Pod 9 354 @1EC INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION LOADING GUIDE FOR OIL-IMMERSED POWER TRANSFORMERS FOREWORD 1) Tho formal decisions or agroemonts of the IEC on technical matters, prepared by Technical Committees on which all the National Commnittoes having a special Interast thoroin are represented, express, as nearly as possible, an international consonaus of opinion on the aubjects dealt with. 2) They have tho form of recommendations for international use and they are accepted by tha National Committees In that sence. 8) In order to promote International unification, the IEC oxprossos tho wish that all National Committees should adopt the toxt of the IEC recommendation for thelr national rules in so far as national conditions will» Permit. Any divorgence between the IEC recommendation and the corresponding national rules ehould, as {ar a8 possibfe, be clearly indicated inthe latter. This guide has been prepared by IEC Technical Committee No. 14: Power transformers. I forms the second edition of IEC 354 and replaces the first edition (1972). ‘The text of this guide Is based on the following documents: ‘Six Months Reporte on Vot ee a Full information on the voting tor the approval of this guide can be found in the Voting Reports indicated in the above table. Tho following IEC Publications pre quoted in this guide: : Power tanstormers, Part t: Goneral. Part2: Temperate risa, Part 4: Tappings'and connections. Pant S:Ablfy to wehstand short culoa {The guide further presents recommendations for limitations of Permissible loading ad / 354 © IEC -T- LOADING GUIDE FOR OIL-IMMERSED POWER TRANSFORMERS. Section 1: General 1.4 Scope ‘This guide is applicable to oll-immersed transformers complying with !EC 76, It indicates /, Within limits, transformers may be loaded above rated conditions. For furnace transformers, the manufacturer should be consulted in view of the peculiar loading Profile, Ean a Fea fy een Tree 1.2 Object 7 This guide provides guidance for the specification and loading of power transformers from the point. of view of operating temper and Ing. It provides ~ fecommendations for loading above the nameplate rating and guidanco for the plamer to choose, Re ated quantities and loading conditions for new installations. Parodeiny Sp bet sprees PMY Saat Ove ob J Bem dag . JEC 76-2 contains the requirements and tests relating to temporature rise figures jor oll- Immersed transformers during continuous rated loading. It should be noted that IE fe refers to the average winding temperature rise while the present guide refers mal hot-spot temperature and the stated values are provided only for guidance. ‘The guide Is fe ing the esnsequence of different loadit / with different temperatures of the cooling medium, and with transient or cyclical varia, with time, The models provide for the calculation of operating temperatures in’! transform the temperature of the hottest part of the winding. This hot) temperature is,/in tum, used for evaluation of a relative value for the rate of the ing to the results. of the temperature calculations. These recommendations re! / different categories of transformers by size and importance, and also to different typ! loading duty - continuous loading, normal cyclic undisturbed loading ot 1 emergency loading. For small transformers, here called distribution transformers, the guide provides ‘which make it possible to evaluate cyclic loading at specific ambient temperaty ‘comparison with conditions at rated loading under normal ambient temperature, for: former which fulfils the requirements of IEC 76-2,354 © IEC -9- For large transformers there are differences in the temperature calculations for different methods of cooling. The category of mecium power transformers extends up to about 100 MVA three-phase two-winding transformers or equivalent, while transformers with higher rated power are referred to as large power transformers. For the latter it is advisable to perform calculations using Individual parameters obiained from the ‘acceptance type test. For reasons explained in the guide, the recommended limitations for these two catagories of transformers are formulated somewhat differently. Section 1, General, contains definitions, common background information and specific recommendations for the operation of different categories of transformers. ‘Section 2, Temperature calculation, presents the mathematical models used. Section 3 gives calculated results as graphs and tables for standardized conditions. 1.3 Definitions For the purpose of this guide the following definitions apply. 1.3.1. Distribution transformer A transformer with a maximum rating of 2 500 kVA three-phase or 833 kVA per limb single- phase and a high-voltage rating limited to 33 KV, i.9. a transformer with separate windings that steps down to consumer voltage, with ON cooling and without on-load tap-changing. 1.3.2. Medium power transformer A transformer with separate windings having a rating not exceeding 100 MVA for three- phase transformers or 33,8 MVA per wound limb and, due to the leakage flux density Festrictions, a rated short-circult impedance z, not exceeding the value: 30(25~ 0155) % > Uce wher Wis the number of wound limbs and S, the rated power in MVA. For auto-transformers, the equivatent rating is defined in annex A. >=, 1.8.3. Large power transformer A transformer exceeding a rating of 100 MVA (three-phase) or the impedance limitation specitisd above.354 © IEC. oe 1.3.4 Cyclic loading Loading with cyclic variations (the duration of the cycle usually being one day) which is regarded in torms of the average amount of ageing that occurs during the cycle. The cyclic foading may either be a normal loading, or a long-time emergency loading. a) Normal cycilc loading A higher ambient temperature or a higher than rated load current Is applied during part of the cyele, but, from the point of view of thermal ageing. (according to the mathematical model), this loading is equivalent to the rated load at normal ambient temperature. This Is achieved by taking advantage of low ambient temperatures or low-load currents during tho rest of the load cycle. For planning purposes, this principle can be extended to provide for tong periods of time whereby cycles with agelng rates greater than unity are compensated for by cycles with ageing rate less than unity. b) Long-time emergency eyelic loading Loading resulting from the prolonged outage of some system elements that will not be reconnected before a steady state temperature rise Is reached In the transformer. This is not a normal operating condition and its occurrence is expected to be rare, but it may persist for weeks or even months and can lead to considerable ageing. However, it should not be the cause of breakdown due to thermal destruction or reduction of dielectric strength, 1.8.5 Short-time emergency loading Unusually heavy loading due to the occurrence of one or more unlikely events which. seriously disturb normal system loading, causing the conductor hot spots to reach dangerous levels and, possibly, a temporary reduction in the dielectric strength. However, acceptance of this condition for a short time may be preferable to other alternatives. This type of loading Is expected to occur rarely and It must be rapidly reduced or the trans- former disconnected within a short time In order to avoid Its failure. The permissibie duration of this load is shorter than the thermal time constant of the transformer and depends on the opeiating temperaturé before the increase in the loading; typically, it would be less than-half an hour. 1.4 General limitations and effects of loading beyond nameplate rating 1.4.1.” Effect of loading beyond nameplate rating 1.4.1.1 Factors Influencing life duration ‘The actual lite duration of a transformer depends to a high degree on extraordinary events, such as overvoltages, short-circuits in the system, and emorgency overloading.eager 354 @1EC. ~13- Decisive for the chance of survival after such events, which can occur either separately or in combination, are: a) the severity (amplitude and duration) of the event; diva S Homgctade clad pokes b) the transformer design; desav~ bree ¢) the temperatures of the various parts of the transformer; Kem’ decknges Taepen yale 4) the concentration of moisture in the insulation and in the oll; Cima bemm) Reale dn ‘ih ¢) the concentration of oxygen and other gases in the insulation and in the oil; sea jb 1) the number, size and type of impurity particles. epee erry nee arte Yo teh, whawem & Thal oli pens le ‘The normal life expectancy is a conventional reference basis Yor continuous duty under normal amblent temperature and rated operating conditions. The application of a load in oxcess of nameplate rating and/or an ambient temperature higher than rated involves @ degree of risk and accelerated ageing. It Is the purpose of this guide to Identify such risks and to indicate how, within limitations, transformers may be loaded in excess of the name- plate rating. if ; i ; (Dayka tafe leo paloma ne erie, eben Bhar mle “The consequences of foading a transformor beyond Its nameplate rating ra as follows: ep Meg beatin a) the temperatures of windings, cleats, leads, insulation _at reach unacceptable levels; - ) the leakage flux density outside the core increases, causing additional eddy-current heating in metallic parts linked by the flux; il, increase and can ©) the combination of the main flux and increased leakage flux imposes restrictions on possible core overexcitation; 4) as the temperature changes, the moisture and gas content in the insulation and in ‘the oil will chango; e) bushings, tap-changers, cable-end connections and current transformers will also be exposed to higher stresses which ‘upon their design and application margins. Tonle ‘As @ consequence there will be a risk of premature failure associated with the increased currents and temperatures. This risk may be of an immediate short-term character or come from the cumulative deterioration of the transformer over many years. Later 1.4.1.2 Short-term risks fa) The main risk, for short-time failures, is the reduction in dielectric strength due to the possible presence of gas bubbles in a region of high electrical stress, i.e. the windings and Jeads. These bubbles may develop in the paper insulation when the hot-spot temperature rises suddenly above @ critical temperature, which is about 140 °C to 160 °C for a transformer with a normal moisture content. This critical tem- perature decreases somewhat as the moisture concentration increases. Gas bubbles can also develop (either in oil or in solid insulation) at the surfaces of heavy metallic parts heated by tho leakage flux or be produced by supersaturation of the oll. However, such bubbles usually develop in regions of low electric stress and354 @1EC -15- have to circulate in regions where the stress Is higher before any significant reduction in the dielectric strength occurs. Bare metal parts which are not in direct thermal contact with major organic insulation, but are in contact with the oll in the transformer, may rapidly rise to high temperature. 180 °C should not be exceeded. b) Temporary deterioration of the mechanical properties at higher temperatures could reduce the short-circuit strength. ©) Pressure build-up in the bushings may result in a failure due to oll leakage. Gassing in the bushings may also occur if the temperature of the insulation exceeds about 140 °C. 4d) The expansion of the oll could cause overflow of the oll in the conservator. @) Breaking of excessively high currents In the tap-changer could be ‘hazardous. 4.4.1.8 Long-term risks a) Cumulative thermal deterioration of the mechanical properties of the conductor Insulation will accelerate at higher temperatures. If this deterloration proceeds far enough, It may reduce the effective fife of the transformer, particularly if the latter is subjected to system short circuits. b) Other insulation materials, as well as structural parts and the conductors, could also suffer ageing at higher temperature. ©) The contactresistance of the tap-changers could Increase at elevated currents and temperatures and, in severe cases, thermal runaway could take place. 4) The gasket materials In the transformer may. become more brittle at elevated temperatures. repeh The short-term risk normally disappears after the load is reduced to normal level but, from the point of view of reliability, it may have a more significant impact than long term effects. ‘This guide recognizes that the loading capability could be ‘Gaittea both by tho short-time ‘and the long-time effects. The tables and diagrams ere catculated according to the traditional methods of determining the life expectancy of the mechanical properties of the paper insulation as affected by time and temperature, while the imitations on the fraximum hot-spot temperatures are based on considerations of the risk of immediate - failure. 1.4.2 Transformer size ‘The sensitivity of transformers to loading beyond nameplate rating usually depends on their size, As the size increases, the tendency is that: a) the leakage flux density will increase; b) the short-circuit forces increas ¢) the volumes of dielectrically-stressed insulation increase; d) the hot-spot temperatures are more: difficult to determine correctly.merece 954 ©1EC -17- ‘Thus a large transformer could be more vulnerable to loading beyond nameplate rating than a smaller one. In addition, the consequences of a transformer failure ara more severe for larger sizes than for smaller units, ‘Therefore, in order to apply a reasonable degree of risk for the expected duties, this guide considers three categories: a) distribution transformers, for which only the hot-spot temperature and thermal deterioration have to be considered; b) medium power transtormers where the effects of leakage flux are known not to be citical; but the variations in the cooling modes must be consideréd; ©) large power transformers, where the effects of stray leakage flux are significant and the consequences of failure are severe. 1.4.3. Current and temperature limitations With loading values beyond the nameplate rating, it is recommended that the limits stated in table 1 are not exceeded and that account be taken of the specific limitations given in 1.510 1.7. 4 Table 1 — Current and temperature limits applicable to loading beyond nameplate rating eect Dastitn | Madi poner | Lae pone Normal eycilc loading Current (pu) 16 15 13 Hot-spottomperature and metalic parts in contact 7 ‘with inauating maria! (ro) 140 40s 120 Topol temperature . 405 105 105 Long-time emergency eyelle londing Current ) 18 or 13 Hot-spot temperature and motac parts in contact with ineuating material ¢o) 160 140, 130 Topi temperature 0) 15 15 15 Shorttime emergency fonding Curent x) 20 18 15 Hot-spot temperature and metalic parts in contact With insulating materat co) 001.52 160 160 Topolltemperature Coy 001.52 115 15354 OIE i ~19- 1.5 Specific limitations for distribution transformers 1.5.1. Rating limitation ‘This clause covers distribution transformers up to 2 500 kVA as defined in 1.3.1. 1.5.2 Current and temperature limitations ‘The limits on load current, hot-spot temperature and top-oll temperature stated in table 1 should not be exceeded. No limit is set for the top-oll and hot-spot temperature under short-time emergency loading because it is usually impracticable to control the duration of ‘emergency loading on distribution transformers. it should be noted that, when the hot spot reaches temperatures above 140 °C to 160 °C, gas bubbles may develop which could Jeopardize the dielectric strength of the transformer (see 1.4.1.2, Short-term risks). 1.5.3 Accessory and other considerations Apart from the windings, other parts of the transformer, such as bushings, cable-end connections, tap-changing devices and leads, may restrict the operation with load currents exceeding 1,5 times the rated current. Oil expansion and oil pressure could also impose restrictions. 1.5.4 Indoor transformers When transformers are used indoors,.a correction has to be made to the rated top-oll temperature rise to take account of the enclosure. Preferably, this extra temperature rise should be determined by a test (see 2.7.6). 1.5.5 Outdoor ambient conditions Wind, sunshine and rain may have some effects on the loading capacity of distribution transformers, but their unpredictable nature makes it impracticable to take these factors into account. 4.6 Specitic limitations for medium power transformers 1.6.1. Rating limitations ‘This clause covers power transformers up to 100 MVA, three-phase, having the impedance restrictions referred to in 1.3.2. 1.6.2 Current and temperature limitations ‘The limits on load current, hot-spot temperature, top-oil temperature and temperature of metallic parts other than winding and leads but nevertheless in contact with solid insulat- ing material, stated in table 1 should not be exceeded. Moreover, it should be noted that when the hot spot reaches temperatures above 140. °C to 160 °C, gas bubbles may develop which could jeopardize the dielectric strength of the transformer (seo 1.4.1.2, Short-term risks).364 © IEC. -21- 1.6.3 Accessory, associated equipment and other considerations Apart from the windings, other parts.of. the transformer, such as bushings, cable-end connections, tap-changing devices and leads may restrict the operation when loaded above about 1,5 times the rated current. Oil expansion and oil pressure could also impose restrictions. Consideration may also have to be given to associated equipment such as cables, citcuit-breakers, current transformers, etc. 1.8.4 Short-circuit withstand requirements . During or directly after operation at load beyond nameplate rating, transformers may not comply with the thermal short-circuit requirement, as specified in IEC 76-5, which is based on a short-circuit duration of 2 s. However, the duration of short-circuit currents in service is shorter than 2 s In most cases. \ 1.6.5 Voltage limitations Unless other timitations for variable flux voltage variations are known (see IEC 76-4, clauses 3, 4 and §) the applied voltage should not exceed 1,05 times either the rated voltage (principal tapping) or the tapping voltage (other tappings) on any winding of the transformer. 4.7. Specitic limitations for large power transforme! 1.7.1 General For large power transtormers, additional limitations, mainly associated with the leakage flux, have to be taken into consideration, It is therefore advisable in this case to specify, at the time of enquiry and order, the amount of loading capability needed in specific appli- cations (see annex C). As far as thermal deterioration of Insulation is concerned, the same calculation method applies to all transformers. However, it is recommended that a computer calculation based on the actual thermal characteristics of the transformer under consideration be used rather than the loading tables in section 3. According to present knowledge, the importance of the high reliability of large units in view of the consequences of a failure, together with the following considerations, make it advisable to adopt a more conservative, more individual approach here than for smaller units. a) The combination of leakage flux and main fiux in the limbs or yokes of the magnatic circuit makes large transformers more vulnerable to overexcitation than smaller trans~ formers, especially when loaded above nameplate rating. Increased leakage flux may also cause additional eddy-current heating of other metallic parts. b) The consequences of degradation of the mechanical properties of insulation as a function of temperature and time, including wear due to thermal expansion, may be more severe for large transformers than for smaller ones.854 ©1EC ~23- ©) Hot-spot temperatures outside the windings cannot be obtained from a normal tomperature-rise test, Even If such a test at rated current indicates no abnormalities, it is not possible to draw any conclusions for higher currents since this extrapolation may not have been taken into account at the design stage. 4) Calculation of the winding hot-spot temperature rise at higher than rated currents, based on the results of a temperature-tise test at rated current, may be less reliable for large units than for smaller ones. 1.7.2 Current and temperatura limitations The load current, hot-spot temperature, top-oil temperature and temperature of metallic parts other than windings and leads but nevertheless in contact with solid insulating material should not exceed the limits stated in table 1. Moreover, it should be noted that, ‘when the hot spot reaches temperatures above 140 °C to 160 °C, gas bubbles may develop which could jeopardize the dielectric strength of the transformer (see 1.4.1.2, Short-term risks). 1.7.3 Accessory, equipment and other considerations Refer to 1.6.3, 1.7.4 Short-circuit withstand requirements Refer to 1.6.4. 1.7.5 _ Voltage limitations Reter to 1.6.5.25~ 954 ©1EC Section 2: Determination of temperatures 2.1 Symbols 2.1.1 Basic symbols A is the amplitude of yearly variation of daily mean ambient temperature in kelvins; Bis the amplitude of dally variation of ambient temperature in kelving; DXis the hottest day of a year; His the hot-spot factor; 1 Is the load current in amperes; K is the load factor (load currenv/rated current); Lis the relative ageing over a certain period of time; Ris the ratio of load losses at rated current to no-load losses; Sis the power in MVA; TX is the hottest hour of a day; V is the relative ageing rate; W is the number of wound limbs; Is the winding to oll temperature ditference in kelvins; jis a month of a year (used in ageing and hot-spot calculations over a complete year); Is the duration of the peak load in the rectangular load profile in hours; is the short-circuit impedance in per cent; is the temperature in degrees Celsius; is the time constant; ONindicates either ONAN or ONAF cooling; OFindicates either OFAF or OFWF cooling; ODindicates elther ODAF or ODWE cooling. a oNS 24.2 Profixes ‘A. indicates a temperature rise (in regard to ambient temperature). 2.1.3 Exponents x Is the exponential power of total losses versus oil temperature tise; ¥_ Is the exponential power of current versus winding temperature si applies to hot-spot temperature on OD cooling.354 @1EC -27- 2.1.4 Suffixes (general) telates to weighted ambient temperature; telates to ambient temperature for hot-spot calculation; relates to winding: relates to ambient (temperatur telates to hot spot (temperature Telates to factors used to-calculate maximum hot-spot temperature; 375 £=m ° rolates to oll; indicates rated quantity (i used, always the last suttix); ‘olates to temperature or temperature rise at time f; indicates yearly quantity. 2.1.5 Specific suffixes relating to oll temperatures (if used, always the first suffixes) i rolates to oll in winding, at top; Im relates to oil in winding, average; b relates to oll In winding, in tank er in heat exchanger, at bottom; © relates to oil in tank, at top; ‘om relates to oil In tank, average; © relates to oll in heat exchanger, at top; ‘em relates to oll in heat exchanger, average; bt relates to bottom oil temperature after time f, bi relates to initial bottom oil temperature; bu relates to ultimate bottom oil temperature. 2.2 Direct measurement of hot-spot temperature The most critical limitation in the loading of a transformer is the temperature reached in the hottest area of the winding and every effort should be made to determine this temperature with accuracy. Direct measurement (with fibre-optic probes or similar devices) is now becoming available. Such measurements should improve the determination of the hot-spot temperature as compared to the calculation method outlined in 2.4. 2.3 Assumed thermal characteristics 23.1. Simpifications made It should be borne in mind that the formulae given in this guide are based on a number of simplifications. A thermal diagram is assumed, as shown in figure 1, on the understanding354 IEG that such a diagram is the simplification of a more complex distribution. The assumptions made In this simplification are as follows: a) the oil temperature inside the windings increases linearly trom bottom to top, what- ‘ever the cooling mode; ; 'b) the temperature rise of the conductor at any position up the winding increases linearly, parallel to the oll temperature rise, with a constant difference g between the two straight lines (g being the difference between the average temperature rise by resistance and the average oll temperature rise); ¢) the hot-spot temperature rise Is higher than the temperature rise of the conductor at the top of the winding as shown in figure 1 because allowance has to be made for the increase in stray losses. To take account of these non-linearities, the difference in tem- perature between the hot-spot and the ofl at the top of the winding is made equal to Hg. ‘This H factor may vary trom 1,1 to 1,5 depending on transformer size, short-circuit impedance and winding design. For the production of tables and figures in section 3, a value of 1,1 has been used for distribution transformers and 1,3}for medium and large power transformers. ' ; % op of winding Bottom of winding —c “Temperature rise jean Figure 1 — Thermal diagram 2.3.2 The top-oll temperature, as measured during a temperature-rise test, differs from the temperature of the oif leaving the winding. This is especially so during the transitory period following inception of a sudden load of large magnitude. In fact, the top oil is a mixture of various oll flows which have circulated along and/or outside the various windings.954 ©1EC. -31- For ON the difference between the main windings Is normatly not important. The oil temperature at the top of the winding is, for all windings, taken as equal to the tempe- ature of the mixed top oll In the tank. For OF and OD cooling, on the other hand, the oil temperature at the top of a winding is taken to be the bottom oll temperature plus twice the difference between the average oll temperature inside that particular winding and the bottom-oil temperature. The different types of cooling have to be treated separately because of the differences in ‘the oil flow. For ON and OF transformer: it is assumed that the oit circulation in the winding Is dictated by the thermal head while for OD transformers the rate of flow of the oil is mainly governed by the pump and thus Is not dependent on the oll temperature. 2.3.3. For OF and OD transfortners, the average oll temperature should be determined by the best avallable method, since the hot-spot temperature calculation is directly dependent on it. IEC 76-2 specifies a number of acceptable methods for providing a value that is used only to derive certain corrections to be applied to the average winding temperature rise. For the purpose of this guide, the alternative method for deriving the average oll temperature from test results Is preferred (see annex B). 2.3.4. As the time constant of windings is usually very short (5 min to 10 min), It has only a limited effect on the hot-spot temperature, even under short loads of high values. Since the shortest peak load duration considered in the loading tables fs 30 min (section 3), the time constant is taken as equal to zero in the calculation. 2.3.5 In order to calculate the hot-spot temperature rise under continuous, cyclic or other duties, different sources of thermal characteristics can be used: a) results of a special temperature-rise test Including direct measurement of the hot-spot temperature of top-oll temperature inside the windings (in the absence of direct hot-spot measurement the hot-spot factor H can only be provided by the manu facturer); b) results of a normal temperature rise test; ¢) assumed temperature rises at rated current, ‘Table 2 provides examples of thermal charactaristics used in the production of the loading Yables In section 3. For large power transformers it should be noted that if the measured average winding temporature rise at rated current Is at the limit of 65 K for ON and OF cooling, and 70 K for OD cooling, the hot-spot temperature rise at rated current may exceed 78 K, depending on the design.954 © IEC =33- ‘Table 2- Thermal characteristics used for the calculation of loading tables in section 3 Davao Mase wd ae ene tee neee om | on | oF. | op. ot epomet . oe to | a ecg opened : ts ts | 2b fone Cae a . . |e etal aor iH " ta | a Otte eontat nom] 3 | as Ambient temperature 7 yee) 20 2 2» 2 heespattoe a «| n | | 7m age wing so am | oe | o | oe Hepat oto gent wm | oe = | 2 | 2 prego ote my © | so | | a epetwinng fto"? om | os se | | Bator ive a mf au | « | *) For ON costing, a8, is takon tobe equal fo Ae, 2.4 Steady-state temperature equations 2.4.1 ON cooling For ON cooling, the ultimate hot-spot temperaturé under any load Kis equal to the sum of the ambient temperature, the top-oil temperature rise and the temperature difference between the hot-spot and the top-oil: ie e ne d+ AKE 1+h Op G+ 40, [ Al 1%+ Hg, KY (ty 2.4.2 OF cooling For OF cooling the calculation method is based on the bottom-oil and average oll tempe- rature for the reason explained in 2.3.2. Thus the ultimate hot-spot temperature under any load Kis equal to the sum of the ambient temperature, the bottom-oll temperature rise, the difference between the top-oil in the winding and the bottom-oil and the difference between the hot-spot and the top-oll in the winding: 2 8, = 0g + 40, LAE EAS 1° 5 2 186 ~ AB) KY4 HG, KY e)354 @ IEC -39- The rate of ageing Is referred to the winding hot-spot temperature. snsformors designed In accordance with IEC 76, a usual reference value for this quantity at rated load ‘and normal amblent temperature Is 98 °C. In this guide, the relative rate of ageing at this temperature Is taken as unity. The Insulation system of many transformers Is provided with thermally upgraded Insulation. As: IEC 76-2 does not consider this class of materials for oll-immersed transformers, temperature-rise limits and improvement in thermal behaviour may be taken into account by. agreement between the manufacturer and user. In many cases, transformers using this insulation have a normal life expectancy based on a hot-spot temperature of 110 °C. 2.6.2 Relative thermal-ageing rate For transformers designed in accordance with IEC 76, the relative rate of thermal ageing is taken to be equal to unity for a hot-spot temperature of 98 °C, which corresponds to operation at an ambient temperature of 20 °C and a hot-spot temperature rise of 78 K. The relative ageing rate is defined as: ageing rate at, a, seve ageing rate at 98°C ” This function implies that the relative ageing rate Is very sensiti perature as shown below: to the hot-spot tem- % Relative ageing rato 04128 025 05 19 160 220 640 0 35 2 08 104 110 116 80 12 120 134 140 1280 2.6.3 Loss-ofsife calculation ‘The loss of life caused by months, days or hours of operation at a hot-spot temperature of 98 °C is expressed in normal months, days or hours.954 @ IEC ~4- It the load and ambient temperature are constant during a period, the relative loss of life is equal to Vx 4, t being the period under consideration. The samo applies to a constant operating condition and a vartable ambient temperatura if the weighted ambient is used (see 2.7). Generally, when operating conditions and ambient temperature are changing, the relative ageing rate varies with time. The relative ageing (or relative loss of life) over a certain period of time is then equal to: % nN ted fvtout=t = v (8) te N net 7 where wt 1 is the number of each time interval; ra NV is the total number of equal time intervals. 2.7 Ambient temperature 27.1. General For outdoor air-cooled transformers, the actual air tomperature is taken as ambient. For indoor distribution transformers, the ambient-temperature correction is given in 2. For water-cooled transformers, the ambient temperature is the temperature of the incom- ing water which shows less variation in time than air. If the peak load duration Is longer than a few hours, the variations of ambient temperature have to be taken into account. Depending on the user's preference these variations can be considered under either of the following methods: a) a weighted ambient temperature can be used for the thermal ageing calculation, combined with the mean value of monthly maxima for the maximum hot-spot tempe- rature,caleulation (2.7.2 and 2.7.3); b) the actual temperature profile can be used directly (2.7.4); ©) the ambient temperature variation can be approximated by a double sinusoidal function (2.7.5). 2.7.2 Weighted ambient temperature, 8. Itthe ambient temperature varies appreciably during the load cycle, then a weighted valué~ should be sued in the thermal calculation because the weighted ambient will be higher than the arithmetic average. The weighted ambient temperature is a constant, fictitious ambient temperature which, during @ specific time, causes the same ageing of the insulation as a varlable ambient temperature acting during that time (which may be days, months or a year).954 @ lec ~43- 4 For the case where a temperature increase of 6 K doubles the ageing rate and the ambient temperature can be assumed to vary sinusoidally, the weighted ambient tem. Perature is equal to: 8, = 0 + 0,01 (46) (9) where 8 Is the mean temperature; 40 Is the temperature range for the period under consideration (mean value of maxima minus mean value of minima). The correction factor to be applied to the average temperature can also be derived from figure 2, which is an illustration of the above formula. 4 2 10 Correction (81K. ° 10 20 30 40 60 ‘Temperature range (AT K ed Figure 2 - Correction between weighted and average ambient temperature as a function of the temperature range 2.7.3 Ambient temperature for hot-spot calculation, &, Tho welghted ambient temperature can be used for the calculation of thermal ageing but cannot be used to check the maximum hot-spot temperature reached during the peak load Period. For this purpose it is recommended that the mean vaiue of the monthly maxima be taken. Use of the absolute maximum is not considered wise in view of the low Probability of ocourrence of this value and the effect of the oil time constant. 2.7.4 Continuously varying ambient temperature When the ageing and hot-spot temperature calculations are limited to a few days of operation with load beyond nameplate rating, it may be found more suitable to-use the actual temperature variation profile that is expected for that period. The ambient temperature profile has then to be expressed in a set of discrete values corresponding to the time interval chosen to describe the load variation.SF 354 © IEC | 2.7.8 Sinusoidal temperature variation For calculations over many days or months, it may be more convenient to consider the ambient temperature as a-double sinusoidal function, the first describing the year-round temperature variation, the second the daily variation. 2x 2: 0, = Ogy + A 608 oe (day — DX) + ( Bou 8,,) 608 5 (hour — TX) (10) where ®,, is the yearly average ambient temperature In degrees Celsius; A is the amplitude of yearly variation of daily mean ambient temperature in kelvins; B is the amplitude of daily variation for ageing-rate calculation in kelvin; B,, _ is the amplitude of daily variation for calculation of maximum hot-spot temperature in kelvin DX Is the hottest day of a year; TX _ Is the hottest hour of a day; day is the day number, for example 1st February = 32; hour Is the hour of the day, for example 1.15 p.m. = 13,25. Calculation of these parameters implies the use of a separate computer program, as shown in annex D, with the input of four characteristic temperatures for each month of the year. 2.7.6 Correction of ambient temperature for transformer enclosure A transformer operating in an enclosure experiences an extra temperature rise which is about halt the temperature rise of the air in that enclosure. Tests have shown that the top-oil extra temperature rise varies with the load current more or less as the top-oil temperature rise would do. For transformers installed in a metai or concrete enclosure, A8,, in equation 1 should therefore be replaced by AQ’,, as follows: A0',, = 40,, + A(A6,,) where 4(40,,) Is the extra top-oil temperature sise under rated load. It is recommended that this ‘extra temperature rise be determined by. tests, but when such test results are not available, the values given in table 3 for different types of enclosure may be used as a guide. These values should be divided by two to obtain the approximate extra top-oil temperature rise.354 1EC -51- START READ INPUT: Transformer characterises Cooling method: ONAN, ONAF, OF or OD 48g, ! top-oll tomporature rise at rated current for ONAN and ONAF cooling 404, 1 bottom-oil tomporatigo rise at ratod eurront for OF and OD eoeling A8jn¢_ + A¥0rage ofl tomporature rise at rated currant Hg, + hot-epot to top-oll tamporature difference at rated current x "+ ciltemperature exponent Y + winding-temperature exponent R= ratio of load losses to no-load losses at rated currant fo + elltime constant (hours) 4, + nominal het-spot temperature for unity agoing rate (98 °C, 110 °C or any othe suilable reference tomporature, s00 2.6.1) Load cycle Gyele time, number of Intervais in the toad cycie, p.v. loading for each interval ‘Ambient temperature Weighted ambiont temperatura and maximum daily tomperaturo (0, Oy) or Ambiont temperature for each intorval of the load eyele or Parameters for the double-sinusoidal variation (®gy. A, B, Byy» DX. TX) Limitations Snmax ? Maximum acceptable hot-spot tomperature, Somax ? Maximum acceptable top-oll temperature Lax ¢ maximum accoptable relative ageing Ff state if load curve multiplier is fixed at F=t354 @ IEC 1 Set “F* (load curve multiplies) = 1 Load gyclo x F ‘Sot initial top-oil tomperature riso equal to ultimate temperature rise of provious day temporature at the sh ime ntrval ‘Sat inital top-ol tomporsture equal to tal temperature Ie top-ofl temperatura at tend of load cyclo within 0,2 °C of top-oil at start ? Yos Calculate ageing N £2 n-ne net Ie fos Fata = fixed value 7 No Print rosults354 ©1EC Is maximum top-oit tomporature of the eycle bolow { 2 iy *. 4 2 i 5 | | i oN { 4 VT : = e. tt qm 30°C 6 a m™ m= 40°C “Led . ® ells 3 S 0208 05 08 8 2 Oe Oe OB a cones Figure 10 — Transtormateurs de moyenne et de grande puissance ON — Régimes admissibies avec uné consommation de vie normale (suite) OW medium and targe power transtormers — Permissible duties for norma! loss of life (continued)354 @1EC A TB= 20 z 3 ios 2 [~T i » 2 * te 2 A tort 3 oa ea ce wg OR Oa Oe OR MOA, 2 sos i = pt . t 2. : AS 1 °°. 8 @= 20°C i 24 3 ca ea 8s OSS OR 8 OBC, A Figure 11 -Transtormateurs de moyenne et de grande puissance OF — Régimes admissibles avec une consommation de vie normale (suite) OF medium and large power transformers — Permissible duties for normal loss of life (continued) » wu Fonte954@1EC -7- 3 8 < < 8. @, & * tet 8 8 8. 02 04 0808 «0 «AD 1A OR Og OOO g, 8 3 7 7 @ 2 3 2l 4 ™ ore 7 Ne 4 aS 24 3 ! 8 | o2 0408 os 4042 te Re CSCC tw ae Figure 12 - Transformatours de moyenne et de grande puissance OD ~ Régimes admissibles avec une consommation de vie normale (suite) ‘OD medium and large power transformers — Permissible duties for normal loss of life (continued)354 @ IEC =79- 3.5. Emergency cyciic loading ‘The following tables are intended to give the user an indication of the loads that can be carried by a transformer without exceeding the winding hot-spot temperature limit stated in table 1 and, also, of the loss of life entailed, assuming that the thermal characteristics of ‘the transformer under consideration are similar to those listed in table 2. The information is presented in 24 tables corresponding to the following four types of transformers and six values of t (from 0,5 h to 24 h). ONAN distribution transformers, - Tables 7 to 12 ON medium and large power transformers - Tables 13 to 18 OF medium and large power transformers - Tables 19 to 24 OD __ medium and targe-power transformers - Tables 25 to 30 With the aid of these tables it.can be ascertained whethef a load diagram characterized by particular values of K, and K, Is permissible for a given ambient temperature and, if 0, what daily loss of life it will entail (expressed in "normal" days, i.e. equivalent days of ‘operation at rated power and at an ambient temperature of 20 °C). ‘The temperature and daily loss of life for these emergency duties have been calculated on the basis of cyclic duty. If the actual situation requires a single day of emergency duty, preceded and followed by days at lower loads, the calculated values of loss of life are Greater than those that would actually occur, and will thus include a safety margin. The relative loss of life is given in the tables to. three significant figures. Such precision, which may appear unjusiifiable, makes it easy to draw curves and make interpolations, on the understanding that the values obtained will be rounded off at the end of the calculations. Example 1; What is the daily loss of life and the hot-spot temperature under the following conditions applied to a medium power transformer ? OF cooling, K,=0,8, Ky= 1.8, t=8h, 6, =30°C ‘Table 23 shows that V = 31,8, 4, = 121 K for an ambient temperature of 20°C. Taking account of the actual ambient temperature of 30 °C we find: L = 81,8. 3,2 = 101,8 "normal" days 6, -(121 + 803 151 °C ‘Thus the hot-spot temperature exceeds the recommended limit of 140 °C and this loading condition should be avoided.954 © 1EC -8t- Table 7 — ONAN distribution transformers: t= 0,5 h Permissible duties and corresponding dally loss of lite {in ‘normal days) To determine whether a daily load dlagram characterized by particular values of K, and K, {s permissible and to evaluate the daily loss of Ife entailed, proceed as follows: [ ion porte “ors | | mo] 10] ove [1010] -0°2] 280 Daily loss of He: ‘Mukiply the value given Inthe table below by ‘tw tacor ven ere, thea round ofthe resuk | 10 | 92 | 4 | one | os | 0.ce2) 0.01 | 0.0058 Movapettonporabae: = _Addthe hotepottmnperatute rise given Inthe table tothe ambiont lomperture, Ite routing hot pot teperahire ceeds the it tal ina 1. ty not prise, kK 038 050 070 080 000 tanto ta) tap AAD 07 | 0901 0,008 0082 er ae) 08 | 9.001 0,006 9053 0.088 , 04 09 | 0001 0,006 0,084 0,095, 0,202 “4 OT RT 19 | 002 0,006 0.026 0,099 0801 1,00 6 8 so 6 2 78 14 | 0002 0,007 0038 0,104 ostz = 1,03 872 see tT 8D 12 | opo2 0,008 0p42 tz 0390 «1989.84 148 a5 0 se ta | 0003 0011 “04 0.125 0950 44402158 OAT 8 TRB OH HOD 07K ja | 090s 0014 oper -on4s 047125490 162 7R $F me BG 10GB 12] HT ts | coor 0922 one afo1 0405 1454778 TOR SHR ANE mo eo 8400 MOSH 12H 8B HAT te | oot 0008 0,128 | 027d ogee © 11 Bet 98 7B SR HST S308 NBS HZ HDB 17 | 0005 0068 ont 0437 0gsz 252 Tz ms SR SRL TEE ees 42 10712 MB HASH NSD MB HSK xa | 00s orzo osm 0778 467 3958 104 M2 107A too 108 141192 HAT 8B ME 18] TT to | oes 02s 072 180 31 698 172, 70 MB BRD 2A for tS tat a8 tae te MB HZ HO 88 20 | o2ze ose 164 980 628 138179 AT 21M ‘oy 14 tastes 199 HB HSS HD HET 7S954 @ IEC -83- Table 8 - ONAN distribution transformers: t= 1h Permissible duties and corresponding daily toss of life {in normal" days) To determine whether a daily load diagram characterized by particular values of K, and K, is permissible and to evaluate the daily loss of life entailed, proceed as follows: ‘Anblont tormpersture 40re | s0%0 | 2orc| 10%] 00 | -10°6} -20°c| -25-c| Daily bas off: ‘Mute he valve given inthe tabi below by thefactor given here, then oud offthe aut | 10 | 32 | 1 | oa2| ot | oca2| ot | 0.0086) | Hotspot temperature: | ‘Aci the hat-epot temperature rise given inthe tebe tothe ambient temperature. I the resuting hot-spot tomperature ‘xcoede the bit sated In table 1, tho duty snot pemissbe, Kk 025080 070-000 10010 .20 41.80 K 07 | 0,001 0,008 0,082 3B 08 | 0002 0,008 0,094 9,088 o 6 8 09 | 0002 0007 0,937 0,098 0292 45 BT 10| 0,002 0,008 0040 9,108 9310 1,00 6 | 67 hOB 14 |» 0002 0010 0087 0118 0897 1972 6 7H 12| 0005 9014 0,058 0140 082117 3.08 14.9 13 | 0.008. 0922 0,080. 0,10 0461 1,04 490160647 oz 87 tog 108118 14| 0015 008 0128 0258 ost2 «168 | 51 17,8 8B 802 Te CDH: tS tet 87 15| 0001 0973 0214 9410 0918 «228 6,48 73 927 1510 a re 1 188 tat 16 | 0065 0150 0413 O77) 187-958 (92 9 © 370 1-640 1 87 18H] AHAB wee a0 1254801870 146180187 17 | 0148 0329. osrt 157 308. 645182 9 5 R17, tat 28182 18} 0940 0760 196946682 182 tB 215 2310 107418208 8S 140, 62188165, 19| 0926 183 466 812 150 «2941S 180 SAT 8838.20 eT nn en zo] 200 458 «115 200 964 «72148 117251880 8410 vr a n,n354 @1EC =85- Table 9— ONAN distribution transformers: t= 2h Permissible duties and corresponding daily loss of life (in *normal" days) To determine whether a dally load diagram characterized by particular values of K, and K, Is pormissible and to evaluate the daily loss of life entailed, proceed as follows: ‘Ambient tomporature 40°c | 30°0 | 20°0| 10°] 0%0 | -10°0} -20°c| ~26 °c) ay eso tr in ‘Mutipl the value given inthe table below by thetactor given here, hen roundefthereaut | 10 | 92 | 1 | 032] 01 | 0082} 0.01 | 0.0065) Hot-spet temperature: - o ‘Ad the hotspot temperature rise given inthe table tothe ambiont temperature I the resutng hot-spot temperature ‘exceeds the fit stad in tabi 1, te duty fa not parmisibe, 025 080 «070 090 oso) 4010120 tanta 1.60 07 | 0002 0,008 0,092 08 | 0002 0,008 0.006 0,008 09] 0.002 0.910 0042 0,108. nse Oy 51 58 Ot 7 10 p14 0953 ozs 0800100 8 THB ta ages 0974 0n59 one8 114372 7m 78 78) 82D 12 00s 0,118 0294 sat «40 428 14,9 7% 8 TO 18 00 0221 ge opts 18-5881 OAT ee 2S MBCHOR:SsN0G,— HON 14 0203 0470 oye «147 8107.80 R70 0B og 1001030711014 BR HBT 1s oste 112. 18081 59S 12,8 9258S METI SIO vn a a 18 198 208 51 7481388018721 800 rv a nn iz] ara 990 798 «122 98838 ONT 129278 74B_ 2480 9126s za 18D] AT TST 186 GL to) eae 115 2a 354 ‘Sea 939165808 62S 1450-9 95D yoo 136199249187 HZ HBB ATH ro | 19 959. 718, 108 170 280480886 TG 840 8.070 ao 14s” SD 15288 CHSD tes 68172 ATT 8 op | 652 117-288 HHH 8415. DEMO 4 BB + + 1st «158 teYs tah N67 AE 7517888. oe954 @ IEC -97- Table 10 ~ ONAN distribution transformers: t= 4h Permissible duties and corresponding dally loss of life (in *normal" days) To determine whether a dally load diagram characterized by particular values of K, and K, 1s permissible and to evaluate the dally loss of Ife entailed, proceed as follows: Ambionttomporature 4orc | 20% | 20° | 10%] Fc |-t0°C| -20c| ~25 0} Dally foes of He ‘Multiply the value given Intho table below by thafactor given hore, thon rouretcttthe sur | 10 | 92 | 1 | oa2} 0 | 0032] 0.01 | 0.0055} Hotspot temperature: ‘the hot pot temperature rsa given nthe table tothe ablonttrmparatre Ith resulting ho epat omporature ‘ceeds the fen stated in table, tho dy i ot pois. K, 025 08 070080090 10010180191, 80 07 | 0003 0,008 0032 0p | 0.005 0012 0.040 0,008 53 st se : og | 0010 0020 0088 0,117 0,282 so 6th. 19 | 0023 0929 0,001 0,170 0877 1,00 eo 7% 73 9 7% 7B 14 | 0056 0091 0,178 0.204 oss 182 8,72 a cr 12] 0184 0236 0417 0621 104-208-500 14.8 7 2S] HOH 19] 0488 0677 442 «1.58 286-402-819. -208 AT 86 100. «fom, «| fOk tosh. HON 14 | 145 att 996, 450° 68) ore 188847 808 cP a 15] 494 7.00 11.044 19,7 42 T 7811804811810 co a a a 19| 179 255 088 SOA BRT 18517700 -2.200 a 17] 90 973 14581725 9479411001950 4 190 4 471TH SS 187189 tL 183 18K 19] 202 90407-74571 «1200 «1700 «2560 3830 BTID + cL) 19 | 1220 1690 2500 3150 4080 84107370 + + + oF 1178787] + + + + 20 | sso + + + + + + + ‘ + 194 + + + + + + + + oe Lr954 @1EC ~89 Table 11 — ONAN distribution transformers: t= 8h Permissible duties and corresponding dally loss of life {in ‘normal days) ‘To determine whether a dally load diagram characterized by particular values of K, and K, is permissible and to evaluate the dally loss of life entalled, proceed as follows: ‘Arnblont temperate aoc | 30° | 20°] 10° | 00 | -10%C| ~20 +c] ~25°C| L Dally loss of Be: ‘Mutiply the vahie given inthe table bolow by thafectorgivenhere,then round effthe reaut | 10 | 32 os2 |, 01 | 9,002) 9,01 | 0.0085) Hot spot temperature: ‘Ad te hot pot temperature rise givon inthe tabo tothe ambiont tomperati, Hf the resulting hot-spct torporatire ‘exceeds the fink stated in table 1, the duty ia not permissible, o7 08 09 10 12 13 4 18 18 Ww 18 02s 080 «070080 09 © 1,001,020 1,80 140180 0007 0012 0,002 a oo1e 9073 0,049 0008 sO pd 0054 0.002 0.148 OEE 6s 6 6 mF O14 0,144 0212-0295 0.485 1.00 5% 7 7 TB, 7B ogse 0436 0584 0785 10317882 OTT BB zz 14681852207 az G49 8D too | 101101 asa 533«6BT 755 44 1620-279 AT 00 110 fit THT 20019 ta 14 ter ated 8S 8B NADY HOT 7.9128 OR tee 13th: 125 SC NBT BT eA 910186 BHR AB OD 1510 orn nS ae oe a so a2 40888 GURS BD BOT TH 12MD 1770-3 180 qo 18tSY SY 152 HSZHSD HSS TEA TEKS 1770 2020 2360 2600 28% 3270 3760 4410. 5350 6840 970 ies ses ites: tes:—=stGT=sH67= 168168169170 9820 + + + + + + + + atts oy ne od354 @1EG -91- Table 12 ~ ONAN distribution transformers: t= 24h Permissible duties and corresponding daily loss of life {in "normal" days) Zo determine whether a dally load dlagram characterized by particular values of K, and K, {s permissible and to evaluate the dally loss of life entailed, proceed as follows: ‘Ambon tomporature 40°e | a0°0 | 20-0] tore] onc | -10°C| -20°0 -25 0 Daly loss of te: “Mutiply the valve given inthe table bolow by thefactor ahron hora, then round othe resun | 10 | 32 | 1 | 0921 01 | 0022] 0.01 | 0.00581 Hot-spot temperature: : ‘Ac the tot epot temperature rise given in the table to the ambient tamporature, Ifthe resulting het-epot temperature ‘exceeds tho fmt stated in table 1, the duty is net pormlesible. % 07 | ogs2 43 08 | 0008 a7 09 | o2se 7 10 | 190 7 a | 972 |. 12] 149 cae 101 ta | car 16 14 | 02 17 18 | 1510 141 18 | 8000 18 17 + a354 ©1EC Table 13— ON medium and large power transformers: {= 0,5 1 -93- Permissible duties and corresponding daily loss of life (in “norma” days) To determine whether a dally load diagram characterized by particular values of K, and K, is pormiscible and to evaluate the dally loss of Ie entailed, proceed as follows: ‘Ariont tempore gore | 20°0 | 20°c| 10°C] ove | ~1070| -20°0] -25°C) Daily oes fe: ‘util the vale given Inthe table below by thatactor given her, then round oft thereeut | 10 | 92 age | o1 | o.sz| ot | 0.0058 Hotspot omporetine, : +d the bo pa tompeature le given nthe ttt othe alent temperate, the rsuing h-spet tempershre ‘rcoods th Eritetaled in tabla 1, the ety ts nt permissible. K 02 om 07000 00 sao 140 tata % 07 | 0001 0908 0,024 FB os | ooo 0908 0025 0974 ee os | 0001 0904 0.028 0977 0.258 o 7 §& See 10 | 0001 0005 027 9980 0.267 1.00 a TTB 1 | 0001 0005 0029 ones 027s 104 4.0 i a 1z2| oe 0.007 0,904 0.004 0800 408447208 7 ee 7TH DT t08 ta | 0900 0000 ope ott 908 1847328 hh HHH TB ta | oo05 ots 09s 0144 odop tas $18 wR AR es tO. tos 0 8B 125 HH as | coro ooar ons oats ons «tao 6.03252 aN A 10 Oe) N75 88 AY so | ooze onst o7e 0965 ogse 280778 ane HSE TN AS Te or toe ete H85 tae OT tz | co ore ones o7i2 188 998 116 aR NSAP AE Me No (tee tid. Ht te 188 4] 18 ta] ose cart o7o4 154° 928 Tao mA OBB BR tee SE Ny wee | ae. tae te tay HO HHA to | ozs cosa 18 360 Tas 0078 SR ABS, ae gee as tee ee ae er 1S ap | oes: 14 460 seb 101 400 Se HL 78GB Mews 86 89 4B_HST TSH HH 7D ND354 ©1EC 95 Table 14— ON medium and large power transformers: f= 1h Permissible duties and corresponding dally loss of life {in "normal" days) ‘To determine whether a dally load diagram characterized by particular values of K, and K, is permissible and to evaluate the daily loss of Ife entalled, proceed as follows: Ambont temperature 40°c | s0°¢ | 20°c | to°c| °c | -10*c| ~20%0| ~25 +c Daly foes of fe: ‘Mutiply the value gion in the tbe below by thefactor given here, than round ottthoresun | to | sz | 1 | oaz| oa | 0.092] 0:01 | 0,0085| Hotspot temperature: : ‘Add the hot-spot temporature rise given Inthe table tothe amblont temperature. I the resulting hot-spct temperature ‘excoeds the Fit tated in table 1, the duty it nct permissblo, K, 028 080° 070 0,90 1,00 120190140 1,80 a7 | 0.901 0.004 0,024 348 08 | 0001 0004 0,025 0,74 3S. 09 | 0001 0005 9027 0,079 0258 6 0 SFB 10 | 0,002 0006 0,081 0087 op7s 4.00 TB 11 | 0002 0003 0,098 0,100 908408490 so SL 12] 0.008 0,014 0,053 028 0969 121408208 6 7 78 (8 87 ‘8 eB 104 1a | 0011 0028 0084 085 0477 148° Sz) eae 108 72 8 tS HOD tet 14 | 0026 0055 9,150 0817 0783-200 ss 8719 eB CHOH:CSstODStH:S tz te t8k 15 | 0059 0,128 0342 088 «6135-325 986 827 188 GOB 40H 1 87 ok toa HB tz1GC a1 i i a a 7] 0418 0875 217 381 72014880894 BBL 100 S860 Tn a a 1s] 121 280 611 106 | 195 989 840 aot B49 1800 7 400 a a 19] 965. 782 192 M127 Y aS SAN. B 780. A? 20] 16 me 871 978 178 3170. 1 540 + + wt 4715458 tweteB 17817 + +354 © IEC -97- Table 18— ON medium and large power transformers: t= 21 Permissible duties and corresponding daily loss of tife (in “normal” days) To determine whether a daily load diagram characterized by particular values of K, and K is permissible and to evaluate the dally loss ofife entailed, proceed as follows: oo, woo] 20-0 | ave] 10-0] o-c | -10°0| -20°0| -25°0 Daily toss of fo: ‘Multiply the value given inthe table balow by Melorchentoretwnreundottrerenut | to | 32 | 1 | oa2| ot | 0082) 001 [0.0985] ‘edhe hepa tomporaur rise given in the tebe t tho abort ampere, the esuting hebepot erate ‘excoods the Bit stated in table 1, the duty is net pormissibte, K, 025 050 070 9m 90100, 10420180 1401.80 % 07 | 9001 9904 0924 ya oe} 0002 0,005 0,027 0.074 “a 6 8 09 | 0,008 0.908 0,932 0084 0,288 a 10 | 0,005 0913 0,044 0,104 0.207 a OS aa | 0012 0.025 0970 0148. 0877 1474.90 eB 12] 090 ps7 0.198 02st 0gss 1.83 $09 208 7. oF. BOD 10K ta | cos 014 0am osm «108 aad BE 24G AD oe ee OF 1D 03 HOS HHA HD sa| oz ode ogre 490 242 472 1k OAR AAR me aes 108K: KT td HB, RD 8A as| osu tar 270 aie. aye ta mG oR 188 TE 4040 feet daecteiiag tga eens ee tam tse a eee rel 200 473 97 196-598 MO SRT 5060 a ents 40 4B tS ST AER t7| ws 75 so 438789125 Hate BEE 7760 4 Me ae tas 49 Sz 155 180419174 ae] ae o02 tz, top zet_ 7m as Bam OH Sy Yer tes tsa te HOB tO] 178 ATT Rt so] 177 2 52700 100-1920 9210 + + eo qo 1k tH HTB 18 + + s+ zo| ss 192 © 2430 + + + + + + + we 178188 + + + + + + fee954 @ IEC -99- Table 16~ ON medium and large power transformers: t= 4h Permissible duties and corresponding daity loss of life (in “normal” days) To determine whether a dally load diagram characterized by particular values of K, and K, is permissible and to evaluate the dally loss of life entailed, proceed as follows: 25° Dally oss of fe: Matty the vale given nth table bow by the factor given here then round ofthe reuk| 10 0.01 | 0085 Hotspot temperatura: 7 ‘Add the hot-spot temperature rise glen inthe table tothe ambient temperature. ithe resuling hot epet temperature ‘exceeds the fit stato i table 1, the duty ls not permissible, K, 025 060 070 080090 4.00 1,0 120 1,90 140 4,80 % 07] 0,002 9.006 0,024 a 08 | 0,004 9,008 9,090 0,074 so SS 09 | 0010 0018 0,45 0,007 0258 co et Bk S, 19 | 0927 0942 0085 0154 oer 1,00 11 | 9082 0,118 0,205 0816 0585 198490 12] 0277 0906 0,608 0.044 192248 61S OS. ee 1a] 108 441 at 278 388) oz 147802108 a a a 14] 426 570 827108140 997 002s NB 2B ttt ae ) 16] 7 1a 1722s at aS TIS 11602300 6530 ur 818115253160 N8ZS 18h 47 | - 490. 649 © 801-4100 1990 800 2410 9860 4900 8140+ ee i i CM) 15 18 | 2820 3730 5190 6240 ©7790 + + + + + + we 10 te? + + + + + +354 ©1EC =101- ‘Table 17 - ON medium and large power transformers: t = 8h Permissible duties and corresponding dally loss of lite | {in *normal" days) ‘To determine whether a daily load diagram characterized by particular values of K, and K, is permissible and to evaluate the daily loss of life entailed, proceed as follows: ‘Anbionttomperatre aac [20-0 | 20-0| 10%0| orc | -10%0] -ao-0| -2600 Daly toss of fie: ‘Multpty the value given inthe table below by thefecor given here, then ound otithe recut | 10 | 32 | + | oaz| ot | 0,02] 0.01 |.0,0065) Hot pot temperature: ‘Add the hot-spot temperature rise given nthe taba tothe ambient tamperature the resuting hek-spc temporatoe ‘xcoods the Bint stated in table 1, tho duty ie not pores. K, 025 080 070 080 oso 1004042080118 | % 07 | 0905 9900 ofa pr es 0014 9912 0988 on SSS 0g | 0.040 0,051 0.080 0,126 0,258 SSB 10 | 0195 0160 0218 0287 0463 1,00 a 1a | 0508 0804 0728 0871 1,16 1,90 490 s2| 212 20 268 928 3.91 oz 02, 03103108 ia| 994 140 128 42” 188 We 167 TA a4| 505 58 649. 70K 7B E oe 45284 sey at ST t82 182 a a is | me 518858 aks aT 478 BBL GEE BG «1500 4.040 ue TAT aT 4B 1434 14944 18D og4 205 106 104 21 43,8108 ne ite 119 x6 | 1790 1950 2200 2970 2600 2850 3229 9720 4600 500 jes 16SCtes:~SO«itSS:(C(t:«iRA:C:*«‘aS:C(i‘iaRS:CSSSC 18H HG HEE cha + + + + + + + + + + 4 to 10st totstez: tz 182 83H 18H| 354 @ 160 ~ 108 Table 18 ON medium and large power transformers: t= 24h | Permissible duties and corresponding daily loss of lite | (in "normal" days) To determine whether a daily load diagram characterized by particular values of K, and K, j is permissible and to.evaluate the daily loss of Ife entailed, proceed as follows: pti we]oe [=o] 2] 0 [oe_-wel eee] Dally loss of fe: Mati the valve given in tho table below by the factor given here, then round offthe reat | 10 | a2 | 1 | oa2] o,f | 0082] 0.01 | o,0085| Hot-spot emperature: - ‘Ads the hot-=] oe ares Dally lose of fe: ‘Muiply the value given in th table boiow by the lector given hore, then cound offthe reauk | 10 | 9.2 | 1 | ose} of | 0,092] 0,01 | 0.0055 Hot-opet temperature: eo ‘Ad the hotspot temperature rise glen Inthe table tothe ambiont temperature If the reeuting hot-spot temperature ‘excoods tho limit staed in table 1, the duty ls not permissible, Kk, 025 080 070 080 ogo) 190 to 42080140 07 | 0001 0003 0020 350 8 | 0001 0,008 0,020 0.065 a2 4% St 0g | 0001 0,004 0922. 0,967 0,280 6 10] 0002 0005 0,024 00720248 1,00 7m 1% 78 11 | 0,004 0.008 0,982 084 ©0270 4.05470 6 7 78] 12 | 0009 0918 0,051 0.114 023115 488 A 1a | 00028. 0,045 0807 002-047 142-540 282, AT 9 gtoztOS HHA 14 | 0.078 0290 07) 0818. 221702 288188 98 os foe t12st:Sstet 126, 8H 15 | 0,261 oes 18585473118 982178 1040 7200 sor it) M16 11023? 82174 ES 16 | ogc 1a 292 «498 «790 (1380 aT 70,8 2481200 7 TH 110 iz 127 OL, OS, 3D 44S EH HDS t7| 299 508 to 155 SA Age 5D tas BZ ATA 1D 430484189, HHS, HSS t8] 188172 HTB te | 118 195 984 598 85S H85 806 GHB. 86D 8700 yy ne, ia 19 | 49 708 185 mT 88ST 1200 + + so 165 16016516872 NTE ABY + + ete 20} 2a sat 6661010 + + + + + af eo 1731788 + + + + + +354 @1EC -107- ‘Table 20 ~ OF medium and large power transformers: f= 1h Permissible duties and corresponding dally loss of life (in "normal" days) To determine whether a dally load diagram characterized by particular values of K, and K, is permissible and to evaluate the dally loss of life entailed, proceed as follows: ‘Ambient temperature 400 | a0°0 | 20-0 wwe] ‘0°0 | -10°0] -20°0] -25°0 aly ooo Mati the va given inte table balow by thetacorghen here, thonroundefitheresut | 10 | 32] 1 | 32 | 01 | 0.002] 0. | ones) Hotspot temperature: : ‘Add the hotepot temperature rise given in the tab tothe ambient temperate. I the resuting hotspot omporature ‘excoods the fmt statad i table 1, the duty is net permissive, 025 080 «070080, 0p 4001.0 1200190 1401.80 07 | 0,001 0.003 0,920 “4 a7 op | 0.001 0004 9021 0,085 a 4 RB - 09 | 0002 0005 9024 0,070 0.239 oe tS 110 | 0.005 0,009 0,082 0.081 0,280 e870. 11] 002 oat 00583 0113 012 110470 7 «76 8 8: 8 88 oF 12 | 0036 0,068 0,119 0,200 0462 1855.21 8 at G0 1 | 0120 0166 0942 0828 0945 at O82 sar se O20SSOT: HHH 4 ogso 116 168-268 485 188A 186 V0 ta 17) 19a 2812988198 15 285 437 090 152 tea OBTAIN MO 7290 123 ta? t92 1883814248180 18 to7 18 372-580 «768186 A4BHS7O. B40 37140 ry a Ww goa 10 128K, 250407081980 9870+ pe a aa] e236 393 5437411001890 8 180 yez 1651097717 tBT tH so | e42 1250 2080 + + + + + + we 1 t84 + + + + + +954 @ IEC -109- ‘Tabla 21 — OF medium and large power transformers: f = 2h Permissible duties and corresponding dally toss of life (in "normal days) To determine whether a dally load diagram characterizes by particular values of K, and Ka 1s permissible and to evaluate the dally loss of ile entailed, proceed as follows: ‘Amblont temperature 30° | 20°0| 10°C| 0°6 |-10°0} 20-0} -25°C Dally oss offer : ‘Mutipty the vaiue given ithe table blow by NMotetorgwentere tn roundotitw recut | 10 | 22 | 1 | osz| ot | ooea| oot | 0.0066} Hotspot temporature: ve ‘hd te hoeapot temperature rise given inthe tab tothe amblaatbenportire, I the reauing hoepot temperate ‘exceeds the lit stated in table 1, the duty ie not pormissibe. K, 025 080 07000 aan 00,0120 1401.50 % 07 | 0901 0904 0020 ee) os | 0002 000s one 0985 ee ) a9 | 0008 oot ogo on7s 0209 o 6 8 40 | 0017 0.925 0,058 0,107". 0286 1,00 1s | 0056 0077 0190 0.207 0426122470 eh BT DT 12] 21 ofa. 0s77 082 183 58S A 98 898104. 10210108 13 | 0877 44 aD. zor 468 990 GAT. 108 Mit 4 tT 19a 1a | 499 Tar 907 MB 188 TTR NOL 122 ios tar aS] HSS 188 is| 208 a0 44g «8A 7SA 107 17S B7Z_ 18D TRAD oc ee Ye) rc xg] a: dase tom tat me, amen” THE Fa BS OR Sep eet ye cecinee fet see-tt abet Wet tt ame ete Nee eee tz | 702 686-1200 445010002820 9000 4280 6788 + + joo 171)—«173=St7H—AT ATT ATH BY 8D seta954 @1EC ‘Table 22 ~ OF medium and large power transformers: t= 4h <1 Permissible duties arid corresponding daily loss of lite {in “normal” days) ‘To dotormine whettior & dally load diagram characterized by particular values of K, and K, is permissible and to evaluate the dally loss of life entailed, proooed as follows: ‘Abert enperite wore | 20% | 20] 1070] -0°0 | 10°0] -20~%] 25] Daily loss of iter : . Mutipy the value ghen inthe table below by eof pee the factor hen here, wor found offthe resur | to-|.32.]. 1, | 082 0,092 | 0,01 | 0,0085| Hot-spot ompecatura: Ath hea tga fin vn In al tote aii tpi erating hat sat amparaire ‘Gcoose the init stated in table 1, the duty isnot permissible. = 7 LH AX 025 080 070 +080; 090 4.00140 120480 1401.50 ae 67 | "0.008 » 0.005 0,020: ee) 08 | 0006 9.010 0.928 ~ 0,065 - sO BH os | 0019 9.925' 03048 0,080 0.230 6 6 5 88 40 | 0.069 0982 0,117 ° 0,72 0844 1,00 7 Ls 7% 7% 7 7 78, 7B wre) taf oa7e “020 0.409 ° 0400 0,736 1.80 | 4.70 : eee 90 TH ta] 126 148198 954 787 248 {03 103104108 105 105. 108 19] 640 748 840987 5 98 98 407147 . 18 819110 120 - 120 (12h fat 14] 364 405 487 BE eyo eae 110,252 134186 184188 16 196188187188 a 400 «4677S «wR «1760-7280 | 4500 181 151 18t eo nn 16] 1600 1000 2049 2210 2420 2720 3100 see 4800 6400+ 108 «168stDSiMG.=SCNGDSCN7OS 7] HTL354 ©1EC =113- Table 23 - OF medium and large power transformers: f= 81 Permissible duties and corresponding dally loss of lite {in *normal* days) To determine whether a daily load diagram characterized by particular values of K, and Kp is permissible and to evaluate the dally loss of ife entailed, procoed as follows: Abin ampere wre | 20°C | 20-0] 10-0] 0-0 |-10°0| -20°0] -2500 Dally toss of fifo: \ aly the vale gan nth taba boiow by Tretaterghentee,then roundoff therenut | 10 | 92 092 owze| oot |o00ss ‘ds the hotspot Hotspot temperature: emperture ie given nthe taba tothe amber! metre he rosuling hot spttemparaire ‘exceeds the nit tale nebo 1, the ct snot paris, K, 025 08 «070 0,80 901.0010 120 190 140 1,50 07 | 0,006 0,008 0,020 a 08 | 0,017 0,020 0,084 0,085 so 84 op | 0,087 0063 0,082 0.118 0,239 HS 10] 0223 0238 0273 0824. (0,409 1,00 7 7878 7B THB as{ 09e9 104 114 124 145 tt 47 ot oy of ot ot 1 ‘1 12] 498 517653582 OBL 787 107 4B 708 10.108. 106,«| 108. 106. 106108 ta| ore 39 BBS 8D AAT AT vey tata tat att HART TT sa| 17s ter 10097 mS. 1785 TYR 975 wor fay i787, 887187 197188 188 15 | 240° i200 Fado “1970 1420 1490187170098 2780 7230 te ues 155158158, HSS TSH TSS TSS NSE SS 9790 + + + + + + + + + + eet at TS354 @1EC =115 ‘Table 24— OF medium and large power transformers: t= 24h Permissible duties and corresponding daily loss of life {in *normal" days) ‘To determine whether a daily load diagram characterized by particular values of K, and K, Is permissible and to evaluate the daily loss of life entailed, proceed as follows: “Anbianttomporahixe aoe | 0°0 | 20°0| 106 | o°c |-10°0| ~2070| =| Daily les of ie: Multiply th valu gion nthe tale below by Qeletorgventore,ttenroundottoresut | 10 | 32 | 1 | 082] o1 | o.cee| oot | 00055 Hotepet tomporature: : ‘ed th hot pot temperature rie given Inthe tbo tothe ambiont lomperatwre. if the reeubing hok-spck temperature ‘excoods the mit etated in table 1, the duty fs not permissible. 2 7 07 | 0020 “4 os | 0085 | ns 6 oo | 0200 8 ap | 190 1s 12 1a 14 18 18 +364 © IEC To determine wh a117- ‘Table 25~ OD modium and large power transformers: t= 0.5 h Permissible dulles and corresponding daily loss of life {in "norma!" days) ‘ether a daily load diagram characterized by particular values of K, and Ky is permissible and to evaluate the daily loss of I tailed, proceed as follows: Amblent tompercbire qoro | s0re | 20°0| toc | ore |-t0°0| -20°0] -25°0 Daly fos of et Muiply the valuo given in tho table below by May enters trenround thereat | 10 | 92 | 4 | 08? ot | 0,092 | 9.01 | 0.0085) Hot-epot temperature: ‘Aes the hotepot rise glven fh the tablo tothe ambient tomporatire, Ifthe resuting hotepet temperature ‘Mooods to brit sated in table $, the duty fs not permissile, 09 10 4 12 19 14 16 Wr 18 0,905 oo2t 0,008 0497 15 11 1981 48 “3 167 opte 0,045 ot 0201 "05 1,98 tat sat 137 02 184 aot ye 113 289 128 15 144 935 161 0034 0,169 762 ops7 0,72 100 m8 oss 0195108 742 coer 0275 1257.87 87 88 tot 07 NA ozs 0589 © 194 87 72 728 fee 0. 14, aero gn 50817 aa TK wy we. 1B SS 2 MDT a7 ous 708 S87 08 1A s+ asso tee Tet wa: Ba 2 mee HS BERS gece fa we 68, OB ATR HO eet 175s 71Z_—«*1 680 . + et ett ATT 188, + + es 1290 + + + + + eee 188 + + + + + +354 IEC -119- Table 26 — OD medium and targe power transformers: f= 1h Permissible duties and corresponding daily loss of life (in *normal” days) ‘To determine whether a dally load diagram characterized by particular values of K, and K, Is permissible and to evaluate the dally loss of Ife entalled, proceed as follows: a aici woes [me] oe] oe [ee] ol ae yoni Setpoint on Mtr ecreccneere | 10 | a2 | + | ese] on | ome] ot lose Hotspet temperature: ‘Aid the hot-spot temporature rise given in the tabi othe ambient temperature. the reeuing he-epct tomperatre ‘excoods the lini etatnd In tabie 1, the duty isnot permissible. op 09 4a 12 18 “4 15 18 7 02s 00 070080 0.1000 20180149180 0,000 0,001 0,008 . 7 8 0,000 0.001 0,008 0,082 a 3 0,001 01002 0010-0035 0.169 4% 85H CR 0,002 0004 01S 0.045 0,163 1.00 a i a ee 0007 0013 0085 «0078 026114 TAR 7 7 8 8 87 8 95 oso 0954 0128 oazt 0,800 185885 6. os 8B ATHY: M05 tH onse 0260 0671 0f80 174 998 188784 | Ta oo 10809 12K: 2D 125 180185 oes 185 32384885170 «0K TST OH OBEN ie 1028s: NOS HAE GST ene 105) hk 886 5A TOR BK 48S 1700 + + ee tea 148M8—sTSDC18H ASD HA 18H HSB wo 0231857 AB TEA 140 9.000 + geste {63ST 162,«sH85=—« 60178178 1S + + 8 7H 1480 + + + + + + + + 7177182 + + + + + + so954 © IEC =12t- Table 27— OD medium and large power transformers: te2h Permissible duties and corresponding daily loss of Ite (in "normal" days) | ‘To determine whether a daily load diagram characterized by particular values of K, and K, | I pormsebl edt evalua the daly foo of He entaleg, proceed a olews ‘Ambient torpor qoro | 90° | 20°c| 10° | o°e | -10%0| -20°0] -25°C Daly loss of ‘Muitiply the valie given inthe table boiow by Maeeacrgwentore,trenround othereeut | 10 | 22 | 1 | O88 | Hot-epet tomporature: ft | ‘ee the hotspot torperatue roo gon ithe tabe to the amblent lemporste IMthe resulting hot epet temperature ‘Ciovods the init stated intable 1, the tyke not parmissible K, 028. 050 970 0m 0901 1010180140 1.80 07 | 2000 0,001 0,008 1 8 08 | 0001 0002 0,008 0,082 OT | op | coce 0004 014 040 9.63 5 10] ooo 001s 0982 0967 0208 1.08 1a{ ope 0070 0422 oft 0.808 188 7 | 87 a ta| 027s 0905 ogo og tt 288108 67 ye ot toe. ts to, 0B 2A jal 19s 270 42588 DRE we OTT 78 Wo ete tas tas tay 180 SP 498 sal ss oma GL NE 4452071120 95D ie ee tet ta A ATE 454187 as] 156 amas atSRS 1210 1990 4070 + ee ten te tes 1770 TP 175788 4g | 1900 2450 9650 + + + + . + feet 179 tet 184 + + + + + + ee354 IEC = 123 Table 28 — OD medium and large power transformers: Permissible dutles and corresponding dally loss of life {in *normal” days) To determine whether a dally ioad diagram characterized by particular values of K, and K, Js permissible and to evaluate the daily loss of life entalled, proceed as follows: ‘Ambient temperate 40°0 | gore | 200} 10%] 0° | -10D| ~29 °C} ~25°C| Daly loss of ite: _Mutpty the value given inthe tablo bolow by ‘hetactorgvenher, thon round athe resuk | 10. | 92 ] + | oa2| ot | 0.002] 01 | 0.0056) Hotspot temperatu ‘A the hotspot temperate se given inf tablo tothe ambiont temperature the resulting hotspot eraperatre ‘excoods the ln sald in table 1, the duty isnot parmisibe, K, 028 0s "070 00 090 400 -1sO tata 1401.0 07 | 0001 9002 9.008 3 5 og | 0,003 0008 9.011 0,092 og | 001% 0014 0,024 0,049 0,168 62 10 | 0,054 0,965 0001 0,190 0271 7% 7% 78 7 11] 0904 0992 0,500 9.610 0.863 742 t2| 250 290 986 412 503701 146 BT Mot RZ STS ia| m7 70 1285S BOSD AS 728 s90 0 tat t81 182 1OZ_ HD NSH 185 ia | ee ama 8h da BOS, HB 174] «ESD fee ts2sSSsHSsCNSA:CO:CNSH:CCHSS NEG HET HET 1s| 3270 3690 4290 4810 6440 6300 7490 9800 + ws 175=«7SCAT?—sATT:S«A7B_ TB 7B 1801808354 © IEG =125- ‘Table 29 - OD medium and targe power transformers: t= 8b Permissible duties and corresponding daily loss of life iu "noiinai” Gays) To determine whether a daily load diagram characterized by particular values of K, and K, is permissible and to evaluate the dally loss of fe entelled, proceed as follows: [ Anbintparatre “oro [sore | 20-0] 10-0] 0-6 [10°] -20-0] -25°c] Daly toss of He: ‘Muatipy the value given in the tabla below by Nhetstorghon here, then round ote rent | 10 | 32 | 1 | oa2| 01 | oos2| ot | 0.0058 Hotspot temperature: ‘Add the hot opal femperaturo rise glen ithe table to the ambient temperature Ifthe reeuling hotspot tomperatre foxceeds the iit ctatedintable 1, the duty fs not permisaBie, 1401200190140 1,60 08 | 0008 0000 9018 0.092 op | 006 0939 0.049 0071 0.183 eee 10 | 0204 0218 0287 0285 0407 1,00 aa {sae 160484178 Boe BS 7.AR 98 95S MSH 12] 120 126 «138148 1597 24S EBT. 14a AE Pes ee 5 «195185198185 185 1851985185 aa | 150 1500 1600 1740 ta20 1990 Zann zap 9170 OAH to ola ty i787 tt 1877187 15 + + + + + + + + qr tel oneh netstat tet tet tet tat tat et354 @1EC ~127- Table 30 -- OD medium and large power transformers: t= 24h Permissible duties and corresponding daily loss of lite {in "normal" days) ‘To determine whether a daily load diagram chiaracterized by particular values of K, and K, Is permissible and to evaluate the daily loss of life entailed, procesd as follows: rat pete melee] B=] we] oe [oe we] Daily toss of ite: ‘Mutiply the value givon in the table bolow by Cotcerginteetenromictberent | 10 | 32 | 1 | oa2| ax | ome] oot [omnes Hapa ampere a alt heel tonportera gnin be tbe tte ambit onpertine ibe renting hope tarpertre exceeds tho Timit stated In table 1, the duty is net permissible, 0,008 36 os | ops @ og | 9163 2 10 1,00 78 Ww 742 95 12] 687 116 1 728 135 “14 | 9880 157 15 + 181954 @IEC -129- Annex A Equivalent rating for auto-transformers For three-phase auto-transformers, the limits in short-circuit Impedance and rated power apply to the equivalent double-wound rated power 8, = 100 MVA, and the corresponding short-circuit impedance 2, betwoon 0 — 100 MVA decreasing linearly trom 25 % to 15 % ‘and a maximum rated power S, = 200 MVA. For auto-transformers other than three-phase transformers, the limits of equivalent rated power and rated power are 33,3 MVA/wound limb and 66,6 MVA/wound limb, respectively. ‘Three-phase auto-transformers Auto-transformers with the limitation in rated power per limb S, U7 Up SS, We <33,3 MVA y, 5 u, 35, yoz, —t $25-— naz, 58 - Ty U,- Up U,- Up For.a nomogram to these formulae with examples, see figure A.1. U, = high voltage (principal tapping) U,, = low voltage (principal tapping) S, = rated power (MVA) S, = equivalent double-wound power (MVA) (transformed power) Z, = short-circuit impedance corresponding to S, (%) = short-circuit impedance corresponding to'S, (%) 4 t W = number of wound limbs Be mmaghiar oar354 @1EC. : =131- S.tsiiney —| “ cS Oy s er » m2 |%* 4 | a(t Us a . _ Examples for three-phase auto-transformers: Example 1 S, = 120 MVA, U, = 525 kV, = 161 KV, Z, = 10 %: $,= 83,2 MVA (< 100), z= 14,42 % (< 16,68) Example 2 S, = 100 MVA, U, = 400 kV, Uz = 220 KV, z, = 9,5 %: S,= 45,0 MVA (< 100), z, = 21,11 % (> 20,50) Figure A.1 — Auto-transtormers: Limitations in rated power S, and short-circuit impedance z, Sea354 @ IEC = 193- Annex B Alternative method for determining the winding oil average temperature tise from temperature-rise test measurements (see 2.3.3) B.1 For ONAN and OFAN cooling, satistactory cooling curves may be attainable. Whore there is forced air or water cooling, the requirement of 3.9.1 of IEC 76-2 Is that “when the supply to the transformer is switched off, the fans and water pumps shall be stopped but the oll pumps shall remain running". This may cause thermal transients that distort the cooling curve from its excepted characteristic having two exponentials, thus making it diff- cult to extrapolate to the "zero" and *infinity® times to obtain R, and A’ (see IEC 76-2, figure 2). In order to minimize these thermal transient distortions of the temperature (resistance) cooling curve for any type of cooling, it is necessary to maintain, during the cooling period, the same cooling conditions that prevail during the temperature rise test. Each test reading has then to be adjusted to allow for the cooting of the transformer after switch off, as follows: Using the transformer (oil) time constant derived from B.2 below, the average temperature rise of the winding at each measured resistance point fs given as: op, = EXP iB (235 + 0,,) — (235 + 2 for copper a Gq, = EXP (2 (228 + O,,) ~ (225 + °} for aluminium @ where A, Is the winding resistance measured at time t after switeh-off A, i the winding resistance (cold) measured at temperature Op. (°C)s Opeis the temperature of the winding during A, measurement (°C); ©, Is the ambient temperatiste at switeh-off (°C); tis the time (minutes) from switch-off; 4, Is the transformer (oll time constant derived from formula (82), (9b) er (Se) (Preferred) or (5); ‘ty, fs the winding time constant. ‘The winding average temperature rise and the winding oll average temperature rise ‘at switch-off are derived from AQ,, and t by either graphical construction in a similar manner to figure 2 of IEC 76-2 (points equivalent to A, and A’ respectively), or the function Alg,_= A + B Exp (-t/t,) from regression analysis (for t= 0 and t = infinity respectively). This construction is illustrated in figure B.1.954 @1EC = 135 B.2 For each condition of cooling, the transformer oll time constant is derived by maintaining the cooling unaltered for t minutes (where t 2 30 min) and recording the oif tomperature rise (either f A8,, 48, or 48,) at the instant of switch-off (f « 0) and again at time t after switch-off, The transformer oll time constant Is then derived from: t waarmee mee (8a) ou 7 %e" Saaz, nates (8b) a t minutes (8c) 2 oF Tn 0,9 = in 8, ‘Should it not be possible to maintain the cooling for at least 30 min after switch-off, the transformer (oll) time constant may be derived from the olf heating curve provided that, for ‘the heating period, a constant input of loss has been maintained and no change has been made to the cooling conditions. The procedure illustrated In figure B.2 Is as follows: Plot the curve for the top olf temperature rise from switch-on (A8,) against time (f). From the curve, note the actual values of A@, and f for points approximately 0,6 p.u. and 0,95 p.u. of the last measured point to give te A@,, and t,, A, respectively. A third point, t,, A8,, is determined from the curve where (t, ~t,) = (t, - t)- The final top oil temperature rise ts given by: 2 405, x M05 - 405 Mou" 29,4 + A0g ~ 2.A0,. 4) and the time constant (minutes) by: t= (yh) /I0 5) B.3 Illustration of the derivation of average winding temperature and average oll temperature Is provided in figures B.{ and 8.354 @ IEC > > Average winding rise Aen ~137- T Perret T T T emperor rise given by ih HW 4 \ \ L\ | Tw = winding time constant \ Band ty may be esalved by regression analysis 1 x a” amperatre ise given by R'} Asrmpiote | tem envy ig Te |X Measured winding ise x a by osistance x © Messured vl corrected b— according to formulas (1) ot (2) x 4 Hd x x i i ! | 1 1 7 ——}> Time t sae san) Figure B.1 - Determination of average winding rise, gradient and winding time constant from resistance cooling curve354 ©1EC ~139— Ory oua: 8a, ‘ABca = 0.95 Alon a = 0.8 Alan ‘il temperature rise ‘8dgn = Last measured point % trem switchon t = 0) Measured increase incl temperature Figure B.2 ~ Determination of effective oll time constant, ¢,, from oil heating curve954 @IEC H = 141 = Annex C Information to be supplied with enquiry and order ‘Appendix A of IEC 76-1 specifies the information to be given in all cases and additional information which may need to be given: = special cooling conditions, for example temperature of cooling medium tt above or below the limits specified under service conditions or restrictions to circulation of ‘cooling alr. = detalls of intended loading (loading in excess of nameplate rating). Loading of transformers beyond nameplate rating may be restricted (apart from bushings, leads, tap-changers and other associated equipment) by the winding hottest temperature as well as the hottest ieaperature of parts having tow thermal time constants outside windings.. For load currents exceeding the rated value, special provisions may be necessary In. the design to prevent overheating, for example, special dimensioning of conductors at the ends of windings or of electromagnetic screens. Also, dimensioning of magnetic screens ‘May require attention in order to avold saturation. Large transformers need:a more individual approach than smaller units in order to obtain feliable service when loaded beyond nameplate rating. Therefore a set (or sets) of Intended load conditions should be supplied by the user, giving: = “operating conditions, tor example the maximum or equivalent load current and Its duration or the cyclic duties, a load diagram or a simplified load diagram (initial load current and peak current with its duration); = the weighted ambient temperature or the mean temperature and its range, corresponding to the operating conditions; = the acceptable relative rate of loss of life corresponding to the various operating conditions. “354 @1EC ~ 143 - Annex D Calculation of parameters for sinusoidal variation of ambient temperature Generally the ambient temperature varies over the year and, further, over the day. If the meteorological data accumulated for many years throughout the world are carefully examined, the variation in ambient temperatures ts found to change almost In a sinusoidal mode. Therefore, when calculating annual loss of life, ambient temperatures can be taken as having a double-sinusoldal function based on the parameters shown in figure D.1. The ‘maximum B should be chosen from the B values of every month in the year (generally the maximum B Is obtainable from the hottest month) and regarded as a constant. Based on this assumption, annual ambient temperatures can be adopted as the double sinusoidal function for the calculation of loss of life. 11 IIs possible to assume the respective values of yy, A, B, By. DX and TX in a region where the transformer in question Is to be installed, then these values can be used. if meteorological data accumulated for many years (for example, those of the British Meteorological Office, London) are available, then these data should be used to determine the values 9,,, A, 8, 8,,, and DX with the ald of the program shown in figure D.2. it the value TX is then specified, the amblent temperature in that region for every calendar day throughout the as a double sinusoidal function. An example of sinusoidal Parameters calculation Is glven in table D.1. A simplified procedure for the calculation of the values A and B can be used by consider- ing that with ascending temperature the ageing increases exponentially and therefore it is only the temperature in the hottest month that Is significant. The procedure is as follows: Calculate the dally average temperature of the hottest month: xm = eararey + 8, adit "a Pade * Padniry) Calculate the yearly average temperature: 12 a” Fe, F, Patno *Pus) Calculate A, 6 and 6, as follows: A = Saaiey B = Caan) ~ Baath B= Patent) ~ Pasty ‘An example of this simplified calculation ts given in table D.2. 8,4 Is the daily average ambiont temperature in degrees Celsius. ‘The other symbols have the meanings given in 2.7.5.354 @ IEC = iB = say January 1 December 31 ec suu91 hour coneday 24m we 51801 Figure D.1 ~ Definition of the parameters for sinusoidal variation of ambient temperature-151- 954 @1EC Dix {48 agp1 oe 1A8,gp1 +1 A8acisen! dict X= - D454 do491 ‘numberof days from 18th ofj] month to fotnot (f+ 1) mocth ic diagram of a computer program for the calculation of parameters f ‘sinusoidal varlation of ambient temperature Figure D.2 - Log!