INVESTIGATION OF CARBONIZED RICE HULL (CRH) TO GLASS WOOL

PROPORTIONS FOR COMPLEX INSULATION

A Research Project
Presented to the Faculty of the Engineering Program
College of Mechanical Engineering
Technological University of the Philippines Visayas
City of Talisay, Negros Occidental

Andan, Chynpaul Carl S.

Brandes, Lenroe G.
Gonzaludo, Ivan Ricelle T.
Lariosa, Gerry D.
Larracas, Bryan Excel M.
Manigos, Andrei C.
Navaritte, Michael Andrew M.
Parel, Reuel S.
Penado, Nestee Marie M.

In Partial fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science Major in Mechanical Engineering

Thesis Committee:
Advisor: Engr. Arnel P. Villanueva
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS...........................................................................................................ii

LIST OF TABLES.....................................................................................................................iv

LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................................................................v

1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................1

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY..........................................................................1

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY..............................................................................4
1.3 SCOPE AND LIMITATION....................................................................................4
2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES.....................................5

2.1 Related Literature......................................................................................................5

2.1.1 Thermal insulation.....................................................................................................5

2.1.2 Carbonized Rice Hull................................................................................................5

2.1.3 Glass wool as insulation............................................................................................6

2.2 Related Studies..........................................................................................................7

2.2.1 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENT

CONTROL OF NATURAL INSULATION MATERIALS:

CARBONIZED RICE HULL AND STRAW BALES.............................................7

2.2.2 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENT

PERFORMANCE OF COMPLEX NATURAL INSULATION

MATERIAL: CARBONIZED RICE HULL AND RICE HULL.............................8

ii
 2.2.3 STUDY ON THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF

COMPLEX INSULATION MATERIAL: CARBONIZED RICE HULL

AND GLASS WOOL................................................................................................9

2.3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK.............................................................................9

2.3.1 HEAT CONDUCTION...........................................................................................11

2.3.2 Heat Conductance/Thermal Conductivities.............................................................12

2.3.3 Heat Conductance in Series.....................................................................................12

2.4 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK............................................................................14

2.5 DEFINITION OF TERMS......................................................................................15
3 METHODOLOGY..................................................................................................17

3.1 Construction of Experimental Setup.......................................................................17

3.2 Design Conceptualization........................................................................................18
3.3 Humidity and Temperature Gathering.....................................................................21
3.4 REFERENCES........................................................................................................22

iii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Physio-chemical properties of carbonized rice hull.......................................................6

Table 2 Instrument Specification..............................................................................................21

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Conduction through composite wall...........................................................................13

Figure 2 Formulas in series composite wall..............................................................................14

Figure 3 Schematic Diagram of Scaled Mock-up.....................................................................18

Figure 4 Wall insulatioin layering setup...................................................................................19

Figure 5 Ceiling insulation layering setup................................................................................20

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 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The history of thermal insulation materials is not as long as that of other materials, but

the necessity of insulation is as old as building activity. The long life span and development

of agriculture by human beings decided that a fixed place of residence was needed; earth-

sheltered homes, stone houses, and cave dwellings began to appear. In thermal transfer, the

high density of these materials can create a time lag effect, which can make the inside

temperature change slowly. In winter, this effect keeps the buildings warm inside and cool in

summer (Bozsaky, 2010). Thermal insulation plays a significant role in buildings, great

demands of thermal comfort result in a large amount of energy consumed for full-heating for

all rooms. In theory, every existing building can be thermal insulated, but each case needs to

be analysed precisely to determine the technological advantages and drawbacks and the costs.

(All You Need to Know about Thermal Insulation in Spain - Pacheco & Asociados | Spanish

Architects, n.d.).

Thermal insulation usually refers to the use of appropriate insulation materials and

design adaptations for buildings to slow the transfer of heat through the enclosure to reduce

heat loss and gain. Thermal insulations consist of low thermal conductivity materials

combined to achieve an even lower system thermal conductivity.

Today, common thermal insulators used in the residential and commercial are

Fiberglass, Rock wool and Mineral wool. Mineral wool is a superior insulation product. It has

a higher R-value (measure of insulating material’s resistance to conductive heat flow) per

inch compared to fiberglass, of 22-37%. Fiberglass is much more commonly used, partially

1
because of its affordability. It’s lightweight and easy to install in a wide range of

circumstances. Similar to fiberglass, Rock wool comes in easy-to-install batts which are made

from volcanic rock (dolomite, diabase and basalt) where its R-value is 3.0 to 3.3 per inch.

However, both Mineral wool and Rock wool are expensive, and are likely unavailable

compared to Fiberglass.

According to some studies, agricultural waste materials can be used as an insulation

component. According to another study by Kyauta et. Al, they mixed rice husk, corncob, and

bagasse into 9 samples mixing with 5% binder total mixtures were filled into the mould and

compacted and allowed to dry for some hours and was cured under the sun for 2 to 5 days to

determine the best ratio to achieve the optimum thermal property for building thermal

insulation, the results found that the sample with a higher ratio of rice husk produced a higher

thermal resistance (R-value) when used as thermal insulation. Furthermore, another study

shows results from ASTM E96 test (Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission of

Materials - the purpose of these tests is to obtain, by means of simple apparatus, reliable

values of water vapor transfer through permeable and semipermeable materials, expressed in

suitable units), the rice hull was a Class A (or Class 1) insulating material. Furthermore, it

serves as a fire retardant and has shown strong material properties in water permeation and

mold decomposition (Ahn et al., 2017).

One of the indirect by-products of rice is carbonized rice hull. CRH is produced by

carbonization of the rice hull. After carbonization, the hull retains its original shape and has

the advantage of producing stable indoor air quality (Results showed a high insulation

performance of the rice hull, and it was relatively effective in controlling the indoor humidity

However, in the hot and humid summer, it began to anaerobically ferment due to the high

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temperature and humidity, and the CO2 level increased rapidly, thereby causing a negative

indoor impact. Research using CRH as an insulation was conducted and proved that it was

effective in controlling the indoor environment due to its thermal capacity and

absorption/desorption effects. CRH is an inorganic substance and does not ferment) (Ahn et

al., 2017).

According to the study of Yin et. al, a complex insulation is compared with glass wool

insulation. In a test of a Two full-scale mock-ups were constructed to verify the indoor

environmental control performance of the insulation material (CRH + glass wool). One was

insulated with the insulation material and the other was insulated with the glass wool. It is

stated that the thermal capacity of the CRH decreases the relative humidity and a large water

holding capacity is also known to have retained a low indoor humidity. CRH was therefore

validated in order to be effective in regulating indoor humidity (Yin et al., 2018)

Further studies must be conducted to determine the right proportion for a best

humidity and temperature control insulation using CRH + Glass wool. Additional research is

required to enhance material thickness and to determine the quantity of CRH needed for

humidity control (Ahn et al., 2017).The main purpose of this study is to further investigate the

ideal proportion of CRH to glass wool complex insulation with respect to humidity and

temperature control

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1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

General Objective

The general objective of this study is to investigate the proportion of Carbonized Rice

Hull (CRH) insulation material in combination with Glass wool (Fiberglass) insulation.

Specific Objective

Specifically this study aims to determine the proportion of complex insulation with the

least varying data that can control the humidity and temperature in an indoor environment.

1.3 SCOPE AND LIMITATION

The purpose of this study is to conduct five scaled mock up plans with different

proportions of CRH and glass wool as insulation layers to investigate the ideal proportion

needed for temperature and humidity control. The scaled mock up plans will be placed in a

cool open area located at Talisay City. The measurements of the boxes will be uniform in size

and the thermal layering will be with different ratios, namely; 50/50 as the control variable,

then 60/40, 70/30, 80/20, and 90/10. The data to be gathered will be limited to temperature

and humidity reading of the mock ups, and the instrument to be used will be an LCD Digital

Thermometer Hygrometer. The data will be gathered for five days with one hour interval in

each reading.

4
 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

2.1 Related Literature

2.1.1 Thermal insulation

Thermal insulation is a material or combination of materials, that, when properly

applied, retard the rate of heat flow by conduction, convection, and radiation. It retards heat

flow into or out of a building due to its high thermal resistance (Al-Homoud, 2005)

According to (Aditya et al., 2017), inorganic insulation materials are made from

nonrenewable materials but from plentiful available resources. Some example of inorganic

insulation materials are mineral wool, perlite, aerated concrete blocks and foamy glass. On the

other hand, organic insulation materials are derived from natural vegetation and renewable

resources, such as wood wool, cellulose, expanded rubber, wood fiber, sheep's wool, etc.

There is an increasing interest in organic insulation materials because they are renewable,

recyclable, non-toxic, environmentally friendly and require very low resource production

techniques. The energy that is required to manufacture organic insulation materials is lesser

than that of the traditional insulation materials. However inorganic insulation materials

generally offer higher thermal insulation properties and lower costs for the same thermal

performance. Also, they show higher resistance to fire and moisture.

2.1.2 Carbonized Rice Hull

Carbonized rice hull (CRH) is a natural material which is formed by carbonization of

the rice hull and obtained as a by-product of rice polishing. It retains more than half of its

5
shape after the carbonization process, and the breathability is high due to its low particle

density (Ahn et al., 2017). The physical-chemical properties of carbonized rice hull is shown

in Table 1. Generally, it has low-material density and has a good water holding capacity due

to its ability to absorb moisture equivalent to 2.5 times of its dead load (Lee & Yeom, 2015).

Table 1 Physio-chemical properties of carbonized rice hull

pH 8.45 Bulk Density (g/mL) 0.103

Water soluble cations (ppm) K 4747 Particle Density (g/mL) 0.730

Ca 17 Porosity (%) 85.9

Mg 21 Water holding Capacity 248.5

(%, W/DW)

SiO2 (%) 28.4

2.1.3 Glass wool as insulation

Glass wool (originally known also as fiberglass) is an insulating material made from fibres

of glass arranged using a binder into a texture similar to wool. Glass wool is a furnace product

of molten glass at a temperature of about 1450 °C. From the melted glass, fibres are spun.

This process is based on spinning molten glass in high-speed spinning heads somewhat like

the process used to produce cotton candy. During the spinning of the glass fibres, a binding

agent is injected. Glass wool is then produced in rolls or in slabs, with different thermal and

mechanical properties. (Glass Wool - Thermal Insulation, n.d.)

According to (Ibrahim Marhoon & Kais Rasheed, 2015), Glass wool insulation is felt

materials made of glass with binder by heating and solidifying. It has good flexibility,

6
affordable price and it is easy to install. Features of fibre glass wool are nature products, high

thermal resistance with low thermal conductivity (Working temperature at about 450 º C), fire

safe materials and environmental friendly materials.

2.2 Related Studies

2.2.1 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENT

CONTROL OF NATURAL INSULATION MATERIALS: CARBONIZED

RICE HULL AND STRAW BALES.

In this study of Kyu-In Lee, specimens of Carbonized Rice Hull and Straw bales were

experimented to assess their performance as natural insulation to regulate the indoor

environment.

Real-scale mock up rooms insulated with straw bales and carbonized rice hulls were

constructed, monitoring was carried out to assess the indoor environment control

performance of natural insulation materials.

To sum up everything that has been stated so far, it was determined that carbonized

rice hull is more cost effective compared to straw bales, and humidity monitoring has shown

that both rice hull and straw bales could sustain an indoor humidity of 40%-60% due to the

desorption and absorption properties of the materials(Ahn et al., 2017).

7
2.2.2 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENT

PERFORMANCE OF COMPLEX NATURAL INSULATION MATERIAL:

CARBONIZED RICE HULL AND RICE HULL

The experimental research made by Eunseop Ahn, at the Ajou University, Korea

investigated whether the combined use of rice hull and carbonized rice hull (CRH) can offset

the negative aspects of each other, and can deliver an optimum indoor environment

performance. Rice hull can be used as a natural insulation material. It is harmless to the

human body, and as a by-product of rice production, it can be supplied with high economic

feasibility in countries that cultivate rice in large proportions. Therefore, it has considerable

potential as a construction material. The amount of rice hull is estimated as 16–18% of total

rice production. It can be used directly without special treatment, and supplied at a relatively

low cost compared with other construction materials. The ASTM test results proved that the

rice hull was a Class A (or Class I) insulation material. In addition, it performs as a fire

retardant, and has shown strong material properties in water permeation and mould

decomposition. In its natural state, the rice hull has a moisture content of 23–24%, and it has

therefore been ascertained that it can be used as an insulation material with an equilibrium

moisture content of 10% after sufficient natural dehydration. This study investigated the

effect of a complex insulation material composed of equal proportions of rice hull and CRH

on the indoor environment. To achieve this goal, a complex insulation mockup and a control

mockup using a general insulation were constructed on a full-scale. Probe-type thermal and

humidity sensors were installed to monitor the indoor environment of the mock-ups. After a

comparative analysis was conducted, the results of the research are presented as follows:

Analysis showed that the heat capacity of the experimental mock-up was larger than that of

the control mock up, and therefore the experimental mock-up was more effective in

controlling indoor temperature than the control mock up. The experimental mock up

8
sustained a relatively high humidity due to the absorption effect of the rice hull in addition to

the relatively low sd-value. It was thus concluded that the correct amount of complex

insulation material is effective in controlling indoor humidity (Ahn et al., 2017)

2.2.3 STUDY ON THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF

COMPLEX INSULATION MATERIAL: CARBONIZED RICE HULL AND

GLASS WOOL

In the research of Cheng-Ri Yin, the purpose of this study is to make a complex

insulation material with carbonized rice hull and glass wool and to verify the environmental

control performance.

The results have therefore verified that the carbonized rice hull was effective at

controlling the indoor humidity. The complex insulation mock-up was able to control the

indoor humidity at a comfortable level during every season. The thermal capacity of the

CRH reduced the relative humidity, and also a large water-holding capacity was shown to

have maintained a low indoor humidity. Therefore, CRH was validated to be effective at

controlling the indoor humidity. When compared with the pure carbonized rice hull

insulation, the complex insulation wall was relatively thin; therefore, more net indoor area

could be achieved by using the complex insulation material (Yin et al., 2018).

2.3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

According to Holman, J.P., Heat transfer is a dynamic process in which heat is

transferred spontaneously from one body to another cooler body. The rate of heat transfer

9
depends upon the differences in temperature between the bodies, the greater the difference in

temperature, the greater the rate of heat transfer. Temperature difference between the source

of heat and the receiver of heat is therefore the driving force in heat transfer. An increase in

the temperature difference increases the driving force and therefore increases the rate of heat

transfer. The heat passing from one body to another travels through some medium which in

general offers resistance to the heat flow. Both these factors, the temperature difference and

the resistance to heat flow, affect the rate of heat transfer. As with other rate processes, these

factors are connected by the general equation:

rate of transfer = driving force / resistance

For heat transfer:

rate of heat transfer = temperature difference/ heat flow resistance of medium

During processing, temperatures may change and therefore the rate of heat transfer

will change. This is called unsteady-state heat transfer, in contrast to steady-state heat transfer

when the temperatures do not change. An example of unsteady-state heat transfer is the

heating and cooling of cans in a retort to sterilize the contents. Unsteady-state heat transfer is

more complex since an additional variable, time, enters into the rate equations.

Heat can be transferred in three ways: by conduction, by radiation and by convection.

In conduction, the molecular energy is directly exchanged, from the hotter to the

cooler regions, the molecules with greater energy communicating some of this energy to

10
neighboring molecules with less energy. An example of conduction is the heat transfer

through the solid walls of a refrigerated store.

Radiation is the transfer of heat energy by electromagnetic waves, which transfer heat

from one body to another, in the same way as electromagnetic light waves transfer light

energy. An example of radiant heat transfer is when a foodstuff is passed below a bank of

electric resistance heaters that are red-hot.

Convection is the transfer of heat by the movement of groups of molecules in a fluid.

The groups of molecules may be moved by either density changes or by forced motion of the

fluid. An example of convection heating is cooking in a jacketed pan: without a stirrer,

density changes cause heat transfer by natural convection; with a stirrer, the convection is

forced (Unit Operations in Food Processing - R. L. Earle, n.d.).

2.3.1 HEAT CONDUCTION

In the case of heat conduction, the equation, rate = driving force/resistance, can be

applied directly. The driving force is the temperature difference per unit length of heat-

transfer path, also known as the temperature gradient. Instead of resistance to heat flow, its

reciprocal called the conductance is used. This changes the form of the general equation to:

rate of heat transfer = driving force x conductance,

that is:

dQ/dt = k A dT/dx

11
 where dQ/dt is the rate of heat transfer, the quantity of heat energy transferred per unit

of time, A is the area of cross-section of the heat flow path, dT/dx is the temperature gradient,

that is the rate of change of temperature per unit length of path, and k is the thermal

conductivity of the medium. Notice the distinction between thermal conductance, which

relates to the actual thickness of a given material (k/x) and thermal conductivity, which

relates only to unit thickness.

2.3.2 Heat Conductance/Thermal Conductivities

In tables of properties of insulating materials, heat conductances are sometimes used

instead of thermal conductivities. The heat conductance is the quantity of heat that will pass

in unit time, through unit area of a specified thickness of material, under unit temperature

difference. For a thickness x of material with a thermal conductivity of k in Jm-1 s -1 oC -1 ,

the conductance is k/x = C and the units of conductance are Jm-2 s -1 oC -1 .

Heat conductance = C = k/x

2.3.3 Heat Conductance in Series

Frequently in heat conduction, heat passes through several consecutive layers of

different materials. For example, in a cold store wall, heat might pass through brick, plaster,

wood and cork (Holman, 1999).

12
 Figure 1 Conduction through composite wall

Figure 2 Formulas in series composite wall

13
2.4 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

For the objective of this study, a small room is chosen to house our experimental

insulation (location is yet to be decided). The insulation material to be observed is of a

Complex Insulation Material compose of a Carbonized Rice Hull + Glass Wool. This

Complex Insulation Material will be placed on the sidewalls and ceiling of the room.

We will make five setups, each of them will be an independent variable. The control

variable of the five setup is as follows: 50-50, 60-40, 70-30, 80-20, 90-10. All of them will

have a dimension of 2’x2’ and 3” thickness for sidewall and 6” thickness for ceiling.

For the dependent variable, the humidity will be measured through a hygrometer

device.

The data will be measured and analysed throughout our experiment.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Carbonized Rice Hull Temperature Complex

Conditions Insulation

Glass Wool Humidity conditions Material

Five Different combination Insulation Dimension

setups

14
2.5 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Carbonized Rice Hull is a porous black particulate material which will be utilized as

an insulating material in this research.

Glass wool is made from fibres of glass arranged using a binder into a texture similar

to wool which will also be utilized as an insulating material in this research.

Humidity is a measure of the amount of water vapor in the air. The Relative Humidity

measures the quantity of water in the air with respect to the maximum quantity of water vapor

(moisture).

Mock up is a scaled model of the designed complex insulation.

Plaster Board is a type of drywall made of plaster between two sheets of heavy paper.

Plywood is a type of strong thin wooden board consisting of two or more layers glued

and pressed together, which will be the foundation of the mock ups in this study

Temperature is a measure of hotness or coldness expressed in terms of any of several

arbitrary scales and indicating the direction in which heat energy will spontaneously flow

15
 3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Construction of Experimental Setup

Five scaled mock ups were constructed to verify the indoor environmental control

performance of the complex insulation material (CRH + Glass wool). Different proportions

were installed in every scaled mock ups. The proportions of CRH to Glass wool are 50-50,

60-40, 70-30, 80-20 and 90-10 respectively. The 50-50 proportion’s data to be gathered will

serve as the controlled variable.

The dimensions of the scaled mock ups will be 2’ x 2’. Figures for Fort Lauderdale

Florida which has a similar climate to the Philippines of Attic R=30-49 and walls R13-15

where estimated to need 6” of fiberglass above the ceiling, and 3” of Styrofoam on the walls.

These are only very rough figures, but it does give the general idea of what is required. These

are just very rough numbers, but the basic understanding of what is needed is provided

(Building Our House in the Philippines, n.d.). The total thickness was then decided for the

complex insulation inside the wall to be 3” and 6” for the ceiling.

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 3.2 Design Conceptualization

Figure 3 Schematic Diagram of Scaled Mock-up

17
Figure 4 Wall insulatioin layering setup

18
Figure 5 Ceiling insulation layering setup

19
3.3 Humidity and Temperature Gathering

Humidity and Temperature are the air quality factors to be considered in this study.

An LCD Digital Thermometer Hygrometer will be used in gathering the data.

Table 2 Instrument Specification

Range Accuracy

Humidity 10%RH ~ 99%RH ± 5%

Temperature -50C~+70C ±1C

The data gathering will last for five days with a reading time of 8 am to 5 pm and

reading interval of an hour. By comparing the variances of each mock up data, we can

determine which among the 5 mock ups has the best control stability in temperature and

humidity.

Variance is a mathematical calculation of the spread between numbers in a data set.

More precisely, variance assesses how far each number in the set deviates from the mean, and

hence from any other number in the set.

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3.4 REFERENCES

Aditya, L., Mahlia, T. M. I., Rismanchi, B., Ng, H. M., Hasan, M. H., Metselaar, H. S. C.,

Muraza, O., & Aditiya, H. B. (2017). A review on insulation materials for energy

conservation in buildings. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (Vol. 73, pp.

1352–1365). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.02.034

Ahn, E., Yeom, D., & Lee, K. I. (2017). Experimental research on the indoor environment

performance of complex natural insulation material: Carbonized rice hull and rice hull.

Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering.

https://doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.16.239

Al-Homoud, M. S. (2005). Performance characteristics and practical applications of common

building thermal insulation materials. Building and Environment, 40(3), 353–366.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.05.013

All you need to know about thermal insulation in Spain - Pacheco & Asociados | Spanish

Architects. (n.d.).

Bozsaky, D. (2010). The historical development of thermal insulation materials. Periodica

Polytechnica Architecture. https://doi.org/10.3311/pp.ar.2010-2.02

Building our house in the Philippines. (n.d.). Retrieved February 23, 2021, from

http://www.livinginthephilippines.com/forum/index.php?topic=16849.125&fbclid=IwA

R1HCKy2d3E76oDQC7KVAQ_gFK7APoacYTYVNo_3mk0Dup57AGqyd2XhEXo

Glass Wool - Thermal Insulation. (n.d.).

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Ibrahim Marhoon, I., & Kais Rasheed, A. (2015). Mechanical and Physical Properties of

Glass Wool-Rigid Polyurethane Foam Composites. In College of Engineering Journal

(NUCEJ (Vol. 18, Issue 1).

Kyauta, E. ., Dauda, D. ., & Justin, E. (2014). Investigation on Thermal Properties of

Composite of Rice Husk , Corncob and Baggasse for Building Thermal Insulation.

American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER).

Lee, K. I., & Yeom, D. (2015). Experimental research on the indoor environment control of

natural insulation materials: Carbonized rice hull and straw bales. Indoor and Built

Environment, 24(6), 729–739. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X14534866

Mahlia, T. M. I., Taufiq, B. N., Ismail, & Masjuki, H. H. (2007). Correlation between

thermal conductivity and the thickness of selected insulation materials for building wall.

Energy and Buildings, 39(2), 182–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.06.002

The Pros and Cons of Rockwell (Mineral Wool) vs. Fiberglass Insulation. (n.d.). Retrieved

February 5, 2021, from https://www.poulinlumber.com/blog/rockwell-mineral-wool-

vsfiberglass-insulation

Yin, C. R., Yeom, D., & Lee, K. I. (2018). Study on the indoor environmental performance of

complex insulation material: Carbonized rice hull and glass wool. Indoor and Built

Environment. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X16670450

Holman, V. (1999). Introduction. Visual Resources, 15(3), ix–x.

https://doi.org/10.1080/01973762.1999.9658510

Unit Operations in Food Processing - R. L. Earle. (n.d.). Retrieved March 29, 2021, from

https://nzifst.org.nz/resources/unitoperations/httrtheory1.htm?

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