Exercise 3.

2 (Solutions)
MathCity.org Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12
Page 130

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Theorem on Anti-Derivatives 2

i) ∫ cf ( x)dx = c ∫ f ( x)dx where c is constant.

(1 − x )
(x) ∫ x
dx, ( x > 0 )
ii) ∫ [ f ( x) ± g ( x)] dx = ∫ f ( x)dx ± ∫ g ( x)dx (xi) ∫
e2 x + e x
dx
ex
Important Integral Solution
d n +1
Since
dx
x = ( n + 1) x n ( )
(i) ∫ 3 x 2 − 2 x + 1 dx = 3∫ x 2 dx − 2 ∫ xdx + ∫ dx
Taking integral w.r.t x x 2 +1 x1+1
= 3⋅ − 2⋅ + x+c
d n +1 2 +1 1+1
∫ dx x dx = ∫ ( n + 1) x dx
n
x3 x2
= 3⋅ − 2 ⋅ + x + c
⇒ x n +1 = ( n + 1) ∫ x n dx 3 2
3 2
= x −x + x+c
x n +1
⇒ ∫ x dx =
n
where n ≠ −1
n +1  12 − 
 1  1

If n = −1 then (ii) ∫  x +  dx = ∫
 x + x 2
 dx
 x 
1
∫x
dx = ∫ dx (here x ≠ 0 )
−1 1 1
−
x = ∫ x 2 dx + ∫ x 2 dx
d 1
Since ln x = 1
+1
1
− +1
dx x x2 x 2
= + +c
1 1 1
Therefore ∫ dx = ln x + c +1 − +1
x 2 2
3 1
Note: Since log of zero and negative numbers x2 x2
does not exist therefore in above formula mod = + +c
3 1
assure that we are taking a log of +ive quantity.
2 2
3 1
Question # 1 2
= x 2 + 2x 2 + c
Evaluate the following indefinite integrals. 3
(i) 2
(
∫ 3x − 2 x + 1 dx )  1 
 1  (iii) ∫x ( )
x + 1 dx = ∫ x  x 2 + 1 dx
(ii) ∫  x+  dx, ( x > 0 )
x
 
 3

= ∫  x 2 + x  dx
(iii) ∫ x( )
x + 1 dx, ( x > 0 )  
1 3
(iv) ∫ ( 2 x + 3) 2 dx = ∫ x 2 dx + ∫ x dx
2 3
∫( )
x + 1 dx, ( x > 0 ) +1
(v) x2 x1+1
= + +c
2 3 1+1
 1  +1
(vi) ∫  x −  dx, ( x > 0 ) 2
 x 5

3x + 2 x 2
x2
(vii) ∫ dx, ( x > 0 ) = + +c
5 2
x
2
y ( y + 1)
(viii) ∫ y
dy, ( y > 0 )
Important Integral
2 d n +1 n
( θ −1 ) Since
dx
( ax + b ) = (n + 1) ( ax + b ) ⋅ a
(ix) ∫ θ
dθ , (θ > 0 )
Taking integral
FSc-II / Ex- 3.2 - 2

d n +1
∫ dx ( ax + b ) dx = ∫ (n + 1) ( ax + b ) ⋅ a dx
n

y ( y + 1)
⇒ ( ax + b )
n +1
= (n + 1) ⋅ a ∫ ( ax + b ) dx
n (viii) ∫ y
dy

( ax + b )
n +1 y ( y + 1) ( y + 1) dy
=∫ dy = ∫
∫ ( ax + b )
n
⇒ dx = 2
(n + 1) ⋅ a ( y) y

 y 1   1 − 
1
1
+1 = ∫ +  dy = ∫  y 2 + y 2  dy
1 ( 2 x + 3) 2  y y   

(iv) ∫ ( 2 x + 3) 2 dx =
 1 + 1 ⋅ 2
+c
1 1
2  = ∫ y 2 dy + ∫ y 2 dy
−
 
3 1 1 3 1
+1 − +1

=
( 2 x + 3) 2 + c =
y2
+
y 2
+c =
y2 y2
+ +c
 3 ⋅2 1 1
+1 − +1
3 1
2 2 2 2 2
 
1 3 2 32 1

= ( 2 x + 3) 2 + c = y + 2y2 + c
3 3
2

(v) ∫( )
2
x + 1 dx = ∫ ( x ) + 2 x + 1 dx( 2
) ( θ −1 ) dθ = ∫
θ − 2 θ +1
(ix) ∫ θ θ
dθ
 1

= ∫  x + 2 ( x ) 2 + 1 dx  θ
  2 θ 1 
= ∫ − +  dθ
1
 θ θ θ
= ∫ x dx + 2 ∫ ( x ) 2 dx + ∫ dx
 12 − 
1
1
+1 = ∫  θ − 2 + θ 2  dθ
x1+1 x 2
 
= +2 + x+c
1+1 1 1
+1
1
− +1
+1 θ2 θ 2
2 = − 2θ + +c
3 1 1
x2 x 2 +1 − +1
= +2 + x+c 2 2
2 3 3 1
2 θ2 θ2
3 = − 2θ + +c
2 2
3 1
x 4x 2 2
= + + x+c
2 3 2 1 3
= θ − 2θ + 2θ 2 + c Ans
2
3
2
 1   1 
(vi) ∫  x −  dx = ∫  x + x − 2  dx 2
 x   (1 − x ) dx = ∫
1− 2 x + x
1
= ∫ xdx + ∫ dx − 2∫ dx
(x) ∫ x x
dx
x
 1 2 x x 
x2 = ∫ − +  dx
= + ln x − 2 x + c
2  x x x
 −1 1

3x + 2 3x + 2 = ∫  x 2 − 2 + x 2  dx
(vii) ∫ x
dx = ∫ 1 2 dx
x

1

1
− +1 +1
3x 2 x 2 x2
= ∫ 1 2 + 1 2 dx = − 2x + +c
x x 1 1
− +1 +1
2 2
12
(
= ∫ 3 x + 2 x −1 2 dx ) 1 3

= 3∫ x dx + 2 ∫ x
12 −1 2
dx x2 x2
= − 3θ + +c
1 3
Now do yourself. 2 2

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 FSc-II / Ex- 3.2 - 3

(xiv) ∫ tan 2 x dx
1
2 23
= 2x 2 − 2x + x + c Ans
3 Solution
dx
Important Integral (i) ∫ x+a + x+b
d ax
We know e = a ⋅ eax
dx dx x+a − x+b
=∫ ⋅
Taking integral x+a + x+b x+a − x+b
d ax
∫ dx e dx = ∫ a ⋅ e dx x+a − x+b
ax
=∫ dx
x+a − x−b
⇒ e ax = a ∫ eax dx 1 1

=∫
( x + a)2 − ( x + b)2 dx
e ax a −b
⇒ ∫ e dx =
ax
a 1  1 1

a − b  ∫ ∫
e ( ax + b ) = ( x + a ) 2 dx − ( x + b ) 2 dx

∫e
( ax + b )
Also note that dx =
a  1 1 
+1
1  ( x + a )2 ( x + b)2 
= − +c
e2 x + e x  e2 x e x  a −b  1 1
(xi) ∫ ex dx = ∫  e x + e x  dx  2 + 1
2
+ 1 
 3 
= ∫ e x + 1 dx ( ) 3
1  ( x + a )2 ( x + b)2 
= − +c
= ∫ e x dx + ∫ dx a −b  3 3 
 2 2 
= ex + x + c Ans
[[

2  3 3

Question # 2 = 
3( a − b) 
( x + a ) 2 − ( x + b ) 2 + c Ans.

Evaluate
dx  x + a > 0
(i) ∫   Important Integral
x+a + x+b x+b > 0 d 1
Since Tan −1 x =
1 − x2 dx 1 + x2
(ii) ∫ dx
1+ x2 d 1
dx
Also
dx
(
− Cot −1 x = )
1 + x2
(iii) ∫ , ( x > 0, a > 0 )
x+a + x 1
3
Therefore ∫ dx = Tan −1 x or − Cot −1 x
1 + x2
(iv) ∫ ( a − 2 x ) 2 dx 1
x 3 Similarly ∫ dx = Sin −1 x or − Cos −1 x
(1 + e ) 1− x 2
(v) ∫ e x dx 1
∫ x x 2 − 1 dx = Sec x or − Csc x
−1 −1

(vi) ∫ sin(a + b) x dx
(vii) ∫ 1 − cos 2 x dx, (1 − cos 2 x > 0 )
1 − x2
1
(viii) ∫ ln x × dx, ( x > 0 )
(ii) ∫ 1 + x 2 dx −1
1 + x 1 − x2
2
x
 2 
(ix) ∫ sin x dx
2
= ∫  −1 +  dx −1 − x 2
 1 + x2  + +
1  π π 2
(x) ∫ dx,  − < x <  = − ∫ dx + 2 ∫
1
dx
1 + cos x  2 2 1 + x2
ax + b = − x + 2Tan −1 x + c
(xi) ∫ ax + 2bx + c dx
2

(xii) ∫ cos 3 x sin 2 x dx dx

(iii) ∫ x+a + x
cos 2 x − 1
(xiii) ∫ 1 + cos 2 x dx, (1 + cos 2 x ≠ 0 ) dx x+a − x
=∫ ⋅
x+a + x x+a − x
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FSc-II / Ex- 3.2 - 4

x+a − x d
=∫ dx Also
dx
sin ax = a ⋅ cos ax
x+a−x
1 1
sin ax
( x + a)2 − ( x)2 ∴ ∫ cos ax dx =
=∫ dx a
a
Similarly
1 1 1

a  ∫ ∫
= ( x + a ) 2 dx − ( x ) 2 dx
 tan ax
∫ sec ax dx = a
2

 1
+1
1 
1  ( x + a)2 ( x)2  cot ax
∫ cosec
2
=  − +c ax dx = −
a 1 1  a
 2 + 1
2 
+ 1
sec ax
 3 3  ∫ sec ax tan ax dx = a
1 ( x + a)2 ( x)2 
=  − +c
3  csc ax
a
 2
3
2 
∫ csc ax cot ax dx = − a
2  3 3
 Also note that
=  ( x + a ) 2 − x 2
 + c Ans. cos ( ax + b )
3a   ∫ sin ( ax + b ) dx = − a
sin ( ax + b )
∫ cos ( ax + b ) dx =
3
and so on.
(iv) ∫ ( a − 2 x ) 2 dx a
3
+1
( a − 2x)2 cos(a + b) x
=
 3 + 1 ⋅ −2
+c (vi) ∫ sin(a + b) x dx = − a+b
+c
2  ( ) Do yourself
 
5
(a − 2x)2
= +c (vii) ∫ 1 − cos 2x dx
 5  ⋅ −2
2 ( ) = ∫ 2sin 2 x dx ∵ sin 2 x =
1 − cos 2 x
  2
5
( a − 2x)2 + c = 2 ∫ sin x dx = 2 ( − cos x ) + c
=−
5 = − 2 cos x + c
x 3
(1 + e ) (1 + 3e x
+ 3e 2 x + e3 x ) dx Important Formula
(v) ∫ e x
dx = ∫
e x
∵
d
[
n +1
f ( x)] = ( n + 1) [ f ( x)]
n d
f ( x)
dx dx
 1 3e 3e 2 x e3 x  x
= ∫  x + x + x + x  dx d n +1 n
e e e e  ⇒ [ f ( x)] = ( n + 1) [ f ( x)] f ′( x)
dx
(
= ∫ e − x + 3 + 3e x + e2 x dx ) Taking integral
d n +1
∫ dx [ f ( x)] dx = ∫ ( n + 1) [ f ( x)] f ′( x)dx
n
e− x e2 x
+ 3 x + 3e x +
= +c
−1 2 n +1
⇒ [ f ( x)] = ( n + 1) ∫ [ f ( x)] f ′( x)dx
n
1
= −e− x + 3x + 3e x + e2 x + c
2 n +1
[ f ( x)]
∫ [ f ( x)] f ′( x)dx = ( n + 1)
n
Important Integrals ⇒ ; n ≠ −1
d
We know cos ax = − a sin ax
dx d 1
Taking integral Also ln f ( x) = ⋅ f ′( x)
dx f ( x)
d
∫ dx cos ax dx = −∫ a sin ax dx Taking integral
f ′( x)
⇒ cos ax = − a ∫ sin ax dx ln f ( x) = ∫ dx
f ( x)
cos ax
⇒ ∫ sin ax dx = − a
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 FSc-II / Ex- 3.2 - 5

f ′( x) ax + b
(xi) Let I = ∫
i.e. ∫ f ( x)
dx = ln f ( x) + c 2
ax + 2bx + c
dx

Put f ( x) = ax 2 + 2bx + c
1 ⇒ f ′( x) = 2ax + 2b
(viii) Let I = ∫ ln x × dx
x 1
⇒ f ′( x) = 2 ( ax + b ) ⇒ f ′( x) = ax + b
1 2
Put f ( x) = ln x ⇒ f ′( x) = 1 f ′( x )
x
So I = ∫ [ f ( x)] f ′( x) dx So I = ∫ 2 dx
f ( x)
[ f ( x)]
1+1
[ f ( x)]
2
1 f ′( x) 1
= +c = +c = ∫ dx = ln f ( x) + c1
1+1 2 2 f ( x) 2
2 1
=
( ln x )
+c
= ln ax 2 + 2bx + c + c1
2
2
Review
 1 − cos 2 x  • 2sin α cos β = sin (α + β ) + sin (α − β )
(ix) ∫ sin 2 x dx = ∫   dx
 2  • 2 cos α sin β = sin (α + β ) − sin (α − β )
1 1  • 2 cos α cos β = cos (α + β ) + cos (α − β )
= ∫  − cos 2 x  dx
2 2 
• − 2sin α sin β = cos (α + β ) − cos (α − β )
1 1
= ∫ dx − ∫ cos 2 x dx
2 2
1
= x−
1 sin 2 x
+c
(xii) ∫ cos 3x sin 2 x dx
2 2 2 1
2∫
1 1 = 2 cos 3x sin 2 x dx
= x − sin 2 x + c
2 4 1
= ∫ [sin(3x + 2 x) − sin(3x − 2 x)] dx
2
1 1
(x) ∫ 1 + cos x dx = ∫ [sin 5 x − sin x ] dx
2
1 x 1 + cos x 1  cos 5 x 
=∫ dx ∵ cos 2 = = − − ( − cos x )  + c
x 2 2 2
2 cos 2 5 
2
x 1  cos 5 x 
=−  − cos x  + c
1 x 1 tan 2 x 2 5 
= ∫ sec2 dx = + c = tan + c
2 2 2 1 2
2
cos 2 x − 1
Alternative (xiii) ∫ 1 + cos 2 x dx
1 1 1 − cos x 1 − cos 2 x
∫ 1 + cos x dx = ∫ 1 + cos x × 1 − cos x dx = −∫
1 − cos 2 x
dx ∵ sin 2 x =
2
1 + cos 2 x +
1 − cos x 1 cos 2x
=∫ dx 2sin 2 x cos 2 x =
1 − cos 2 x = −∫ dx 2
1 − cos x 2 cos 2 x
=∫ dx (
= − ∫ tan 2 x dx = − ∫ sec 2 x − 1 dx )
sin 2 x
 1 cos x  = − ∫ sec 2 x dx + ∫ dx
= ∫  2 − 2  dx
 sin x sin x  = − tan x + x + c
 cos x 
= ∫  cosec 2 x −
x ⋅ sin x 
dx
 sin (
(xiv) ∫ tan 2 x dx = ∫ sec2 x − 1 dx )
= ∫ cosec2 xdx − ∫ cosec x cot x dx = ∫ sec2 x dx − ∫ dx
= − cot x − ( − cosec x ) + c = tan x − x + c
= cosec x − cot x + c

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FSc-II / Ex- 3.2 - 6

Important Integral
d 1 d
Since ln ax + b = ⋅ ( ax + b )
dx ax + b dx
d 1
⇒ ln ax + b = ⋅a
dx ax + b
On Integrating
1
⇒ ln ax + b = a ∫ dx
ax + b
1 ln ax + b
⇒ ∫ dx =
ax + b a

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Book: Exercise 3.2 (Page 130)

Calculus and Analytic Geometry Mathematic 12
Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore.

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