DISPLACEMENT VALUES: ‘The displacement value of a medicament is the no. of parts by weight of a medicament that will displace one part of suppository base (normally ‘Theobroma oil). Displacement values for various medicaments are given in B1 Pharmaceutical Codex). © Itis the amount of drug that will displace one part of base. OR © Itis the amount of the base which is displaced by certain amount of drug . (British Mathematically, Where, d= Amount of drug in suppositories a—c = Amount of base e.g. Theobroma oil i.e. displaced by gram of medicine © D.V. of a medicament is required when calculating the weight of suppository base required preparing a medicated suppository. * Because the density of the medicament may vary considerably from that of the base, the weight of base required to make suppository will vary depending upon the medicament used. Problem Calculate the quantities required to make 10 theobroma oil suppositories (2g mould) each containing 400mg of zinc oxide (displacement value = 4.7). Solution: Total wt. of zinc oxide required = 400 mg x 10 = 4000 mg = 4 Wt. of base required for un-medicated suppositories = 2g x 10 = 20 g As the displacement value of ZnO =47 Scanned with CamScannerAnd, 4.7 g of ZnO displace theobroma oil alg 1 g of ZnO displace theobroma oil = 1/4.7 4 g of ZnO displace theobroma oil =1/4.7*4=0.85 So, Wt. of suppository base required to make medicated suppositories = 20 — 0.85 = 19.15 gm Problem # 2: Prepare 12 glycerogelatin suppositories containing 0.5% w/w cinchona hydro-chloride. Use a 2g mould. (Glycerogelatin base has a density 1.2 times greater than theobroma oil, therefore 1g suppository mould will produce a 1g theobroma oil but 1.2g glycerogelatin suppository). Solution: Total wt. of suppository =12x2x 1.2 = 28.8¢g Wt. of drug required =28.8x0.5/100 =0.144g Wt. of base required = 28.8-0.144g = 28.662 Scanned with CamScannerQuestion 1 What is the pH of a buffer solution prepared with 0.05 M sodium borate and 0.005 M boric acid? The pK, value of boric acid is 9.24 at 25°C. Note that the ratio of the components of the buffer solution is given in molar concentrations. Using the buffer equation for weak acids: salt acid 0.05 9.24 + log D005 9.24 + log 10 9.24 +1 10.24, answer. pH = pK, + log noni Scanned with CamScannerQuestion 2 What is the pH of a buffer solution prepared with 0.05 M ammonia and 0.05 M ammonium chloride? The Ky value of ammonia is 1.80 X 107° at 25°C. Using the buffer equation for weak bases: base pH = pK, — pK, + log Sit Because the Ky, value for water is LO~'* at 25°C, pKy = 14. K, = 180 x 107° and log K, = log 1.8 + log 10-° = 0.2553 — 5 = —4.7447 or —4.74 pK, = —log Ky = -(-4.74) = 4.74 0.05 and pH = 14 - 4.74 + log D5 = 9.26 + log 1 = 9.26, answer. Scanned with CamScannerQuestion 3 What molar ratio of salt/acid is required to prepare a sodium acetate-acetic acid buffer solution with a pH of 5.76? The pK, value of acetic acid is 4.76 at 25°C. Using the buffer equation: salt pH = pk, + log Ga salt log saa = pH — pK, = 5.76 — 4.76 =1 antilog of 1 = 10 ratio = 10/1 or 10:1, answer. Scanned with CamScannerQuantity of Components in a Buffer Solution to Yield a Specific Volume Calculating the amounts of the components of a buffer solution required to prepare a desired volume, given the molar ratio of the components and the total buffer concentration: The molar ratio of sodium acetate to acetic acid in a buffer solution with a pH of 5.76 is 10:1. Assuming the total buffer concentration is 2.2 X10? mol/L, how many grams of sodium acetate (m.w. 82) and how many grams of acetic acid (m.w. 60) should be used in preparing a liter of thesolution? Because the molar ratio of sodium acetate to acetic acid is 10:1, - 5 10 10 the mole fraction of sodium acetate = Te "hr 1 and the mole fraction of acetic acid = Teh If the total buffer concentration = 2.2 x 107? mol/L, the concentration of sodium acetate = X (2.2 x 107?) 2.0 x 107? mol/L and the concentration of acetic acid = 7 x (2.2 x 1077) = 0.2 x 107? mol. then 2.0 x 10-7 or 0.02 X 82 = 1.64 g of sodium acetate per liter of solution, and 0.2 x 107? or 0.002 x60 = 0.120 g of acetic acid per liter of solution, answers. Scanned with CamScannerSign in to edit and save changes to this... Vv 1. What is the pH of a buffer solution prepared with 0.055 M sodium acetate and 0.01 M acetic acid? The pKa value of acetic acid is 4.76 at 25 °C. 2. What is the pH of a buffer solution prepared with 0.5 M disodium phosphate and 1 M sodium acid phosphate? The pKa value of sodium acid phosphate is 7.21 at 25 °C. 3. What molar ratio of salt to acid would be required to prepare a buffer solution with a pH of 4.5? The pKa value of the acid is 4.05 at 25°C. 4. The molar ratio of salt to acid needed to prepare a sodium acetate-acetic acid buffer solution is 1:1. Assuming that the total buffer concentration is 0.1 mol/L, how many grams of sodium acetate (m.w. 60) should be used in preparing 2 liters of the solution? Scanned with CamScannerESeltek aera Sign in to edit and save changes to this... v Example problems for calculations based on density 1. Calculate the volume of 2kg of glycerin. The density of glycerin is 1.25g/ml. WEIGHT DENSITY 2kg 1.25g/ml 2000 4 1.25 g/ml VOLUME = AE = 1600 ml 2. Calculate the weight of 200ml of alcohol whose density is 0.816 g/ml WEIGHT = VOLUME X DENSITY = 200 ml x 0.816 g/ml = 163.2g a Scanned with CamScannerSr sted Osi 1) pharmaceutical...ulations lecture - Read-only Example problem For Alcoholic Dilutions * Calculate the amount of 95% alcohol required to prepare 400ml of 45% alcohol volume required = 400m percentage of alcohol required = 45 percentage of alcohol used = 95 Volume required x percentage r percentage used Volume of strong alcohol = to be used 184.47 ml Scanned with CamScannerTeds} 08 am Sign in to edit and save changes to this... Vv Example problems For Alligation method 1. Calculate the volume of 95% alcohol required to prepare 600ml of 70% alcohol. Volume required = 600 ml Percentage of alcohol required = 70 Percentage of alcohol used =95 “al &@ (Problem Contd.....) + 70 parts of 95 %alcohol and 25 parts of water will produce the required %alcohol. 600x 70 Quantity of 95% alcohol required = —_=— =422.10ml Quantity of water required = — & B =157.90ml . Scanned with CamScannerSign in to edit and save changes to this... Vv 2. How much quantity of 60%,50%,30% and 20% alcohol should be mixed to get 40% alcohol. (Problem contd...... ) * Quantity required = 20parts of 60%+10 parts of 50%+ 10 parts of 30%+20 parts of 20% alcohol are mixed together, the resulting solution will produce 60% alcohol. Calculation can be checked by the following method: = (20 X 60410 X 50+10 X 30 +20 X 20) =1200+500+300+400 =2400 =» 20+10+10+20=60 i.e., 60 X 40 = 2400 %6 5 Scanned with CamScannerExample Problem for Freezing point method Q Using cryoscopic method. How will you prepare 1% solution of boric acid ,iso osmotic with blood plasma. [Hint : The freezing point of 1%w/v solution of boric acid is 0.288% The freezing point of 1%w/v solution of sodium chloride is 0.576"c] ] Percentage of w/v of sodium chloride required = ho, < = 0.402% wiv Igm of boric acid is needed for 0.402gm of Nacl 31 to become isotonic. * 31 Scanned with CamScanner2 be) Uo BE Wat Ue DUUOLUILe 19 BULUDUU. Problem: | * How to prepare an iso osmotic solution using dextrose. [Hint: mol.wgt of dextrose = 180 (dextrose is non ionising substance] W =0.03M W= 0.03 x 180=5.4 g/100ml 40 Scanned with CamScanner* Example problem for young’s formula What will be the dose for a child of 5 years if the adult dose of a drug is 400 mg. Age (years Dos of the child = Age (years) x Adult tose Age +12 5 5ai2% 100 = 117 mg (approximately) Scanned with CamScanner(b) Dilling’s formula: Age(years Dose of a child = eens) x Adult dose The above formula is used for calculating the doses of a children in between 4 to 20 years of age. Example problem: QO) What will be the dose for a child of 10 years if the adult dose of a drug is 600mg . 10 Dose of a child = 35% 600 = 300 mg “4 Scanned with CamScanner(c) Freid’s formula: Dose for a child = a x Adult dose The above formula is applicable only for infants. Example problem: _J What is the dose for an 8months old infant if the average adult dose of a drug is 250mg | LJ 8 Dose for the child = — 150 X250 = 13.3mg 38 Scanned with CamScanner(2) Calculations based on body weight: Catzel rule: Dose for the child = Surface area of child Surface area of Adult ee The average body surface area for an adult =h Hence Dose for the child = Surface area of child 1.73m? Example problem for calculations based on body weight Q Calculate the dose for a child that has a body surface area of 0.57m? , when the adult dose of a drug is 50mg. Child dose = Su*face area of child | 1 dose 1.73m? 0.57 = 173% 1 = 1.65 mg Scanned with CamScanner* Example problem for calculations based on body weight The dose of a drug is Smg/kg body weight. How much of drug required for a boy of 12 years weighing 21kg. 21 xs Dose = 5 mg =1.5mg (3) Calculations based on body surface area: Most accurate method commonly used in onchology department Mosteller rule: & [bss (M? )= She Cem)x wt(kg)/3600 uu) . Scanned with CamScannerExample problem for calculations based on body surface area J Calculate the BSA of a boy of height 165 cm and weighing 65kg. BSA = 160 X 65/3600 1 = V2.979 = 1.726 Scanned with CamScannerExample problem for converting Fahrenheit to Centigrade O Convert 120° F into ® C 9° (C) = 5° (F) -160 = 5(120) - 160 = 600-160 = 440 1 °C=440/9 = 48.99C 46 Example problem for converting Centigrade to Fahrenheit O Convert 30° c into °F 5°F=9C+ 160 = 9(30) + 160 = 270 + 160 = 430 Scanned with CamScanner