7

G passive
V verbs: invent, discover, etc.
P -ed, sentence stress 3 READING & VOCABULARY
It was invented by a woman.
a Complete the text below with the correct verb in the right form.

D The mothers of invention base create design (x2) discover invent name use write

Did you know...?

1 LI STE N I N G Text-messaging was 1 invented by the Finnish company Nokia. They
wanted to help Finnish teenagers, who were very shy. They found
a Look at the photos. Five of these things were invented by women.
it easier to text their friends than to phone them.
In pairs, decide which five you think they are.
The first bikini was 2 by two Frenchmen. It was 3
b 7.11
Now listen to a radio programme about inventions. after Bikini Atoll, the island where the atomic bomb was first tested.
Were you right? Complete the sentences with the invention. The Frenchmen thought that the bikini would have a similar effect
1 was invented by Josephine Cochrane in 1886. on men as a bomb exploding.
2 were invented by Mary Anderson in1903. Light bulbs are 4 specially to last only a certain number
3 were invented by Marion Donovan in 1950. of hours. It would be possible to make light bulbs that lasted forever,
4 was invented by Bette Nesmith Graham in 1956. but then the manufacturers wouldn’t make so much money.
5 was invented by Stephanie Kwolek in 1966.
The first Harry Potter book was 5 in a café in Edinburgh.
c Listen again and answer the questions. JK Rowling was unemployed, and she didn’t have enough money
to pay for heating, so she wrote it in the café where it was warmer.
1 What happened after Josephine Cochrane’s dinner parties?
the dishwasher
2 What was the problem with cars in 1903 when it rained or snowed? Although penicillin was 6 by Alexander Fleming, he didn’t know
3 How many disposable nappies are used every day? how to make it into a medicine. It was first made into a medicine
the vacuum cleaner ten years later, by an Australian scientist Howard Florey.
4 What was Bette Nesmith Graham’s job?
5 What was special about the material Stephanie Kwolek invented? Spiders were 7 as a cure for toothache in the 17th century.
They were first made into a paste, and then put on the bad tooth.
d Which of the five inventions do you think was the best?
Sherlock Holmes, the great detective was 8 by writer
Arthur Conan Doyle. Holmes was 9 on a real person –
2 G R AM MAR passive Doyle’s teacher at medical school, who was famous for saying to
a Make five true sentences using the words in the chart. his students, ‘What can you tell me by just observing the patient?’
The dishwasher is called Tipp-Ex today.
Disposable nappies was invented by Marion Donovan. b Read the facts again. In pairs, say which one is the most surprising.
disposable nappies
More than 55 million nappies are protected every day. the bullet-proof vest
Mrs Graham’s invention were invented by the bullet-proof vest. 4 P R O N U N C IATI O N -ed, sentence stress
Policemen all over the world are used by an American woman. /Id/
a How is the –ed pronounced in these past participles?
The dishwasher was invented by an American woman. Put them in the right column.

b Look at these two sentences and answer the questions. based designed directed discovered invented
a An American woman invented the dishwasher. named painted produced used
b The dishwasher was invented by an American woman.
b 7.12 Listen and check. Underline the stressed syllable
1 Do the sentences have the same meaning?
in each multi-syllable verb.
2 Do the sentences have the same emphasis?
3 Which sentence is in the passive? c 7.13 Listen and repeat the sentences. Copy the rhythm. Which words are stressed?
nylon stockings Tipp-Ex
c p.138 Grammar Bank 7D. Read the rules and do the exercises. 1 The film was based on a true story. 4 My sister was named after our grandmother.
2 These clothes were designed by Armani. 5 These pictures were painted by my aunt.
windscreen wipers the Biro the washing machine 6 Garlic is used a lot in French cooking.
3 This wine is produced near here.

5 S P EAKI N G
Communication Passives quiz A p.111 B p.115. Make sentences for your partner
to decide if they are true or false.
82 83 83
 7 G R AM MAR B AN K

7A present perfect + for and since 7A

a Write questions with How long and the present perfect. b Answer the questions in a. Use the present
A Where do you live now? B In Manchester. ! You can’t use the present simple here.
A How long have you lived there? B I’ve lived there since 1990. How long have you been married?
perfect + for or since.
NOT How long do you live here? you / be married
A Where do you work? B In a primary school. I live in Manchester since 1980. I’ve been married since 1986.
1 he / have his car ?
A How long have you worked there? B I’ve worked there for five years. 1 He three years.
2 your parents / lived in this house ?
• Use the present perfect + for or since to talk about actions and states • Use since with the beginning of a period of time, 2 They a long time.
3 you / be a teacher ?
which started in the past and are still true now. for example, since 1980, since last June, etc. 3 I 1990.
4 she / know her boyfriend ?
I’ve lived in Manchester since 1990. = I came to live in Manchester I’ve been afraid of water since I was a child. 4 She May.
in 1990 and I live in Manchester now. • Use for + a period of time, for example, for two
5 Poland / be in the EU ? 5 It 2004.
• Use How long? to ask questions about the duration of an action or a state. weeks, for ten years, etc. 6 you / have your dog ? 6 We about two years.
I’ve had this car for three months. 7 Tim / be frightened of water ? 7 He he was a child.

7B present perfect or past simple (2) ? ! Don’t use since with the past simple. 7B
NOT He was Prime Minister since 1999.
How long has Tarantino been a director? He’s been a director since the 1980s.
You have to use from…to. a Right (✔) or wrong (✘)? Correct the wrong sentences. b Complete with the present perfect or past simple.
How many films has he made? He’s made six films. He was Prime Minister from 1999 to 2003. She is married since 1990. ✘ She’s been married since 1990. 1 A Where does Joanna live now?
How long was Hitchcock a director? He was a director for 50 years. B In Washington.
How many films did he make? He made 52 films. 1 He has left school last year.
2 I lived in Brighton for two years, A How long there? (she / live)
• Use the present perfect + how long?, for, and since to talk about a period of time from the past until now. B For six months. She there in February. (move)
How long have you been married? I’ve been married for 10 years. (= I’m married now.) but then I moved to London.
2 A When ? (Picasso / die)
• Use the past simple + how long? and for to talk about a finished period of time in the past. 3 She lives in Hollywood since 2004.
How long was he married? He was married for two years. (= He’s not married now.) B In 1977, in Paris I think.
4 My sister has had her baby yesterday!
A How long in France? (he / live).
5 I work in a bank. I work there for twenty years.
7C used to / didn’t use to B For a long time. He Spain when he was 25. (leave)
6 The city has changed a lot since I was a child. 3 A My sister and her husband get on very well.
+ – ? ✔ ✘
7 They’re divorced now. They have been married for a year. B How long married? (they / be)
I I I I I
You You you you you
He He he he he
7C b Make sentences with used to,
She
used to
She
didn’t use to Did
she
use to wear glasses? Yes,
she
did. No,
she
didn’t. a Look at how James has changed. Write five sentences about didn’t use to, or did … use to.
wear glasses. wear glasses.
It It we we we how he was THEN. you / have long hair ?
We We they they they Did you use to have long hair?
They They THEN He didn’t use to be slim. NOW
1 where / you / go to school ?
! used to only exists in the past.
1 short hair.
• Use used to / didn’t use to + infinitive for things that happened repeatedly or over 2 I / like vegetables when I was a child –
Don’t use use to for present habits. 2 quite fat.
a long period of time in the past, but are usually not true now, for example for 3 my sister / hate maths at school +
things which happened when you were a child. Use the present simple + usually. 3 glasses.
I usually cook in the evenings. 4 what / you / do in the summer ?
I used to have long hair. I used to play in the street. I didn’t use to have a TV. 4 a uniform.
NOT I use to cook in the evenings. 5 they / live near here –
• You can also use the past simple here. I had long hair when I was a child. 5 wine. 6 this building / be a cinema +
7 your brother / study here ?
7D passive: be + past participle
Present + – ? 7D b Rewrite the sentences in the passive.
Risotto is made with rice. It isn’t made with pasta. Is it made with meat? a Complete with present or past passive. Shakespeare wrote Hamlet in 1603.
These offices are cleaned every morning. They aren’t cleaned on Saturdays. Are they cleaned on Sundays? The Eiffel Tower was built in 1889. (build) Hamlet was written by Shakespeare in 1603.
Past + – ? 1 All the singer’s clothes specially for her. (make) 1 Last night the police stopped us.
Last night we .
Guernica was painted by Picasso. It wasn’t painted by Dali. When was it painted? 2 The grass every month. (cut)
2 American teenagers eat a lot of fast food.
The pyramids were built by the Egyptians. They weren’t built by the Greeks. Why were they built? 3 Australia by Captain Cook in 1770. (discover) A lot of fast food .
• You can often say things in two ways, in the active or in the passive. • Make the present passive with 4 This morning I up by the neighbour’s dog. (wake) 3 Toulouse-Lautrec painted At the Moulin Rouge.
Picasso painted Guernica. (active) Guernica was painted by Picasso. (passive) am / is / are + the past participle. 5 Cricket in the summer in the UK. (play) At the Moulin Rouge .
• In the active sentence, the focus is more on the person (e.g. Picasso). • Make the past passive with was / 6 These songs last year. (record) 4 The marketing manager organizes weekly meetings.
• In the passive sentence the focus is more on the painting (e.g Guernica). were + the past participle. Weekly meetings .
7 Most children in state schools. (educate)
• You can also use the passive when it’s not known or not important who does or • Use by to say who did the action. 5 The Italians make Fiat cars.
did the action. The Lord of the Rings was written Fiat cars .
My car was stolen last week. (I don’t know who stole it.) by Tolkien.
138 Study Link MultiROM www.oup.com/elt/englishfile/pre-intermediate 139