Activity 8: The Lymphatic System

Lymph Formation & Flow

1. Define the lymphatic system.

2. Where does lymph come from?
3. Name the three major functions of the lymphatic system.
4. Each day about 20 liters of fluid filters out of blood capillaries at the arteriole end.
About 17 liters of this fluid is reabsorbed at the venous end. What happens to the
remaining 3 liters of interstitial fluid?
5. Describe the function of lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine.
6. How does the lymphatic system promote disease resistance
7. a. How does lymphatic capillary structure define its function
b. How does pressure determine lymph movement
8. a. What is the function of lymphatic ducts?
b. Contrast the functions of the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic lymphatic duct.
c. Where do the lymphatic ducts empty into the circulatory system?
9. What two mechanisms promote lymph movement.
10. Describe the three steps that result in lymph movement facilitated by muscular
pumping.
11. Explain the respiratory pumping mechanism of moving lymph toward the heart

Antigens and Antibodies

1. Define antigens and antibodies.

2. Explain the function of MHC Antigens
3. Explain B-cell function.
4. Describe antibody – antigen interaction.
5. Define epitope.

NRS1102: Anatomy and Physiology (laboratory) 1st Semester 2020-2021

Ejfmania DMD, RN, MAN
Antibody Mediated Immunity

1. a. Explain B-cell (B-lymphocyte) role with antibody-mediated immunity.

b. Describe the role of lymph nodes and spleen in this process.
2. a. Describe the importance of the immunoglobulin receptors on the surface of B-cells.
b. Why are millions of different receptor shapes essential to their function?
3. a. Contrast B-cell and T-cell activity.
b. Describe B-cell and T-cell interaction.
4. Describe the process that results in an activated B-cell.
5. Explain the steps that result in antibody production.
6. What is the function of memory B-cells?
7. Describe the following antibody actions.
Neutralization
Immobilization
Agglutination & Precipitation
Complement Activation
Opsonization

Cell Mediated Immunity

1. Describe receptor variation on T-lymphocyte cells.

2. Distinguish between the two types of T-cells.
Helper T-cells
Cytotoxic T-cells

3. Explain the role of the Antigen Presenting Cell (APC) relative to T H cells.
4. a What determines if TH and MHC-II Antigen can bind together?

NRS1102: Anatomy and Physiology (laboratory) 1st Semester 2020-2021

Ejfmania DMD, RN, MAN
 b. What is the function of costimulators?
c. What is the function of cytokines?
5. Describe steps of TH cell proliferation.
Cloning
Effector T-cells
Memory TH cells
6. a. Helper T-cells secrete cytokines, which exist in various forms. Different T H cells
secrete different cytokines. Describe the affects of each of the following cytokines:
Interleukin-2
Interleukin-4
Interleukin-5
Gamma Interferon
b. What determines which cytokine is secreted at any particular time?
7. Describe the role of thymus gland with regard to T-cell survival
8. Surviving cytotoxic cells can bind to viral infected cells or tumor cells, but this is not
enough to activate them. What additional costimulation is necessary?
9. Describe formation of Effector TC cells and Memory Tc cells.
10. Cytotoxic T-cells destroy cells that have become cancerous or are foreign to the body.
Explain the two major mechanisms used to accomplish this task.
Perforin
Lymphotoxin

Introduction to Disease Resistance

1. Contrast the two types of defense mechanisms. Name examples of each.

Non-Specific Mechanisms -
Specific Mechanisms
2. Once an injury has happened, what is the role of phagocytic macrophage cells?
3. How does the body increase the exposure of antigens to immune cells?
4. a. Describe what happens after the antigen-antibody complex is formed.

NRS1102: Anatomy and Physiology (laboratory) 1st Semester 2020-2021

Ejfmania DMD, RN, MAN
 b. What are the functions of the complement group?
5. Once pathogens have penetrated the non-specific barriers, they are confronted by
macrophages and natural killer cells. How do these cells contribute to maintaining
homeostasis?
6. What causes fever and inflammation?
7. Summarize primary response events. Emphasize what causes the proliferation of
immune cells (antibodies).
8. Define immunological memory.
9. a. What are memory B and T cells?
b. What advantage do these memory cells offer in case of repeated infection by a
specific pathogen?
c. Explain the correlation between immunological memory and vaccinations for a
specific disease.

Lymphatic System & Disease Resistance

1. Describe lymphatic system functions.

2. a. Identify the sections of the body drained by the right lymphatic and thoracic ducts
b. Determine the direction of blood and lymph movement between arterioles, blood and
lymph capillaries, and venules.
c. Describe the lymphatic system role with regard to lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins.

3. What are the thymus gland functions?

4. What is the function of the macrophages within the lymph nodes?
Identify spleen functions.
5. What is the function of perforin?
6. What is the function of lymphotoxin?
7. Activated B Lymphocytes are transformed into plasma cells that produce antibodies.
Name five ways antibodies can destroy foreign cells and substances.

NRS1102: Anatomy and Physiology (laboratory) 1st Semester 2020-2021

Ejfmania DMD, RN, MAN
Non-Specific Disease Resistance

1. Name five general non-specific defense mechanisms that act quickly to fight a wide
variety of “invaders.”
2. Name five physical barriers that prevent invasion by microbes.
Name five chemical barriers that prevent invasion by microbes.
3. Describe the protective contribution of lacrimation.
4. Describe the defensive role of nasal hair.
Describe the defensive role of lymph tissue located in the airway (MALT).
Describe the defensive role of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lining the
respiratory airway.
Describe the defensive role of alveolar macrophages.
5. Describe the defensive role of the keratinized epidermis.
Describe the defensive role of sebum.
Describe the defensive role of perspiration.
Describe the defensive role of macrophages in the skin.
6. Describe the defensive role of lymphocytes in the digestive tract.
Describe the defensive properties of saliva.
Describe the defensive properties of stomach acids.
How does peristaltic movement contribute to pathogen resistance
7. Describe the defensive role of interferons.
Why are interferons non-specific mechanisms?
8. Define the complement system.
What is the function of the complement system
9. Describe the classical complement pathway.
Describe how complement proteins can combine to form systems such as the MAC that
contribute to pathogen resistance.
10. Describe the alternative complement pathway.

NRS1102: Anatomy and Physiology (laboratory) 1st Semester 2020-2021

Ejfmania DMD, RN, MAN
11. Natural killer cells are a type of lymphocyte. Explain their function.
Where are natural killer cells found?
Why are natural killer cells a non-specific mechanism?
Describe the two ways natural killer cells kill pathogen cells.
12. Describe the defensive role of:
a. Neutrophils
b. Monocytes
13. Describe the sequential steps of phagocytosis.
14. In what ways can pathogens “fight back” against immune mechanisms?
15. What is the function of the inflammatory response?
16. Describe the steps of inflammation.
17. a. How is fever induced?
b. Describe how fevers can be beneficial.
interferon production
bacterial enzyme damage
repair mechanisms

NRS1102: Anatomy and Physiology (laboratory) 1st Semester 2020-2021

Ejfmania DMD, RN, MAN
 1. Once saved on your class notebook homework, Go to Assignments. Then upload your work
into the Assignment for submission (you can either use link or upload the whole file). Don’t
forget to click Turn in for grading.

A
A 1
1

NRS1102: Anatomy and Physiology (laboratory) 1st Semester 2020-2021

Ejfmania DMD, RN, MAN