*** DRAFT *** DRAFT *** DRAFT ***

Traversable wormholes with multiple throats, anti-throats, and bag-of-gold spacetimes

(tentative title)
*** DRAFT *** DRAFT *** DRAFT ***
ID ∗
Francisco S. N. Lobo
Instituto de Astrofı́sica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa,
Edifı́cio C8, Campo Grande, P-1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal

ID †
Manuel E. Rodrigues
Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Pará
Campus Universitário de Abaetetuba, 68440-000, Abaetetuba, Pará, Brazil and
Faculdade de Fı́sica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fı́sica,
Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-110, Belém, Pará, Brazil

ID ‡
Marcos V. de S. Silva
Faculdade de Fı́sica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fı́sica,
Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-110, Belém, Pará, Brazil

ID § ID ¶
Alex Simpson and Matt Visser
School of Mathematics and Statistics, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
(Dated: 16 August 2020; LATEX-ed April 27, 2021)

*** Finish off the abstract as the paper develops ***

PACS numbers: 04.50.Kd,04.70.Bw

∗ fslobo@fc.ul.pt
† esialg@gmail.com
‡ marco2s303@gmail.com
§ alex.simpson@sms.vuw.ac.nz
¶ matt.visser@sms.vuw.ac.nz
 2

CONTENTS

Introduction
I. 2

General
II. black-bounce spacetimes 3
Metric
A. and curvature 3
B.
Stress-energy tensor 3
Energy conditions
C. 4

III.
New black-bounce spacetimes 5
Singular
A. solutions 5
Model
1. d = 0, n1 = n2 = c1 = 1, c2 = 0 and c3 = 0 5
Model
2. d = 0, n1 = n2 = 1, c1 = 0 and c2 = m 7
Model
3. n1 = n2 = 1, c1 = 0 and c2 = m 9
B.
Regular solutions 10
Model
1. n1 = n2r = c1 = 1 and c2 = 0 10
 
Model
2. Σ(r) = b2 + r2 cos √d2d+r2 12
q
r 2n+2
Model Σ(r) = b2 + d2n
C. +r 2n 13
q
1
Model
D. Σ(r) = (d2n + r2n ) n 15

A
IV.Possible New Model 19

Conclusion
V. 19

Acknowledgements 20

References 20

I. INTRODUCTION

To be written as the paper develops ***

We adopt the metric signature (+, −, −, −). Given the Levi-Civita connection, Γα µν = 12 g αβ (∂µ gνβ + ∂ν gµβ − ∂β gµν ),
the Riemann tensor is defined as Rα βµν = ∂µ Γα βν − ∂ν Γα βµ + Γσ βν Γα σµ − Γσ βµ Γα σν . We shall work in geometro-
dynamic units where G = c = 1.
 3

II. GENERAL BLACK-BOUNCE SPACETIMES

A. Metric and curvature

Improve this as the paper develops ***

The most general static spherically symmetric metric can always be cast into the form:
dr2
ds2 = f (r) dt2 − − Σ(r)2 (dθ2 + sin2 θdφ2 ). (1)
f (r)
The area of a sphere at radial coordinate r is now A(r) = 4πΣ(r)2 , and we shall use the freedom to choose Σ(r)
extensively in the discussion below.
From this line element, we may calculate the components of the Riemann tensor

1 00 f 0 Σ0 f 0 Σ0 + 2f Σ00 f Σ02 − 1
Rtr tr = f , Rtθ tθ = Rtφ tφ = , Rrθ rθ = Rrφ rφ = , Rθφ θφ = . (2)
2 2Σ 2Σ Σ2
A way to guarantee that the spacetime is everywhere regular is:

• Σ(r) must be non-zero everywhere.

• Σ0 (r) and Σ00 (r) must be finite everywhere.
• f (r), f 0 (r), and f 00 (r) must be finite everywhere.

We may also calculate the Kretschmann scalar, K = Rαβµν Rαβµν , in terms of the Riemann components (2), as a
semi-positive sum of squares [1]

2
2
2
2
2
2
K = 4 Rtr tr + 4 Rtθ tθ + 4 Rtφ tφ + 4 Rrθ rθ + 4 Rrφ rφ + 4 Rθφ θφ . (3)

Specifically, in the current situation we find the explicit sum of squares

(Σ2 f 00 )2 + 2(Σf 0 Σ0 )2 + 2Σ2 (f 0 Σ0 + 2f Σ00 )2 + 4(1 − f Σ02 )2

K= . (4)
Σ4

B. Stress-energy tensor

The Einstein equations are given by

1
Rµν − gµν R = κ2 Tµν , (5)
2

where gµν is the metric tensor, Rµν = Rα µαν , R = g µν Rµν , Tµν the stress-energy tensor and κ2 = 8π. If we consider
the matter sector as an anisotropic fluid, then the mixed components of the stress-energy tensor are given by

T µ ν = diag [ρ, −p1 , −p2 , −p2 ] , (6)

where ρ, pr , and pt are the energy density, radial pressure and tangential pressure, respectively. Taking into account
the line element (??), the Einstein equations (5) provide the following stress-energy profile

Σ (f 0 Σ0 + 2f Σ00 ) + f Σ02 − 1
ρ=− , (7)
κ2 Σ2
Σf 0 Σ0 + f Σ02 − 1
p1 = , (8)
κ2 Σ2
Σf 00 + 2f 0 Σ0 + 2f Σ00
p2 = . (9)
2κ2 Σ
 4

To situations where f (r) < 0, r and t are the timelike and spacelike coordinates, respectively, we must have

T µ ν = diag [−p1 , ρ, −p2 , −p2 ] , (10)

The fluid quantities, in this region, are

Σf 0 Σ0 + f Σ02 − 1
ρ=− , (11)
κ 2 Σ2
Σ (f 0 Σ0 + 2f Σ00 ) + f Σ02 − 1
p1 = , (12)
κ2 Σ2
Σf 00 + 2f 0 Σ0 + 2f Σ00
p2 = . (13)
2κ2 Σ

The trace of the stress-energy tensor is

2
Σ2 f 00 + 4Σ (Σ00 f + Σ0 f 0 ) + 2 (Σ0 ) f − 2
T = T µ µ = ρ − p1 − 2p2 = − . (14)
κ2 Σ2
This result is the same to any sign of f (r). A way to guarantee that the stress-energy tensor is everywhere regular is
demanding:

• Σ(r) must be non-zero everywhere.

• Σ0 (r) and Σ00 (r) must be finite everywhere.
• f (r), f 0 (r), and f 00 (r) must be finite everywhere.

That are the same set of conditions as was required for the Riemann tensor to be everywhere regular.

C. Energy conditions

The standard pointwise energy conditions [11] for the stress-energy tensor (6), are given by the inequalities

N EC1,2 = W EC1,2 = SEC1,2 ⇐⇒ ρ + pr,t ≥ 0, (15)

SEC3 ⇐⇒ ρ + pr + 2pt ≥ 0, (16)
DEC1,2 ⇐⇒ ρ − |pr,t | ≥ 0 ⇐⇒ (ρ + pr,t ≥ 0) and (ρ − pr,t ≥ 0), (17)
DEC3 = W EC3 ⇐⇒ ρ ≥ 0, (18)

We note DEC1,2 ⇐⇒ ((N EC1,2 ) and (ρ − pr,t ≥ 0)). So, since we already want to enforce the N EC, for all practical
purposes we might was well subsume part of the DEC into the N EC and simply replace DEC1,2 =⇒ ρ − pr,t ≥ 0.
Inserting the results given in (7)-(9), where the coordinate t is timelike, we have

2f Σ00
N EC1 = W EC1 = SEC1 ⇐⇒ − ≥ 0, (19)
κ2 Σ
Σ2 f 00 − 2f ΣΣ00 + (Σ0 )2 + 2


N EC2 = W EC2 = SEC2 ⇐⇒ ≥ 0, (20)
2κ2 Σ2
Σf 00 + 2f 0 Σ0
SEC3 ⇐⇒ ≥ 0, (21)
κ2 Σ
2 1 − f 0 ΣΣ0 − f (Σ0 )2 − f ΣΣ00


DEC1 =⇒ ≥ 0, (22)
κ2 Σ2
Σ2 f 00 + Σ (4f 0 Σ0 + 6f Σ00 ) + 2f Σ02 − 2
DEC2 =⇒ − ≥ 0, (23)
2κ2 Σ2
Σ (f 0 Σ0 + 2f Σ00 ) + f (Σ0 )2 − 1
DEC3 = W EC3 ⇐⇒ − ≥ 0. (24)
κ2 Σ2
 5

Outside any event horizon that might be present we must have f (r) > 0. Also Σ(r) > 0 everywhere. So we easily
verify that N EC1 = W EC1 = SEC1 all exhibit negative values outside the event horizon whenever Σ00 (r) > 0. Thus
the NEC, and so all standard pointwise energy conditions, are violated for black-bounce models whenever Σ00 (r) > 0.
To f (r) < 0, the energy conditions are

2f Σ00
N EC1 = W EC1 = SEC1 ⇐⇒ + ≥ 0, (25)
κ2 Σ
Σ2 f 00 − 2(Σ0 )2 f + 2ΣΣ00 f + 2
N EC2 = W EC2 = SEC2 ⇐⇒ ≥ 0, (26)
2κ2 Σ2
Σf 00 + 2Σ0 f 0 + 4Σ00 f
SEC3 ⇐⇒ ≥ 0, (27)
κ2 Σ
2 1 − f 0 ΣΣ0 − f (Σ0 )2 − f ΣΣ00


DEC1 =⇒ ≥ 0, (28)
κ2 Σ2
−Σ2 f 00 − 2ΣΣ00 f − 4ΣΣ0 f 0 − 2(Σ0 )2 f + 2
DEC2 =⇒ ≥ 0, (29)
2κ2 Σ2
ΣΣ0 f 0 + (Σ0 )2 f − 1
DEC3 = W EC3 ⇐⇒ − ≥ 0. (30)
κ2 Σ2

III. NEW BLACK-BOUNCE SPACETIMES

The Simpson-Visser model to black-bounce is given by

p 2m
Σ(r) = r2 + a2 , f (r) = 1 − √ . (31)
r2 + a2
To find new solutions that generalize the Simpson–Visser model, we will fix f (r) as (31) and test different model of
Σ(r). We first consider a black-bounce model that is given by
q
1/n n 2m
Σ(r) = (r2n1 + d2n1 ) 1 e(b2 /(c1 r2 +c2 r+c3 )) 2 , f (r) = 1 − √ . (32)
r2 + a2
To d = a, n1 = 1 and b = 0 we obtain the Simpson–Visser solution. This is a general solution, whose specific cases
we are going to analyze now.

A. Singular solutions

Here are some models, whose the Kretschmann scalar presents divergences.

1. Model d = 0, n1 = n2 = c1 = 1, c2 = 0 and c3 = 0

For the case d = 0, n1 = n2 = c1 = 1, c2 = 0 and c3 = 0 in (32), we have

2
/2r 2 2m
Σ(r) = reb , f (r) = 1 − √ . (33)
r2 + a2
The area becomes
2
/r 2
A = 4πr2 eb . (34)
This area is symmetric to r → −r. To analyze the maximums and minimums we calculated
2
/r 2
dA 8πeb (r − b)(b + r)
= , (35)
dr r
 6

and

2
/r 2


d2 A 8πeb 2b4 − b2 r2 + r4
2
= . (36)
dr r4

The area has extremes values at r = ±b, where A = 4πb2 e and A00 = 16πe > 0. As √
A00 (r = ±b) > 0, r = ±b represents
minimum values of the area. In this case, b is a throat. Let us impose b < rH = 4m2 − a2 , where rH is the radius
of the event horizon.
For the Kretschmann scalar we find

4


2
2
4 2b2
 p b2
2 p 2
K(r) = 5 2m2 r8 a2 + r2 b2 − r2 + a2 + r2 e− r 2 r4 a2 + r2 − e r2 b2 − r2 a2 + r2 − 2m
r12 (a2 + r2 )

2  4 2 p 
p  p  2
+ 2 a2 + r2 b r a2 + r2 − 2m + a2 b2 b2 + r2 a2 + r2 − 2m + b2 r4 a2 + r2 − 3m + mr6

2 
+ m2 r12 a2 − 2r2 . (37)

which is not regular in all spacetime. We have a singularity in r = 0.

Where t is the timelike coordinate, the energy conditions are

√

2b2 b2 + r2 a2 + r2 − 2m
N EC1 ⇐⇒ − √ ≥ 0, (38)
κ2 r6 a2 + r2
     2 
4 − rb2
5a2 m b4 √a4m2 +r 2
− 2 + b2 r2 1 − √a2m 2 +r 2
+ r4 (a22a +r )2
m
5/2 + e − 1
N EC2 ⇐⇒ + ≥ 0, (39)
κ2 (a2 + r2 )
5/2 κ2 r6


3/2
3/2 − b2
6a2 b4 m − 3b4 + r4 a2 + r2 + r4 a2 + r2 e r2 + 2a2 mr4 + 6b4 mr2 + 2b2 mr4
W EC3 ⇐⇒ 3/2
≥ 0, (40)
κ2 r6 (a2 + r2 )



2m a2 2b2 − 3r2 + 2b2 r2
SEC3 ⇐⇒ − 5/2
≥ 0, (41)
κ2 r2 (a2 + r2 )
      2 
2
2a2 m − rb2
2 b4 √a4m 2 +r 2
− 2 + b2 r2 1 − (a22a +r )2
m
3/2 + r 4
2
(a +r ) 2 3/2 + e − 1
DEC1 =⇒ 2 r6
≥ 0, (42)
 κ 
2m(a2 +3r 2 ) 2
   
4 − rb2
b4 √a8m − 4 + b2 r2 (a2 +r2 )3/2 − 1 + r4 (a22a m
5/2 + e − 1
2 +r 2 2
+r ) a2 m
DEC2 =⇒ − ≥ 0. (43)
κ2 r6 κ2 (a2 + r2 )
5/2

Where t is the spacelike coordinate, the energy conditions are

 7

√

2b2 b2 + r2 a2 + r2 − 2m
N EC1 ⇐⇒ √ ≥ 0, (44)
κ2 r6 a2 + r2

5/2
5/2 b2
e− r2 + 5a2 mr4 − 6b2 mr4


−6a4 b2 m + 2a4 mr2 − 12a2 b2 mr2 + 3b2 − r2 a2 + r2 + r 2 a2 + r 2
N EC2 ⇐⇒ 5/2
≥
(45)
0,
κ2 r4 (a2 + r2 )
2 √
(b2 −r2 )√( a2 +r 2 −2m) 2mr 4 (b−r)(b+r) b2
− a2 +r 2
+ (a2 +r 2 )3/2
+ r 4 e− r 2
W EC3 ⇐⇒ 2 6
≥ 0, (46)

κ r



4b2 b2 + r 2
2m 4a4 b2 b2 + r + a2 8b4 r2 + 10b2 r4 − 3r + 4b4 r4 + 6b2 r
2 6 6
SEC3 ⇐⇒ − ≥ 0, (47)
κ2 r6 κ2 r6 (a2 + r2 )
5/2
      2 
2a2 m 2a2 m − rb2
2 b4 √a4m 2 +r 2
− 2 + b 2 2
r 1 − (a2 +r 2 )3/2 + r 4
(a2 +r 2 )3/2 + e − 1
DEC1 =⇒ ≥ 0, (48)
κ2 r6
2
− rb2
4a4 b4 m − 2a4 b2 mr2 + 2a4 mr4 + 8a2 b4 mr2 − a2 mr6 + 4b4 mr4 + 2b2 mr6 b2 r2 − 2b4 + r4 e − r4
DEC2 =⇒ + ≥ 0.
(49)
κ2 r6 (a2 + r2 )
5/2 κ2 r6

2. Model d = 0, n1 = n2 = 1, c1 = 0 and c2 = m

For the case d = 0, n1 = n2 = 1, c1 = 0 and c2 = m in (32), we have

q
b2 2m
Σ(r) = r2 e mr+c3 , f (r) = 1 − √ . (50)
r 2 + a2
The area becomes
b2
A = 4πr2 e mr+c3 . (51)
This area is not symmetric to r → −r. To analyze the maximums and minimums we calculated
b2

dA re mr+c3 2(mr + c3 )2 − b2 mr
= 4π , (52)
dr (mr + c3 )2
and
b2

d2 A e mr+c3 b4 m2 r2 − 2b2 mr(mr + c3 )(mr + 2c3 ) + 2(mr + c3 )4
= 4π . (53)
dr2 (mr + c3 )4
The area has extremes values at
√ √
b2 m − bm b2 − 8c3 − 4mc3 b2 m + bm b2 − 8c3 − 4mc3
r → r1 = 0, r → r2 = , r → r3 . (54)
4m2 4m2
√
We need |b| > 8c3 to r2 and r3 be real. In r → 0 we have

b2
A(r1 ) = 0, A00 (r1 ) = 8πe c3 > 0. (55)

So r1 is point of minimum. At r = r2 , we find

√ 4b √

2 √ 4b √
e b− b2 −8c3
b2 − 8c3 − b + 4c3
b 00 8πe b− b2 −8c3
b2 − 8c3
A(r2 ) = 4π , A (r2 ) = −
16m2 b
√ 4b √

2 √ 4b √
e b2 −8c3 +b
b b2 − 8c3 + b − 4c3 8πe b2 −8c3 +b
b2 − 8c3
A(r3 ) = 4π , A00 (r3 ) = . (56)
16m2 b
 8

If b > 0, r2 is a point of maximum an r3 a point of minimum.

The analytical expression for the Kretschmann scalar is not simple but presents a divergence to r → 0.
Where t is the timelike coordinate, the energy conditions are

√


b2 m
a2 + r2 − 2m 4r3(mr + c3 ) − b2 mr
N EC1 ⇐⇒ √ ≥ 0, (57)
2κ2 r a2 + r2 (mr + c3 )4
   √ 
b2 b2 m(a2 +r 2 )( a2 +r 2 −2m)(b2 +2(mr+c3 ))
√ − mr+c

2 √ 2m + e 3 − 1 m 2−
4b2 m a2 + r2 − 2m a2 +r 2 (mr+c3 )4
N EC2 ⇐⇒ √ + +
2κ2 r a2 + r2 (mr + c3 )2 2κ2 r2 2κ2 (a2 + r2 )
3/2

6mr2
− 5/2
≥ 0, (58)
2κ2 (a2 + r2 )
 2

b
√ − mr+c

4 √ 2m +e 3 −1
4b2 m2 r 12b2 m a2 + r2 − 2m a2 +r 2
W EC3 ⇐⇒ + √ +
3/2
4κ2 (a2 + r2 ) (mr + c3 )2 4κ2 r a2 + r2 (mr + c3 )2 4κ2 r2
 2 √ 
b m(a2 +r 2 )( a2 +r 2 −2m)(3b2 +8(mr+c3 ))
m − (mr+c3 )4 −8
+ 3/2
≥ 0, (59)
4κ2 (a2 + r2 )



2m a2 3(mr + c3 )2 − b2 mr − b2 mr3
SEC3 ⇐⇒ 5/2
≥ 0, (60)
κ2 (a2 + r2 ) (mr + c3 )2
√
√


2b2 m r2 a2 + r2 (mr + 2c3 ) + m2 r − 3mc3 + a2 a2 + r2 − 2m (mr + 2c3 )
DEC1 =⇒ 3/2
κ2 r (a2 + r2 ) (mr + c3 )3
 
b2
√ 2a2 m − mr+c
3 − 1

2 + e
b4 m2 a2 + r2 − 2m (a2 +r 2 )3/2
− √ + ≥ 0, (61)
κ2 a2 + r2 (mr + c3 )4 κ2 r2
√ b2
√ 2m + e− mr+c3 − 1


2b2 m2 r 4b2 m a2 + r2 − 2m a2 +r 2
DEC2 =⇒ + √ +
3/2
κ2 (a2 + r2 ) (mr + c3 )2 κ2 r a2 + r2 (mr + c3 )2 κ2 r2
 2 √ 
b m(a2 +r 2 )( a2 +r 2 −2m)(b2 +3(mr+c3 ))
m − (mr+c3 )4 −5
3mr2
+ 3/2
+ 5/2
≥ 0. (62)
κ2 (a2 + r2 ) κ2 (a2 + r2 )

Where t is the spacelike coordinate, the energy conditions are

 9

√


b2 m a2 + r2 − 2m b2 mr − 4c3 (mr + c3 )
N EC1 ⇐⇒ √ ≥ 0, (63)
2κ2 r a2 + r2 (mr + c3 )4
b2
   
− mr+c
b2 m 1 − √a2m 2 +r 2 1 √ 2m
2 2
+ e 3 − 1
3mr2
N EC2 ⇐⇒ m  +  + a +r − ≥ 0, (64)
κ2 (mr + c3 )3 κ2 (a2 + r2 )
3/2 κ2 r2 κ2 (a2 + r2 )
5/2

√
2 b2
e− mr+c3



a2 + r2 − 2m b2 mr − 2(mr + c3 )2 m 2(mr + c3 )2 − b2 mr
W EC3 ⇐⇒ − √ + − ≥ 0, (65)
4κ2 r2 a2 + r2 (mr + c3 )4 3/2
κ2 (a2 + r2 ) (mr + c3 )2 κ2 r2
m
2a4 b2 m 4c3 (mr + c3 ) − b2 mr + 2a2 r b2 mr 6mrc3 − m2 r2 − 2b2 mr + 7c23



SEC3 ⇐⇒ 5/2
κ2 r (a2 + r2 ) (mr + c3 )4


4

2 4 2 2 2 2


m b4 mr − 4b2 c3 (mr + c3 )
+3(mr + c3 ) − 2b mr b mr + m r − 2mrc3 − 3c3 + ≥ 0, (66)
κ2 r(mr + c3 )4
 
b2
√ − mr+c

2 √ 2m + e 3 − 1
2b2 m2 r 4b2 m a2 + r2 − 2m a2 +r 2
DEC1 =⇒ + √ +
3/2
κ2 (a2 + r2 ) (mr + c3 )2 κ2 r a2 + r2 (mr + c3 )2 κ2 r2
 2 √ 
b m(a2 +r 2 )( a2 +r 2 −2m)(b2 +2(mr+c3 ))
m − (mr+r3)4 −4
+ 3/2
≥ 0, (67)
κ2 (a2 + r2 )
 
b2
√ 2m − mr+c

2 √a2 +r2 + e 3 − 1
4b2 m2 r 4b2 m a2 + r2 − 2m
DEC2 =⇒ + √ +
3/2
2κ2 (a2 + r2 ) (mr + c3 )2 2κ2 r a2 + r2 (mr + c3 )2 2κ2 r2
 2 √ 
b m(a2 +r 2 )( a2 +r 2 −2m)(b2 +2(mr+c3 ))
m − (mr+c3 )4 − 10
6mr2
+ 3/2
+ 5/2
≥ 0. (68)
2κ2 (a2 + r2 ) 2κ2 (a2 + r2 )

3. Model n1 = n2 = 1, c1 = 0 and c2 = m

For the case n1 = n2 = 1, c1 = 0 and c2 = m in (32), we have

q
b2 2m
Σ(r) = (d2 + r2 ) e mr+c3 , f (r) = 1 − √ . (69)
r2 + a2
The area becomes

b2
A = 4π d2 + r2 e mr+c3 . (70)

This area is not symmetric to r → −r. To analyze the maximums and minimums we calculated
b2


dA e mr+c3 2r(mr + c3 )2 − b2 m d2 + r2
= 4π , (71)
dr (mr + c3 )2

and
b2



d2 A e mr+c3 b4 m2 d2 + r2 + 2b2 m(mr + c3 ) d2 m − r(mr + 2c3 ) + 2(mr + c3 )4
= 4π . (72)
dr2 (mr + c3 )4

The extremes values of A(r) will not exist for any values of b, d and c3 . To negative values of c3 , we have a singularity
in the positive part of r, so, let us consider only positive values of c3 . However, if c3 is positive, we need small values of
 10

40

35

30

A(r)/m2
25

20

15

−0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

r/m

FIG. 1. Graphical representation of the area to the model (69) with d = 0.01m, b = m and c3 = 0.1m2 .

d to guarantee the existence of the roots of dA(r)/dr. So, let us consider the case d = 0.01m, b = m and c3 = 0.1m2 .
In Fig. 1 we see how behaves the area to this solution.
For the Kretschmann scalar, we find a not simple analytical. So, we analyze the limits that are

lim m4 K(r) = 0, lim m4 K(r) = 1.3347 × 1010 . (73)

r→∞ r→0

We also have a singularity to r → −c3 /m. As the expressions to enegy conditions, in Fig. 2. Only DEC2 does not
present negative values. So, all energu conditions are violated.

B. Regular solutions

Here are some models, whose the Kretschmann scalar presents no divergences.

1. Model n1 = n2 = c1 = 1 and c2 = 0

For the case n1 = n2 = c1 = 1 and c2 = 0 in (32), we have

q
b2 2m
Σ(r) = (d2 + r2 ) e c3 +r2 , f (r) = 1 − √ . (74)
r2 + a2

The area becomes

b2
A = 4π d2 + r2 e c3 +r2 . (75)

This area is symmetric to r → −r. To analyze the maximums and minimums we calculated
b2 
2

dA 2re r2 +c3 r2 + c3 − b2 d2 + r2
= 4π 2 , (76)
dr (r2 + c3 )

and
b2 




4 
d2 A 2e r 2 +c3
−b2 r2 + r3 d2 c3 − 3r2 + 5r2 c3 + r4 + 2b4 r2 d2 + r2 + r2 + c3
2
= 4π 4 . (77)
dr (r2 + c3 )
 11

0
0
−0.005
−0.0005 −0.01

−0.015
−0.001
m2NEC1

m2NEC2
−0.02

−0.0015 −0.025

−0.03
−0.002
−0.035
Outside Outside
Inside Inside
−0.0025 −0.04
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
r/m r/m
0 0.001
Outside
0.0009 Inside
−0.001
0.0008
−0.002
0.0007
−0.003 0.0006
m2DEC1

m2DEC2
−0.004 0.0005

−0.005 0.0004
0.0003
−0.006
0.0002
−0.007 0.0001
Outside
Inside
−0.008 0
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3
r/m r/m
0 0
−0.0005 −0.002
−0.001 −0.004
−0.0015 −0.006
−0.002 −0.008
m2WEC3

m2SEC3

−0.0025 −0.01
−0.003 −0.012
−0.0035 −0.014
−0.004 −0.016
−0.0045 Outside −0.018 Outside
Inside Inside
−0.005 −0.02
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
r/m r/m

FIG. 2. Energy conditions to the model (69) with d = 0.01m, b = m, c3 = 0.1m2 and a = 0.5m.

The area has extremes values at

p √ p √
−b b2 + 4d2 − 4c3 + b2 − 2c3 −b b2 + 4d2 − 4c3 + b2 − 2c3
r → r1 = 0, r → r2 = − √ , r → r3 = √ ,
2 2
p √ p √
b b2 + 4d2 − 4c3 + b2 − 2c3 b b2 + 4d2 − 4c3 + b2 − 2r3
r → r4 = − √ , r → r5 = √ . (78)
2 2

In Fig. 3, we represent the area for different values of c3 . We may see that, depend on the parameters, there is one
ou more throats.
For the Kretschmann scalar, in Fig. 4, we see that we have no curvature singularity. which is not regular in all
spacetime. We have a singularity in r = 0.
The energy conditions are analyzed in Fig. 5.
 12

1000
c3/m2=3
900 c3/m2=4.5
2
c3/m =6
800

700

A(r)/m2
600

500

400

300

200
−4 −2 0 2 4
r/m

FIG. 3. Graphical representation of the area to the model (74) with d = m and b = 4m.

300 c3/m2=3
c3/m2=4.5
c3/m2=6
250

200
m4K(r)

150

100

50

0
−2 −1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
r/m

FIG. 4. Graphical representation of the Kretschmann scalar to the model (74) with d = m, b = 4m and a = 0.5m.

s  
√ d
2. Model Σ(r) = b2 + r2 cos
d2 +r 2

Let us consider the model

s  
d 2m
Σ(r) = b2 + r2 cos √ , f (r) = 1 − √ . (79)
d2 + r2 r2 + a2

The area becomes

  
d
A = 4π b2 + r2 cos √ . (80)
d2 + r 2

This area is symmetric to r → −r. To analyze the maximums and minimums we calculated
   
dr 3
sin √ d  
dA 2
d +r 2 d
= 4π  3/2
+ 2r cos √ , (81)
dr (d2 + r2 ) d2 + r2

and
    
dr2 5d2 + 2r2 sin √d2d+r2 6d4 r2 + 5d2 r4 + 2d6 + 2r6 cos √d2d+r2



d2 A
= 4π  + 3
. (82)
dr2 (d2 + r2 )
5/2
(d2 + r2 )
 13

0.02 0.3
Outside
Inside
0.01 0.25

0 0.2

−0.01 0.15
m2NEC1

m2NEC2
−0.02 0.1

−0.03 0.05

−0.04 0
Outside
−0.05 Inside −0.05
−4 −2 0 2 4 −4 −2 0 2 4
r/m r/m
0.06
0.05
0.05
0
0.04
−0.05
0.03
m2DEC1

m2DEC2
0.02 −0.1

0.01 −0.15

0 −0.2
−0.01
−0.25
Outside Outside
−0.02 Inside Inside
−0.3
−4 −2 0 2 4 −4 −2 0 2 4
r/m r/m
0.004 0.6
0.003
0.5
0.002
0.4
0.001
0 0.3
m2WEC3

m2SEC3

−0.001
0.2
−0.002
0.1
−0.003
−0.004 0
Outside Outside
−0.005 Inside −0.1 Inside
−4 −2 0 2 4 −4 −2 0 2 4
r/m r/m

FIG. 5. Energy conditions to the model (74) with with d = m, b = 4m, c3 = 4.5m and a = 0.5m.

The area has extremes values at r → 0.

For the Kretschmann scalar, in Fig. 6, we see that we have no curvature singularity.
The energy conditions are analyzed in Fig. 7.

q
r 2n+2
C. Model Σ(r) = b2 + d2n +r 2n

Let us consider the model

r
r2n+2
Σ(r) = b2 + , (83)
d2n + r2n
 14

d=m b=m
10 d=3m 10 b=3m
d=5m b=5m

8 8

6 6
m4K(r)

m4K(r)
4 4

2 2

0 0
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
r/m r/m
(a) (b)

a=m
10 a=3m
a=5m
8

6
m4K(r)

−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
r/m
(c)

FIG. 6. Graphical representation of the Kretschmann scalar to the model (79). In (a) we fixed b = a = m with different values
of d.In (a) we fixed d = a = m with different values of b. In (c) we fixed d = b = m with different values of a

with n being a integer number. The area becomes

r2n+2
 
A = 4π b2 + . (84)
d + r2n
2n

This area is symmetric to r → −r. To analyze the maximums and minimums we calculated

!
dA 2r2n+1 (n + 1)d2n + r2n
= 4π 2 , (85)
dr (d2n + r2n )

and



!
d2 A 2r2n −2n2 + 3n + 2 d2n r2n + 2n2 + 3n + 1 d4n + r4n
= 4π 3 . (86)
dr2 (d2n + r2n )

The area has only one real extreme value at r → 0.

For the Kretschmann scalar, in Fig. 8, we see that we have no curvature singularity.
The energy conditions are analyzed in Fig. 9.
 15

0 0.3
Outside
Inside
−0.02 0.25

−0.04 0.2

−0.06 0.15
m2NEC1

m2NEC2
−0.08 0.1

0.05
−0.1
0
−0.12
Outside −0.05
−0.14 Inside
−4 −2 0 2 4 −4 −2 0 2 4
r/m r/m
0.1
Outside
Inside
0.2 0.05

0
0.15
m2DEC1

m2DEC2
−0.05
0.1
−0.1

0.05 −0.15

−0.2 Outside
Inside
0
−4 −2 0 2 4 −4 −2 0 2 4
r/m r/m
0.04
Outside 0.6 Outside
0.035 Inside Inside
0.5
0.03
0.4
0.025
m2WEC3

m2SEC3

0.02 0.3

0.015 0.2

0.01 0.1

0.005 0

0 −0.1
−4 −2 0 2 4 −4 −2 0 2 4
r/m r/m

FIG. 7. Energy conditions to the model (79) with b = d = 2a = m.

q
1
D. Model Σ(r) = (d2n + r2n ) n

Let us consider the model

q
1
Σ(r) = (d2n + r2n ) n . (87)

The area becomes

n1
A = 4π d2n + r2n . (88)

This area is symmetric to r → −r. To analyze the maximums and minimums we calculated

dA
1 −1
= 8πr2n−1 d2n + r2n n , (89)
dr
 16

8 d=m 8 b=m
d=2m b=2m
7 d=3m 7 b=3m

6 6

5 5
m4K(r)

m4K(r)
4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
r/m r/m
(a) (b)

8 a=m n=1
a=3m 60 n=3
7 a=5m n=5

50
6

5 40
m4K(r)

m4K(r)
4
30
3
20
2

1 10

0 0
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
r/m r/m
(c) (d)

FIG. 8. Graphical representation of the Kretschmann scalar to the model (79). In (a) we fixed b = a = m and n = 1 with
different values of d.In (a) we fixed d = a = m and n = 1 with different values of b. In (c) we fixed d = b = m and n = 1 with
different values of a. In (d) we fixed d = b = a = m with different values of n

and

d2 A
1 −2
= 8πr2n−2 d2n + r2n n (2n − 1)d2n + r2n .


(90)
dr2

The area has only one real extreme value at r → 0, which is a minimum.
The Kretschmann scalar is given by

−2/n √ √

n1 −2 2
8m r 2 4n 4 d2n + r2n a2 + r2 − r4n−2 a2 + r2 − 2m d2n + r2n
K(r) = 3 2 +
(a2 + r2 )
(d2n + r2n ) a2 + r2
√
√


2
2
8r4n−4 a2 (2n − 1)d2n a2 + r2 − 2m + r2 d2n (2n − 1) a2 + r2 + m(3 − 4n) + mr2n 4m2 a2 − 2r2
+ 3 4 + 5 .
(a2 + r2 ) (d2n + r2n ) (a2 + r2 )
(91)

The spacetime is regular.

 17

0 0.4
Outside
0.35 Inside
−0.02 0.3
0.25
−0.04
0.2
m2NEC1

m2NEC2
−0.06 0.15
0.1
−0.08
0.05

−0.1 0
Outside −0.05
Inside
−0.12
−4 −2 0 2 4 −4 −2 0 2 4
r/m r/m
0.15
0.16 Outside
Inside 0.1
0.14
0.05
0.12
0
0.1
m2DEC1

m2DEC2
−0.05
0.08
−0.1
0.06
−0.15
0.04 −0.2
0.02 −0.25 Outside
Inside
0 −0.3
−4 −2 0 2 4 −4 −2 0 2 4
r/m r/m
0.045
Outside Outside
0.04 Inside 0.6 Inside

0.035
0.4
0.03
m2WEC3

m2SEC3

0.025 0.2
0.02

0.015 0

0.01
−0.2
0.005

0 −0.4
−4 −2 0 2 4 −4 −2 0 2 4
r/m r/m

FIG. 9. Energy conditions to the model (83) with b = d = 2a = m and n = 1.

 18

The energy conditions for this spacetime, in the region where t is timelike, are written as

√

2(2n − 1)d2n r2n−2 a2 + r2 − 2m
N EC1 ⇐⇒ − √ 2 ≥ 0, (92)
κ2 a2 + r2 (d2n + r2n )
√



−1/n
r2n−2 a2 + r2 − 2m (2n − 1)d2n + r2n m a2 − 2r2 d2n + r2n
N EC2 ⇐⇒ − √ 2 + + ≥ 0, (93)
κ2 a2 + r2 (d2n + r2n ) κ2 (a2 + r2 )
5/2 κ2



2− n1
2mr2n−2 d2n a2 (4n − 2) + (4n − 3)r2 + a2 r2n d2n + r2n + 2d2n r2n−2 − 4nd2n r2n−2 − r4n−2
W EC3 ⇐⇒ 3/2 2
+ 2 ≥ 0,
κ2 (a2 + r2 ) (d2n + r2n ) κ2 (d2n + r2n )
(94)



2m a2 d2n + 3r2n − 2r2 d2n
SEC3 ⇐⇒ 5/2
≥ 0, (95)
κ2 (a2 + r2 ) (d2n + r2n )

2n

1
2n 2− n 2n 2n−2 2n 2n−2 4n−2

2 d + r + d r − 2nd r − r
2n 2 2

2 2n


4m d a (2n − 1) + 2(n − 1)r + a r
DEC1 =⇒ 3/2 2
+ 2 ≥ 0,
2
κ r 2−2n (a2 + r2 ) (d2n + r2n ) κ2 (d2n + r2n )
(96)
2n 2n 2 2 4 4

2 2 2

4n 2 2 2

4n

m −6d r a (4n − 3)r + a (2n − 1) + (2n − 1)r + r a − 2r d + a r − 2a r
DEC2 =⇒ 5/2 2
κ2 r2 (a2 + r2 ) (d2n + r2n )

2− n1
− d2n + r2n − 3d2n r2n−2 + 6nd2n r2n−2 + r4n−2
+ 2 ≥ 0. (97)
κ2 (d2n + r2n )

The energy conditions for this spacetime, in the region where t is spacelike, are written as
 19

√

2(2n − 1)d2n r2n−2 a2 + r2 − 2m
N EC1 ⇐⇒ √ 2 ≥ 0, (98)
κ2 a2 + r2 (d2n + r2n )





m 2a4 r2n (1 − 2n)d2n + r2n + a2 r2 −2(4n − 3)d2n r2n + d4n + 5r4n − 2r4 d2n d2n + (2n + 1)r2n
N EC2 ⇐⇒ 5/2 2
κ2 r2 (a2 + r2 ) (d2n + r2n )

−1/n
d2n + r2n 1 2nd2n r2n−2
+ − + ≥ 0, (99)
κ2 κ2 (d2n r2−2n + r2 ) κ2 (d2n + r2n )2
 
r4n−2 1 − √a2m

−1/n
2mr2n 2 +r 2 d2n + r2n
W EC3 ⇐⇒ − − 2 + ≥ 0,
3/2
κ2 (a2 + r2 ) (d2n + r2n ) κ2 (d2n + r2n ) κ2
(100)
2n 2n 2 2 4 4

2 2 2

4n 2 4n+2


2m −2d r 2a (4n − 3)r + a (4n − 2) + (4n − 1)r +r a − 2r d + 3a r
SEC3 ⇐⇒ 5/2 2
κ2 r2 (a2 + r2 ) (d2n + r2n )
4(2n − 1)d2n r2n−2
+ 2 ≥ 0, (101)
κ2 (d2n + r2n )



4mr2n−2 d2n a2 (2n − 1) + 2(n − 1)r2 + a2 r2n
DEC1 =⇒ 3/2 2
κ2 (a2 + r2 ) (d2n + r2n )

2− n1 
2 d2n + r2n + d2n r2n−2 − 2nd2n r2n−2 − r4n−2
+ 2 ≥ 0,
κ2 (d2n + r2n )
(102)
2n−2
√



4mr 2n r a2 + r2 − 2m (2n − 1)d2n + r2n 2
m a − 2r 2
DEC2 =⇒ − 3/2
− √ 2 − 5/2
κ2 (a2 + r2 ) (d2n + r2n ) κ2 a2 + r2 (d2n + r2n ) κ2 (a2 + r2 )
2n −1/n


d2n + r
+ ≥ 0. (103)
κ2

IV. A POSSIBLE NEW MODEL

A model that we should test is

 
2 (m − c4 )
q
f (r) = e−2c4 /r 1 − √
n
Σ(r) = (r2 + d2 ) e(b2 /(c1 r2 +c2 r+c3 )) 2 , .. (104)
r2 + a2
m. In this model we the Kretschmann is regular to r  (0, ∞). If c2 = c4 = m, d = 0, c1 = 0, c3 = 0,
where 0 < c4 < √
n2 = 1 and b = 2m, we recover “the exponential metric”. If c4 = 0, we recover the models discussed earlier.

V. CONCLUSION

To be written as the paper develops ***

 20

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

FSNL acknowledges support from the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) Scientific Employment Stim-
ulus contract with reference CEECIND/04057/2017. FSNL also thanks funding from the research grants No.
UID/FIS/04434/2020 and No. PTDC/FIS-OUT/29048/2017. MER thanks Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento
Cientı́fico e Tecnológico - CNPq, Brazil for partial financial support. AS acknowledges financial support via a PhD
Doctoral Scholarship provided by Victoria University of Wellington. AS is also indirectly supported by the Marsden
fund, administered by the Royal Society of New Zealand. MV was directly supported by the Marsden Fund, via a
grant administered by the Royal Society of New Zealand.

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