Х % 82кйгХз 

(i.e. the complex conjugate)

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Substituting into the Equation for ¢f
© &' above gives,
¢f ©R&' % 8 аг2йХ dEG ШdЩeg ft¤ p 2йгХзFEC G
ШdЩeg ftr¥ since EGЖИЗt8Д
ie. ¢f © &' Ы 8!  £'«%¬"£2йХ еДСЕЛЖ!"ТаХ&0Ъ
нжог2йХ еЖипT°!"ТаХ&¥
or ¢f © &' % 8!аД ±2йХ ± ДСЕЛЖг £!"ТабХзи&'¡pФ
²6│и┤г2йХ dзе
i.e. a sampled sinewave at ЖИЗfXc Hz, of magnitude
Ж
X±2йХ ±#
For the special case of Х8µ , 2© " О 8Г ╢╖в ©R&' (i.e. sum of all samples)
and the
contribution of 2©g to ¢ ©R&' is ¢i © &' ¤ 8`X2© " Ч 8 average
of вдй &' ¤ 8 d.c. compo-
nent.
Interpretation of example
1. 2©g Ы 8r !6 implies a d.c. value of `X2©g % 8Жi
s8r (as expected)
2. 2© { 803ВМ╕ 82кййЙ implies a fundamental component of peak amplitude
Ж
X ±2йж С ± 8Ж
s УМк8r! with phase given by ² │и┤ 2© Ы 80╣З o
i.e. !¤ ДЕЛЖ$£!"Таб&'¡0И З oзд 8t !u ДСЕЛЖЕгТ
!&0Й З
o§ (as expected)
3. 2© !" % 8º r! гХ8XЖ – no other
аГ 0
Х component here) and this implies a
component
вЖй &' % 8  2© !" hEGШdЩe¼ ╗Жt8
М
2©R!r dEGЗt8ЙПСР ТТ{& (as expected)
since Жипh░Э Т{&i 8t for all &
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0
1
2
3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
f (Hz)
|F[n]|
sqrt(2)
3/sqrt(2)
Figure 7.4: DFT of four point signal.
Thus, the conventional way of displaying a spectrum is not as shown in Fig. 7.3
but as shown in Fig. 7.4 (obviously, the information content is the same):
In typical applications,
 
is much greater than М ; for example, for  8½
Е В! М ,
2йХ has Е Л! М components, but Ф Й 0 Е В!Й are the complex conjugates
of Ф 6 0 ,
leaving ¾)¿i(└`fiЖs as the d.c. component,
Ж
`fiЖs{ ┴╛)¿`ж└┴┬Ж to
Ж
`fiЖsq ┴╛)┐├`e`ж└┴┬Ж as complete a.c. com-
ponents and ``fiЖs¾)┐├`Ж└┬Ж as the cosine-only component at the highest
distinguishable
frequency гХ8XЖз .
Most computer programmes evaluate ┴╛)¿f└┴X (or ┴╛)¿f└┴
ШX for the power spectral den-
sity) which gives the correct “shape” for the spectrum, except for the values at
Х8Р and XЖ .
7.2 Discrete Fourier Transform Errors