etalished American reputations, Despite fining certain "Bathe rit remarked eat "we may pide urseles on being the oly ration thot has» wma composer of symphonies at this writing” Her Sentty asa woman notwithstanding subject thatthe crt cald not help Tht mention), sbe had mde heady toward international reputation —3 bon forthe country tage “Curlosy, Henry Keebll was unmoved, Returning to the wollworn Beethoven problem, he bug with the cbservtion that ‘all the composes tho have lied sine Beathoven have ved in ain ofr as their inlnce Fismanner of musi thoughts eanceredIn accordance with the geeral ie of Phelps that Krehbiel had expressed elsewhere, he added tha behadestethe Brookiynie inthat gad, Daring the pony with at pris, however, heals noted that only minrimprovements were neded {Eensform fom scarosty symphony by «moran ints work demand Inga performance “or its own sake” Moe suresing hou, Keeble id ‘ot appreite Seach incorporation oflrish el tunes, he ected ju {iged the work's tie, hecaimed tid ot "tap il with pie whch sould be recognized ar chaacteriticly Casi” He conladed, “In hi ‘respect aswellarin the development ofthe national material the ymphony falls shore of Dr Stanford’ eprphony called ish’ To Keel ar, the work certainly war aot Amerian. Though with ferent value ystem ily be ike Elon, was tl wating fora est Arercan ytptony. Despite the vehemence of mayayers sch ae Baon and Krill, eich 2nd Chadwick are the oly ewe comporersappering inthe book who bane ‘become subjects af clay ngrphis published nthe i ety years ‘Such attention Is purty consequence of the fact that their woke have ‘made smal headay tothe canonical reperaite of contemporary sym ‘Phony orchestras Like Chadwick, Beach garnered the soport of tach of Boston ctl esublishmet the Saxon Symptony Orchestra the publishing frm of Arthur P Shui, wich had ale published mar more bFainoand Chadwick and we which abe eventually entered into a exch sive ltonship. Sch suport tranalsted into far more performances of their works than mast of thelr competi, which in turn left larger pit record oftheir accomplishments Beach ale left an extensive colin of ‘Banuscits, note, and correspondence tering wll int he tentith entry. Born two years after Robert E. Lee surrender a the Appomattox ‘ourthour she ded of heat tease ust five moat before Nar Germany's rzende tthe Allis in World WI ‘THE STALWART'S LAST STAND Henry Krehbiel di net openly acknowl the entender comport ny pnt xl in Drak een, The onion maybe excusable becese this age. Having ben born in 1856 be could noha ha ay lear memory ofthe Pharmonicontretemps or Sept 1859 Rawat he di ot owe to New York ntl many years ater. Bator cam be no doubt that Keb eww of the existence of Bristow’ mid century amphi, 8 well x the more recent Avda. Allare edn the sppenbcto isretonpective catalog ofthe New Yor Paharmonic performance history, which he had compe fovthe orchestra th aniversary The oman wa a ons nlc Not allof the debates participants were 20 forget. Rerponding t0 rofak intial comments fom Msyof1895, Boston compeser and rgalet vron VORA owEMIAS PROPHET (257) Gorge Whiting (1840-1929) omaed that he ha “svoeted the same ‘hing that i that, ailing to find anything the shape of American folk Song the native compoter would do well tava himself ofthese nego m0 fies forint of lc color Whiting advocacy was oe thing implemen {ation was gute nother Wiking othe New ork Her lster that peng, &| fener named, Thompson” waz even orate byte discussions igo ance of the past that hear ten ors gan as nigh at for estos en was that ‘he Amen cho fs weld partake moe ofthe character fo ‘lyin the Sth than the so-allad neg elie sangat intel hows [Fe poe Biota in beng tbe et pu forth tise bout ve argo wrote pan laced "Nak Around decd orginal Conpetio Alo nao ymghany Bo has pra Beakown” S78 ek isoly that Bow a rer od one orbs musica, ‘Houle ecogsaed ater orth hin “Thompson ike the reader wh exposed Dwight cones daring the Step Hiawatha asi wanted tobe sure thatthe publi was aware tat cris were fontroling thee discussion, and that thse figures ware not neeealy ‘rantworty keepers of history “Te gap sero the einer to Broly say ls lp explain Krehbiel neglect The musical tures of Body and New Yor, whe overlaing, Trevi, were datinc wasn fc, room eric who made the ston pet catefrtememberng forgotten” composts after hearing the local pe Iie of Dros symphony: ‘howe who bard i delighted enim at though ot weit by 32 ‘Amer tae th fiat one composed th Und Statens hie fy. The ast etn ay anak Th a of. Pp lat nce oever lal msi an andisteer Ear Gere Beto Beckles knew these familar names. The ext ls noted that there ‘was nothing particularly American sbout Doak musi play Bests ast ‘yenhiony eb side with anno one cou ave any doubts about which ‘vate one authentic isto, row nwaly sven year ld had undoubedy witnessed the Doth controversy unfolding inthe pres He cald have herd the "New Wor” and Bec Caen concert: Byall seount, he was sil quite viva ‘lous desplehaving resigned from performing as» Phiharmonic visi let in 1882, During the contoverey zl, he had een had at work on one(258) Ochna he final symphony, an expansive work with acho file ring Pepe Emancipation in grandiosity, sno formal dimensions. He completed four-movement work, subtiled Niger in September of 1893, thee month befor the premier of Dvoik-Nev World= er reasons that may ever be zertained Mag dnt premiere fr another foor and 2 half yeas sy Ape of 1698. hee i ite extant nf: Imation abou the performance self. important ll Spurs had planned ‘mount an extravagant Niagara Falls cleration nmi spring with Bist ‘ew symphony asthe conterpce But Anton Sei, who hed been engged to conduct, died unerpectely two wesks before the event, Sept up by the ramming of pending wat with psn, ew major dais coveted the per formance, which Bristow himself dete in Seid place. The wok wat the final statement made by ae ofthe country's mst distinguished composer, anditwashaardin one f New Yor’ newest andes enaes, Carnegie Hall ‘When Thompson wrote ismesage tothe press during the Dotukdebate, ‘Bestow had ony just iihed the work, suggesting thatthe two bad shared ‘eas privately. By thine, ristom hd become member ofthe Manuscript Society of New Yor, am organization whose purpose wast ll composers to share thelr works wih ethers in ef, congenial envzenmen apa pose reminiscent of Jerome Hopkins fot ofthe mit 18500, Although the Manuscript Sacey performed new ples by over oe ured fer nt composersduingts be exrtenc cdi Phelps Pune Bea and ‘Chadwick, the press panned repestedy wl its member ella compar ceny about it ature meh ike smi centy oebene ‘row constructed the symphony omieor the amene sce of Nagar alls Though tin four movement, heat thre serve a annem proadeto a randose malar chral fina. The coset ol walt have been Melson ageon, ut the work wat unui New Yoke “Theft movement of Naps begne wha tmp cal hat nmeitly snes may tan earnest uiaon therein C minor sued by the low string. ‘hesalo tramp wae renin of orth Pel Emancnton snd Louis Maas On he Proe wherat the ow sng my had become signature for Brito oled ito sonst form, the moverent assune apr ape ta ajectory ait closes with acodain Cmajor marked ure Undlting ftghth-note goer inthe strings underpin a ttmphant woodwind and brass ‘orale, The second movement suclen adap, ete tote onvertionsl ‘ndexhbits the extra and vytaie density of Briton’ wor, ‘Ns Tompson pte, Beso called the third movement A Beakebwn rowdy idl dance wth any connotations tat cat ars acl gene, and dass boundaries slike" Patterned loely onthe twostralnstuctute of file eens, the movemeat alternates betwen statements of the pe ‘mary stain and epteic parapet. The coral intrsdacton fates hil ‘rotwind punches aod hey syncopated figure inthe sng that bull omentum as they tube nto the lends primary strsin(xample 1250) “he whinvind character ofthis eon persists for seeral ars before blend Ingstaioaly into scontrating sta, Inwhich the fisting psy yal tue in A eajor—a fll cowboy edition of «hye meody—to the ecompanient of lw moving strings an ccking, syncopated woodwinds (Grample 12.58 Following ll statement ofthe primary tan the nxt (psce contains» plac tune in accompanied bya vlling dane line (Grample 1250 Instead of returning othe primary theme i al however, Brito treateditwth fr-part fogat in the strings Theroerent ses witha sient cada fstring 4 leh orchertraton ofthe peimary strain ung ona foundation of diving eight note. The nl gesture antic {utes Anvon Copland’ "Hoe Dw by ah fy years xaee 12.54 Despitetheintensty othe prceingmoverents the aleincompsrizon to the cantare finale, Seractrallysimae to Mendlsohis Loge, ran 25 Sapo 3 age eo Aga (3 Fly youn om 5-49 loc (Stig Ce ey in ana.(280) dering iin eample 125 (Conia) rample2 (Continued) ® it comprises sx numbered sections that ince als, dts, nd choruses, “Te fit number begins wih a msjerti double-dtted instrumental se tio srvingan overture ike function. he full choi joined by rmpet end isto hole to st the nal strphe of ofthe yn, which deere cho trombone, suddenly begins singing 3 century-old hymn by Nathan Strong ral singing (Let evry power of heart and ongwe/Unite towel the grate= (1248-1816 praising God forthe Dory of nature, Following convention, {song mimics the self-referential ofthe text Bethoven appended to Bristow et the words othe gust ane “Od Hundsedth ona mie 12.60, amen aa beasr iiaue eoaeys mere ear aks we ee(2:2) Ochna iti pest neon ean pleasingand mote joyfl sound). The second mune, Isc tenor fsa, per way to another uneapeced quotation. As the woclist Biches Isle, the choir joins the eeu, singing “King of Kings, Lord of Lords" to the instrumental accompaniment in Handls famous setting In Mei (crample 126) Later numbers inde anode othe Great Lakes anda final paca to Niagara Falls The movement concludes violently with an instrumental oda depicting the roaring of the waterfalls, The macstrm is interuptd bri by spat ‘ssimo restatement of he trumpet mcive that pened the ent work Ax {he music regains intensity for a final grandiose codeta, this motive, which outlines dominant and ton slip nto the lower section ofthe ensemble 15 tho fll erhertea intently bast a Cmaor rind. Wiliam Henry Fey [ated Magra, which was never performed daring his iftime, contains ‘similar moment near the end of set movement. is even i he samse ly, But while Beso probably didnot know the piece. his nae closed 2 loopthat connected the turnof anew century to thelaunchaf the Ameria synghonic enterprise EPILOGUE [poets mare teeth Amen ypc [evterpietoan enews witerin which ear locsing perennial owes, otcpting warmth, bok Ueough the soon tin ha the awa tl toocold. The iat ever chapters ilustated the italy and variety of ‘Phonic composition throughout the antebellum era in spite of iste ‘Shoals Later chapters demonstrated how changing vals lel to will ‘ignorance ofthe countrys compositional pastas anew gneration of com posers ied for space om increasingly cowdedprgrans. In may aes, how ‘ret they too experienced denunciation or outright gle ax erieal and ‘natuional gals continued to change, None ofthis misc survive spar ofthe standard prfoemancereprtle after thetutn ofthe century because ‘ts most powerfl potential ealvatoes—ceitcs and conductors—had ma tained inhospitable artitades toward itbefore tad achancetthrive ‘he elements ofthis igi winter persisted ito the twentieth cenary and would continue to have negative effects on aspiring composes. As ‘scl value continued to change tpi, erpeialiythweconcersing atonal identity and syle novation rts vleated the musi of nineteenth century American composers othe dustin of history while epving mutable standards of eicem to each sew cop. During the ‘earch fora spall Great American Symphony, which fourished dur {ng the period between the tv world wars US. composers uch a8 Roy Haris evetuall founda small niche among the musal mansteam—e0 achievement their ainetenthcentury forebears had long sought Evens, their identities as white men cared ther the elativelyprleged status hel by not quite canonical German comporers uch ar Carl Golmark snd Joachim lf daring the later part of the nineteenth century. Composers eho were not white o mal, such as Florence Pie, became the exuded (os)(298) Neepae208-260 Prot L€ En "Mic Btn Chae al Viste 1880287, ‘otedin “Boston Mavens” AA Oar 182268, ‘Mica Matern reba of Loa Conductor” AAJ ey, ieee. nthe Peni“ AAJ Oe 141852509. "On the Pais” An Ame Symphony By Lui Ma sae Ce Botan Mc onda Dee 28,1825 26. Aptonp Tester ‘ed concert aon Bong Hans, Dee 15,182 and “The 1 Ray Sea oe” Bsn Dey arr Dec 1S, 182 Laval, "De Laat Mas Spo, "On she Pais” AAY Wan 20, 1382202255, "American Compe Masel Red (May 19,2885 47 TWF Ape Teate and Cane Bot Sony Orch” Boston ‘eng Tasr, Mar 18 ee al rte [© lo se a Boston areal cr (Ape 1884 ret €or “Barton” Maal Vicar No 1866702 ‘rg Whi Chad 0,536 [WE Apburl “Tess and Cones” Raton Benny Ts, De niente png, goed in at, GergeWhreld Cd 5. an Hera ee 13 1886 gute Fae Gee Wh Che os ‘andra qin ace, age Whe Chad 56-5: and ‘ma Corerpnden Bston Rona Mana Reve Cs 1867 38 ning Americ fonae et 2838. AAI One. 16, (Par MENA Ede ty 18805158 tvton “Ameria Comper nd Te Wk” Quart Mara! Review (dag 816858, ‘SNoweles Diverse Miner ane 28 181206 Gy anltinortbe ict cen sx "Aerenm i rt Cog In Oca Ma 1,185, EL te Dovey of Man Aen oe Oy 193-366-393 "Sel ocr Comer BOE, Ape 15,1892 “Tie et Soty Concer NHL Ape 1, 2802 nthe Sl oct ae Horo age ie (Ble noob ae. Se Aran Competing NYDT pe. 1, 1885: ‘nd Hughes, Cncmprr ran Compt, 1 {ie s.8 Marthewal hon th Fis Mu 41899: 26 an wend Clipping. costed in Feet, Cog Wheel haw (38 on Aenean ‘nunca the npston see Bombe, il 127-288 ‘Naish Cotton toe Duron ohne nae” Mae (Ae faseveas-440" oneal "Wha Ameri’ Mean’ Forum hp. 3804 196-206 rm Aero tly Ma ape bee 5-87 Moves re acts 9-352. (28) See Rai, hana Myer urbe” 294-298 the eal WH. Oc 2, 1882 noe THLE Ket Sone Obratsn ater tbe Fc NYDT, 24,1892. ‘Ste "Cheater nd Mu” eCourse. 1, 86952950, ed Reel [FV E Ret, Some Oberon fer the Fact MYDT, O24, 3892, “hen Mat Derk nk te as Brn De He rn Dy {REE Ret Soe Obes fc NYDT, Ot. 24182 "Ao Maal Tops NYT Mt 51893 Stevnson, “sped ar 9159358 [HE Meekbl "base he harmonic Concer” MYDT, Me 5.1693 1. Gelman “Rea Value of Ngro Melodies? NY. May 21,185; on renin pone velvet, se Beerman Te Ra hs of alow Serer Korner, “he Ma ig Rakin’ WAY on 2172. ‘Jschins Asc Masi” NYH, ropa Etio-ar, May 26, 89% ‘on Rubi “ere Robin I Sepa” NTH, Baopesn ion Pari atone May 26,1898, “Drral' Theory of Negro Mus NYH, May 2,188, “Aerials De Anon Dreak Eps Some Rada Opinions” {88 Kretbal De Sve Spphony” YOY, ve 37, 38551, ibe “De vous Get Syphon. NYE De 1, 1895; [Cee mani "Derkt Symphony ttorcbvent NH De 171895, Heder ‘e Drerht et Wak, Dee 72883 ta "Ries Masi ton Hol May 28,3682 eon "Some Orca! Masterpicat”In Eon and Hale de, omer Compours 2308 Sceli EKrttal Some Anarcn Camposnns RYDT, Ap 1,683 "Res! lu of ep Mle 7, My 21 183; sd FaeteGarge Whee Shade ‘ota et, Gage Wheel chai (1-83. [lho TheSympon Boor Dal ere O22 1898 al Manin boron Maal Curr (Ot 241698), (WR Apap “Tater snd Coot Baon Big Mane, Oct ‘Sec een, Ds De gon 29-32 Unidenttod cpp, gonad n ce. erg Wheel Chabik 84-85. ‘ean ie, Dn 78 1908, qed In Fase, ee Wheel Chih 85.86 [L'Cc) e Symphony Boron Day vere Ot 72,1898 “Aone Me an eral 281885. (OnBeachetsningsnd marrige ck, mp each, 20-53,(900) Nato 280-257 2. Amy Bea Ma Revs, V2, Oc 1896. Amy Bach Papers Mine pelt ets and Archives, Unvrsy ofNew Harpe, qsted in Get" 52 See"De rots Amen phony WYDT Dee. 15,3888. 5S “TheRie Masic eran Cer Or 188) 208-208, 54 “Thentie Man orn Cen ian 84 6 opr set Hak, “Dofa, Seach and Amercan Masi Coord, Lat dO ade A Calan of ori Mute 263-204 he rogram noe ee ‘pint hing fee ere A Nee Symphony by Mes HA Bh ‘Mabe 189) 00-202 38: Boo or or 1, 1896 quoted in eins, Th Rear rs, Bach, 38, ‘ekort utoap contra in Ting eres Tee 208 [57 Hales Masia Women the Ltt Seon Makers Baton rn Nor 4109s Bon Mana Courer Na 11,1890" 15- 4p ‘Mt ad Drama” Bose rng Manep Na 2,188; eae Gr," ete Reption Hor? 28-33 58 [Le tam) ata Mote: Bs Del Adrian Nox 2.1886, 53 “Syphon Orbs Mute DE Ma 2,185 40 (EE Reels Comment” MYDT, Ma 23 1897 {rebel he Paro Soe Ne rk psi. {8 “ik arora A ed. 45. Ones death tr Hort, Map gs 1-3 ‘hn Sunt in 50-8, 46 Se Bomber Tt toe, 135-164, {7 Stn ofthe Once Ms of Geog Fredrick Briton 6-7 {8 Se Cocke emo of Dre 7-8, {2 Seon abn Soni 60-6 H.taetn Paap” UH ha 5, 387020 senate ego Conee 38 Glad Mtn nga 100 Sehr snd hse, ne, 386-290. ltr at nO Ain Aner a 95620 ee ‘Selo satin etc oni try eran ‘nin tw tphone nf Wen DeAndre ‘Sntaratonton sl eatoom ang mers sr Os Mal Ma Nour en nor wh Arai. Nea Stal Chr oi heir 9-58. a Crit 970 ed Bathe, Chr et, 27-28. ‘Stehrace ves aa Mnetcent- Conary Amcean Mose 30-: aol, “head he Nicest Cnary Epes Tato al Herwt, Me 20 s a moreso nots se0.27¢ (2m) CC these of the wake Brown, “Linge Vand Bo, ‘heer 2,253, tein rw, "Liigth ‘hinge Tre, Jone 1, 198 gna Brown, “Sdted Ocha lade Te eg onde, 15, (nthe denon ener andrei thi onary The White Sectors Under Tsnin, 9-19 "Earl Crepes WA Gly 3,266: 304 ‘rome Hops onthe Boston Oracle® AA hg 1765128. (On Reavis het avs ede of rom, ae Copland, “Serge mente 2 oh owt Op ing Ma ao, 9-25 oe “Teno hr ates AA 837 22, “RamasniCeAA (81079, 8 See sn ta, "Thedee Thm and the Culvation of American Mak” Ieper emer Oren 42728 "Cort Fete Hee and Ecwhere? kal Rend Ope, 22, 3889) 48 (eophassinerig ‘Fronlag the Piharmane—Intrviw wth Bary Dodwoth? AAJ Oly sho. 51 tator anc Ar AW en Colony AAS a2, 2879 328 eptnn ua nf rds 27 ep gna, ‘Scetahnan“Orhetal xtitrcy’© 27 ade Aiea asc Tes of Patina" 7; onthe cake of ‘overt and ners mae deparementy, ee so Kingery Ti an PeromanNetl Heron xcs and Lady, Bling Mane ioe™ elt