1. Tell Everyone We Scalped You!

’ How Caste Still Rules in India

By Jeffrey Gettleman and Suhasini Raj

Nov. 17, 2018

Abstract: This might seem surprising against the new narrative India is writing. So much has
changed. Millions of people have been lifted out of poverty. The Indian economy is now one
of the world’s biggest. Everywhere in the country, there are new roads, new airports, and new
infrastructure.

But in many places, especially in poorer rural areas, caste infrastructure is still the one that
counts. And those who rebel against it, like Mr. Sardar, are often greeted with unchecked
brutality.

Introduction: According to article 14 of the Indian constitution, the state shall not deny
equality to any person before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory
of India. Article 15 prohibits the state from discriminating any citizen on ground of any
religion, race, caste, sex, and place of birth or any of them.

Article 17 states that untouchability is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The
‘Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955’ was the first Indian law that came into force to provide
punishment for the preaching and practice of ‘Untouchability’ and for any mater connected
with it.

It is violence intended to send a message, pain inflicted to maintain India’s old social order.
The crimes are happening across the country and Dalits are not simply killed: They are
humiliated, tortured, disfigured, and destroyed.

“We may talk about India being a world power, a global power, sending satellites into
space,” he said. “But the outside world has an image of India they don’t know. As long as
Hinduism is strong, caste will be strong, and as long as there is caste, there will be lower
caste,”

In late October, a 14-year-old Dalit girl was beheaded by an upper-caste man whose wife said
he hated the girl specifically because of her caste. A Dalit scavenger was tied up and fatally
whipped outside a factory in May, in a beating captured on video and broadcast across India.
In March, a Dalit man was killed by higher-caste men for riding a horse (traditionally, Dalits
aren’t supposed to do that).
“Such incidents would not have happened in my childhood,” said Chandra Bhan Prasad, a
well-known political commentator (and a Dalit). “In my childhood, a Dalit would not ride a
horse. Before 1990, most Dalits worked for someone. Now they are paying a price for their
freedom.”

Conclusion: It is better to fulfil one's duty badly than to fulfil another's duty well." The vital element
of Indian life is dedication to one's duty. The beginning of the caste system was in Hinduism, but it
affected the entire Indian society. Religiously, the caste system is overall a simple division of society
in which there are four castes assembled in a hierarchy and inferior to them the outcast. It was also the
order or group into which a Hindu was assigned according to religious law. On the other hand,
socially the system was more complicated, with a lot more castes and sub-castes and other divisions.
The government legally prohibited the practice of caste system. Castes were established by
occupations, religions, invaders, and income. They dictated everything from what the castes' people
wore, to what they ate.

2. Domestic violence against women in India: A systematic review of a

decade of quantitative studies

Glob Public Health

 2016 Feb 17

Abstract: Domestic violence (DV) is prevalent among women in India and has been
associated with poor mental and physical health. We performed a systematic review of 137
quantitative studies published in the prior decade that directly evaluated the DV experiences
of Indian women to summarise the breadth of recent work and identify gaps in the literature.
Among studies surveying at least two forms of abuse, a median 41% of women reported
experiencing DV during their lifetime and 30% in the past year. We noted substantial inter-
study variance in DV prevalence estimates, attributable in part to different study populations
and settings, but also to a lack of standardisation, validation, and cultural adaptation of DV
survey instruments.

Introduction: Domestic violence defined by the Protection of Women from Domestic

Violence Act 2005 as physical, sexual, verbal, emotional, and economic abuse against
women by a partner or family member residing in a joint family, plagues the lives of many
women in India. National statistics that utilise a modified version of the Conflict Tactics
Scale (CTS) to measure the prevalence of lifetime physical, sexual, and/or emotional DV
estimate that 40% of women experience abuse at the hands of a partner (Data from a recent
systematic review by the World Health Organization (WHO) provides similar regional
estimates and suggests that women in South-East Asia (defined as India, Maldives, Sri Lanka,
Thailand, Bangladesh, and Timor-Leste) are at a higher likelihood for experiencing partner
abuse during their lifetime than women from Europe, the Western Pacific, and potentially the
Americas.

Among the different proposed causes for the high DV frequency in India are deep-rooted
male patriarchal roles and long-standing cultural norms that propagate the view of women as
subordinates throughout their). Even before a child is born, many families have a clear
preference for male children, which may result in their preferential care, and worse, sex-
selective abortions, female infanticide and abandonment of the girl-child. During childhood,
less importance is given to the education of female children; further, early marriage as occurs
in 45% of young, married women, according to 2005–2006 National Family Health Survey
(NFHS-3) data), may also heighten susceptibility to; . In reproductive years, mothers
pregnant with and/or those who give birth to only female children may be more susceptible to
abuse) and financial, medical, and nutritional neglect. Later in life, culturally bred views of
dishonour associated with widowhood may also influence susceptibility to DV by other
family members.
Conclusion:
The urgency of the need to respond to the problem of family violence and the paucity of
research to guide service interventions have created an environment in which insights from
small-scale studies are often adopted into policy and professional practice without sufficient
independent replication or reflection on their possible shortcomings. Rigorous evaluations of
family violence interventions are confined, for the most part, to small or innovative programs
that provide an opportunity to develop a comparison or control study, rather than focusing on
the major existing family violence interventions.

3. The Roots of Gender Inequality in India

D. Amutha
Posted: 28 Jan 2017

Abstract: Man and women both are equal and play a paramount role in the creation and
development of their families in a particular and the society in general. Indeed, the struggle
for equality has been one of the major concerns of the women’s movement all over the world.
The difference in sex and physical form denotes no difference in status. Woman is the
complement of man, and not inferior. In India, since long back, women were considered as an
oppressed section of the society and they were neglected for centuries. The birth of the son is
being celebrated while the birth of a daughter is filled with pain. Boys are encouraged to be
tough and outgoing but girls are encouraged to be homebound and shy. All these differences
are gender differences and they are created by society. It has adverse impact on development
goals and consequently reduces economic growth. It hampers the overall well-being because
blocking women from participation in social, political and economic activities can adversely
affect the whole society.

Introduction: Gender inequalities, and their social causes, impact India's sex ratio, women's
health over their lifetimes, their educational attainment, and economic conditions. Gender
inequality in India is a multifaceted issue that concerns men and women. Some argue that
various gender equality indices place men at a disadvantage. However, when India's
population is examined as a whole, women are at a disadvantage in several important ways.
In India, discriminatory attitudes towards either sex have existed for generations and affect
the lives of both sexes. Although the constitution of India grants men and women equal
rights, gender disparities remain.
Research shows gender discrimination mostly in favour of men in many realms including the
workplace. Discrimination affects many aspects in the lives of women from career
development and progress to mental health disorders. While Indian laws on rape, dowry and
adultery have women's safety at heart, these highly discriminatory practices are still taking
place at an alarming rate, affecting the lives of many today.

Conclusion: India is still a very sexist and male-dominated country, even with all of the new
developments. There may be laws and rights given to Indian women, but they are not
strongly enforced. Over time, there have been many women who have surpassed the
standards that are expected from women. A primary example is Pratibha Devisingh Patil, the
12th President of India. To begin a new era of equality in the world, everyone must aid in
promoting the cause of women, irrespective of sex, age, or ethnicity. 

4. WOMEN EMPOWERMENT

PRAVEENA MISHRA
25 October 2018

Abstract: Women empowerment is a must for the betterment of our country’s future, as
women are better manager than men. They can properly manage both her house and office in
a systematic way as compared to men. Many of us oppose women education and feel sad
when a girl child is born, due to our narrow minded thought process. 

Introduction: We all know that nobody gets everything in their life, but what about
those who get nothing from birth till death. They are none other than women of our
country, who plays vital role of various characters in our life. Some people of our
society feels they just pretend of not getting anything to acquire sympathy. Not just
having food, shelter and clothing is enough for the betterment of life. In today’s fast
moving era mental peace is the most important essential of our life. This is possible
only when nobody will interfere in anyone personal matters unless and until they ask
for interference. Everyone should live happily and let others live in their own way that
is the basic mantra to live in peace. We talk about women empowerment, but our so
called society, don’t allow our women to lead their own way of life according to their
wish?

Are girls really burden for the family and society? Many girls are now a day’s educated
enough to survive in a better way than boys, then why in this modern and broad minded era,
girls have to compromise and sacrifice more as compared to men? On 8th March we
celebrate ‘World Women’s Day’ to give honour and respect to all women of the world. Do
really our women getting that honour and respect what they well deserve and what’s their
right?
We all know ratio of girls is less as compared to boys in our country, India. And it is due to
orthodox mentality of society who wants to have boys and not girls. According to them a
daughter can’t perform funeral rites of her parents, as their soul will rest is peace after death
only when a son did so. On which holy book it is written like this? In some places women are
not educated more than men, as they feels in future she has to take care of her family and do
household, and if they are educated then who will marry them. Life of a girl becomes hell
from the day she comes on this earth till she takes her last breath. We are saying, now the
world has changed, there is no difference between boys and girls, both have equal rights to
survive on this earth. OK, to some extent I agree with it, in many places girls treated similarly
as boys, even the same type of education.

In corporate and public sectors also women are given same wages according to their labour in
their professional life too. Marriage is a bond between two souls, and a bond between two
families, where in today’s date girl’s father also has same expenditure on her upbringing as
boys, then why should a bride gets her soul mate at the cost of dowry? According to law, give
and take of dowry is a crime and a punishable offence, but a daughter’s father is helpless to
fulfil the huge demand of boy’s family for sake of their daughter’s happy married life.
Conclusion: Women empowerment and issues related to it have attracted the attention of the
academicians, political thinkers and social scientists both in the developed and developing
countries of the world. The concept of women empowerment is generated by the women
movement throughout the world and it is that outcome of several important critique and
debates which the feminist raised across the world. Empowerment means process of
acquiring rights, personality development and deciding by self independently. The term
women empowerment is used to describe a process whereby the powerless women or
disempowered women gain a greater share of control over their own lives, resources and
decision-making. Empowerment of women involves many things e.g. economic opportunity,
social equality, political power and personal rights.

5.Substance use and addiction research in India

Pratima Murthy

2010 Jan

Abstract: Substance use patterns are notorious for their ability to change over time. Both licit
and illicit substance use cause serious public health problems and evidence for the same is
now available in our country. National level prevalence has been calculated for many
substances of abuse, but regional variations are quite evident. Rapid assessment surveys have
facilitated the understanding of changing patterns of use. Substance use among women and
children are increasing causes of concern. Preliminary neurobiological research has focused
on identifying individuals at high risk for alcohol dependence. Clinical research in the area
has focused primarily on alcohol and substance related comorbidity. There is disappointingly
little research on pharmacological and psychosocial interventions. Course and outcome
studies emphasize the need for better follow-up in this group. While lack of a comprehensive
policy has been repeatedly highlighted and various suggestions made to address the range of
problems caused by substance use, much remains to be done on the ground to prevent and
address these problems. It is anticipated that substance related research publications in the
Indian Journal of Psychiatry will increase following the journal having acquired an ‘indexed’
status.

Introduction: Substance use has been a topic of interest to many professionals in the area of
health, particularly mental health. An area with enormous implications for public health, it
has generated a substantial amount of research. In this paper we examine research in India in
substance use and related disorders. Substance use includes the use of licit substances such as
alcohol, tobacco, diversion of prescription drugs, as well as illicit substances.
Clinical research in the area has focused primarily on alcohol and substance related
comorbidity. There is disappointingly little research on pharmacological and psychosocial
interventions. Course and outcome studies emphasize the need for better follow-up in this
group. While lack of a comprehensive policy has been repeatedly highlighted and various
suggestions made to address the range of problems caused by substance use, much remains to
be done on the ground to prevent and address these problems

Conclusion: The baseline findings on the participating sites call for broad-based
interventions that give equal weight to supply and demand reduction; target young people as
well as their associates; improve young people’s living conditions; and ensure that
community agencies and young people mobilize towards preventive action. The broad
categories of interventions tailored to each site should include strategies to reduce the
availability of substances; mobilize communities against substance use; provide peer
education to prevent taking up substance use; enhance behaviour change; strengthen existing
networks of organizations that support youth-related activities and engage in substance use
prevention activities; and provide community resources including funding for programmes on
substance use prevention.

6. India’s ‘rape culture’ and the issue of women’s safety

Kalpana sharma
04 Dec 2019

Abstract: Even if laws are changed and strengthened, is it easier now for survivors to seek
justice? There is no denying that the changes in law have been mostly progressive and
essential. In each instance, they happened because of public mobilization by civil society
groups that put pressure on the government to act. Not one amendment to the law concerning
violence against women has been the result of lawmakers themselves recognizing the need to
change it. Yet, the systemic problems in India’s criminal justice system that stymie even the
most effective laws remain largely unaddressed....

Introduction: If on the basis of the testimony of the survivor, the perpetrators of the crime
are caught, then the other part of the trauma begins. An illustration of this is what has come to
be known as the Shakti Mills rape case. On 22 August 2013, less than a year after the furore
that followed the gang rape in Delhi, and after the Verma Committee report led to a change in
the rape law, a twenty-two-year-old photojournalist and her colleague were accosted by a
group of men when they went to take pictures of an abandoned textile mill in Central
Mumbai, a stone’s throw away from a busy railway station. The woman was gang-raped
while her colleague was beaten up.
Luckily for her, even though traumatized—the rapists filmed the act—she had her wits about
her. After the rapists walked with her and her colleague to the nearby Mahalakshmi railway
station, where they issued dire threats that if they were to report the incident to the police, the
videos of the rape would be released on social media, the woman decided to go immediately
to the nearest hospital to get a medical examination. Changes in the law after 2013
established that any hospital, private or public, would have to attend to a rape survivor, report
to the police and conduct a medical examination. Earlier, only public hospitals could do this.
The fact that she was a journalist, that her seniors came immediately to her aid as did other
journalists, helped ensure that the police did not delay in moving on the case. The five men
were soon arrested and charged. The case was heard in a fast track court and judgment
delivered within six months.

Conclusion: Women safety in India is a big concern which has been a most important topic
regarding women safety. We have provided below various essay on Safety of Women in
India in order to help students. Now-a-days, essays or paragraphs writing have been common
strategy followed by the teachers to enhance the skill and knowledge of students about any
topic. All the Safety of Women in India essay are written using very simple words under
various words limit according to the need and requirement of students.

7. Child labour issues and challenges

Kalpana Srivatsava

June 20-2016

Abstract: Children are future citizens of the Nation and their adequate development is
utmost priority of the country. Unfortunately, child labour engulfs children across the world.
The world is home to 1.2 billion individuals aged 10-19 years. However, despite its menace
in various forms, the data shows variation in prevalence of child labour across the globe and
the statistical figures about child labour are very alarming. There are an estimated 186 million
child labourers worldwide. The 2001 national census of India estimated total number of child
labour aged 5–14 to be at 12.6 million.

The term “child labour” is often defined as work that deprives children of their childhood,
their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical-mental development. It refers
to work that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful to children,
and interferes with their schooling by depriving them of the opportunity to attend school,
obliging them to leave school prematurely or requiring them to attempt to combine school
attendance with excessively long and heavy work.

Introduction: Child labour continues to be a great concern in many parts of the world. In
2008, some 60% of the 215 million boys and girls were estimated to be child labourers
worldwide. Major engagement was in agriculture sector, followed by fisheries, aquaculture,
livestock and forestry. In addition to work that interferes with schooling and is harmful to
personal development, many of these children work in hazardous occupations or activities
that are harmful. Incidentally, 96% of the child workers are in the developing countries of
Africa, Asia and South America. With respect to the child workers between the ages of 5 and
14, Asia makes up 61% of child workers in developing countries, while Africa has 32% and
Latin America 7%. Further, while Asia has the highest number of child workers, Africa has
the highest prevalence of child labour (40%).

The policy curbing child labour exists but lack of enforcement of labour restrictions
perpetuates child labour. This is manifested in variation in minimum age restriction in
different types of employment. The International Labour Office reports that children work the
longest hours and are the worst paid of all labourers. In India, the Child Labour (Prohibition
and Regulation) Act 1986 and Rules state that no child shall be employed or permitted to
work in any of the occupations set forth in Part A of the Schedule or in any workshop
wherein any of the processes set forth in Part B of the Schedule is carried on. For this
purpose, “child” means a person who has not completed his 14th year of age. The Act
prohibits employment of children in certain specified hazardous occupations and processes
and regulates the working conditions in others. The list of hazardous occupations and
processes is progressively being expanded on the recommendation of the Child Labour
Technical Advisory Committee constituted under the Act.

Children are employed in both formal and informal sectors. Among the occupations wherein
children are engaged in work are construction work, domestic work and small-scale
industries. Incidentally, agriculture is not only the oldest but also the most common child
occupation worldwide. Some of the industries that depend on child labour are bangle-making,
bed-making, power looms and manufacturing processes. These industries use toxic metals
and substances such as lead, mercury, manganese, chromium, cadmium, benzene, pesticides
and asbestos. Child labour is very harmful and wholehearted efforts to eliminate this should
be done.

Conclusion: Children constitute the nation’s valuable human resources. The future wellbeing
of the nation depends on how its children grow and develop. The great poet Milton said
“Child Shows the man as morning shows the day”. So it is the duty of the society to look
after every child with a view to assuring full development of its personality. Children are the
future custodians and torch bearers of the Society: they are the messengers of our knowledge,
cultural heritage, ideologies and philosophies. Children are really future components in the
form of great teachers, scientists, judges, rulers, doctors, planners, engineers, politicians on
whom the entire society founded (rests). Unfortunately millions of children are deprived of
their childhood and right to education and thereby they are subjected to exploitation and
abuse.

8. Corruption: Its Effects and Remedies

Published on 26 March 2015

Abstract: The world not is destroyed by those who do evil, but by those who watch them
without doing anything.” India is a developing country facing many challenges. Corruption is
the most detrimental of them. India was placed at 76th position out of 168 countries with a
score of 38 out of a possible 100 in Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions
Index 2015.

Information: Corruption is like a canker to the health of the economic and technological
prosperity of a nation. Corruption became rampant with the winning of freedom. Owing to
the fallible democratic system and lack of stringent punishment mechanism for the culprits, it
thrived, more in politics, government administration departments. Gradually its nexus
became more nefarious. Corruption in India spread as a result of the connection between
bureaucrats, politicians and criminals.

Political corruption is worst in India. The major cause of concern is that corruption is
weakening the political body and damaging the supreme importance of the law governing the
society. In the past few decades there was every conceivable scam and scandals in all key
ministries. These cams and scandals tarnished the image of the country nationally as well as
internationally. There were so many scams that people lost complete trust in the government. 

Indian Coal Allocation Scam, 2G Spectrum Scam, Commonwealth Games Scam, Telgi
Scam, Satyam Scam, Bofors Scam, the Fodder Scam, etc., are some of the many scams that
were done by elected ministers, politicians, bureaucrats, and high government officials. The
Indian Law system is so incompetent and vulnerable, that in most of the scams, no politician,
bureaucrat, high government officials were punished

Conclusion: Corruption in the Indian society has prevailed from time immemorial in one
form or the other. The basic inception of corruption started with our opportunistic leaders
who have already done greater damage to our nation. People who work on right principles are
unrecognized and considered to be foolish in the modern society. Corruption in India is a
result of the connection between bureaucrats, politicians and criminals. Earlier, bribes were
paid for getting wrong things done, but now bribe is paid for getting right things done at right
time. Further, corruption has become something respectable in India, because respectable
people are involved in it. Social corruption like less weighing of products, adulteration in
edible items, and bribery of various kind have incessantly prevailed in the society.

9. A Short Introduction on Kashmir issue

2010, Arghya Roy

Abstract: Kashmir is a disputed region between India and Pakistan, which has vitiated the
political environment of the Indian Subcontinent. The Kashmir issue stands as a debacle for
nearly six decades and there has been almost no progress in resolving the problem.

Introduction: Kashmir is a mountainous region, which enjoys a very important geo-political

situation. It is surrounded by Pakistan in the west and China embraces it in the east. The
Indian provinces of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab are in the south. Its northern fringes touch
the borders of Afghanistan too. The area is famous for its extra-ordinary natural beauty and
resources. Presently, the northern and western sides of the region are occupied by Pakistan
while the southern and eastern parts are controlled by the Indian Union. For over six decades,
the region has been devastated by confrontations between the two countries. Both India and
Pakistan are nuclear powers and in the case of another shooting war between them; the entire
subcontinent including Kashmir may be destroyed. Presently, it is at the diplomatic hyper
point of the bilateral relationships between the two countries.

To understand the causes of the conflict, the historic Partition of India has to be referenced.
Under the British Rule, Indian Subcontinent was mainly inhabited by the two major religious
groups, Hindus and Muslims. The two communities had friendly relationships and they
offered a united struggle to achieve independence from the British Rule during the later half
of the Nineteenth Century. But undercurrents of tension between the two communities
became forceful with the lapse of time. Power politics between All India Muslim League and
Indian National Congress (the two major political powers of the undivided India) culminated
at widespread communal tension and violence during the 1930s and early 1940s.
Consequently, the colossal task of partitioning India became unavoidable. After the Partition
in 1947, Pakistan emerged as a Muslim dominated state while India emerged as a secular,
democratic country. And the province of Kashmir, which is situated at the border of the two
countries, got tangled and entrapped between them.
Conclusion: Kashmiris are claiming to be very secular, and they are saying that if they get
their own country, the non-Muslims of J&K will have equality. However the people of other
religions currently living in J&K do not agree with this claim.

So India will not allow any more territory transfer from J&K to Pakistan.

Since two independent Kashmir’s (Azad Kashmir & Gilgit Baltistan) exist as Pakistani
colonies already, all the Indian Kashmiris who don’t want to live in secular India can pack
their bags and renounce their Indian citizenship and go to live in Azad Kashmir or Gilgit
Baltistan or Pakistan.

Since Pakistan was created as a permanent solution for those Indian Muslims who want to
live in an Islamic nation, it is the duty of Pakistan to accept Kashmiri Muslims as its citizens
if they want to give up their Indian citizenship.

10. Child labour, Modern slave narrative

Ravi Shankar Kumar

Jan 04-2016
Abstract: India, our motherland is a very versatile country. We have different regions with
different territorial variations, cultures and values spanning across various regions in
thousand different ways, traditions flowing in our blood, customs that are a part of every
Indian household.

These customs and values hold us together and bind us in one nutshell; hence we live by the
true spirit of being an Indian. Although India is proud of its achievements, we also have
major social issues to be addressed in the country.

We have reached the moon, conquered space, our country has one of the best military powers
in the world, other countries look up to Indians for the mass wealth of knowledge Indians
have in possession. The advancements made in science and technology is far beyond our
imagination.

Introduction: Today’s children are the leaders of tomorrow. It is in our hands to shape their
future in proper ways to help them lead a fruitful life and bring success to themselves, their
parents and fame to their society. Children should be taught leadership skills to become torch
bearers for tomorrow.

But this is not what is happening all over in our country. We can see lot of young children
employed illegally as house maids, young boys working in dhabas and workshops, children
employed in construction sites, etc. These children receive all their parents love like any other
children but due to their economic status are unable to fulfil the needs of education and a
good living. If we look at facts and figures, we can easily find out that numbers coming out of
survey reports are very shocking. It is reported that 1 in every 11 children in India is being
forced to work as a child labourer.

As per new analysis of data, it is revealed that most of these children belong to the rural
background where there is no proper education and awareness amongst elders of the
community.

A very big percentage of young boys employed in big industries in order to extract cheap
labour from them are school drop outs and the number stands at almost 70 % of them.

The incidence of boys being part of risky jobs in industries and mines is much higher
compared to girls employed in such activities. Girls form a major chunk of the ones
employed in household chores of affluent families.

Conclusion: Children constitute the nation’s valuable human resources. The future wellbeing
of the nation depends on how its children grow and develop. The great poet Milton said
“Child Shows the man as morning shows the day”. So it is the duty of the society to look
after every child with a view to assuring full development of its personality. Children are the
future custodians and torch bearers of the Society: they are the messengers of our knowledge,
cultural heritage, ideologies and philosophies. Children are really future components in the
form of great teachers, scientists, judges, rulers, doctors, planners, engineers, politicians on
whom the entire society founded (rests). Unfortunately millions of children are deprived of
their childhood and right to education and thereby they are subjected to exploitation and
abuse.