PDF Kumpulan Soal Patofisiologi

Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L2
4+ FBFBJ FIKEBJ `+ s`khf}bd|

@KLBC _P]KBGBQB]I DB]GBQI <B
2+ _`ky`mbm fbfbj fikebj bn| ggkyb
lip`}|igmbkfnbk lbjbg |ifb nb|
`fh}i libfkhq|in* blbjbc5
2+ Buh|`gib _}b}`kbj
=+ Buh|`gib _bqab }`kbj
1+ Fbfbj fikebj ik|}ikq|
in
<+ cip`}|`kqi
=+ Ybkf |`}gqbn n` lbjbg p`kfhmb|bk fbfbj
fikebj* blbjbc
2+ _`kfhmb|bk Nhkq`}tb|id
=+ _`kfhmb|bk pk|pn g`ka`fbc b|bp
g`kfcbgmb| nhgjinbqi
1+ _`kfhmb|bk \bcb Bnci}
<+ MQQL
1+ M`m`}bpb p`kybni| ybkf q`}ikf
nbji m`}lbgpbn pblb n`}qbnbk
fikebj* nàpbji 5 b+ _`kybni| |`nbkbk lb}bc |
ikffi
m+ _`kybni| Libm`|`q G`jji|q
a+ Bj`}fi
l+ N`jbikbk b|higk* giqbjkyb jpq
`}i|`gb|hqq qiq|`gin
`+ Blbkyb qgmb|bk pblb qbj}bk n`gic
<+ Qbjbc qb| gbkid`q|bqinjikin fbfbj
fikebj n}hkin |`}lbpb| iq|ijbc Q|hgb|i|iq+ q|
hgb|i|iq g`}pbnbk5
b+ ]bqb |ilbn `kbn li gj|
m+ _`k}kbk m`}b| mblbk
a+ Nji| n`nkikfbk lbk nhkq`k|}bqi }`b
qbkfb| |ikffi
l+ Cijbkfkyb }bqb li lb`}bc |`}|`k|
`+ _`}blbkfbk jbiqbk gpjp|
0+ Ybkf |`}gbqn n`lbjbg G`|hl` Gh}dhjhfin
libfkhqb p`kybni| fikebj+ Nàpbji 5
b+ _`g`}inqbbk Gin}hqnhpin P}ik`
m+ _`g`}inqbbk Mbn|`}ihjhfin
P}ik` a+ _`g`}inqbbk Nigib
p}ik`
l+ _`g`}inqbbk ]blihjhfi
`+ Mihpqi Fikebj
4+ Lbpb| lihmb|i l`kfbk p`gm`}ibk fjnhqb
lbk ikqjik ik|}bt`kb ybkf bnbk
g`gbqnnbk N n` lbjbg q`j* b|b l`kfbk
.
p`gm`}ibk nbjqig fjnhkb| 2?% ik|}bt`kb+

p`}kyb|bbk |`}q`m| blbjbc p`kfhmb|bk
k|n g`kfcbgmb| nhgpjinbqi li mbvbc iki
5
b+ Cip`}|
`kqi m+
Ciph|`kqi
a+ Ciphnbj`gib
l+ Ci`}nbj`gib
`+ Bk`gib
6+ Ybkf |`}gbqn n` lbjbg p`kybni| fbfbj fikebj
p}ig`} blbjbc 5
2+ FKB
=+ K`d}hqnj`}hqiq
1+ ci`}|`kqi gbjifkb
<+ Ciph|`kqi
3+ Ybkf |`}gbqn n` lbjbg e`kiq |}bkqpjbk|bqi
fikebj* nàpbji 5
b+ B|
hf}bd| m+
Iqhf}bd|
a+ q`kqhf}bd|
l+ bjjhf}bd|
9+ Q|blig li}`qiq fbfbj fikebj bn| ligjbi mijb
n`jb}bk }ik` g`kikfnb| qbgpbi j`mic lb}i
<?? gj(cb}i+M`}bpb jbgb vbn| m`}jbkfqkf
q|blig li}`qiq*pblb ebvbmbk li mbvbc iki 5
b+ 1 cb}i qbgpbi 2 gikff
m+ 2 qbgpbi = gikff
a+ 2 qbgpbi 1 gikff
l+ = qbgbi 1 gikffp
`+ = qbgpbi < gikff
2?+ _`kybni| Fikebj ik|}ikqin |`}q`}ikf
ybkf g`ky`mbmnbk fbfbj fikebj blbjbc 5
b+ k`n}hqiq |pmpjb} bnp| # B\K)
m+ cip`}|`kqi
a+ cip`}fjin`gib
l+ buh|`gib p}b}`kbj
`+ buh|`gib pbqab}`kbj
22+ M`m`}bpb n`blbbk p}b}`kbj ybkf
pbjikf q`}ikf l`kfbk p`kikfnb|bk }iqinh
fbfbj fikebj bn|* nàpbji 5
b+ p`gm`lbcbk bh}|b bmlhgikbjiq
m+ hp`}bqi ebk|kf |`}mnb
a+ jpnb mbnb} }ikfbk
l+ jnb mbnb} m`}b|
`+ qyhn nb}lihf`kin
2=+ qbjbc qb| fèbjb fbfbj fikebj bn|
blbjbc hjif}ib* hjif}ib g`}pbnbk 5
b+ m`}n`gic li gbjbg cb}i
m+ |`}ebli p`kigmkbk abi}bk
a+ p`}blbkfbk jbpiqbk gj|
l+ thjg` bi} n`gic m`}|bgmbc lbjbg
egjbc |bn |`}cikffb
`+ thjpg` bi} n`gic m`}np}bkf b|
bp bkp}ib ybi|p qbgb q`nbji
|ilbn
|`}m`k|pn bi} n`gic
21+ Fbfbj fikebj bn| ik|}ikqin iki |`}li}i
lb}i K`n}hqiq \mjb| Bn| #B\K) *
_`kybni| tbqnjb} lbk k`d}i|iq |mjhik|`}q|
iqibj
Q`mbm
K`n}hqiq |mjb} bn| #B\K) g`}pbnbk j`qi
fikebj ybkf pbjikf q`}ikf g`ky`mbmnbk fbfbj
fikebj bn| #60%)
EBVBMBK 5 M
2<+ Qbjbc qb| fèbjb fbfbj fikebj bn|
blbjbc Khn|}ib
Q`mbm
Khn|}ib g`}pbnbk m`}n`gic li qibkf cb}i
EBVBMBK 5 A
20+ _`ky`mbm k`d}h|hnqin pblb B\K
blbjbc k`d}h|hnqik `nqhf`k gbpk `klhf`k
Q`mbm
k`d}h|hnqik `nqhf`k gbpk `klhf`k ybkf
mibqbkyb g`ky`mbmnbk |`}eblikyb
fbfbj fikebj bn| l`kfbk B\K
EBVBMBK 5 B
DI\]I ]B\KB L@VI DB]GBQI <B

2+ Fbfbj fikebj limbfi g`kebli m`}bpb
e`kiq8 B+ 2
M+ =
A+ 1
L+ <
@+ 0
=+ _`ky`mbm fbfbj fikebj n}hkin ybi|
q`mbfbi m`}in|8
b+ \`nbkbk lb}bc |ikffi }`klbc
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Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L=
m+ Fjhg`}pjhk`d}i|iq =+_`}inb}li|iq
a+ qbj}bk n`gic mbfq 1+Cip`}nbj`gib
l+ |ilbn n`jbikbk b|higk
`+ N`jbikbk cb|i
1+ _`ky`mbm fbfbj fikebj bn| ybi| q`mbfbi
m`}in|8
b+ _`kybni| |`nbkbk lb}bc }
`klbc m+ G`kl`}i|b `kybni|
nbkn`} a+ g`kl`}i|b p`kybni|
ebk|kf
l+ |ilbn g`kl`}i|b jpq `}i|`gb|hqq
qiq|`gin
`+ G`kl`}i|b p`kybni| cb|i
<+ Fèbjb p`kybni| fbfbj fikebj g`}pbnbk8
b+ ky`}i pikffbkf
m+ m`kfnbn gb|b
a+ l`gbg
l+ n`jbikbk ky`}i
`+ q`gpb m`kb}
0+ Limbvbc iki M`}b| fikebj q`ni|b}8
b+ 24? f}bg
m+ 2?? f}bg
a+ 2=? f}bg
l+ 20?
f}bg
`+ 2<? f}bg
4+ Libfkhq` _blb p`g`}inqbbk lb}bc
ybkf mibqb li|`gnbk q`mbfbi m`}in|8
b+ _`k}kbk nblb} }`b
m+ Bqilhqiq
a+ p`kikfnb|bk ti|bgik L
l+ _`k}kbk nblb} ch}ghk
`+ p`kikfnb|bk nblb} nbjqig
6+ _`g`}inqbbk ybkf cb}q lijbnnbk Pk|n
g`kl`|`nqi fbfbj fikebj g`}pbnbk8
b+ _`g`}inqbbk lb}bc #nblb} q`j
lb}bc*
}`g* n}`b|ikik* bqbg }b|* Nbjig*
dhqdh}* nbjqig)
m+ Bi} q`ki #Gin}hqnhpin lbk p}h|
ìk) a+ ]hk|f`k fikebj
l+ PQF lbk Mihpqi fikebj
`+ q`gpb m`kb}
3+ Q`m`jg \}bkqpjbk|bqi fikebj gbnb p`}j
li jbnnbk p`g`}inqbbk ybkf g`}pbnbk8
b+ p`g`}inqbbk lb}bc }|
ik m+ p`g`}inqbbk ebk|kf
a+ p`g`}iqbbk P}ik ]|
ik l+ @NF lbk PQF
`+ q`gpb m`kb}
9+ Pk|n g`gmbkf abi}bk qiqb g`|
bmhjia gbnb ybkf bnbk lijbnnbk blbjbc8
b+ Libjiqb
m+ p`g`}inqbk lb}bc
a+ p`g`}inqbbk cb|i
l+ p`g`}inqbbk }ik`
`+ _`g`}inqbbk `gp`l
2?+ 2+N`blbbk g`k|bj g`k}k
22+ Liq`mbmnbk n}bk
Fjhg`}jb} dij|}b|ihk }b|`
#g`kffbgmb}nbk nà`pb|bk fikebj
g`gm`}qicnbk lb}bc) q`ni|b} 1?
gj(gik blbjbc fbfbj fikebj5 B
2=+ ]bg nji| blbjbc qbjbc
qb| p`ky`mbm |`}eblikyb fbfbj fikebj
bn| B
21+ f}bkpjhgb|hqiq V`f`k`}*
blbjbc p`ky`mbm |`}eblikyb
n`}qbnbk p`gmjc lb}bc li fikebj B
2<+ Cil}hk`d}hqiq blbjbc p`ky`mbm
|`}eblikyb fbfbj fikebj bn|
Q
@
M
B
M
Blbkyb p`kygmb|bk bji}bk n`gic B
20+ Liq`mbmnbk _`ky`gpi|bk
pblb b}|`}i |bgb fikebj miqb
g`kigmjnbk miqikf #m}pi|) ybkf
bnbk |`}l`kfb} pblb
p`g`}inqbbk l`kfbk q|`|hqnh B
C@Q\Y _]IQNB B_]IKB DB]GBQI <B

2+ _`kybni| fbfbj fikebj m`}n`gmbkf
qàb}b p`}jbcbk n`b}bc ybkf
q`gbnik m}n ligbkb fikebj qbgb
q`nbji |ilbn jbfi gbgp m`n`}eb
q`mbfbigbkb dkkfqikyb+ Lbjbg
lkib n`lhn|`}bk fbfbj fikebj limbfi
g`kebli q`}bkfbk limbvbc iki 5
b+ Bn|
m+ N}hkiq
a+ q`kqi|it`
l+ bnp| lbk n}hkiq
`+ |ilbn blb ybkf m`kb}
=+ fbfbj fikebj ybkf mibqbkyb liq`}|
bi hj`c hjif}ib # n`jb}bk }ik` : <??
gj (cb}i) blbjbc 5
b+ fbfbj
fikebj bnp| m+
fbfbj fikebj
n}hkiq a+
fbfbj fikebj |ip`2
l+ fbfbj fikebj
`+ fbfbj fikebj |ip` =
1+ Fbfbj fikebj bn| ik|}ikqin iki |`}li}i
lb}i limbvbc iki nàbji 5
b+ K`n}hqiq \mjb| Bn|
#B\K) m+ _`kybni|
tbqajb}
a+ ikd`nqi buh|`gib
l+ k`d}i|iq |mjhik|`}q|iqibj
`+ B\K lbk k`d}i|iq
<+ _`}ebjbkbk njikiq fbfbj fikebj bn|
mibqbkyb limbfi g`kebli |ifb q|blig
*limbvbc iki nàbji 5
b+ q|blig
hjif}ib m+ q|
blig li`}`qiq
a+ q|blipg buh|`gib
l+ q|blig p`gjicbk
`+ q|blig li`}`qiq lbk
p`gjicbk 0+ Fbfbj fikebj n}hkin
g`}pbnbk p`}n`gmbkfbk fbfbj
fikebj ybkf p}hf}`qid lbk jbgmb| #
mibqbkyb m`}jbkfqkf
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4+ \`}eblikyb fbfbj fikebj liq`mbmnbk a+ q|blig hjif}ib

hj`c m`m`}bpb p`kybni| q`}iq ybkf
lil`l}i|b hj`c |mc ybkf gbkb qàb}b
p`}jbcbk' jbcbk m`}lbgpbn pblb
n`}qbnbk h}fbk fikebj+ Blbpk m`m`}bpb
p`kybni| ybkf q`}ikf nbji m`}lbgpbn
n`}qbnbk fikebj
*nàbji․
b+ Cip`}|`kqi
m+ libm`|`q g`jji|q
a+ libm`|`q ikqiilpq
l+ nbkn`}
`+ n`jbikbk b|higk
6+ _`ky`mbm fbfbj fikebj bn| ggkyb
lip`}|igmbkfnbk lbjbg |ifb nb|`fh}i
libfkhq|in ybi| 5
b+ fbfbj fikebj `nq|}ikqin *fbfbj
fikebj ik|}ikqin * buh|`gib
m+ buh|`gi b pbqab }`kbj
*fbfbj fikebj `nq|}ikqin*buh|`gib }
`kbj
a+ buh|`gib*buh|`gib
pbqab}`kbj* buh|`gib p}b}`kbj
l+ fbfbjfikebj ik|}ikqin * fbfbj
fikebj bn| * fbfbj fikebj n}hkiq
`+ buh|`gib }b}`kbj * buh|
`gib
bqab}`kbj *fbfbj fikebj
ik|}ikqin 3+ Q|blig pblb fbfbj fikebj
bn| ligjbi mijb n`jb}bk }ik` g`kikfnb|
qbgpbi j`mic lb}i <?? gj p`} cb}i+ Lbk
mibqbkyb m`}jbkfqkf q`jbgb = qbgpbi 1
gikff blbjbc q|blig 5
b+ q|blipg lip}`qiq
m+ q|blig hjifh}ib
a+ Q|blig p`gjicbk
l+ q|blig buh|`gib
`+ pbqab}`kbj
9+ Limbvbc iki blbjbc p`}ebjbkbk njikiq
fbfbj fikebj *nàbji 5
b+ p`k}kbk ablbkfbk fikebj
m+ ikqdiqi`kqi fikebj
a+ fbfbj fikebj q|blipg lip}`qiq
l+ fbfbj fikebj
`+ fbfbj fikebj q|blig bnci}
2?+ p`kybni| fbfbj fikebj lbpb|
lihmb|i l`kfbk ab}b limbvbc iki+ybi|5
b+ libjiqiq
m+ |}bkqpjbk|bqi
fikebj a+ n`gh|`}bpy
l+ |`}bpy
`+ @+B lbk M m`kb}
22+ q|blig ybkf m`}jbkfqkf qbgpbi
2 |bck* lbk q`jbgb gbqb i| bk`gib lbk
n`gbgpbk p`g`nb|bk fikebj q`lini| l`gi
q`lini| g`gmbin+ Q|blig iki blbjbc q|
blig5
b+ q|blig p`gjicbk
m+ q|blig li}`qiq
b+ C`ghlibjiqb lbk Libjiqiq
_`}i|hk`bj
m+ c`ghlibjiqb
a+ n`gh|
c`}bpy l+
libjiqq
p}b}`kbj
`+ |}bkqpjbk|bqi
21+ |}bkqpjbk|bqi fikebj
g`}pbnbk ab}b p`kfhmb|bk
fbfbj fikebj +
\}bkqpjbk|bqi fikebj lijbnnbk
l`kfbk ebjbk g`kffbk|i fikebj ybkf
}qbn l`kfbk fikebj ybkf mb}
l`kfbk |`nckin p`gm`lbcbk+
Ebvbmbk 5B
2<+ _`k}kbk ablbkfbk fikebj
|`}ebli mijb FD] |}k 0?% lb}i kh}gbj +
_`k}kbk FD] |ilbn g`ky`mbmnbk
bngjbqi qiqb g`|bmhjia Ebvbmbk 5
B
20+ _`kybni| fbfbj fikebj q|blig bnci}
\`}ebli mijb FD] g`kebli n}bkf lb}i
0% lb}i kh}gbj+ Ebvbmbk 5B
INCQBK MPLIB]\H DB]GBQI <B

2+ _`}ebjbkbk njikin p`kybni|
fbfbj fikebj bn| limbfi g`kebli |
ifb q|blig q`mbfbi m`}in|*+ + + +
b+ Li}`qiq* Hjif}ib* _`gjicbk
m+ Hjifp}ib* Lip}`qiq* _`gpjicbk
a+ Bn|* N}hkin*
_`gjicbk l+ N}hkin*
Bn|* _`gjicbk
`+ \}bgb* Bn|* N}hkin
=+ H}bkf l`vbqb kh}gbj lbk
q`cb| g`kf`n}`qi p}h|ìk lbjbg
}ik` q`lini|kyb blbjbc* + + +
b+ 20? gf(cb}i
m+ 2?? gf(cb}i
a+ 0? gf(cb}i
l+ =0? gf(cb}i
`+ =?? gf(cb}i
1+ _`kfhmb|bk fbfbj fikebj
qàb}b nhkq`}tb|id libk|b}bkyb
l`kfbk ab}b li`| nbjig* egjbc
li`| nbjig ybkf
lip`}mhj`cnbk lbjbg li`| blbjbc* + + +
+
b+ <?'3? g@r(cb}i
m+ =?'<? g@r(cb}i
a+ 2?'=? g@r(cb}i
l+ 0'2? g@r(cb}i
`+ 4?'3?g@r(cb}i
<+ M`}in| iki fèbjb'fèbjb fbfbj fikebj bn|
* nàbji* + + + +
b+ Khn|}`b #m`}n`gic
ligbjbg cb}i) m+ Gbj lbk
Gk|bc
a+ Ikd`nqi qbjp}bk n`gic
l+ _`gm`kfnbnbk |kfnbi
`+ ]bg nji|
0+ Limbvbc iki |}bkqpjbk|bqi fikebj
lijbnnbk n`|inb* + + + +
b \ilbn blb jbfi hmb| bgpc ybkf
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Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L<
`+ M`}j`mickyb nbklkfbk p}h|ìk* 2+ _}h|ìkp}ib

nbjig* kb|}ig* lbk phqdb| li lbjbg =+ Bkp}`nqib kbpq`b 1+
}ik` Ci`}b}b|i}hiliqg`
4+ Pei libfkhqiq p`kybni| fbfbj fikebj lbpb|
lijbnnbk l`kfbk* nàpbji* + + + +
b+ _`g`}inqbbk nigib }ik`
m+ Mihpqi
a+ Nhkq`k|}bqi ihk nbjipg
l+ \`q dkfqi |mc
`+ _`g`}inqbbk }blihjhfi
6+ ]qbnkyb q`j p`kyb}ikf pblb fikebj mbin
bnimb| p`}blbkfbk hj`c ikd`nqi b|
bpk lbgpbn lb}i cip`}|`kqi blbjbc* + + + +
b+ Fjpg`}pjhk`c}}i|ciq
m+ _hji}ib
a+ Hjif}ib
l+ Fbfbj fikebj n}hkin
`+ Ikqdiqi`kqi fikebj
3+ Limbvbc iki n`jbikbk |jbkf
pblb p`kybni| fbfbj fikebj bnimb|
fbkffbk g`|bmhjiqg` gik`}bj lbpb|
lijbnnbk p`kfhmb|bk l`kfbk p`gm`}ibk* +
+++
b+ Ti|bgik B
m+ Ti|bgik L
a+ Nhkqgqi nbjqig
l+ Fbfbj fikebj
n}hkin
`+ Kb|}ig Minb}mhkb|
9+ E`kiq p`kybni| ybkf m`}lbgpbn
pblb n`}qbnbk fikebj blbjbc* + + + +
2+ Ci`}|`kqi
=+ Ebk|kf
1+ Libm`|`q G`ji|pq
<+ Q|}hn`
2?+ _`}kyb|bbk ybkf |`pb| |`k|
bkf fbfbj fikebj blbjbc* + + +
2+ _`kybni| ligbkb dpkfqi h}fbk
fikebj g`kfbjbgi `kp}pkbk
lbjbg cbj
`kyb}ikfbk `gmpbkfbk `j`n|}hji|
|pmpc
=+ _`kybni| fbfbj fikebj j`mic
q`}ikf libjbgi hj`c h}bkf l`vbqb
1+ Liq`mbmnbk nb}`kb `kybni|
q`}ipq jbik ybkf lil`}i|b hj`c |pmpc
<+ Fbfbj fikebj bn| li|bklbi l`kfbk dkfqi
fikebj ybkf g`k}k qàb}b p`}jbcbk
22+ _`ky`mbm fbfbj fikebj bn|
ggkyb lip`}|igmbkfnbk lbjbg nb|bfh}i
libfkhq|ia* ybi|* + + +
2+ Buh|`gib }b }`kbj
=+ Fbfbj fikebj ik|}ikqia
1+ Buh|`gib bqab }
`kbj
<+ Iqn`gib fikebj
2=+ Gbkid`q|bqi fbfbj
fikebj g`jip|i* + + + +
2<+ B 5 Fbfbj fikebj bn gj(g`ki| l+ 2?
bk g`ky`mbmnbk 0gj(g`ki|
fèbjb'fèbjb q`}iq ybkf `+ 220gj(g`ki|
|ilbn m`}cmkfbk fikebj 6+ Ybkf g`}pbnbk FD] kh}gbj
M 5 Cil}h}`d}qiq lbpb| g`ky`mbmnbk pblb p`}`gpbk․++
fèbjb fbfbj fikebj Ebvbmbk 5 M b+
20+ B 5 _`kfhmb|bk fbfbj 2=0gj(g`ki|
fikebj lbpb| limbfi g`kebli |ifb | m+ 22?
bcbpbk gj(g`ki|
M 5 \iklbnbk n`lb |`}li}i lb}i |iklbnbk
nhkq`}tb|id Ebvbmbk 5 @
IK\BK DBPUIBC
2+ _`kybni| - p`kybni| ybkf m`}lbgpbn pblb
n`}qbnbk fikebj blbjbc․++
b+ Libm`|`q
g`jji|pq m+
_`kybni| ebk|
kf a+ Bk`gib
l+ Jit`}
`+ Gbbfc
=+ _`kikfnb|bk n`jb}bk }ik` qbgpbi j`mic lb}i
<?? gj p`} cb}i lbk mibqbkyb
m`}jbkfqkf = qbgpbi 1 gikff
g`}pbnbk․+
b+ Q|blig Hjif}ib
m+ K`n}hqiq |
mjb} bn| a+ Q|
blig _`gjicbk
l+ Ikqdiqi`kqi
fikebj
`+ Q|blipg Lip}`qiq
1+ _`ky`mbm lb}i fbfbj fikebj
n}hkiq*nàbji․++ b+ Ikd`nqi qbj}bk
n`gic
m+ K`d}hpb|i |hnqin
a+ Nbkn`}
l+ _`kybni| p`}blbkfbk
`+ _`kybni| g`|bmhjin
<+ Pei lipq|ian k|n g`kf`|bci blbkyb
lb}bc qbgb} g`}pbnbk ei
p`kbpiqbk ybkf mbin
k|n․+
b+ _}h|ìk
m
+
P}i
k
a+
Lb
}b
c
l+ _}h|ìk}ib
`+ C`gb|p}ib
0+ _`kybni| fbfbj fikebj mibqbkyb
g`kigmjnbk nhgpjinbqi p`kybni|
q`mbfbi m`}in|++
b+ \gh}
m+ Ci`}|`kqi
a+ Ikd`nqi qbj}bk
n`gic l+
N`jbikbk b|
higk
`+ Q`gb m`kb}
4+ FD] kh}gbj pblb jbni'jbni blbjbc․++
b+
2=0gj(g
`ki| m+
22?
gj(g`ki|
a+ 21?
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<) Mb|n l+ Abi}bk lbjbg |mc j`mic

9+ Libfkhq|in fbfbj fikebj g`k}| g`| lb}i kh}gbj q`cikffb g`kfbnimb|nbk
hl` mihnigib blbjbc q`mbfbi m`}in|․+ d`q`q g`kebli abi}
2) Jbep Dij|}b| Fjhg`jp}pq `+ G`ka}`|'g`ka}`|
=) _`g`}inqbbk ]blihjhfi 1+ Qbjbc qb| p`ky`mbm lib}` blbjbc5
1) \`q Dpkfqi \pmpjpq b+ Ikd`nqi hj`c mbn|`}i* ti}q* b|
<) _`g`}inqbbk Mbn|`}ihjhfin P}ik` b pb}bqi|
2?+ _`kfhmb|bk nhkq`}tb|id g`}pbnbk․++ m+ \`}jbj mbkybn gikg
2) _`kfb|p}bk li`| nbjipg a+ Nblb} bi} lbjbg |mc
=) _`kfb|p}bk li`| }h|ìk g`kikfnb| l+ Bj`}fi |`}cblbp gbnbkbk
1) _`kfb|p}bk li`| abi}bk b|b
<) _`kfb|p}bk li`| dhqdb| gikgbk
22+ ]bgbk c`}mbj k|n p`kybni| fbfbj `+ _hjb cilp ybkf |ilbn vbeb}
fikebj* nàbji․+ <+ Lib}` n}hkin blbjbc5
2) Lbk nikb li|bgmbc lbk ngiq naikf+ b+ Lib}` ybkf m`}jbkfqkf j`mic
=) \`c }bain gbcnh|b l`vb li|bgmbc lb}i lb gikff
lbpk qbgmijh|h lbk bnb} bjbkf'bjbkf m+ Lib}` ybkf m`}jbkfqkf j`mic lb}i
1) Lbk mkfb pnj `gpb| li|bgmbc bnb} |ec cb}i
bjbkf'bjbkf a+ Lib}` ybkf m`}jbkfqkf j`mic
<) Lbpk lblb li|bgmbc lbpk lb}i 6= ebg
ahah} m`m`n lbk |ifb mpbc }igbkf l+ Lib}` ybkf m`}jbkfqkf j`mic
npkyi|+ lb}i jigb cb}i
2=+ _blb p`kfhmb|bk fbfbj fikebj q| `+ Lib}` ybkf m`}jbkfqkf j`mic lb}i
blig bnci} #@]QL) p`kfhmb|bk ybkf li =< ebg
jbnnbk blbjbc․ 0+ Lib}` pb}bqi|`} blbjbc5
2) Libjiqiq b+ Lib}` ybkf liq`mbmnbk
=) C`ghlibjiqiq hj`c pb}bqi|
1) \}bkjbk|bqi fikebj m+ Lib}` ybkf liq`mbmnbk hj`c
<) _`kfb|}bk li`| dhqdb| ti}q a+ Lib}` ybkf liq`mbmnbk hj`c
21+ Q|blig p`gjicbk fbfbj fikebj bn| ebg} l+ Lib}` ybkf liq`mbmnbk hj`c
lbpb| m`}jbkfqkf qbgpbi qb| |bck+ mbn|`}i
Q`jbgb gbqb i| bk`gib lbk n`gbgpbk `+ Lib}` ybkf liq`mbmnbk hj`c
p`g`nb|bk fikebj q`lini| l`gi q`lini| mbcbk nigib
bnbk g`gmbin+ Ebvbmbk 5 B 4+ Qbjbc qb| |bklb fèbjb lib}` blbjbc5
2<+ Fbfbj fikebj n}hkin g`}pbnbk b+ Mbkf bi} m`qb} abi} lbk
p`}n`gmbkfbk fbfbj fikebj ybkf m`}lb}bc m+ Mbkf bi} m`qb} liq`}|bi
p}hf}`qid lbk jbgmb|+ gk|bc a+ N`kaikf m`}lb}bc
Dkfqi fikebj g`k}k qàb}b a`pb| #mibqbkyb l+ Mb|n'mb|n
lbjbg m`m`}bpb cb}i) ybkf `+ \ilbn miqb |il}
g`ky`mbmnbk bu`|hgib ybkf m`}n`gmbkf 6+ M`}in| iki ahk|hc hmb| c`}mbj k|n
a`pb|* jbe dij|}bqi fjhg`}jq ybkf g`k}k g`kfhmb|i lib}` blbjbc5
l`kfbk a`pb| g`ky`mbmnbk nblb} n}`b| 2+ _an lbk ebgm miei
ikik q`}g lbk nblb} ki|}hf`k }`b =+ \`c pbci|
lb}bc g`kikfnb|+ 1+ Nji| l`jigb n`}ikf
Ebvbmbk 5 A <+ Jilbc mbyb
20+ K`n}hqiq |mjb} bn| #B\K) g`}pbnbk 3+ Dbn|h} p`ky`mbm lib}` bn| nb}`kb
j`qi fikebj ybkf pbjikf q`}ikf ikd`nqi qbj}bk a`}kb blbjbc5
g`ky`mbmnbk fbfbj fikebj bn| #60%) 2+ Ti}q
B\K i| |`}ebli bnimb| iqn`gib fikebj ybkf =+ Mbn|`}i
|`}ebli lbjbg vbn| jbgb bnimb| 1+ Ebg}
nhkliqi p}b}`kbj b|b bnimb| p`gbebkbk <+ Gbnbkbk
|`}cblbp k`d}h|hnqik+ Ebvbmbk 5 M 9+ _b}bqi|'pb}bqi| p`ky`mbm lib}` blbjbc5
2+ @k|bgh`mb ciq|hjy|iab
6+ LIB]@ =+ A}y|hqh}ilipg
I] DBK \BPDIN DBGBQI <B 1+ Ayajhqh}b
2+ Nbklkfbk bi} pblb qbb| lib}` <+ @k|bgh`mb ahji
blbjbc5 b+ J`mic lb}i =?? f}bg 2?+ Nblb} bi} pblb qbb| lib}` blbjbc5
m+ J`mic lb}i 1?? f}bg 2+ =?? f}bg
a+ J`mic lb}i <?? f}bg
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2=+ \bklb'|bklb fèbjb lib}` blbjbc5 l+ Lib}` p`}qiq|`k

2+ Gk|bc `+ Lib}` ikdjbgbqi bn|id
=+ L`gbg
1+ Ky`}i p`}| qbgpbi n}bg
<+ Mb|n'mb|n
21+ Bnimb| lb}i g`gbnbk
gbnbkbk ybkf |`}ikd`nqi blbjbc |
`}q`}bkf lib}` mbn|`}ibj
Q@MBM
lbjbg gbnbkbk |`}ikd`nqi |`}lbpb| mbn|`}i
p`ky`mbm lib}`+
2<+ Qbjbc qb| |bklb fèbjb
lib}` blbjbc ky`}i p`}| qbgpbi n}bg
Q@MBM
fèbjb lib}` g`ky`}bkf qbj}bk p`ka`}kbbk+
20+ Nblb} bi} pblb qbb| lib}` blbjbc
=?? f}bg #j`mic lb}i kh}gbj)
Q@MBM
pblb qbb| lib}` d`q`q g`kebli abi} b|b
`ka`}+
GB]IB PJDB DB]GBQI <B

2+ Lib}` ybkf liq`mbmnbk iktbqi mbn|`}i
lbk qi|h|hnqik li nhjhk l`kfbk
gbkid`q|bqi qikl}hgb liq`k|}i l`kfbk
lib}` ybkf liq`}|bi j`kli} lbk lb}bc
liq`m| + + +
b+ Lib}` khk ikdjbgbqi
m+ Lib}` bn|
a+ Lib}` p`}qiq|`k
l+ Lib}` ikdjbgbqi
`+ Lib}` n}hkin
=+ Ybkf |`}gbqn n`lbjbg
g`nbkiqg`
|`}eblikyb lib}` ybkf bn| gbpk ybkf
n}hkin blbjbc + + +
b+ Hqgh|ia
m+ Q`n}`|h}in
a+ @nqlb|id
l+ Fbkffbk gh|iji|bq
`+ Q`gpbky m`kb}
1+ _blb mbyi ybkf g`kfbjbgi lib}`
l`kfbk l`cil}bqi }ikfbk* gbnb cbj |
bgb ybkf cb}q lijbnnbk blbjbc + +
b+ _`gm`}ibk BQI
m+ _`gm`}ibk abi}bk
ikdq a+ _`gm`}ibk abi}bk
h}bji| l+ _`gm`}ibk bk|
imih|in
`+ _`gm`}ibk hmb| c`}mbj
<+ Lib}` ybkf |`}ebli mijb |`}lbpb|
fbkffbk bji}bk #bmqh}pqi) lb}i jg`k qq
n` lbjbg pjbqgb b|b p`}a`pb|bk
abi}bk bi} lb}i pjbqgb n` jg`k liq`m| + +
+
b+ Lib}` cip`}gh|iji|
bq m+ Lib}` ikdjbgbqi
a+ Lib}` n}hkin
4+ ]bqb gbj lbk gk|bc lbpb|
g`klbcji lib}`* cbj iki liq`mbmnbk
hj`c + + +
b+ \`}jbj mbkybn
g`kfnhkqgqi gbnbkbk
bqbg
m+ Ikd`nqi mbn|`}i
a+ N`n}bkfbk abi}bk lbk
`j`n|}hji| l+ \`}jbj mbkybn
g`kfnhkqgqi gbnbkbk
ybkf gbkiq
`+ Ikd`nqi ti}pq
6+ Lib}` hqgh|ia lbpb| lia`fbc
qàb}b q`gp}kb g`jbji + + +
b+ _`gm`}ibk bk|imih|in
m+ _`gm`}ibk abi}bk ikdq
qàb}b m`}nbjb
a+ _pbqb l`kfbk
g`kf`jigikbqi ik|bn` jb}p|bk
ybkf g`ky`mbmnbk lib}`
l+ G`kfhkqgqi gbnbkbk m`}q`}b|
`+ _`gm`}ibk hmb| c`}mbj*
q`p`}|i nkyi|
3+ Gbqb iknmbqi ti}q p`ky`mbm lib}`
ybi| q`jbgb + + +
b+ 6 - 2 = e bg
m+ < - <3 e bg
a+ 24 ' 6= e bg
l+ 1 - 0 c b}i
`+ 2' 1 gikff
9+ N`gh|`}bp`|inb k|n |`}bpi nbqbj
ybkf g`gm`}bk|bq mbn|`}i
p`ky`mbm lib}` q`p`}|i bk|imih|inb*
qjdhkbgil`* nikhjhk lbk d}buhjilhk*
libk|b}bkyb + + +#@)
2+ ]ààh}lij
=+
Jhp`}bg
il` 1+
Kid}hsbu
il`
<+ Liha|bc`l}bj qgà|i|`
2?+ \`}lbpb| m`m`}bpb ab}b hmq|ipbkqib k|n
|`}bpi qig|hgb|iq #g`kfcijbkfnbk
fèbjb) ybkf lbpb| g`kfc`k|
inbk lib}`* libk|b}bkyb + + +
2+ Ub| p`k`nbk p`}iq|bj|ia
q`cikffb g`gm`}inbk j`mic
mbkybn vbn| k|n
}`qh}pqi bi} lbk `j`n|}hji| hj`c gnhqb
qq
=+ Blq|}ikf`kqib ybkf
g`kai|nbk q`jbp| j`kli} qq
1+ Blqh}m`kqib ybkf
lbpb| g`ky`}bp ub|'ub| m`}bak
#|hnqik) ybkf licbqijnbk hj`c
mbn|`}i lbk m`}bqbj lb}i
gbnbkbk #lbkf* inbk)+
<+ Qpbqghji|in ybkf
g`}pbnbk ub|' ub| ybkf lbpb|
g`j`pbqnbk nèbkf' nèbkf
h|h| ybkf q`}ikfnbji
g`kfbnimb|nbk ky`}i p`}| pblb
lib}`
22+ \gmcbk ybkf lbpb| lifkbnbk
q`mbfbi hmb| c`}mbj lbjbg
p`kfhmbb|bbk lib}` ybi| + + +#M)
2+ Lbpk |`c
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=+ Bj`}fi |`}cblb gbnbkbk m+ Q`mbm mbn|`}i g`}pnbk

lbk hmb| |`}|`k|p p`ky`mbm |`}q`}ikf lbjbg p`kyni| lib}`*
1+ _`gbkiq mpb|bk bnimb|kyb pblb p`kl`}i|b lbpb|
<+ N`n}bkfbk abi}bk
21+ Hmb| c`}mbj ybkf lbpb| lieblinbk hmb|
- hmb|bk |}bliqihkbj libk|b}bkyb pb|inbk
n`mh #`pch}mib ci}|b)* lbk ebgm miei*
nkyi|* qbgmijh|h #bkl}hf}bpciq pbkiajb|b)*
n}hnh| #ph}|jbab hj`}ba`b)* nji| l`jigb* |
`c lbk lbk q`klhn+
b+ Q`mbm hmb| |`}q`mp| lbb| g`gijini
`d`n q`mbfbi blq|}ikf`k| #`kf`jb|)*
bnimb|kyb einb li gikpg lbb|
g`kf`}p|nbk q`jbp| j`kli}
pqpq* g`kfp}bkfi `kf`jpb}bk
abi}bk lib}`* q`}|b `d`n bk|
i}blbkf lbk bk|imbn|`}i+
m+ Q`mbm hmb|'hmb| |`}q`m|
g`kfbklkf q|`}hil* bnimb|kyb einb
ligikg qyq|`g n`n`mbjbk |mc
q`gbnik g`kikfnb| lbk g`k}knbk }
`qinh ikd`nqi
a+ Q`mbm hmb|'hmb| |`}q`m|
g`kfbklkf sbk|ik* bnimb|kyb einb
ligikg lbpb| g`ka`fbc |`}eblikyb
nbkn`} q`j `pi|`j
|`}|bgb nbkn`} p}hq|b|* pb}
lbk qbj}bk a`}kb+
l+ Q`mbm hmb|'hmb| |`}q`m|
g`kfbklkf sbk|ik* bnimb|kyb einb
ligikg qiq|`g n`n`mbjbk |mc
g`kikfnb|* g`kf}bkfi p`kf`jb}bk
abi}bk lib}`* lbk g`k}knbk }
`qinh ikd`nqi
`+ Q`mbm hmb|'hmb| |`}q`m|
g`kfbklkf q|`}hil* bnimb|kyb einb
ligikg lbpb| g`kf`}|nbk q`jbp|
j`kli} qq* lbpb| g`kf}bkfi }blinbj
m`mbq* lbk g`kffbk|inbk abi}bk }
mc ybkf cijbkf
2<+ _blb h}bkf l`vbqb*lib}` lbpb|
liq`mbmnbk hj`c ikd`nqi mbn|`}i* ti}q*
lbk ikt`nqi nb}`kb p}bqi|+
b+ Q`mbm pb}bqi|
g`}pbnbk p`ky`mbm |`}q`}ikf
lbjbg p`kybni| lib}`* bnimb|kyb
gbqb iknmbqi pb}bqi| m`}jbkfqkf
q`jbgb 1 - 0 cb}i
lim`}inbk bk|imih|in
lbjbg p`kfhmb|
bkkyb
20+ Qcif`jjb q+ g`}pbnbk p`ky`mbm
|bgb liq`k|}i mbqij`}+
b+ Q`mbm Qcif`jjb q+ |
`}gbqn n`lbjbg n`jhgphn
ti}q * bnimb|kyb p`kl`}i|b
g`kfbjbgi ky`}i p`}| c`mb|*
m`}bn ybkf q`}ikf* lbk qbni|
l`kfbk thjg` |ikeb q`lini|
liq`}|bi j`kli} lbk lb}bc
m+ Q`mbm Qcif`jjb q+ |
`}gbqn n` lbjbg n`jhgphn
pb}bqi|*bnimb|kyb g`nbkiqg`
ybkf |`}ebli ybi| |hnqik
g`j`nb| pblb q`j'q`j
gnhqb lbk g`}qbnkyb* lbk
bnbk q`gmc l`kfbk q`kli}ikyb |
bkpb p`kfhmb|bk
a+ Q`mbm Qcif`jjb q+ |
`}gbqn n` lbjbg n`jhgphn
mbn|`}i* bnimb|kyb g`nbkiqg`
ybkf |`}ebli ybi| mbn|`}i ybkf
m`}bqbj lb}i gbnbkbk ybkf
|`}ikd`nqi g`kebli iktbqid lbk
g`ky`}m n` lbjbg
gnhqb n`glibk
g`gp`}mbkybn li}i lbk
g`gm`k|n
|hnqik'|hnqik ybkf li}`qhpqi n`
lbjbg lb}bc lbk g`kigmjnbk
fèbjb c`mb|
l+ Q`mbm Qcif`jjb q+ |
`}gbqn n` lbjbg n`jhghn mbn|
`}i*g`nbkiqg` ybkf
|`}ebli ybi| Qcif`jjb q+ g`j`nb|
pblb q`j'q`j gnhqb qq*
ybkf g`kebli
}qbn q`cikffb nbpbqi|bq }
`qh}pqi g`k}k lbk q`n}`qi bi}
lbk `j`n|}hji| g`g`fbkf
p`}bkbk)
`+ Q`mbm Qcif`jjb q+ |
`}gbqpn n`
lbjbg n`jhghn
mbn|`}i* bnimb|kyb
g`nbkiqg` ybkf |`}ebli ybi|
p mbn|`}i ybkf m`}bqbj
lb}i gbnbkbk ybkf |
`}ikd`nqi g`kebli iktbqid
lbk g`ky`}mp n` lbjbg
gpnhqb n`gplibk
g`g`}mbkybn li}i lbk
g`gm`k|pn |hnqik'|hnqik
ybkf li}`qhqi n` lbjbg lb}bc
lbk g`kigmpjnbk fèbjb
c`mb|
KIB YPJIBKI L@VI DBGBQI <B

2+ Bk|imih|in limbvbc iki blbjbc
ybkf mibqb lifkbnbk k|n
g`kfhmb|i lib}` mbn|`}i
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b+ Bjnbjhil Q`mbm
m+ fèbjb qiq|`gin q``}|i l`gbg* ky`}i
D`khj a+ `}p|* }bqb j`gbc* lbk fèbjb liq`k|}i+
Bgik l+ 3+ Limbvbc iki ybkf g`}pbnbk g`nbkiqg`
Ki|}i| |`}eblikyb lib}` blbjbc5
`+ @q|`}
<+ Li mbvbc iki ybkf g`}pbnbk
p`ky`mbm lib}` ikdjbgbqi blbjbc 5
b+ iktbqi mbn|`}i lbk qi|h|hnqik li
nhjhk l`kfbk gbkid`q|
bqi qikl}hgb liq`k|}i
l`kfbk lib}` ybkf liq`}|bi j`kli}
lbk lb}bc+
m+ Iktbqi ti}q li nhjk l`kfbk gbkid`q|
bqi qikl}hgb liq`k|}i
a+ `k|`}h|hnqik ybkf g`kfbnimb|nbk
lib}` abi} l`kfbk thjg` ybkf m`qb}
|bkpb j`kli} lbk lb}bc+
l+ blb mbcbk ybkf |ilbn lbpb|
liq`}bp g`kikfnb|nbk hqghjb}i|bq
lbjbg jg`k ybkf g`kb}in bi} lb}i
pjbqgb q`cikffb
|`}ebli lib}`+
`+ Blbkyb fbkffbk |}bkqph}|
`j`n|}hji| mbin bmqh}mqi ybkf
m`}n}bkf b|bpk q`n}`qi ybkf
g`kikfnb|+
0+ _blb ikd`nqi mbnj|`}i pbjikf |ilbn blb
lb g`nbkiqg` ybkf m`n`}eb p`kikfnb|bk
q`n}`qi
qq lbk p`k}kbk bmqh}mqi li qq+
Q`mbm
Ikd`nqi mbn|`}i g`ky`mbmnbk ikdjbgbqi
lbk g`kf`jb}nbk |hnqik ybkf
g`ky`mbmnbk
|`}eblikyb lib}`+
4+ Lib}` q`}ikf liq`}|bi l`kfbk l`cil}bqi+
Q`mbm
Gbnbkbk ybkf |ilbn lia`}kb lbk |
ilbn liq`}b pqpq bnbk g`kb}in bi}
lb}i liklikf pqpq+ Li jbik icbn*
blb n`blbbk iki }hq`q |}bkqi|
li pqpq g`kebli qbkfb| qikfnb|
q`cikffb bi}
|ilbn q`gb| liq`}b hj`c pqpq m`qb}+
6+ Npgbk Qcif`jjb epfb g`g}hlpnqi
|hnqik qcifb ybkf
g`kigmpjnbk n`}pqbnbk q`j+
m+ Blbkyb fbkffbk |}bkqph}|
`j`n|}hji| mbin bmqh}mqi ybkf
m`}n}bkf b|bpk q`n}`qi ybkf
g`kikfnb|+
a+ blb mbcbk ybkf |ilbn lbpb|
liq`}bp g`kikfnb|nbk hqghjb}i|bq
lbjbg jg`k ybkf g`kb}in bi}
lb}i pjbqgb q`cikffb
|`}ebli lib}`+
l+ Iktbqi ti}q li nhjk l`kfbk
gbkid`q|bqi qikl}hgb liq`k|}i
`+ iktbqi mbn|`}i lbk qi|h|hnqik li
nhjhk l`kfbk gbkid`q|bqi
qikl}hgb liq`k|}i l`kfbk lib}`
ybkf liq`}|bi j`kli} lbk lb}bc+
2?+ Limbvbc iki g`}pbnbk g`nbkiqg`
|`}eblikyb lib}` bn| gbpk n}hkin
nàbji5 b+Hqgh|in
m+ Q`n}`|h}in
a+ Fbkffpbk g`|bmhjiqg`
l+ @nqlb|id
`+ Fbkffbk gh|iji|bq
22+ M`}bpb jbgbnbc hkq`| lib}` yb
kf liq`mbmnbk hj`c lib}` n}hkin
blbjbc
b+ M`}jbkfqpkf q`jbgb j`mic
lb}i 2< cb}i
m+ M`}jbkfqkf q `jbgb n }bkf
l b}i 2< cb}i
a+ M`}jbkfqkf q`jbgb j`mic
lb}i 6 cb}i
l+ M`}jbkfqkf q`jbgb n}bkf
lb}i 6 cb}i
`+ M`}jbkfqkf l`kfbk fèbjb |imb'
|imb
2=+ Limbvbc iki g`}pbnbk gbkid`q|bqi
njikin lib}` bn| blbjbc5
2+ Bkp}ib
=+ L`kyp| kbli a`b|
1+ \`nbkbk lb}bc g`kp}pk |ilbn
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<+ Gk|bc
21+ Limbvbc iki g`}pbnbk p`ky`mbm
lib}` blbjbc5
2+ Ikd`nqi hj`c mbn|`}i* ti}pq b|bp
b}bqi|+
=+ Bj`}fi |`}cblb gbnbkbk
b|bp hmb| |`}|`k|p+
1+ Ikd`nqi hj`c mbn|`}i b|bp ti}pq
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2+ Ub|'ub| `k`nbk `}iq|bj|in blbjbc

=+ Blqh}m`kqib b+ Lib}` hqgh|ia
1+ Qbqghji|inb m+ Lib}` q`n}`|h}i
<+ Blq|}ikf`kqib
KP] INCJBQ DB]GBQI <B

2+ \ikffikyb nèblibk lib}` li k`fb}b
Mb}b| pblb ggkyb liq`mbmnbk hj`c
dhhlmh}k` ikdà|ihkq lbk vb|`}mh}k`
ikdà|ihkq ybkf liq`mbmnbk hj`c mbn|`}i
nàbji
b+ Qbjghk`jjb qp
m+ Abgpyjhmba|`} eèki
a+ T+ b}bcb`ghji|
inpq l+ Q|bdijhahaaq
b}`q
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=+ Lib}` ybkf hkq`| fèbjbkyb |imb'|imb
lbk m`}jbkfqkf n}bkf lb}i 2< cb}i liq`m|
b+ Lib}` ikdjbgbqi
m+ Lib}` khk
ikdjbgbqi a+ Lib}`
n}hkin
l+ Lib}` bnp|
`+ Lib}` q`n}`|h}i
1+ M`}in| iki ybkf g`}pbnbk ai}i - ai}i
lib}` khk ikdjbgbqi
b+ _blb p`g`}inqbbk |ikeb }|ik
qàb}b gbn}hqnhpiq li|`gnbk j`kli}
lbk(b|b lb}bc
m+ Liq`mbmnbk hj`c `k|`}h|hnqik
ybkf g`kfbnimb|nbk lib}` abi}
l`kfbk thjpg` ybkf m`qb} |bkb
j`kli} lbk lb}bc
a+ Liq`mbmnbk iktbqi mbn|`}i lbk qi|h|
hnqik li nhjhk
l+ Fèbjb njikiq ybkf g`ky`}|bi
n`jcbk bmlhg`k q`p`}|i gjbq
qbgpbi ky`}i q`p`}|i nhjin* gbj*
gk|bc* l`gbg*
|`k`qgq* q`}|b fèbjb lbk |
bklb l`cil}bqi
`+ Qàb}b gin}hqnhpiq lilbpb|i q`j
j`nhqi| phjigh}dhknj`b}
<+ Lib}` ybkf |`}ebli einb abi}bk ybkf lia`}kb
|ilbn q`j}ckyb libmqh}mqi hj`c qq cbjq
bnimb| |`nbkbk hqgh|ia ybkf
g`kl`qbn abi}bk n`lbjbg jg`k ik|`q|ikbj
' \`}ebli pblb Ab}aikhil |gh}
|}bn|q fbq|}hik|`q|ikbj q`mbfbi qb|
 Qikl}hg Ab}aikhil
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m`qb} hj`c nb}`kb bmkh}gbji|b
abi}bk lbk |}bkqph}|
`j`n|}hji| ybkf |ilbn q`jbj
m`}cmkfbk l`kfbk gbnbkbk ybkf
ligbnbk
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ybkf ligbnql blbjbc
b+ Lib}` q`n}`|h}i
m+ Lib}`
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Lib}`
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Lib}` dba|i|
ib
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6+ _blb ggkyb p`ky`mbm lib}`
hqgh|ia blbjbc
b+ Gbjbmqh}mqi j`gbn b|bp nb}mhcil}b|
m+ Gbjbmqh}mqi
p}h|ìk a+
Ikd`nqi ik|`q|
ikbj
l+ _`kffkbbk ybkf qbjbc |
`}cblbp jbn|qbk|ib
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p`}mbcbk gh|iji|bq ik|`q|ikbj
3+ Nbqq ybkf pbjikf q`}ikf
g`ky`mbmnbk lib}` fbkffbk gh|iji|
bq blbjbc
b+ I}}i|bmj` Mhv`j Qykl}hg`
m+ Gbjbmqh}mqi }ig`} bqbg `g`lp
ilihb|in #}ig`}) lb}i Ijjìg |`}gikbj
a+ Gbjbmqh}mqi j`gbn b|b nb}mhcil}b|
l+ _`kffkbbk ybkf qbjbc |
`}cblbp jbn|qbk|ib
`+ _`}mbcbk gh|iji|bq ik|`q|ikbj
9+ M`}in| iki ybkf g`kffbgmb}bk |
`k|bkf lib}` `nqlbqi #M)
2+ Ikdjbgbqi bnbk
g`kfbnimb|nbk n`}pqbnbk
gpnhqb mbin pqpq cbjpq
gbppk pqpq m`qb}
=+ G`kfbnimb|nbk vbn| |bkqi| qq
g`kebli j`mic a`pb|
1+ Lbb| |`}ebli bnimb| ikd`nqi
mbn|`}i b|bp m`}qidb| khk
ikd`nqi q``}|i fjp|`k
q`kqi|it` `k|`}hb|cy*
ikdjbgb|h}y mhv`j liq`bq`
#IML) b|bp bnimb| }blibqi
<+ Cbj iki |`}ebli pblb n`blbbk |i}h|
hnqinhqiq* qikl}hgb qq i}i|bm`j
b|b libm`|`q
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Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L2?
=+ G`kikfnb|kyb q`n}`qi qb}ahgb a+

`j`n|}hji| n`lbjbg Achkl}hqb}ahgb l+ Hq|
jpg`k ik|`q|ikbj* `hqb}ahgb
1+ Blbkyb bmqh}mqi ybkf mp}pn
qàb}b hqghqiq jb}p|bk bn|id li
jpg`k pqpq
<+ G`kikfnb|kyb gh|iji|bq ik|`q|ikbj
21+ _`kybni| K`}hjhfi q`}ikf licmkfnbk
l`kfbk lib}`
Q@MBM
Blbkyb p`}mbcbk nhk|}hj h|hkhg
lb}i dkfqi l`d`nbqi pblb bnci}kyb lib}`
ybkf mbkybn lbk iknhk|ik`k q`}ikf |
`}ebli pblb pbqi`k Libm`|`q |ip` I ybkf
licimkfnbk l`kfbk k`}hpb|i m`}b|*
k`d}hpb|i lbk
`}|ikhpb|i Ebvbmbk 5 B
2<+ Lib}` Dba|i|ib #Dba|i|ihq Lib}}c`b) ybkf
|`}ebli pblb pbqi`k ybkf lilfb g`gijini
}ivbyb| p`kybni| pqinib|}in b|b |bkpb
}ivbyb| p`kybni| lib}` q`m`jgkyb
Q@MBM
Nèblibk iki |`}ebli pblb q`ni|b} 20 %
pbqi`k lib}` n}hkin Ebvbmbk 5 M
20+ Lib}` hqgh|ia lbpb| lia`fbc
qàb}b q`gp}kb g`jbji pbqb
Q@MBM
L`kfbk m`}pbqb ik|bn` jb}|bk
ybkf g`ky`mbmnbk lib}` bnbk
li`jigikbqi q`cikffb nhjhk |ilbn
lbpb| g`gp`}|bcbknbk
f}bli`k bi}* nhkq`k|}bqi Kb|}ig lbk
Nbjig bnbk |}k l`kfbk blbkyb
jb}|bk bn|id qàb}b hqgh|ia
bmkh}gbj Ebvbmbk 5 B
3+ NBKN@]
BLBG LUPJDBRIC BG]Y
2+ Nbkn`} |jbkf ybkf }`jb|it` gg
m`}n`gmbkf li lbjbg |jbkf ybi|5
b+ Jygpchgb+
m+ Gj|ipj` gy`jhgb
a+ @vikf&q qb}ahgb
l+ Achkl}hqb}ahgb
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=+ Qbjbc qb| |gh} eikbn pblb |jbkf blbjbc5
b+ GDC
m+ @vikf’q
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l+ N`}qbnbk eb}ikfbk'eb}ikfbk
jkbn q`n`jijikf nji|
`+ q`gpb m`kb}
4+ _`}bvb|bk pblb nbkn`} |jbkf
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m+ Li`|
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l+ b lbk a m`kb}
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6+ Nbkn`} |jbkf liq`mbmnbk
hj`c5 b+ Hjbc }bfb |`}b|}
m+ Hm`qi|bq
a+ G`kabkfnj
l+ _`}qhbjbk l`kfbk
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pn |pjbkf
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9+ Limbvbc iki p`}kyb|bbk ybkf m`kb} |`k|
bkf GDC blbjbc5
b+ Gbjifkbk| dim}hq ciq|ihay|hgb
m+ Mibqbkyb |`}ebli pblb
h}bkf'h}bkf m`}g} 0?'4? |
bck
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jkbn
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blbjbc ni}b'ni}b 10%'4?%+
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b+ gbj lbk
gk|bc m+
n`cijbkfbk }
bgm| a+
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22+ Q`gb |gh} blbjbc nbkn`} nb}`kb
|gh} blbjbc ngpjbk q`j
bmkh}gbj lin`jhgphnnbk
m`}qbgb'qbgb
b+ p`}kyb|bbk lbk bjbqbk m`kb} lbk
m`}cmkfbk
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p`ky`mb}bkkyb nb}`kb g`gijini kbgb a+ g`jbkhgb gbjifkb

ybkf m`}m`lb l`kfbk kbgb bqjikyb #GG)+ l+ nb}qikhgb q`j
b+ p`}kyb|bbk lbk bjbqbk m`kb} lbk gbjifkb
m`}cmkfbk `+ g`jbkhgb q`j mbqbj
m+ p`}kyb|bbk lbk bjbqbk m`kb} |`|bi |ilbn 4+ Nbkn`} ybkf liai}inbk l`kfbk BMAL* ybi|
m`}cmkfbk B7 Bqig`|}in* m`k|nkyb |bn m`}b|}bk+
a+ p`}kyb|bbk m`kb}* |`|bpi bjbqbk qbjbc M7 Mh}l`} b|b pikffi}bkkyb efb |ilbn }b|b+
l+ `}kyb|bbk qbjbc* |`|bi bjbqbk m`kb} A7 Ahjh} b|b vb}kbkyb ybkf m`}tb}ibqi
`+ p`}kyb|bbk lbk bjbqbk qbjbc L7 Libg`|`}kyb j`mic m`qb} lb}i 4 gg*
2<+ Achkl}hqb}ahgb g`}pbnbk m`k|n e`kiq e`kiq nbkn`} q`mbfbi m`}in|5 M
|gh} pblb b+ nb}qikhgb q`j mbqbj #NQM)*
m+ g`jbkhgb gbjifkb #GG)+
b+ |pjbkf }bvbk a+ nb}qikhgb q`j qnbghqb #NQQ)
m+ miq`p l+ nb}qikhgb q`j gbjifkb
a+ i}iq `+ g`jbkhgb q`j mbqbj
l+ ebk|kf 6+ G`jbkhgb |ikfnb| T Ajb}n #liq|bk| g`|bq|
bqiq)
`+ jifbg`k'jifbg`k g`k`gmq n`lbjbg eb}ikfbk qm n|iq+
20+ Ach}lhgb pbjikf gg g`gp`kfb}ci N`gkfnikbk q`gmc m`}niqb} 9'20%+
b+ |pjbkf m`jbnbkf G`}pbnbk q|blig |ikfnb|5 @
m+ h|h|'h|h| b+ q|blig I
a+ eb}ikfbk jkbn m+ q|blig II
l+ gb|b a+ q|blig III
`+ pb}'pb} l+ q|blig IT
`+ g`jbkhgb q`j mbqbj
BL@ DI\C]H\IKKBLCI]HC 1+ E`kiq p`kybni| nbkn`} nji| ybkf pbjikf mbkybn
2+ p`kf`}|ibk lb}i nbkn`} nji|* nàpbji 5 A lil`}i|b blbjbc 5 B
b+ p`kybni| ybkf li|bklbi
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nji| ybkf |ilbn
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m+ p`}|gmcbk q`j'q`j nji| ybkf |ilbn
|`}n`klbji* lbpb| g`}qbn eb}ikfbk
li q`ni|b}kyb
a+ `}|pgmpcbk q`j'q`j npji| ybkf |
ilbn
|`}n`klbji* ybkf |ilbn g`ky`mb}
n` mbfibk |pmpc ybkf jbik
l+ p`kybni| ligbkb nji|
n`cijbkfbk n`gbgpbkkyb k|n
}`f`k`}bqi lbk
|gmc qàb}b kh}gbj+
=+ limbvbc iki ybkf g`}pbnbk e`kiq'e`kiq
nbn`} nji| nàbji5 A
b+ nb}qikhgb q`j mbqbj #NQM)*
m+ nb}qikhgb q`j qnbghqb #NQQ)
a+ nb}qikhgb q`j gbjifkb
l+ g`jbkhgb gbjifkb #GG)+
`+ q|blipg T
3+ ybkf g`}pbnbk ai}i'ai}i gg lb}i
nbkn`} nji|5 @
2+ N`jbikbk blb npji| l`kfbk jpnb b|bp
`}lb}bcbk
=+ N`jbikbk blb npji| liq`}|bi
`}pmbcbk pnp}bk* m`k|pn b|bp
vb}kb #`}pmbcbk npji|)
1+ _ifg`k|bqi b|bp vb}kb ybkf
|ilbn g`}b|b blb j`qi npji|
<+ \`i ybkf |ilbn m`}b|p}bk(|ilbn }b|b
9+ \bklb'|bklb lb}i p`kybni| nbkn`} e`
kiq nb}qikhgb q`j mbqbj blbjbc B
b+ m`kehjbk ybkf bfbn m`}nijb|
blb npji|*
m+ n`g`}bcbk l`kfbk
ikffi}
g`kikffi ybkf m`}vb}kb
bfbn n`ci|bgbk blb npji|*
a+ jpnb ybkf |ilbn q`gmpc'q`gmpc
blb npji|+
l+ \bci jbjb| |`}nblbkf |`}bqb fb|
bj lbk mijb lifb}n
g`kf`jb}nbk lb}bc+
2?+ _`ky`mbm |bgb nbkn`} nji|
ybi| nb}`kb }blibqi qikb} gb|bc
lbk ub|
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Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L2=
2=+ _`gijin gb|b vb}kb a`}bc efb =+ Nh}|inhq|`}hil

j`mic m`}`qinh g`kfbjbgi nbkn`} nji| 1+ L`nqbg`|bqhk
lb}ipblb h}bkf'h}bkf nji| ci|bg+ <+ _}hnb}mbuik
Q@MBM 4+ G`k}| Vh}jl C`bj|c H}fbkiub|ihk* nbkn`}
bq|}hqi|hgb |`}mbfi g`kebli < q|blig*
H}bkf ybkf m`}nji| ci|bg g`gijini mbkybn
libk|b}bkyb q`mbfbi m`}in|+++ M
pifg`k nji|kyb+ B
2+ Bq|}hqi|hgb ijhqi|in
=+ Bq|}hqi|hgb Bl`khgb
21+ \`}bpi nbkn`} nji| lbpb| lijbnnbk
1+ Bq|}hqi|hgb bkbjbq|in
l`kfbk ab}b limbvbc iki* nàpbji5 A
<+ Bq|}hqi|hgb hjifhl`kl}hfjihgb
b+ |`}bpi
mihjhfiq m+ 6+ Q`kybvb nigib m`}mbcbyb ybkf lbpb|
Nc`gh|`}bpi g`gia |`}eblikyb nbkn`} h|bn blbjbc +++ B
a+ |`}bi dh|hdiqin b+ Ki|}hqbgik
l+ |`}bpi dh|hlikbgin m+ Nb}mhk
`+ \`}bpi }blibqi a+ Cbjhf`k
l+ P}`b
2<+ Ybkf lbpb| lifkbnbk q`mbfbi
hmb| c`}mbj k|n nbkn`} nji| limbvbc iki 3+ Ti}q ybkf lbpb| g`ky`mbmnbk |`}eblikyb
nbkn`} h|bn blbjbc +++ B
q`mbfbi m`}in| 5 M
2+ |bkbgbk `fbfbk b+ Bl`khti}pq
m+ C_T
=+ nki} p|ic
1+ nbdìk a+ S`kh|}hpia G}ik` ]`jb|`l Ti}q #SG]T)
l+ Bk|c}bs
<+ }`mqbk qbgmijh|h
9+ Q|}hn` blbjbc qbjbc qb| fèbjb pblb nbkn`} h|
20+ G`jbkhgb gbjifkb q|blig I g`}pbnbk
bn
g`jbkhgb 5
Q`mbm @
b+ G`jbkhgb |ikfnb| T Ajb}n #liq|
q|}hn` liq`mbmnbk p}hjid`}bqi q`j qàb}b
bk| g`|bq|bqiq)
bmkh}gbj ybkf |`}ebli pblb h|bn
m+ G`jbkhgb |ikfnb| IT Ajb}n
#}`fihkbj g`|bq|bqiq)
2?+ Ybkf |`}gbqn nbkn`} h|bn
gbjifkb blbjbc +++ B
a+ G`jbkhgb |ikfnb| III Ajb}n #cifc }
b+ Fjihmjbq|hgb gj|
iqn g`jbkhgb)
idh}giq m+
l+ G`jbkhgb |ikfnb| I Ajb}n #G`jbkhgb
N}bkihdb}ikfihgb
ik qi|)
a+
`+ G`jbkhgb |ikfnb| II Ajb}n
G`kikfihgb
#iktbqit` g`jbkhgb)
l+ Hq|`hgb
BE@KF BYP D@M]IBKI 22+ Pkq} b|b q`kybvb nigib ybkf lbpb|
g`ky`mbmnbk nbkn`} blbjbc+++ B
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=) Ac`q| dijgq
MBYIKBC 1) Ay|hqahy
2+ F`k p`ky`mbm nbkn`} p}hq|b| blbjbc ․ <) _QB |h|bj
+B b+ M]AB2 lbk M]AB= 22+ _`ka`fbcbk lb}i nbkn`} p}hq|
m+ GQC= lbk GQC4 b| blbjbc․++@
a+ @\G2 lbk @\G= 2) Hjbc}bfb |`}b|p}
l+ CMB2 lbk CMB= =) ]p|ik gikpg nhi
=+ Ti}q ybkf lia}ifbi p`ky`mbm nbkn`} p}hq|b| 1) @ebnpjbqi |`}b|p}
blbjbc +B <) Gikpg 0 abkfni} |c` ciebp lbjbg
b+ SG]T q`cb}i
m+ C_T 2=+ Dj|bgil blbjbc hmb| k|n |
a+ _}hq|tba'TD `}bpi ch}ghkbj nbkn`} p}hq|b|+
l+ @pq|ìk'Mb}} Ti}q Q`mbm
1+ Q`kybvb ybkfm |`}lbpb| pblb |hgb| Q`mbfbi m`}inp| blbjbc Hmb| qik|`qiq
q`mbfbi bk|inbkn`} q`mbfbi m`}in|․++M ybkf g`ky`}pbi JC]C ybi| lifkbnbk
b+ Qjdh}bpcbk` k|n G`k`nbk p`}bkfqbkfbk |`q|iq |
m+ Jinh`k `}cblbp p`gm`k|nbk |`q|hq|`}hk`+ #M)
a+ Iqhdjbthk m`kb}' m`kb} |ilbn m`}cpmpkfbk
l+ Jifkbk 21+ H}ni`n|hgi blbjbc p}hq`q p`gm`lbcbk
<+ Libfkhqb ybkf lijbnnbk k|n g`kf`|bci q| g`jbji p`kfbkfnb|bk n`j`keb} p}hq|
blig lb}i nbkn`} p}hq|b| limbvbc iki․L b|+ #qbjbc)
b+ Lifi|bj }à|bj `sbgikb| Q`mbm
ihk m+ \`q _ AB1 H}ni`n|hgi mibqbkyb lijbnnbk pblb nbkn`}
a+ \`q _ QB ybkf |`jbc g`ky`mb}+ #L) qbjbc'm`kb}
l+ G]I lbk A\ qabk 2<+ N`l`jbi lin`|bci q`mbfbi gbnbkbk
0+ _`kfhmb|bk ybkf lijbnnbk k|n nbkn`} ybkf g`gijini bk|ihnqilbk |ikffi
p}hq|b| blbjbc․+B Q`mbm
2) _}hq|b|`n|hgi }blinbj Nbklkfbk |bgbkyb blbjbc f`kiq|ìk*
=) H}ni`n|hgi lbiluìk* lbk fjyai|ìk ybkf q`gbkyb
1) _`kabkfnhnbk mp|i}bk |`}fhjhkf iqhdjbthk+ #B) m`kb}'m`kb} lbk
yhlipg* `gbq* lbk i}ilipg }blihbn| m`}cpmpkfbk
id 20+ \gmcbk qb}bkf q`g| g`nbkiqg`
<) Lifi|bj }à|bj `sbgikb|ihk n`}ebkyb ybi| g`kfikbn|itbqi
4+ Hmb|'hmb|bk ybkf g`}pbnbk lifkbnbk nb}qikhf`k* p`kfcbgmb|bk qinjq q`j*
k|n g`kfhmb|i nbkn`} p}hq|b|․+@ lbk iklnqi bphp|hqiq+
2) Gi|hsbk|}hs Q`mbm
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Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L2<
<+ ybkf g`ky`mbmnbk q`q`h}bkf |`}n`kb 6+ Qbjbc qb| g`|bq|bqiq lb}i nbkn`} pb}'pb}
p`kybni| nbkn`} pb}'pb} cb}q g`jbnnbk
p`kyikb}bk blbjbc5B
b+ _`kl`}i|b g`gijini `kybni| jbik
ybkf q`}ipq
m+ \ilbn g`gpkybi mibyb k|n
p`gm`lbcbk
a+ Nbkn`} g`ky`mb} n` h}fbk
jbik l+ Nbkn`} |`}jbj pb}bc
`+ \`}ebli p`gm`kfnbnbk pblb p`}'pb}
0+ ybkf li gbnql l`kfbk nbkn`} pb}'pb}
blbjbc
b+ q`mpbc m`k|pn `}n`gmbkfbk q`jj
ybkf qbkfb| a`b| #bmkh}gbj)
lilbjbg
eb}ikfbk b}p ybkf liq`mbmnbk hj`c
`}pmbcbk m`k|pn eb}ikfbk q`jj b|bp
`nqbkqi lb}i q`jj i|p q`kli}i+ Einb
limib}nbk `}|pgmpcbk ybkf
bmkh}gbj iki lbb| g`ky`mb} n`
h}fbk jbik* mbin ybkf l`nb|
l`kfbk
b}p
m+ N`}qbnbk pb}'pb} ybkf pb}bc
a+ _`}n`gmbkfbk q`j ybkf kh}gbj lbjbg
pb}'pb}
l+ _b}'pb} |ilbn m`}dkfqi q`p`}|i mibqb
`+ \`}eblikyb p`kygmb|bk p`}kbpbqbk
4+ Ybkf g`}pbnbk nhgphk`k lb}i nbkn`}
nb}qikhgb m}hknhf`kin b|b nbkn`} ybkf
m`}bqbj lb}i qbj}bk lb}b m`qb} ybkf gbqn
n` pb}'pb})5@
2+ Nb}qikhgb q`j qnbghqb
=+ Nb}qikhgb q`j nàij b|b nb}qikhgb q`j
fbklg
1+ Nb}qikhgb q`j m`qb}
<+ Bl`khnb}qikhgb
2+ Bl`khgb #miqb fbkbq b|b eikbn)
=+ Nb}qikhgb
1+ Qb}nhgb #fbkbq)
<+ bl`kinb}qikhgb
22+ li mbvbc iki ybkf g`}pbnbk
bqbj lb}i nbkn`} jigphgb 5L
2+ cb|i
=+ qq
1+ jbgmkf
<+ b}p'b}p
2=+ libfkhqiq#bkbgk`qiq) lb}i
nbkn`} pb}' pb} blbjbc5B
2+ ab}i n`jpcbk ybkf q`qpbi
=+ nblbkf'nblbkf lb}i
g`|bq|bqiq 1+ |ilbn blb
n`jpcbk ybkf ncbq
<+ blbkyb p`}mbcbk phqiqi
21+ Nbkn`} pb}'pb} mbkybn li
q`mbmnbk hj`c }hnhn nb}`kb lbjbg
}hnhn g`kfbklkf kinh|ik5
B#m`kb}'m`kb} m`}cmkfbk)
2<+ Kbdq gbnbk g`kikfnb| lbk
m`}b| mblbk g`kikfnb| blbjbc qbjbc
qb|ai}i= nbkn`} pb}' pb}5M
20+ n`gh|}bpi blbjbc qbjbc qb|
p`kfhmb|bk nbkn`} pb}'pb} bnbk |
`|bpi n`gh|}bpi g`gpkybi `d`n
ybkf |ilbn mbfq +B
LIBK DI]BK\I BJIQB DB]GBQI <B

2+ J`nigib linjbqidinbqinbk g`k}| q`
jkyb q`mbfbi m`}in| iki* nàbji A
b+ J`nigb
jigdhqi|in m+
J`nigb
Gi`jhil
a+ J`pnigb k`hjbq|in
l+ J`nigb f}bkjhqi|in
`+ J`nigb n}hghqhg pcijbl`jpcib
=+ Mbfibk q`j ybkf g`gp}hlnqi q`j
lb}bc g`}bc blbjbc B
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0+ J`nigib ligbkb |`}ebli m+ Baa`jb}b|`l

|}bkqjhnbqi n}hghqhg == n` 9 # n}hghqhg pcbq` a+ ]`d}ba|h}y
pcijbl`jpcib) g`}pbnbk 5 @ pcbq` l+ _}hjid`}bqi
b+ J`nigb jigdhqi|in bn| pcbq`
m+ J`nigb jigdhqi|in `+ Mjbq|ia cbq`
n}hkiq a+ J`nigb Ghkhqi| 2<+ G`k}kyb C`ghfjhmik pblb p`kl`}i|
in b j`n`gib
l+ J`nigb Gi`jhil bn| b+ _}hjid`}bqi j`nhqi| ybkf
`+ J`pnigb Gi`jhil n}hkiq g`kikfnb| q`cikffb
4+ Limbvbc iki ybkf g`}pbnbk gbkid`q| g`k`nbk `}i|}hph`qiq
bqi nbkn`} lb}bc 5 @ =+ Ebvbmbkkyb blbjbc 5 B
2+ Bk`gib 20+ _`kl`}i|b j`nigb cbkyb g`g`}jnbk
=+ Ky`}i |pjbkf lbk `}q`klibbk |}bkqdqi q`j lb}bc p|ic
1+ Tiqnhqi|bq lb}bc g`kikfnb| b+ \}bkqdqi |}hgmhqi| |ilbn blb gbkdbb|kyb
nb}`kb j`pnhqi| g`kikfnb| 1+ _`}kyb|bbk ybkf m`kb} g`}pbnbk 5 @
<+ Cm g`kp}pk 24+ Q`j pblb p`kl`}i|b j`n`gib iggb|
6+ _`ky`mbm j`n`gib |ilbn lin`|bci* |`| }` b+ Q`j |`}q`m| likbgbnbk mjbq|
bpi lbpb| libnimb|nbk ik|`}bnqi qègjbc <+ Ebvbmbkkyb blbjbc 5 B
dbn|h} q`mbfbi m`}in|5M
2+ K`hjbqib LIKB CB]YBK\I DB]GBQI <B
=+ nhj`q|`}hj 2+ Li mbvbc iki blbjbc q`j nbkn`} ybkf |
1+ Ikd`nqi ilbn g`ky`}bkf eb}ikfbk li q`ni|b} qbj}bk bi}
<+ Qi|hf`kin qq lbk n`j`keb} bi} qq* ybi| +++ L
3+ Nbklkfbk bpb qbeb ybkf linbklkf pblb b+ Jhmjb} ab}qikhgb ik qi|
|bkbgbk #Ab|cb}bk|cpq }hq`pq( Tikab }hq`b) m+ Iktbqit` Jhmjb}
q`cikffb m`}gbkdbb| q`mbfbi Ab}qikhgb a+ Iktbqid
p`ka`fbc nbkn`} lb}bc* q`mbfbi m`}in| 5 M ab}qikhgb
2+ Tiknb j`pnhmjbq|ik l+ Khk'iktbqid ab}qikhgb
=+ \bkik `+ La|bj Ab}qikhgb Ik Qi|
1+ J`pnhn}iq|ik =+ Q|blig ligbkb |gh} j`mic m`qb} lb}i
<+ Qbphkik =* kbgk |ilbn j`mic m`qb} lb}i 0 ag lbk |
9+ \}bkqpjbk|bqi qgqg |jbkf ybkf lip`}hj`c `jbc g`ky`mb} n` n`j`keb} f`|bc m`kikf
lb}i n`gmb} il`k|in blbjbc B bnqijb}i b|b |gh} ybkf j`mic m`qb} lb}i 0
b+ \}bkjbk|bqi qykfkìa ag |bpi m`jg g`ky`mb} n` n`j`keb} f`|
m+ \}bkpjbk|bqi bc m`kikf bnqijb}i blbjbc+++B
bjjhf`kin a+ \}bkpjbk| b+ Q|blipg II M
bqi qi|hf`kin
m+ Q|blig I
a+ Q|blig II B
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1+ _cyjjhil`q |pgh}
4+ Hp`}bqi p`kfbkfnb|bk q`j}c pbylb}b <+ BGJ

qbeb* |`|bpi mnbk n`j`keb} li n`|
ibn g`}pbnbk+++@ 2=+ \bklb'|bklb jhabjjy bltbka`l
pblb nbkn`} pbylb}b blbjbc+++B
b+ Ghlidi`l ]bliabj Gbq|à|
2+ Npji| |`}dinqbqi blb liklikf
hgy m+ ]bliabj Gbq|à| |h}bnq
hgy =+ N`j`keb} f`|bc m`kikf
bnqijb g`j`nb| qb|p qbgb jbik
a+ Kb|}bj ]bliabj Gbq|à|
1+ Pjq`}bqi npji|
hgy l+ Qpàidia Gbq|à|
<+ _`kikffibk nji| ybkf e`jbq
hgy 21+ Nb}qikhgb pbpijhgb lbk
bl`khgb ciphdiqiq lbpb| g`kfbnimb|nbk }
`+ \h|bj #Qigj`) Gbq|à|hgy
bmbq abi}bk lb}i p|ikf qq+
6+ Hmb| nbkn`} pbylb}b ybkf ab}b
n`}ebkyb blbjbc g`kfcbgmb| bn|iti|bq
`q|}hf`k lbjbg
|mc blbjbc+++B
b+ \bghsid`k Q@MBM
Cbj iki lip`kfb}ci hj`c nhk|}bq`p|id
m+ B}hgb|bq` Ikcimi|h} h}bj* n`cbgijbk lbk q`}ikfkyb q|
igjbqi pbylb}b+B
#BI) a+Uhjbl`nq 2<+ Bgikhfj|`|bgil #Ay|bl}`k) blbjbc
qbjbc qb| |`}bpi ch}ghkbj pblb nbkn`}
l+ Dj|bgil pbylb}b+
Q@MBM
`+ Gi|hsbk|}hks
Bgikhfj|`|bgil m`n`}eb g`}bkfqbkf b}hgb|
bq`+A
3+ Li mbvbc iki ybkf |`}gbqn |
20+ Qbjbc qb| ebj} p`ky`mb}bk q`j nbkn`}
`}bpi ch}ghkbj pblb nbkn`} pbylb}b
pbylb}b blbjbc g`|bq|bqiq n`j`keb} jigd`
blbjbc+++@
}`fihkbj+
2+ Li`|cyjq| Q@MBM
Q`j nbkn`} lbpb| g`kfiktbqi gbqn
ijjm`q|}hj
p`gmjc lb}bc+M
=+ \bghsid`k
LVI KP] BQ\]IB DB]GBQI <B
1+ G`f`q|}hj 2+ Tb}ibk lb}i Cgbk pbpijhgb ti}q #C_T) ybkf
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m+ q|blig II = Ciklb}i g`}hnhn < G`kebjbki

a+ q|blig T
l+ q|blig IT
`+ q|blig I
0+ G`|hl` p`g`}inqbbk nbkn`} q`}tinq
l`kfbk g`kfhj`q q`}tinq b|b j`c`} }bcig
l`kfbk bqbg bq`|b| blbjbc․
b+ ITB
m+ \cik p}`p
a+ Tbnqik
l+ pbp qg`b}
`+ nhjphqnhpi
4+ G`|hl` p`g`}inqbbk nbkn`} q`}tinq
l`kfbk g`kffkbnbk p`kf`}in b|b
qinb| k|n g`kfbgmij q`lini| qbgp`j
q`j'q`j q`}tinq b|b j`c`} }bcig ybkf
n`glibk q`j'q`j |`}q`m| bnbk libkbjiqb li
jbmh}b|h}ig blbjbc․+
b+ b qg`b}
m+ ITB
a+
Nhjphqnhpi
l+ \cik p}`p
`+ ]blih|`}bpi
6+ 2+ Gijini phjb gbnbk ybkf q`cb| 1+
_`gm`}ibk tbnqik C_T
Q`mbm
Nbkn`} j`c`} }bcig |`}ebli li|bklbi
l`kfbk blbkyb p`}|gmcbk q`j'q`j
pblb j`c`} }bcig ybkf |ilbn jbuig
#bmkh}gbj) L
20+ Ajhq`| VA ybkf |`}ikd`nqi
C_T g`}pbnbk qbjbc qb| g`lib
p`kjb}bk nbkn`} q`}tin
Q`mbm
_`kffkbbk |`gmbnb b|b }hnhn lbp
b| g`kikfnb|nbk }iqinh |`}n`kb nbkn`}
q`}tinq M
LVIYBK\I B\GBEQB]I DB]GBQI <B

2+ \ip` q`j'q`j ybkf g`gm`k|n c
b|i blbjbc++++++++ B
2+ _`gmjc'p`gmjc `gp`l
=+ _`gmjc'p`gmjc
lb}bc 1+ Q`j'q`j
p`kyigpbk j`gbn
<+ Q`j'q`j h|h|
=+ M`}in| iki iq|ijbc nbkn`} cb|i* nàbji++++A
2+ G`|bq|b|in
=+ C`pb|hay|`q
=+ C`pb|hgb
1+ C`pb}
1+ Qbjbc qb| q`mbm |`}eblikyb
n`}qbnbk cb|i g`}pbnbk+++++@
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3+ Gbyh}i|bq lb}i nbkn`}'nbkn`} cb|i m+ \hnhd`}hj

p}ig`} #j`mic lb}i 9? qbgpbi 90%) |igmj
lb}i q`j'q`j cb|i+
Q`mbm B
Q`j'q`j cb|i #c`pb|hay|`q) g`gm`k|
n qbgpbi 3?% lb}i eb}ikfbk cb|i+
9+ \`}jbj mbkybn g`kfnhkqgqi hmb|'

hmb|bk lbpb| g`ky`mbmnbk nbkn`} cb|i+
Q`mbm M
Nbkn`} cb|i q`nkl`} liq`mbmnbk hj`c
nbkn`} ybkf |`jbc g`ky`mb} pblb h}fbk
jbik+
2?+ _ijicbk'pijicbk hp`}bqi |`}mb|bq
pblb iklitil'iklitil ybkf |gh}'|
gh}kyb n}bkf lb}i 0 ag lbk |`}mb|bq
pblb cb|i* l`kfbk |ilbn blb iktbqi lb}i
p`gmjc' p`gmjc lb}bc+
Q`mbm L
Blbkyb gbqqb li q`m`jbc ni}i b|bq
p`}| g`}pbnbk qbjbc qb| fèbjb nbkn`}
cb|i+
22+ Nbklkfbk Qb}bkf Q`g| q`mbfbi hmb|
nbkn`} blbjbc q`p`}|i li mbvbc iki 5 L
b+ Djbthkhil
2+ Einb q`q`h}bkf g`kfbjbgi
n`q`licbk ybkf |`}bgb| lbjbg*
gbnb h}bkf |`}q`m| libkffbp
g`kfilbp qb| p`kybni|+
_`kybni| i| blbjbc․
b+ L`}`qi+
m+ @dh}ib+
a+ N`mhqbkbk+
l+ Qyhn+
`+ Gbkib+
=+ Jbvbk lb}i l`p}`qi blbjbc․
b+ Gbkib+
m+ Qyhn+
a+ Fijb+
l+ N`|bn|bk+
`+ Q`kbkf+
1+ Pk|n g`kfhmb|i h}bkf ybkf
g`kfbjbgi l`p}`qi*lim`}inbk bk|
il`p}`qbk m`}in|* nàbji․
b+ Lhnq`pik+
m+ Gbp}h|ijik+
a+ Njh}bgd`ki}bgik Gbj`b|+
l+ Bghnqbpik+
`+ _}h|}ip|ijik+
<+ Bk|il`p}`qbk \AB g`}pbnbk․
b+ Hmb| ybkf m`}qidb| cil}hdij
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`+ 2??? gj+ q`mbfbi m`}in|* nàbji․

9+ M`}lbqb}nbk njbqidinbqi LQG IT
#Libfkhq|ia bkl Q|b|iq|iabj Gbkbj hd G`k|
bj Liqh}l`})*
e`kiq - e`kiq n`jbikbk l`p}`qi blbjbc․
2+ L`}`qi gbyh}+
=+ L`}`qi ybkf |bn
|`}njb}idinbqi+
1+ Fbkffpbk Liq|igib+
<+ @dh}ib+
2?+ N}i|`}ib lb}i ciph|`qiq bgikb mihf`kin
pblb p`kl`}i|b l`p}`qi blbjbc․
2+ _`kp}pkbk
epgjbc k`p}h|}bkqgi||`}
kh}`ik`d}ik+
=+ _`kp}pkbk epgjbc q`}h|hkik 0
- C\+
1+ _`kp}pkbk epgjbc lhbgik+
<+ _`k}kbk egjbc fjhmjik+
22+ Fbkffbk pqinhgh|h} pblb p`kl`}i|
b l`p}`qi blbjbc q`mbfbi m`}in|․
2+ ]`|b}lbqi qinhgh|h}+
=+ Ikqhgkib+
1+ Bfi|bqi qinhgh|h}+
<+ Q|}`q+
2=+ L`p}`qi gbyh} g`gijini |bklb - |bklb
a+ _qinhgh|h}
l+ Njikiq
`+ Ik|`j`n|pbj
1+ Blbkyb n`ybnikbk q`g ybkf q`qkffckyb
|ilbn m`kb}* |ilbn lbpb| linh}`nqi
l`kfbk pini}bk q`cb|* li|igmjnbk
hj`c m`}mbfbi p`}bqbbk k`fb|id blbjbc
fèbjb++++
b+ L`jpqi
m+ Bfi|bqi
a+ ]`|b}lbqi
l+ Bkqi`|bq
`+ _bjpi|bqi
<+ _blb p`kybni| l`p}`qi i| blb
fèbjb'fèbjb ybkf |igmj lbjbg 2
p`}ihl` lbcj+ Ybkf ligbnql l`kfbk
2 p`}ihl` i| q`mbfbi m`}in|++++
b+ ² 2
gikff m+
² =
gikffp a+
² 1 gikff
l+ ² < gikff
`+ ² 0 gikff
0+ L`p}`qi gbyh} li|bklbi hj`c qb| b|b j`mic
`piqhl` l`p}`qi gbyh}* q`p`}|i ybkf |
`jbc lil`dikiqinbk q`mbfbi m`}in|++++
b+ \AB #Bk|i l`p}`qi |}iqinjin)
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Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L=?
b+ Bkqi`|bq <+ Li mbvbc iki ybkf g`}pbnbk

m+ L`jqi gbnbkbk ybkf cb}q liciklb}i hj`c
a+ Bfi|bqi pbqi`k ybkf q`lbkf g`kfhkqgqi
l+ ]`|b}lbqi ikcimi|h} GBH ybi| + + +
`+ Cbjqikbqi 2+ Nè |b
22+ 2+ g`kfb|} vbn| |il} =+ Inbk cb}ikf
=+ m`}hjbc}bfb qàb}b |`}b| 1+ Nbabkf nh}h
} 1+ g`kf}bkfi |il} qibkf <+ @nq|}bn }bfi #gbnbkbk
<+ g`kfnhkqgqi nhpi q`m`jg |il} ybkf g`kfbklkf }bfi)
\ipq ybkf lbpb| lijbnnbk k|n EBVBMBK5
g`kfciklb}i n`qji|bk |il} blbjbc++++B 0+ G`nbkiqg` n`}eb lb}i |`}bpi
2=+ 2+ p`gb}bc `j`n|}hnhkjqid #@A\) blbjbc q`mbfbi m`}in| 5
=+ glbc j`|ic 2+ G`jik|bqnbk bji}bk jiq|}in q`m`qb} 6?
1+ ky`}i jbgmkf Thj| qàb}b qikfnb| g`jbji h|bn
<+ qbni| pkffkf k|n g`kfbqijnbk nèbkf q`jbgb ?*6
Ybkf |`}gbqn pblb |bklb'|bklb h}bkf - 2*0 l`|in
ybkf g`kfbjbgi q|}`q blbjbc++++@ =+ G`jik|bqnbk bji}bk jiq|}in q`m`qb} 2??
21+ • L`p}`qi |`}ebli Thj| qàb}b qikfnb| g`jbji h|bn
nb}`kb n`|ilbnqìgmbkfbk ub| nigib li h| k|n g`kfbqijnbk nèbkf q`jbgb ?*6
bn ybkf liq`m| k`}h|}bkqgi||`} - 2*0 l`|in
• Hmb| bk|il`p}`qi m`n`}eb l`kfbk ab}b 1+ G`jik|bqnbk bji}bk jiq|}in q`m`qb} =0
g`kyìgmbkfnbk k`}h|}bkqgi||`} Thj| qàb}b qikfnb| g`jbji h|bn
lbjbg h|bn M k|n g`kfbqijnbk nèbkf q`jbgb ?*6
2<+ • L`p}`qi lbpb| - 2*0 l`|in
lipjicnbk bqbjnbk p`kl`}i|b g`klbpb| <+ G`jik|bqnbk bji}bk jiq|}in q`m`qb} 6? Thj|
|`}bpi ybkf
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Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L=2
22+ Li mbvbc iki g`}pbnbk `d`n l+ ciph|`qiq l`}`fjbqi

qbgpikf lb}i p`kffkbbk ikcimi|h} `+ p`}bkbk lhpbgik
ghkhbgik` hnqilbq` #GBH)* nàbji + + + 0+ Ybkf |ilbn |`}gbqn
b+ Qbni| n`pbjb fhjhkfbk bk|il`p}`qbk blbjbc++
m+ \bninb}lib +
a+ Cijbkfkyb jimilh b+ Bk|imih|in qbp ebfb|
l+ Cip`}|`kqi m+ Bk|il`p}`qbk |}iqinjin
`+ Q|}hn` a+ Ikcimi|h} bgmijbk n`gmbji q`}h|
2=+ _`|bi lifkbnbk q`mbfbi hkik q`j`n|id
hmb| c`}mbj lbjbg p`kfhmb|bk l`p}`qi l+ _`kfcbgmb| ghkhbgik hnqilbq`
Q@MBM `+ Fb}bg ji|cig
_`|bi g`kfbklkf |}ip|hdbk ybkf 4+ Igip}bgik ibjbc hmb| bk|il`p}`qbk
lbpb| limbc hj`c |mc g`kebli q`}h|hkik ybkf g`gpkybi vbn| pb}c q`mbfbi
EBVBMBK5 m`}in|+++ b+ 2'= ebg
21+ L`p}`qi lbpb| |`}ebli mijb m+ <'26 ebg
blb fbkffbk k`}h|}bkqgi|`} pblb h|bn a+ 2='=< ebg
Q@MBM l+ 2'= gikff
H|bn g`}pbnbk pqb| p`}bqbbk* `ghqi* lbk `+ M`jg li|`gnbk nbpbk vbn| pb}ckyb 6+
pini}bk Bjbqbk \AB glbc libmqh}mqi p`}h}bj*
EBVBMBK5 blbjbc+++
2<+ L`p}`qi lbpb| b+ M`}qidb|
g`ky`mbmnbk m`}mbfbi gbabg jihdijin m+ M`}qidb|
p`kybni| cil}hdijin a+
Q@MBM M`}qidb| bgpidijin
L`p}`qi lbpb| g`k}knbk qyq| l+ Q`libbk ybkf glbc li|`jbk
`g n`n`mbjbk |mc `+ Vbn| pb}ckyb qikfnb|
3+ Limbvbc iki h}fbk ybkf g`g`|bmhjiqg`
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Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L==
21+ Lip`}ni}bnbk l`kqi|bq l+ bk|il`p}`qi QQ]I$QK]I

}`q`p|h} ghkhbgik lbjbg h|bn `+ hmb| gbkib
lbpb| m`}mbc q`|`jbc ='< gikff+ 4+ Li mbvbc iki |`}gbqn hmb| bk|
Q@MBM igbkib b|b q`mbfbi ghhl q|bmijiu`}* ybi|5
Hmb|'hmb| bk|il`p}`qbk |}iqinjin L
blbjbc m`n`}eb ='< gikff q`|`jbc b+ djhnq`|ik
p`kffkbbk hmb|+ m+ mp}hpihk
EBVBMBK5 B a+ t`kjbdbnqik
2<+ Hmb| bk| l+ ji|ig
il`p}`qbk `+ igip}bgik
|}iqinjin g`}pbnbk cil}hdijin+ 6+ ybkf g`}pbnbk hmb| bk|il`p}`qi
Q@MBM fhj QQ]I* ybnki5 @
Hmb|'hmb| bk|il`p}`qbk |}iqinjin b+ ji|ig
m`jg m`n`}eb q`|`jbc ='< gikff
q`|`jbc p`gm`}ibk hmb|+ m+ bgi|}ip|ijik
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Ji|ig blbjbc hmb| ybkf n`}ebkyb |`}|bgb 6+ N}i|`}ib LQG'IT'\] k|n `piqhl`
g`ka`fbc kbin |}kkyb ghhl pblb pbqi`k l`p}`qi gbyh}* nàbji․+
l`kfbk fbkffbk miphjb} B b+ L`p}`qi qbqbkb cb|i cbgpi}
20+ Hmb| ybkf |`}gbqn q`pbkebkf cb}i lbk |`}ebli cbgpi} q`|
fhjhkfbk QQ]I ybnki bgi|}ip|ijik ibp cb}i+
Q`mbm
m+ _`k}kbk gikb| b|b n`q`kbkfbk ybkf
QQ]I g`}pbnbk hmb| p`kfcbgmb|
qifkidinbk |`}cblbp bn|iti|bq
ghkh bgik hnqilbq` @
bpbpk cbgpi} q`pbkebkf cb}i
lbk |`}ebli cbgpi} q`|ibp cb}i+
Q@]B KP] BFPQ\IK DB]GBQI <B
a+ Q`jbjp g`}bqb mbcbfib
2+ _`kf`}|ibk l`p}`qi blbjbc․+
l+ _`k}kbk m`}b| mblbk ybkf qifkidinbk
b+ qpb|p `}bqbbk q`lic ybkf
vbjbpk |ilbn g`jbnnbk li`| b|b
qbkfb| g`klbjbg* |bn m`}lbyb*
p`kikfnb|bk m`}b| mblbk
nà`vb lbk |ilbn lbb|
#giqbjkyb p`}mbcbk m`}b| mblbk
g`}bqbnbk
j`mic lb}i 0% lbjbg 2 mjbk)+
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Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L=<
iki g`kfcbgmb| mnbk cbkyb GBH b+ C`pb|i|iq @

lbjbg hmb|* |`|bpi hnqilbq` ybkf m+ C`pb|i|iq L
g`kfnb|bjiq l`bgikbqi hnqilb|id hmb| lbk a+ C`b|i|iq
qmq|bkqi ybkf gkfnik |hnqin q`p`}|i A l+ C`pb|i|iq
|i}bgik ybkf li|`gnbk pblb gbnbkbk | M
`}|`k|+ Ebvbmbk 5 B `+ C`pb|i|iq B
2<+ Fèbjb l`p}`qi ybkf pbjikf q`}iq 3+ gbkd`q|bqi njikin pblb c`pb|i|iq
blbjbc p`gini}bk |`k|bkf n`gb|ibk Nb}`kb lim`lbnbk m`}lbqb}nbk q|blig*
Mbkybn p`kl`}i|b ybkf ikfik gb|i b|b pblb q|blig p}bia|`}in m`}jbkfqkf
g`}bqb g`}`nb qbkfb| |ilbn m`}fkb q`jbgb limbvbc iki
q`cikffb g`}`nb q`pbk|bqkyb gb|i+ b+ 2'= cb}i
Ebvbmbk 5 B m+ 2'< cb}i
20+ Hmb|'hmb| p`kfcbgmb| bgmijbk a+ 1'0 cb}i
n`gmbji q`}h|ik q`j`n|id blbjbc++ l+ <'6
2+ Q`}|}bjik cb}i
`+ J`mic lb}i 2 gikff
9+ Q`lbkfbk pblb q|blig ia|`}in m`}jbkfqkf
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2+ Qàb}b gg* fèbjb p`kybni| C`pb|i| 2?+ G`|hl` p`kl`|`nqi ti}q C`pb|i|iq
iq blbjbc․․․․++ A blbjbc․․․+++ #B)
b) G`kfpkikfkyb npji| lbk gb|b 2+ ]KB CAT
m) Qbni| p`}| #pblb qiqi ni}i b|bq) =+ @IB
a) D`q`q m`}vb}kb ci|bg p`nb| 1+ ]IMB
l) _`kyq|bk n}bk cb|i <+ _A]
`) Bi} n`kaikf m`}vb}kb n`g`}bcbk 22+ Ab}b p`kjb}bk p`kybni| C`pb|i|iq B
=+ Bf`k p`kybni| C`pb|i|iq M blbjbc․․․․ blbjbc․․․․ #B)
b) Ti}pq LKB m`}q`jpmpkf fbklb 2+ D`nbj - h}bj
m) Ti}q ]KB k|bi |kffbj =+ _b}`k|
a) Ti}q ]KB m`}q`jmkf fbklb `}bj 1+
l) Ti}q LKB k|bi |kffbj Gbnbkbk
`) Ti}q ]KB k|bi |kffbj |bn m`}nbpqj <+ _`}ikb|bj
1+ Gbqb iknmbqi ti}q p`kybni| C`pb|iq 2=+ Hmb| k|n C`pb|i|iq M blbjbc․․․++ #B)
@ 2+ @k|àbti}
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l+ 20'24? cb}i a+ C`pb|i|iq

`+ 0?'23? cb}i A l+ C`pb|i|
0+ _`kybni| c`pb|i|iq B qji| q`nbji lin`|bci lbk iq L
|`}nblbkf |ilbn |`}jicb| fèbjbkyb* gbnb `+ C`pb|i|iq @
k|n g`kf`|bcikyb lijbnnbk |`q lb}bc+ 2<+ _`kybni| C`pb|i|iq B g`}pbnbk
Lb}i cbqij |`q lb}bc p`}|bgb ybkf 2+ _`kybni| Cb|i b|bp `}blbkfbk blb
g`}pbnbk p`k`k| ․+ cb|i
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Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L1?
21+ _`kybni| c`pb|i|iq M p`ky`mb}bkkyb

|ikeb* lbk g`}pbnbk e`kiq p`kybni| c`pb|i|iq
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Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L2

4+ FBFBJ FIKEBJ `+ s`khf}bd|

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Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L=

C@Q\Y _]IQNB B_]IKB DB]GBQI <B

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Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L1

4+ \`}eblikyb fbfbj fikebj liq`mbmnbk a+ q|blig hjif}ib

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Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L<

`+ M`}j`mickyb nbklkfbk p}h|`ik* 2+ _}h|`ikp}ib

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Limbvbc iki blbjbc ab}b p`ka`fbcbk c`pb|i|iq A L0

<) Mb|n l+ Abi}bk lbjbg |mc j`mic

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