Paul K. Feyerabend: Knowledge, Science and Relativism Philosophical papers Volume 3 Edited by JOHN PRESTON & CAMBRIDGEven rane “i nan atin aC UR napa igen onproeyunepo em ce ine ned Kington the sy Pe Cai “peta te Stn fe) Ag ih i fo By Contents, Avocent Introduction to volume 3 sons exesros 1 The problem ofthe exisence of teeta ents 2 Keonledge without foundations How tobe a good empiric ape for tlerance in sae say abut he phioophy of science ons profesional practnere- Conse highes in i etna ‘Son ete the preSorrte thinkers, the heroic figures ofthe original ‘cen revelation, the pilbtophersientss ofthe Late nineteenth and uly twentieth ceatary sc as Hermann von Helm, La Bs mano, Heinrch Hera: Ent Mach, and Pree Duke, and those who Falowed inte fowtep: such a Man Phin, Albert Eastin and Niels abe. What are the rounds of thee paula base valuejudgemens? ‘The scenic eoltnn, Feyerabend sears us 1 Sh cg ins ey fc? hae be frat Tue ace eam Sosy Uma Pre vrmonvction 40 voLUMe § " sh tt ol poopy oie ttt ja wn “Aeromine plop only bil scence ad deeede again recone fnwespa conyers p88; pp and ‘Pure’ philosophers, by comparison, almost always came off worse (se, though, the remarks on Mil and Hegel a chap 1 some of whi ls appeared as P72, chapter 4) In How to be a Good Empire they ae presented a the new enemies of takerance and aentieprogtess: Homes Feyerabend's evaluation of jt who counted atthe ols of he pete varied. In papess reprinted hee, the Viena Circe and Papper get) Felivey unseated except in chapter 8, These thinkers di ot reps the nadir of the prom according to Ryerabend After aly bth the Logical Positvist’‘expliations of the ange of cence and Bpper| ‘iteron of demarcation could be see, at et involve ae efwhat ‘was conered to be siete activi renin in the expulsion of ‘metaphysis, ejerabend wally reserves hit wort ie for those post logieal ‘empiri prodactins which aim to take tne of sient there terms ofthe sehemat of frmal ge ehaper 8, ection 8 ps chapere | and 11). Where dey seek only 20 legally tecontac sien, they are ‘sccaed of conformisn. And where they go farther to eae pat of Science which donot meet het Tegal eters they ate acceed of sisunderaaning i Either way they ae judged to retard the proces of eeoie advancement, Bat, iia even the “storieapilesophes of ‘cence, inlanced by Wtgensein’s later plilesopty and with whom Teyerabends own name ir aften atciated, do ot eteape hb withering tone: Ku and his follower, far example ae referred ton these ems Kai pimersing il, hey cho ae ie ew feeb ea oon tele ee eae Sor hi ele iy tee an ey Feyebend's complaint wa hat thse phisophers had abrogated tir dy to ceealy evaluate scene, in four fe mere deeripcon, “darigeaton’ or ‘ucidaton Inter hand pow of sees ad ‘een smart fom thee body cence ut nhs ston ae real cotent of lence cane loge pot rom piso! hand ‘aden the rele can ony be that ese i bald nd hence ‘rare One might wont why Inve Labaog whoo oped “iethodlogy” Reyer conte to Be ery, way always coded tore reps ss Frere cons, Lato monk ius no {oun ethoiogal prescrption, how ca be ed anon Ge Proce of wiene a 1 inthe mnctecescemies and cg,» number of contemporary thiopem of aaence (eran, Caen, Wore, Caninani, Zaha) eicvred aes th thought ft ii elimajr arate ogee Eros Mach, rte Dues, Hens Feiner ae fen, eset he projet as owed on 0 Fouctaing the repntns of Lil Pott) Piosophy of Seen: Ir Subjeat ha Cree Pot a the st len tiction hat #24 Mac hom Feyerabead stately sotto reat. His papers and ‘Nuk on Sach ae among he mnt xcing sd erie produ ofthe [en rchining rly ea he Lag Psi hemes clawed Mah ste fuming ter, his teptation a8 4 rabid post oe abo by the Topperin ibe, andy Lei) has ge tate Mach wat» ar ‘Bidcne on the ey ar well the ier Feyerabend, He redone Macks dives in the Vena Cirle waned iced Dut he fscred hs main Bre for thine who portrayed Mach as shorcsighed| hf arow-minded’ pout? The ronrat with Ropes fo hom Macs oppose tc atic deoy represented pia ample of te sheet fhe i nt notable. This parca Fer ‘end poet ps at un eg heer paper Mack's Theory Uf Reda ad te Reason wo Eee (1984, Peed Mach 2 ‘he ibwpherscis willing to etca and change scence on the {ats pidvophial enideracon apd he nan of etic progres. Tei abe very model of phlseper who “partes nthe proces f| INeme oa yang autonomy rom the tera of lee, “Se sauating and febrming by reece t fener humanitanan Tlanardh Tr abo woe tat Mach proves what Feyerabend ents Soe phsply of sen tat compeey abandons the en of 3 ‘ution of knee. 1, spacing by Anowge witht iendaons sp te of ply ht eer a pe of ‘Sms! atv wl athe vn of ge an aor Eee hor eel by Meas ped tow on fom isn ‘Sing sar poses 206-1 Several ofthe papers inthis vole provide the uinatng spt f| chink tying walk Tne begeen, 0 te one hand, the toll * Se fren, Cah ay a Na pt Sidi HERE erect ca: ny ay Pr 138 Sir aie nl eta s+ Stee it Concerning Hamam Kreme, hs Cnn: nt Ais endo Rociags sy tse rsrroDecriog ro vouNMe 3 4 nericl acceptance of arene, which Feyerabend anocates with the "Historia piephers of cence anon heater Band, the sep ease scence two hasly by reference to asta logial eters dave relevely fom pheophy. A bland historic relat, er aly wil (ler le scope for wat Feyerabend constenty deems eset the oss of ania tery reforming cence. Bat pilonphies with ftaximum real poten, mich asthe Popperian oe ‘rom which Teyerabend defected, ae apateny fee to wet of the aco histary af sence sa erlevant mater agent act. How uch dos ia, for cxample the mehdolgieal rea which phwopes ly dove ae tle which scent Rave aot actly followed? What role docs the deed study of primary sourrs in he hoy of cence” (157) which Feyerabend alr have 1 play io the elton a sence? Mach work Lchew, eepreoted for Feyerabend the mot plausible resolution of this tenon: Machi ‘reason approach i what be ‘ought to cmulate Fr both, eis important tht nonsense come to understand, eraluate and even mae suggestions for improving scence Boch sgt to herp open the pony of esing scene a «le To {hs eo, bos ought to demi the story of sence ecg om tical textbook accounts and teonering Wat what Feyerabend ler ‘haacered sa colction of storie tdi’ Both were heen ‘ined diinesions between siete special, and to appeal actos uch academic boundaries, ning re pars of cene to erteze oer Both recognized that there ate epibodes in the hisory of scence where theories rnp because they hate supprened objections, abd Ua sch tbjctions swell the aerate eeaarc programmes which ieform ‘hem, car profitably be veviaed Both regarded the real of such reach programmes icuding indigenous “ok theories, a an important step owas the “demorratizati’ of acenee. And thi polieal move they ‘xvocted in nde a counter what they perened a the over-xtension af the auteriy of scence, the elimination of individuality fom aentibe sv andthe trent of cent ndoctiaton,renuking in an neresing tendency fr science to become a “hare This work rae i ear fort question aus the ats of science sir pony and ioe _ SacI eg etic 2 ieee iit a SL Taare argent PC SSS ateconcerning the aproaces to scence a pilooper can leisy take ‘hich although al pikeophers of science mit perorce thea stand om ‘hem, cannor be said o have recived any lear dort! ratton ejerabctd' own aterpted reson il noteworthy, and ake tuck wo hs rq theoretical moni, He sought standard or criteria lyrlerence to which cence could be uly evaluated. To tht that sch andar could be drawn om iene il that cenit re theo ope who are competent fo ase scence, 0 ll no the “ia” Sri he asrbes to Polanyi, Ka, Holton and Lakatos (chapter 11) Traded, Feyerabend llr froma ll other twetth-centry pn pers of scence in thinking that no purely coptve or intelectual ‘andar fr evahating sient con be fond: Bu his des not mean that he gave op on the ap to evaluate scence. He il sought ‘andar srl have the advantage of big simple, commonsescal, and accepted Tal ip 127) How much this departs or Popper’ rie atonal shore epstemaligy ako explicly ress on values!" ix = good question "Krowege without Foundations istates, among other hing the ese in which Popper and Feyerabend both considered value to be the foundation of epitemoloy and thence of pleaophy Bt ot just the ‘als apple! to tha ler: here Roper ass on applying eters of lege Fjerabend (andthe Mach he prays fad such sandals only in rds Feyerabend clesy rejects he Sea that we sould dee ou Hes Sordi to scenic enon, In ‘Ratiooalen, Relavien and Seetiic Method one of his mow indepth examinations of atonal, havo dtinguiied several versions of hat doctne, he argue hat eve 30, ‘tonal is jas one wadition among others There, be exprenly tees ‘ations in favour of = deeply vlantarierelavies, Eewhere he insists that ‘there ave no unambiguous emi tandar (p. 212). Bais (his a rejection of rationality Gl? Is there sl oom for interpreting Teyerabend ar seeing “Reaton’ and "Rational, nt got reason and ronal and ae urging 8 conception o atonal widened well beyond the coafins of set reson? (n the raze occasions when Feyerabend's original text contained an stivioes linguini i, typographical eer or onion, any words T have ‘anged or ned appear im corner brackets. Apat from thee, the oaly Sra in whic Ihave atered Feyerabend et toes ou the references Ihe lle giving fal and wniformly presented cations forthe books aed ant Ses Aye, oo Masa iy asl to whic he eefers The separate lst of rcerences in the rina ‘erson of chapter 3h Ben amalgamated no that chapter’ notes, ick fave now been numberet. These changes {have aot Bagged, Notes ded bythe editor or the radar ace med a soc, and appear square rackets,I ‘The problem of the existence of theoretical entities “Transate by Dsl Sire and Erie M. Ober Tes sai tha ies and cea decane, bu hat atoms thea elds and psa ae oe What eat by hi meting he the iloning In he coe of bles and hy we mb the aston fom {he peptic to the Ming ade popes uy and ett Farther {Sharan Here nae lin yell realty Bot in te nse ‘uum cic ele avd Me sthdretranaon nt posse ‘Wie singe sac enough todetermin wheter the benny oe Ion, comple menurng devres, wells a erpetaton he Tangs of hse deve the Bs peal here ae requ if tne wan to dernine whether thre ae indeed ec Rl resent tow song iy tre and wh ropes thy poste Tht station Soguou fling fo! oplmeln of be Sctonbeen bea {Sl and theoreti concepts concep tan oben cone he {lilac ot singular satenea conning either only hat conep ce {fat concep ang wih oer oberon once can he dterined {fy anole) on te ha neti, orate ts imagine tava decison of dl publ omy he bck ie he tno ws sera inthe ten ho the pbbeation of he est Ficrel A concept ashrcil concep inode termine the Ural ost sen ich enti thai non to observations ae ale ged: Tbe and mere, a ose Son stemen ace ore by merely hing rein) [Xbeorcl semen scp o ete hy Kong hiking (sang “The problem of te exbense of toe etic can now be framed in the flowing wane. Ave tere things to which tree onepsconepund te ete an ec i nwo 0 ea Sh us or tut three compe ot be sonore a conepe which fer to exiting objec? Mid you he problem ha een frm ined under the camp that he tery hie ota the one in {uso me‘ th e's poem wie ea be sed Siem inesiiionnewaton “andthe propo of addon Aheore), We ae pressing, of oun, tha scenic inveiations have slaty achive she bes imaginable eat namely, he rth af he theory Ths fo remark immediney rules out at intent both of he folowing oo temps to sve the problem, Fst attempt: the exitente of theoretical ents fe decied by erations in conorcton wth cera ‘hore in the cae of electrodynamics, for example, the averting ‘conjunction with Maxwells equations, every ery tose hat thi anewet ‘nly lade ue in a le The appation of Maxwells uasons t0 2 tlocdynamic eld as found if the problem of thoortcal entities ha tlready been sled na pore sem, ey we ae teady alowed 0 inerpe he fndarmentlsebl ofthe equations being axed realy Second ater the extn of the theoretical ents a aera theory ‘cde bythe tlationship ofthe theory to another, more general theory ‘Avan example, let ws ake a simple theory which explain fe al throwgh fone els ene the earthy surface thi theory dest have addons onequences he han statements about raviainalaccleration tthe arts surface, then i willsee very doubt wheter the existence of er ‘hing as been ete here, What secret be the ease hee simpy Guplcation of decrpiocs about seed hse tig, matey about ee fling objets. The theory of gravation completely changes the station This theory explains the fie fll shows tha sry speaking the ws of fe fl ae fae, and in don expt ato ther things One can, scems, say thatthe fr modet theory war a vague anpation af ‘citation theory, ad therefore that te tere Tree mt be erpet Fela i wo. Yet this resyposts thatthe term oce is aleady| inerpeted eealsiallyin Newton theory. ab this exactly the questo hat ne want wo ole in he problem of theoretical ene Talos therefore that either the dseusion of specie eerie, nor the daewnion of measurements conjunction with devies cane 02 tolton of our pear, What cam ave ora east clay the problem iscsi ofthe mature of theoresealAroledge or, 0 wea lee Ari ‘ocean nero expression, what can ae he problem a daeunion of Such a dco, nd wit the problem of deortcal ens itl, only mas seme i the follwing two atumptions are made The Bs it {hat the existence of observable steno a problem, and that the ‘extece of theoretical emis oly comes ino question becuse theoreti {al enthcs cannot be lvered I thi fiat atumpion that ace “lings the prom of the exence of there ene rr the prolem of exitene altgether, and Fundamentally spies slton The second awnyption Isha there are theoreti! ens, apd that nok8 wowed, SHENGE AND RELATIVES ‘renting i oburvable, We begin with the dscamion of the second ‘Sumpvion and wi ear othe fet snption ler in hie artic, Thus, we begin withthe diction ofthe second aosamption, I inde the cave that there are theoretical entities inthe seme of the Bist planation? ‘On to draw on concrte examples, tthe cate that ‘Stnentary parle, els, ane thei are no dv observable, and favthermore that tey wil neve be acca to observation? To take the ‘ramp fhe grt eld we df the burden of uae in OOF Tan and we tice the ravaton the gradient of meg) very cet nen we clin a seep moun We mus lo ay atention to he fee that an electrician cam detect the voage of an eto a atery very ‘qichy and rag aberation’ Ge witout thinking about any theory THe ase his vlimetey or even betes he wes hi moened finger or Bi tongue for sal wotage) He obueres direc and makes no inferences fr example, he does infer thatthe points ths or tat positon, {hereto the spring wich olds ic atthe ue has hor that tension, ths. ete) Therein he sense in which we nedced the predate “oervable abive (rt explanation, for the cletcan, "eltage isan Sheeeational concep. Furthermore, ie ook tbe very strc coud ‘amber photograph for example the Ait photograph of psieon, or Leighton’ photograph ofthe decay fs emeson can thet il be a doubt that we poses a diet eto of overs elementary pares? Now it ip enively conceded tha not ep teenie naement decidable by ‘hservaions inthe way mentioned, An example in which dee obser tins are nt yet aval isthe ere temperature of taro the weit of {newly dacnered steroid, In such ace, one ot observes and then fatealte, ml nally ser quite akong time the dered ren comes Tighe Buti one takes int consideration bow any higs there ze woe propre lad tobe inferred i lca way at St which inthe end tee made acceble a dtc observation (omer again the backside of Ute moon: othe dotace between molecule ene ina etal hen one ‘nil not ach to eat importance to this fac On the etary, we eam {how that adherence to he prs ofscesiie methodsogy mus ead, inthe end, wo the dec bernie ates of alas hi ae eve ty the cory, Empl method dees demand, after al, ha every ‘erton af psa theory be made accessible to vera by expec facet demande the consrction of relable and deck txng Pro- fesdares Now it ut suum that tough adherence to this demand we have found’ method of testing which Had to a very ste test, and therfore inthe ese of = piv team, to avery certain titerion Tor (he extence of 4 state of allan SA won a8 this method i genealy accepted and has been tandardaed, is oly question 0 tine unl oni disinction is dawn Between the presence of the cretion sk the presence of Se The presente of he eerion no lenge somes inn Consideration on iow, ut one tmeditely sys without Farber a {hat Stef ccureed hs boome dewey bral "The argument developed inte Inst paragraps can be sine in he flowing ay: many of the cobs beled theoretical ate actualy erable and chose which arent yet abserable ran be made accesible to observation Ths if we daregard the historia oineience that cera methods of observation are not yet ih we we mus conclade that all arpecop frame forme gay opi cnt) aoa ‘snag This eontrades the soon spon fcmulated tthe ed of the preceding ection, and therefore the problem of theoreti eis st ‘etsdeveope i ha seton dias ito rashing Now the real pebler bo longer the queton of whether and. why we: shoud interpre: Aheorecal conept at oppo to observational concepts) reali “The problem is wheter ad why we should interpre deserve concept realscally all ‘But forthe sme being, we ate ils long way rm the lation to hi problem, because as every exert about the station knows, there area [reat numberof objections to the eek we ut derived Th, before we proceed, we mutt car the air by dcnsg each of thee abjetons i ‘Wie have said thatthe eling of weight which we seas whe we Bit suitcase can be conceived of ar an oberation ofthe graiatinal eld at ‘he lation of thir simple ‘experiment. Avery simple and nave ejection te this aseton, but one which is aed by cain plsopher ete Tolwing Lifting suas nat a alan obsereatonof te praviaonal fel amiga observation ofthe wight othe ita; laugh ven inthis cae ~ avd even tht remark toetines considered as ‘rious objection ~ the word ‘oberon’ experiment sounds bit tcl Let ue dreard ths sides at the aria ofthe expression ‘Ate al dhs just shows hat probleme of obertion are not dealt with ‘yremataly in everydy ie. The rt of ondary language, but otf the terminology that we wed. We have to sy then, that even enya if liting 8 stone doer not serve only fo test the nese’ Weighs For example fer log le we ca it 8 sles of «bow Weigh asa tnt four cw tenth and mt aa tee of the wight ofthe suites which in his eae presuppose). Owe he meat ‘fa person who doesnot have a end diapotion toward and we es his prience o gur owe nerve. One can increase thse examples a iin, Whar they show is tat the objecting served depends om the fol:presen, and that hi object isnot already given by the simple act of Uheerion. The prablem of the fey ofthe grvitonal dat = Certain lation om the earth surface mot formulated in very language what one does non, one dont’ speak about, But 300038 this problem ores theve the posi of rer a ently fveryay action, the ing a sites hone content is Brown fe, of oven ma, for sving ity nerve”, Tha een conceive of ing {tense av an abrasion of he tasty ofthe gravid at he Tection of thi acon, and we can conceive of the suden feling that the ‘weight of the sltcase ha deceased yan aeration of ude decrease 1 hi inte (X more vealitic example the dec observation of | “apernova by otzesing the sodden sereto in rightness op oa inthe sky) Tastes care oth St objection. ‘We turn om tothe socnd objetion In this mcond objection, i dived hat he festing of right tat we sete when we ita eae ‘ay play a role when we want o draw an sference abou the intensity af the gatationsl Bld Bet objected hat there fo sense which we havea dint slservaton here, Because we if frm the presence of the fecling to the fil wth the bep of « phyologial-phsal theory whe the ewe ofan aberration of fable, no sch constou separation between {he act of atncrvation, on the one han andthe postlated objet, Le the table onthe ther hada, We wmply sea table, But ot ison ‘hich ould be concee of a positive of gave est he presence (oa table on the bare of theoreteal conileratone. Tht ejection ompares two diferent stages of fearing the blind man who jut acqied the fc of teeing wl tally have ilies inferring the presen ate ff afi such a the prescoce of table in front af bin fom his inpresions Aer dealing longer with tables and other macroscopic tly, the dance omeen the pereepion and the objet wl grad te reduced unt finaly no phenomenological disinction can te draw eeween what is perched aod what b suppined to exit — we dct, pereve a table Thee othe lightest resto to snare tat nthe ease [os graviainal fed such a development cannot occu and 30 we eam Srvmedintely se how the eter cua we ed follow ut the obser Son of electro in 4 Wion cloud chamber, the dee observation of & fupernva withthe naked eye, ec. The lst example x expel inseuc tive An asnomer can Become very wll arquainted witha certain sar sich barely vise tothe naked eye trough interermerc oben ons detcrmaion af ameter peal phographs, a the tke: One ‘reing he nos wp othe ay and aces aston cease in Iighies A ‘opernoval (dec steve he sot a he aes othe pectoscope fe the inerfromter In te spectrum, Herlines prominent appear tim expt the amonphese hee ines Rave =, bright core: the ater face ofthe sae sounded by ayer of hot gases which is Fatowed ty dene, colder layer The sift on the interferometer shows lancer 30 tmes greater and o oe Who woul want sy that ht ‘ota diet obervation forthe experienced wsronomer? [At thi point» hid derive bjeion aries I oe adie ha soonomer, cketiians, and physics longer in eran things by thisirmeant that atthe moment of aeervaion te spectrum, the Coad ‘amber photography he vince) x long sere of mena operas a ‘scram carried out. Yet the thn! oben comin the Pda! faci ilevant othe problem ofthe exiueace of theoretical enti his ‘Because Fane all onthe astronomer tout gute iety aba asserion, then he must nevertiese produce a whole serie of theoretical ‘plattins For example, he wl ir explanations about the contin ‘afte apparatne yoda wel thei whit allow hic interpre the Feactions ofthese apparatses i the way that he atl dos The thf the theories wed cam never be convey guaranterdh othe exten of the partly obered, partly nerted eis ca eset be coc ‘sured. The objection conelids tha the concept oan elesrc fl i {heoretcl concep Dense every avetnn abet electric el ners egies such aja ly theories wow ruth not sored and sis totaly independent of whether the stement wa ative a quihly Uahonush: This objection, which in my view i the most important, obviously sean that he dtinction between otnerstonal concept and theoreti oneepts i no longer nds in the see ofthe ft explnaton, Instead, i now undestc n the llwing ene (ond exaati a lseratonal cancepe a concep which i conmrcted so that «singular ftement wich contains only tis concep ceo arsed a ed ‘ey witho efleting on at al but iv alo a statement wich does noe equi further jain the than pointing ot that x certain oberon trot made: Obseration satements are certain 0 hypsbetieal Bu a toon ara saterent cone a theoretical concep, for jtiano Mion to observations ne mun daw on eran specications about imntruments, eure, ado on Therefore, te satemert spot ‘Mer proposing this second explanation, the probe ofthe xen of Udcoreal entities ean be forte agai inthe flowing way are there ‘Bing to wbich theoretical conepsctrespnd, or tt there concep: tot be conceived of a conceps which refer to ex hing? Marky, {he foreman of the prem now depends on theft that we can weve be ire ofthe wath of they Therein, i again problem wick annae be soled by sienteinvaigatin, ute which requtes ‘methodologial analy for ia sltion In dion such an ana and wih ithe problem of ueoresal ene the second fran, onytke es ifthe llovng to spin ae ale Ain he ae of {here frmuon te fs smn np sae he nec of Shenae sje petals and Hat the etcetera ‘Bee ont quran hy ae nor sen The eed ‘Simson stim reve ret ant ot ering S'cnenaie We wil now tw tate cond oman he Frblan of tiereial ener flops wp el bene he Sumpton tlie bccn al cone ae hee cone inthe fhe cod onan “Toor exanle i cay wt he cng ae? ma shana once Hi, bec te prep os cen which wt Seg depen eran or arog poet send te sy ‘Supe crane ur te, Mca we he eed te Srna am ott cl arco, piney the oe of {Sit penon nto bcone sto esa ey ene. Sond he eeplor fa lew epemknt on te mo he median bee Tecar onthe tos fhe propio o Iigh ugh ix med {a eps ste of duet mes of oemaon nang lala fo Tithe fate pay ae Intec ofthe aon Hee ae: reesei esr hen ey reiting Bo is Jinme hatedeninaon of he ced asec a2 Parca able mat aw earns peep Tat Terr ot tha tables tet eonee: Faeroe ore ti frrumet cn te epee theese to my ene tn conde al ual an oe Bel pf te ce the sod "Wh hs we ara the ea hat he rte of ioe esis alas nl wheter onward explanation, {hs abe thf cette are no Grrl ent And Arete nrg ble, A nthe son ce come i otis, tee ey om tne No mater ow oe unite cle, semm inputs Bes eee tthe rem otter ese ‘Reman no nate hesitate ov 00 pl ona sich ith sumple se ght he mate Ths, ie Sgted by mmerur pce nw a thre te ney that ‘Sicty fll ect of eerbiy tte mse the Sow ncaa Te these pole eet ll hw ef ih the hoy af eee coe Be fom pera As pan ul heey exes oe at Teter ta se poi te eee of esl nes anor faethe covet the ony of mea th hy td specially the these contained i ile, then a esonable ese forthe tnse quesion cannot be ound al atleast nthe second formation, ‘Therre i aecesary «0 invetate the correctness of the these ‘mentioned with reat are This hat ne wild ate ext cto, 3 sesse-oara The fendamental assumption of the theory of sented ithe allowing there are empirical statements whose ath impossible to dow under fertain crcumstanes, and which are therefore to be onsdeed ssa trae unde thee ccumtances, Te objet to which thee statement ler ae the seme-dat.‘The descriptive comets which appear inthe sate mens are (tect) observable i the seme of the veto explnation, [amples are statement about pains and smell in hon, satement about sensations, a well ar taterment ofthe frm I prcene that he rat ff the statement ‘Tam tow in pt cto, within season possibly be ‘touted by me when Tam in pit. Air al Live immediate acest oy Pin, an T cannot even ay whats doubt in hit cave should mans wa foul be to ther ha that am now np? 4 do not intend to cept the very pail considerations which are stated forthe existence of emerdat inthis context. Thee omens ‘te well nyo every student of plop. But are they fen? Tis shouldbe investigated more closely ‘My rics othe sumption onda, ad age abate ve ‘empical atcmeats mainly comits ofthre par et, Lil sw tat ‘mato the example ted, ike pans, esation oc and the Ha, ae ot sense-data in the Sense in which we itodaced thi concept above “That iT wl show that statements about pane and other sensation ae ‘very olen sbjet o doubt Second wil show that even it thowe eases in ‘stick doubt ser snp impos, an inferace to abate ra ct allowed. Here, my most npn consseration wil con im the that inthe ete of tations, te posit or the apparent impos) of 4 doubt to be traced back otto the existence of absolutely binging Feasons for truth, hut rather tothe lnposiy’ of imagining aerate Naturally hese alternatives can alway be excluded by convention, therfore the meaning of an saecron about sensations can he dein 0 ‘hat only cally eer to what mediately preseot, Such & convention, fd his ered nthe thi part of my rica end uo eave ferdinay Tanguage, and in general ay language in whic we spa about Seman, adit Tens et inode anata language This eal (idea! language cell contains satements which ate observational i the seme ofthe second explanation. Hw tr out that such ea” Jnnguage cannot ere ar. means of commit, td thetelore cantbesa at a oberon language fo setific thors, Stic taken, fur rjection of ened pot sed on dhe elution othe abot, (hess but rater om the decision not to we sesedat statements ‘ecm of thet uncomfnthle properties, ae begin with my rica, Tint otal now te that ay amerton about seston excl ou, Anjo who has undergone semester aera pata pays wil {ion bow sift ti to dtingush wether «prt senstion fe tera poised abject ora ban objec, Mind you, bats ube here 0 jot teoelsion about the sje, bt ao the correct ientfaton of the Sensation tel Someries abo ery ficult to decile weber oF wok The senation was pi One ir apres, then withdraws aereement, and Fray gies woot tach conviction that he sensation was indeed nfl Even wheter something wa al sets doubl. The planation for his phenomenon very simple. Aer al seston isnot Something sbwolaic. Ii aways » mater of contrat in elation to the ‘Stkground ot ether seats hich in general do ot ester conscious Team and whose analy theretoe expe special prepaatons (one his ‘ate ronler the difelies connected ih the lation and correct Aiscription ofthe subjective vial grey fujectven Angengray) which Dal Kate described so exceptonally) ery weak sensation may stand fut ie bit om te poo of eatos for moment bat may sink back fino ie agin 2 monet Inter. Tae makes i dieu to dee whether Something happened or tot. OF eoune this apps not only wo tactile ‘osstions, bat ao to sexes of sel, wil sensations, and other XCnundons Tt woul be very iatractve here to she more examples, Spec the cea of subjective tual ge. I seme tome, however, thar te hing lead sai slice fr wt propose the fllowng lim: Snot we that satements aout sean can evade. doubt tia ‘tin ok this esl ed 28 tong jection te theory af ‘med ‘Bur ets uy to be fa! The sensations that we have described ane xcption ofa they are very weak Its certainly ot posible Chub thas U hove pain when the pai is sang. Strong erations of Stell cannot be steed to dob citer Tao tus out that this ‘Soumption cannot be mainsed. Ever in the cae of very intense ‘Santon tan be dba wheter we are concerned with pains, 0, Grothe things magne fo instance that we are at he porto Tom af an tral eagite The none would be very uncomfortable, ati ‘hen pain Yer thre fa poi at whic mot leat whether notes perched, or whether pin taeudy experienced. Something ver sar "(se D Kae Fe ies ha Ana Bah, 1900, pay ded sit om Kea 150 sonties 0 an example which Beely laced with a stl dierent purport ind. Bey orca moe tt he fting of heat at Sok teperatre wancrow bas eng of pin Here bere oe 2 fp at which one camer die withthe ean of heat of in Ate example theca in ih seman pi ge ae etn peor masochin ths Wfen the cnt the nro {ate ad where, under crtincicmasces steno one! poe {© termine wither tne piso coe pense pres Ta {ten ou tha wn tne somata sates to dsb iene em which we developed abn, iit shld tow be spring feos re 8 mater f contra hen the conta hen the qoesion of th appearnce ‘Epend on the testy of the background and thereore becomes robiemate ar soon a the back setae themes spe» ‘AL ths pit ete who ace he ory of rte ualy have 0 ctipctins a hand. The fs sgt nts cats here nlng ‘more thanprotiem of desrgin A secon ton septa at {plies eo atypia seman dso awe o py to pil semstons ra, song totbaches a lk We man xn ee two eecons sore chocs “econo the fis ajection the dot cn be ace kt thet shar tee no appropsite decrtion sn the Linguage sie fr the Present phenom Ove eee ex be deco, ad fel ht mething ami, ad therfore pepe og oe al consent Ut a, or tance, the exanple which we nso dec wher the enn the aly of porte oo atoes Wat we hve ‘n disco proper rewing on he Bs objection weld sy 2 nd of comtinaton ofthe sematon thi th pie tnd the seman that i Be. "The comet and. appeeineesrpon i therfore ‘Pinedo nt, aeng an rte Ar soon whe cnet dtserpion i ound the problem tse, and we have const Steet wove rath cat ong edule cv fo hi emg Proemat ce Tm order to nt this oben, we mut fret ct cea about the cxprenon “evade dou Th expen can have hl we se + ‘Pope! ee, In he Bese, emphasised, comply aba td om the ground af the loi ature af the semen an He correct abel cvs sd thr oly independ of wheter or not sone foc erin abe tthe eter a) ban Seri can be dou inthe lal sese wiht she pony ‘esening the bin corse, Fm compel ons cat a tow siting dy ve sone dewey acon the a hat Mette ates ae to been syne ype adceeatpithpzalate sme te there ting ther a se gael ih Mca see sere hat en semen eed Soe ee tons hn ee one oe ‘ln nso ee th ne pin ol ay a ESL acme Aen rh ees Be th oma tt compan to bee cal oy tlie ee clone ple lw eon sued ats pel be do pial ie Se tine is deny tee ea pea seid edt en hae a meet fern Xn eles ey event aie hbasome TSR ccf, ows pte rane yh hey ‘heen ea cnet a’ » Sinan betwee 3 mean sonra compe eon thee on escent ae may ft which ara tein tet conto or acetic statement Fa sich st Condon cleat neq seeatone abot which no debts pose te cosen, a tint the candice ae ae te come Sect Syn de a he rh car scant ‘dy can de that there ar sonst Ad hs stay npn ‘chat ay happen ander move quence ceeumsanes This argent really hs ony persunse rce, Everyone ms adi tha sometes pin india fe, ha emetnes ed dey seen ad that hese ‘caner ae fee tm the dls me have sated owe And thas seme tht one fred to comede hin such ees bet ely sem abt and bette With he ese of Sateen which are indabtabl soy om and which thst ae ‘Sheraton sateen thee he second defo rons? Tes ser iu to oppose an argent eth wh se iy the Inge poner of ection wth nee platy uh nde as take eat my pains?) wit am equally stung, and most imperath, cl plus rumen. or thi eon, my rede ml et cont in's diet atack, bt in an steno enetone the opposition, to weaken toa to prepar fr nl Nyse ep nN asses rss in questioning tom where eget Cray hich we sat ‘thst ikea nw np ed wh other lege ene dtu ‘Wecan stack this problem nen way, We can dics th pyehlog cal oe of thn ety an loge ee Lat wit ok te fase aged above tit in ceain rapa css een he spear ance af ery stron pn cae desi nw us ou hat ser tho has hee expoved t+ sft ber frac pce "stay inpect ven normal ene Tat hy cv the tml ese he wil nt say el pin’ withthe sane sevny ns blr the ton ‘rentoned. Something sla ure whe one repeat ans ‘idl who isnot tao batt, hee gene tally te hat You fet pin? Are youre tht yout no en” I hi aia {est happen to bea pings tens pn wil arse t wh he or 2 wl wo lnge know wae the shuld ay een inthe eat ‘ery ag pins Acoring tthe theory af ene day i dc not low fr dtincion beeen what satel expend snd what isrealy presen sch ene of cou ann show tht sal pain a be oubed Since tenmeatom thor wil empha ta ths ete rcere has le to 8 hae of the peor and other! of “ermal si, the sense-datun tori wl ant we le abject the expeinen ooo the tends sd replaced wth hes Phenomern. This tctel move bythe semen thar yo a Seda importance, sie stat the exec of seme setmt be ted onthing ied for lg venons, bt question whi ‘psnchogalmvesigaon, Ia aon, vo ane hat he eeeee cme dat ina pata india depends 0 ta inde ‘SThacry Tone ean reeset hgh appropiate ea tnt, a on a ake th appear ag. et ime se “loscquene of i coneeion - spr ets ame hat noms up in sounding in wh pi a ys So bed {ho ptems ofp a eer tines ihe presence of sme ad Yet Mie eso the ocason ofthe pesormanceo 2 modern oer, an 0 seins thin such suede, table conection i aise ‘trate the word ai and a cenoon poe phenomenon, ease thet pei dsr phenomenon wick word woul be “Mpls hat fo et pawl ot be beatin inthe sen sed expound consequent pilot be a se ‘Ei hm feu i es oa a i i ae ay sia Cite to he contrary senso ase ot fen th ec thea cd ete ie al gee rainy inthe pron of stents whi ebaracerisoe of the Sane scent Th crate stro data sich ema socte with fe pine brfore noting more han a Sart ano mrt Wh sh, ee understand Sih damian of pl as cana sr he ery of ‘al Shad wr ea en ih {Byes ofthe ay nce etry (er ly oe ca ea ‘arm at any aged Stone hepatomas th nmpsion othe ‘eeu thery se te of ool nla imal sia nn io at {he doje beh can bs on wh ean This cans a Shino chaste ce tna ee ‘neatene of pai mel und coon btn cent But here ea at Inrange sicscpe wl now than the begining, nov nly the peeved pls sje for tance ‘Marien, bt en prepa avery wale nd dob aia, ‘Rio hs toa tose een the phe ese of he ‘ord inwhch sg dc tne Ketifing an ie ebony the penne oh ea are at dea deal prepion Mw ah ton aoe en a Uhr imrument Ir ocpone are ov es exact na the objet whose ‘tence dime bythe Holopal sheones concerned For eam ‘perma thew behind eng nih de human bi, iro abe he are emoedint pern eno wer upesng thus aui obcematns are made: Amirowope age er la $y ompicated mater, ot dni pce ple, ad every ka ‘hat one can se anything thet) But dat matt sicomsiances ck te obvervahle in the sense of the second explanation are the fel ot Briefly and paradosicaly por, petal satin sedate hel of rb texte of tan het, To ore of ach ele ‘erefore, would lead nt nly to the pol of our deoies ut alo {he dipole sensed hemes, oh fame mas he pin at he av ap So far we have been concerned ith the prycholgial characte of sensed namely withthe feling of ebjective eran we have le Presence. Although this fling = mena condition fo the exten of ‘ened an when we dae the ‘exten feed, we aba ean of course, only hi necenary condition ts sl nee hwo ‘eaudton, Or more preity psycolosa indiabaty hose exience ‘we admit in sme eases) doe aot need to have able acursey at 2 fonsequence, As Tong a ober conventions have pot teen adopt formpeely undecided whether «statement which i inde tha vey simple and psychological sense, theretore lead ably cesta ae fice frm eror. Or exprened dierent abvenee af doubt i ety fomatle with bypotesal characte inthe absence of ther ceplante ‘ions, Tater in his eon, we wll dew the ronvestion which sequel in order to make an absolutely corzetwatenen ont oa prychologtely lndbiable statement and we wll then ako show tha this eonenton leads to consequences which abolish sence as systematic and ites rbjetve enterprise. Hor the moment, we jst watt to sow tat sic omvention neces it adn opel nity, or this purpose let ws atume eat we hae ata 2 cera table fr | longtime, that we ate ou esl a yal that in contravention ofa go ‘manner we all about Perhaps we dropped had to ee ic trom under the tale, and has Had a gol tthe under of te table Under these circumstances, isl pl o doubt te exstenee of the table? ‘Sure, one mighe objet,“ we all have not ecu all Ponte ts Hor example, we dl not ty to determine what happens he tidak, o what happen when its the presence of good king fils Keis conceivable that when the ight armed al ate eat Adnspear, tha ll the gases and a bt wine lo the Hoo and ls that Profesor Manel wo despite ht god anes was iting the lable, sodden ids himself nthe il ofthe glass on the oo Sach a eiperience would ceay sow thatthe semen °A ae ta Front a "was ncoret a persitence ia darkew a teieonition For the exitence of ble Therefore, ail poste, despite all evince ated to doubt that the watement “A table stands in ro aon» sowiEDot, sEHENGH AD RRLATINISE ‘And this statement, therfore, i albo mac aso ruc with reference wo the evidence tated “Tis section basa catch and te Profesor Manoell who drew sy tention toi) How de we know we eld ask that peste in darkness istorii forthe exience of tables, and not rather cid gery hich i often tere, but not alway? Terefoe, what Frers ts © {ER the abenee of ace emetons in darkee ae evidence or there ving never been able there, aed not athe as evidence or the abe a feich west being a able which xine when Thee was ight, but which Bape hen it was das? One might e temp to argue shat this {autrement derived frm physica theories about the pestence of imate in darkness Yet this argument doesnot had water, Becaie we ave decided to incerpret the deeribed incidents assuming thatthe abe Serbia thereat disappeared when tar dt, we ast obvious Ue conser the physical tory st lave ae rete. Mater is not aay Snucaskive to changes in lamination “Some pilose find thir way oof tis ily inthe lowing sway Thay conor the perstence of certain versatons over a no 10 Thor pera af ime a leads tty suiene etron fr the rath of the sotement “Hevea table” Tie argument i that wit the word "able we jst do aot nao thing ther than an object which lead to ‘ial atc senator form ad pestence. A his ill Tre mean bythe word able he extence a table isthe aleay totaly len the enumerated experiences ae present Ard es therefore ao [oni wo make asetions soot physeal objects which ae ndubiable ‘Ba atoltly eran wt erence toa parsed as of facts is his Sgument which Il use inorder 0 show the bial source ofthe gest eran of senaedatan statements isl il make a smal coreton to thi argent Twas hinted shat swe mn an jee which be certain fects ad ao oes by the word "able (One shold ie by te way hat his argument is othing other than te bnguie pall othe oer argament which serounded on the tae ofthe things investigated. Tso be adit that the anion 1 {he tng way of speang kas pochologealaamage: ope is more repel to change away of speaking tha to amit thatthe as of = {neo eiferent than premumed. However, «glance at the linguistic {ovement in contemporary plsophy makes tse dol whether a Theo of nguagene lee dogmatic than a heory of esences) Yet, we Would hardly change ovr designation i we were to discover o arm that The things which until ow me called "ables! are alo the source of tvitatonal ces. ‘Thete i ako notte lightest reason why we shoud Mot draw on the existence of gravitational forex in esting asestions aout {Shle. This example of coun, a ie bat wntealsieDeeause we ll Sey me son th the mest ei ‘na ces wuld es nr comenet med fr pig sree fables than diet obsration with our ees and and But with mai plat rh acm ef rabies sian tp Sy earn ya fe map men ‘toca mAs seed ngs coca pone ‘Spat their rte on rte vgs ea Sion tn ve thee th me lpn ane ced ck the cata iirce of acne jet see ages no ieee mum, he boo a the ies reson teary resi the defaion of the word table to the produc fens ‘presi, We wold hen nw a tse ese eens a ahs Ifthe tc tse er oun nt ee a ing ony ye nt nt mon pn ae sp sh tem sone Beso tch detonate cout the Dene at tote af exe bt copa of the Phenomenon at Tas ec coneucee tare po How wef esc a hn +e a imprenin” anoese wi» ements a ‘Sistas quent dont bate all sae Bt lov grant the pooper the feedom wr prope sles elnino intel ew alw them ete ewer heat ‘evans cen aed panne viene te Thee een havety hte day of ements abou ble {beware ck oar th eich eclars he eag Proce ined aera an which cio hat fom no SSecanenteefs abe cea Ths ravery porate pt ee tht deco nd covets ay ree qn fn shi acre wile su healed nity a abet ents of sateen sna sein hh atr f snes a dnb a const deco, Our cin wl hen be concred he aay of thes dein scat alta tan ef he prem eee wena bythe nay one sad nvee th we ve sey ‘opie the eins sen ta yan {atest af exams shot he apes feo ‘cranial oy in orn “tlt utr again eae We he ined aii 1 eimai wih piece ere ser ‘este operons YE. oe cco hee a ee “erin he rt ofthe oes Ae ann fata ae cre it vn witht det, The ep ih some powphn sve or we ancy yon oa2 knowin, SCIENCE AND RELATIVI teistion because ar all we te the word table unconsciously wl (lined cme ensie ths explanation totaly urea asmes hat {eneny He we make logrer decom sbout our reactions 1 all Fr mapas, and unimaginable experiment Every “ordinary Ponont wh experiences halcinaon, mawhalcinations sera Fons, tei forthe first ine wou admit that sis sein is [iitson, He doesnot composed explain, the bats of imply ‘Sauna deiton inthe we of language’ that he as jst observed a ‘Srl tale, but ruber be spl hes no now what he shoud 9. J Mout be can of couse decile 4 sick with the statement “Here i a (dire even i he has bes expose to asy-hallucinaion and understood ‘Shut waning on, What portant x thatthe statement i ceri (ieSbding athe evidence inconporated isthe definition) js dog sis fa, and i was wot lead certain beforehand except of couse ina puter pmchologial tense) Th i beease the later would pressppose {bat oo sendy bnew which decison would be dean finally cept ‘Were thateate Ui argument with another exampe, The oedinary pero ti sd oes the word "able in certain way. and om thi Fite at he makes certain denon assumption about the nate of fables He des nox tke ths plain in de form of explicit definition, Rather, these ssumptions are comaind imply in is angus, ane they mesrame creamy Well what ithe ‘nature’ of table? Te everyday THe we my tha table something tht we and oiers an se and ouch Thorne, ie ser and wach someting table, abd other exper face te same sematons then there eanot be the ight dou hats Mint. Whar ithe lial seston for eis strong consieion? Does sow that there iss legally indubabie watement present? kn order to negate hs queon, tus ase tat photographer takes piture fe table, an tha othe plate there pohing wo ee exc a em ‘ont and two tree people who acta ity were siting in oat of & ‘She Lt ae astme tat rbody a any ea abou he ate of [otogepty, Would we then set the photographic pate a totaly Frcleciae On what grounds this atitade ase? 1 bles that eis tude ply the eu ot knowing gnorance ss). And his Hw isin mn cases in every ie We are sue forsee tat we ‘chen that nether econ or Srey iveiaton are neded np ‘eres we have no idea he stuations which could free a to sch teione Ths, we sce that ip everday fe the problem ofthe lial frtainy of satemens tall completely pen, Became we sl dot laden iat all Weare sue of rats Th correct. Bu om hs ‘ething a fellows about the absolute cay or even the ath, ofthe tement which we lain wth suck eta "Mier this excursion, ets tara to ameing the question of bow ‘ven pote it without a reason. I is lear that there cannot be an ansier o thes quetin, The aver that ltrs ue bem the fling The ‘ewe tks the uation jst ders ating pt non lao noeage and ack of pve of iagitn, bet sued ecw there sh a thing wen coifnted wih uml ee Unive af Copenhagen sows tht there arse that a 2 si Gey Pb Eis Taner Rect Soin aoe Le ete atpe ‘And as we always try to avoid contradictions, we seem to be en Ws result, Professor AL saree sent geiea tacrih that = ¢; it seems that @ > and this statement no longer cx wee certs tec ne eh coe ten emer ert Sa are oe ac oan al ‘equivalent to "l perceive that’, and that is what we fave claimed ~ the ibe notes cet enc t courrier ele Ein are rh re alread mae FT weg eden citing ek tee Se cetera “Dnvequenees which such conventions mast ave A coniqucncs a ceasly ae pnb, we fist pose the following ween Seca Se cre ‘Blumen tr he see ef te second explanation, we hae cometh ia, Fist ‘and then we apply the ones te ent Sea see? in the cae of pst obec, for instance a chemical substan, ‘THe PROMLIM OF TaKoReTICAL EyeriEs 8 action) we notice thatthe preveace ofthese circumstance is character, Se of barium sulphate, and we therefore Ibe the stance wi the ame“ suphate Nataly sts rac that in thease we cam never {excl er But we always have the polio sein up more etait ‘onde to appease each particular dvb, lent provisionally How 2 ‘hen in se ase of pin assuming hat pina seoedata a sant shot pin 0 be absoltely erect, then cannot comer abn that snot tnmediatly presenta he moment ofebseston, This tk oe 0 longer posible to inteduce varios characterate feature fr the ‘breence of pun and, in addon, to dings the presence of there ‘arctan fom the presence of pant. Characters fetes and he objet ast al ence in one. Bot how about the ereron the teu ofthe atrent Tel pai inthis cae? That i how do we sine bounces ofthe comecnes ofthis stern athe toment it preet [ae ll no other moment xin quetn)? The answer that Tf pa Correct i pai is present is no longer stisctry becuse our prem ‘otis jut nthe flowing: hw do we ently pin independent af he {ac ha we want wo say tat we have song polo peur oy) "el pain’? However, the statment and tt eins sees fe ‘0 lees things and therefore should ao be posible to deterine the presence of te rth condone, the pain, indepen ote presence ofthe assertion. Once gain, tw ome the ese of pyse ‘object Heve, we alo produce a description ike "Tete table in fot a sme because we fel ittively cera ofthe corrects oft ane fon the grounds ofthe obseraone mae, at well a om Une gro of Acquired habits Hut in the ene pial sje, this inte cesta is mot a truth criterion. Nether i the production of forthe lest Consideration) Here isa tbl the only rtron forthe ldenienon of tables. The tuth of the staemem, as well af the Hetiention of the appre objec, depends on many cer rscamstances whith door ned {o be of setbal nature for example indentations athe arp oe secs hanging ther path (a all mst Bunce ll tale), an the ke The ‘entiation of a physical objet therefore» process whith an be “xceted independent ofthe fet hat the corto nite pause ‘ecripion it Here sa table’ Thi, of course asthe consequene that {ere whole ries of statements whe ra decisive lr the of ‘Here i a able, although they do noc dvr tables bat empire atcen ccomsances: I addon has the consequence that ee he table its hypotess whose fturereftation cannot be ted out, Ye seosedatum satement shold be inefiable. Therefore, must be eon, teted whether sucha statement can concern ccumstanes which bans ‘znd what hipens in the moment ote production ora is conieraton The sly cterion forthe presence of a sensedatum $y therfore theine prea o pete 2 ean ds fee ete pn ds pn ey es or rpc rs army cig on a urd we Shh cers to sy, hse epee ee “Rtnecrcne tbe conten ofthe asennad ot) Of “Stn a pis ewes he ny i pes ete int ese pn pebologsl preset) Tet pt we area course sing tse sbwt indi wo hae hte dapsone ah Pte shen, iy wen {ele ug oy el pn” (Ths rg dove ot ae tbe ‘mus anc alo nt mal 30 me the seman the La sete ony mats el iced he form of poston vo a wefan acon) Ter tbe comenion wich we willy down 86 onto ors con alo ‘e"Hac tu pay atenon we he ft tha this consent oly no copie te teenie gene whe ee Sen pchagely eet prise eben stuabon werent ort ser poo) eine sere, nko alot aes 9 SEO ha ad ny ral ay ee ae ‘Aone "Te exnence of welled beer Is an empl ft. The “Puleabiiy four onvetinn sone hs ely ep fhe sod ema las to he fc ha 3 neta cannot be disingbed fom the wey K's sexi. Ar we hve si, the ony (readin he ei ean Seah inthe neces prtardsrpn. Abas been EY comenton mst ot be desood he seme tha She ae ning nae he sense dar, se Sp, tha ahi eerpn seine cera ahha ae Ate hing can te ding fom ach ther inthe eran ‘Soi deson of he stein vulpine Sosy song tf'we say am io pat he pas ae the oly phenanthrene segues Because i hs cas seo be neces nt jt 10 scrote pan a i be eo we men SIM rate xperence of eee swell of he stent ane tiie teeth of el pu Tn ty at an Terni epee ence crn ad ny Merpon concerning i ll ev, and 20 on) Add ‘umtoon betwcen pin apd be cxpeence eedence cna he ‘rer ingdced sweating whic he ey wih wich he secetec el pai’ produced he nly nee ad uit ‘hn fr the presence pun Therefor tee ae nt ee parte Sheen ntemens am expen of once, nd ep, Thee ony the proces of producing the taerent with certainty and this ahead ae sedate, esta cot part oe pres of he den "his pecalar property of Seneastu stents ha lady bee ated ‘by Plo in the Cums a eriigue of tir, Hegel (Te Penang of Bil has deste his propery very drxmatcly, th perhaps ot ‘ery ces: We owe an extremely cea anaes ofthe suai to Sick (i his article “Uber das Fundament dee Eskentai, Fin, wl, The tir emark concer the fc tht at singe howe sensation sensedatum inthe Sense js tated. We jus this romarh nthe ‘ep ofthe following example’ astm tat an inva P dea hat he ‘as he sensation Sand hat while dreaming le formate he tere feel 5 so that he can clealy be Beard by everyone Aecarding to the ttson jst owed, i it aleady fabolte) ured that be hat the semstion S Ye we want to draw 2 general dincion betwen the ft that Pes Sand the fat that P deans Ss hs fr ey sensation “This means that no sensation ean be a eaeedatum inthe seen de ‘cared this word inoue eooveanns. Even thove sateen af fut language which we grant maximum cera are sateen abou sensons are thus not obneraton atemente inthe ste the wcond planation. Yet neither the nom ens olsen, no the ops Diy of «language which contains dhs kind of enero Statement i ‘rove by thi Ion shows that we mit urate le ou pert ‘means of communication we want nak slut ur sense tata, The ext four, and decisive remart ished on the analy of the guage 3 hich we ely can tllabon semen or the purpose of this anaes et us atsume hat inva P was israel ost feel pai’ fom chldhoad en when inthe presence of the tagrance of cologne. Such vain wl abvcinly mean that for Pe Padcton ofthe trent fe pi when ogee eer nd therefore the satement wl be acter, iba alae te satement for Paccording to the commento stated abe, Here on might jc tht or Tel pan? meas something difee owas fora that Pvelly means sel clog’ Yer, fora tensed {eon this jection by a een aloes Heb ebimed hte tterion for the presence of arsed is the experience of eden hoe descrpion is dtivered by this datum. Therefore, he cannot ac aif ‘hasan eternal observe, could determine wha experienced by PT, ‘ot cout, has the consequence tate docs not haw what Ping out But even P finds himself ia this vndexeabe Suton eonetnng {hose aserions which he har expe nthe pas 'Thus sateen a ae observation satements i the sense othe second explanation for "he most part meaniapes, snd they ase weaning ony i, aoaedImoments and even then only fr few individuals who can never lrmmunicae wo tach thes what he cer i hia moment. cleat that nach saxement cot be ised to decibe the teecondtions of Sctute heory or a day aerion about ble ad bas Fry hey can ever be publ and dan they eataot be exposed co tno eas (Mn anertanment [Kontron Selick sy, cannot be Crevten down, And secon tematic experimentation & competely Inponble W the problem which te Being decile ty the apeiment femalted inserts wich wy realy andentands ep ane hv cimeadenaly had the igh eatin One shoud py ateton 10 the cna nature oti argent. Hy no sean rei o the extremely rune foe af the gus prot gives by Witten, whit hws {hutsemacons th see spoken of orinary gg, ate notes {dts Mer al such pol om slay Be countered hh Sggesion tha dis does ot evublsh the refutation of the exten of ened bat nly the amply of deeibing thea 30 ordiaty ngage An Spotemoloet wh avahoe nda langage and wast (ae i assim language, andertandabe om he basi of eset, wl Jost demand that an arc lnguage which conta observation sate- Trent nthe seme af the von defnkion rt be constructed. Our “ls now we at nhs language can arly bea pose ciate fort mean of communication, and sly cannot be a means for the ‘scrpion of teres of otmeeon. The atempt wo anchor meni {hes het ds ten the clean of iene, oo ‘ery cerca ead to fr slaton Therefore ite Snr to conve scence as a intersubjective and tematic emerprce, {hen we must ne longer anol wit seta, and we mit doch toy earls of he dof language eae inthe momen Tr wery import tote what the lina of ese-data reli one sar wt he somption hat sensed ei indepen} {our ingiste deo, then ts eal ery fl to ae how we ean ‘Sminate hem wih cpotlogialverigatons. Bat at weave ‘Kempt e show abo the cerry eed aternent based n'a deen, ten te cminaon of sense-data I horouhiy at our Alps we need only est this decson "erfre ur enuonion of cme i aed bh on dsm ramely the denon to ne oly sack means for deverbing which enable ‘premate expernetaton and inersbjectve communication of te ‘out enated hy sach experimen well the tee tat 3 ‘Costu langage doe ot fl he cern. "The vaso of ut “ions mae onl bythe mpl fata unger wel at Aheinnersves of hers haters repli, hat thee ext sina, ‘hum thase-meaang ume cl"bora ei act ina lawlke way othe surroaings. These the dion made {sin no way an unachievable del On the contrary far me ele than the (only rarely explicitly formulated conventions on which the theory of sense-data bared. The rl of ht dean sth we do oe allow in our Langue statements which are obnervable int sense of te Second explanation And with tht, we Gly ase, ler Jong det back at our starting pois. We have shown thatthe theory of sense ata anno cue the pede of coe nites init seco form fom lady, because methdologcal considerations demand the slant ofsenseaatur statement ‘Un no we hve inetd the probe ofthe exitence of hoes nes in wo rent orca hich depend oni see wich we ae the word aeemabe onthe mesma we we ade Shout the role of beer) In the Se oman, an bern Statement was = atmo whith we cu quand eats are Inpothes about conte hs tne out at acco hit fermion every statement pely an sheen stem Ae cording 10 the cond formula, in scrton stement ata Statement which could be defstey vere o the bss prem da hase out that according othe sed fran xe) sateen ‘must be cured at theoreti satement There, both formula tea the break of the prien th exc fertile whaler a, jt consi nthe qorn at th eso oe bs or the astmption ofthe exitence thei encs paning Ua the ‘sence erable ets unpre, Now isthe a expan ton of the concep ‘observable’ whch itunvely cones which core ‘ponds to the practic he proc fe cbervaton, and whi 2ion contracted in ich away that nt eer emcee eer an Streratonal concept or thera corp Tate bch a ‘Splnstionieane hy am argue sed By Profesor Reg dc Sieeih he aor Tn order to develop ths argent, ned nly ade t he a hat sberration statements memaly hav te facto of deciding beeen fl eo The fr example owe dws ona bseaton onde Co eerie wee he wave eyo the pte thar fi covet (Foust experiment Hehe agent etn, sn bse ae tren i 0 decide hetwcen two aon tcocy het ma be a ‘pride ln parc in mang mst not depend on the mean Sf dpe met ery Be Spe oyIndependent of the strc af ev cesnble psi theary. Thee Meine clnevation sutemen Their, tne sateen are “Tamers wich cane eapsned wou rence hear and who seeing a ndepende of hangs te teeta! ape Tower ut thaner ay be contre, the serine 4 Coins wih eden mask hone an the seme eating ‘her warant wih epst to change of theres. In a eater Teste faethe dim tthe mang oberon semen Independent of change a theories the sy ec ao ay id hi) tha sent ante afte which bey the ‘iy te Trivey tose that he agent whith ha ot ren dsloed as 2 he Jot fo the fat that the decison betwee two ther and 3 demands atten’ whine easing dependent ete on on B ‘foe ac alow tht the ening a independent fe they I Sip tlows ta he mening os emote dependent on BT can Sale acerminedbyaiheor, CA CF Bybee nee Amor B need tera tal tome the sera of the delet fight at he tiga tesa 2 Newton vheory B= te grr ory ory © Sie pale cor of th) he concn that the mean of Sheenion sate cannot depend om ay Geary requires another ens and is pce nly ated he pte ms f Mpa at 8 essence which ays the vle ofan bsereton ‘Eien decom eoneca and Ben Soe the pation 8s evap inp i plying hi le wl reece to any ae pat OF teri" comet of the nery plasle oxalate states that incite t mu be poste to tee eery theory im very. domain of Eprtonce Yet by thi othing sal about he mesg of There Hpeence of ej bts statement whieh expeaed othe oti of Shan caperence cold besten ant emcee ‘overhear of pnd Sbje sth Hke.Thttoe, ems ke the addtional reapstion that an observation atm or instance the semen bros ely conned the same experience in all ‘Sree, bin ign asthe sue ning Thi he hss that as ‘She prowe. The only ramen orth sty ths bic pss {ay opition the folowing argent which Bervand Rael) bs Shscloped in sto fu ir Ming and Tate! When ee oes “Sh fseeaon sateen whose meaing depends om ter tries we ered act acohetence theory of uth, We do sot jc a theary "Eten ale Tr Nerd feng cape 1 ee 18, wa cae it comrades the face: We eet ice contradic cnn theory on whith we ave the cnn our senaon langage tshernce tury is eeabi I king ree eft ad te tnd this Russ argent hve mt be singe which de pen ona thoy anh the obo ange ‘wel anahe Rass argument ae in ht We wil prepare fast anai by vetting the props ngage whos forthe sabty thLt bume tase sachs nag ‘ angige in which we debe cena ing in whch we oe ropertir oration others Nay ae old seca a whi te { aote fod i ae Benne we ave not peed als Suen eae But could ern thatthe cmegrsal ssem othe Stservaton langage wong, ey coud taro that even ane fd acaratey executed meus led nearer? In ort to anmer thi quer ler mo hess ney fr nee the casa som theory Thi thor woe wh eta ae coceps (atom, fre tan, ee), ad dry cenain eee sua Be Shtuton of peste in vac, wth the help of these base concep ‘Avi isa theory vuerabet eft And refined cise experiment witha connate), Sen we mata at ‘venting wat mite, tha thee tem. omy and there that eran conecps ust be removed (Ar we know, one cant deere ‘sting objets ae om concep nich lero senting objects) The Fevonal oberon language wth ih we ae dling at the momen alee fee of theotekal elements and i adton i sable for ie feast gh, net, Therefore iv eategel parts mst ys Be adequate se we could ever she at = saton which orcs wn ‘orm ths apparan Thi hs avery soporcot cosequace, Lt ‘sume for meme, at Carn hing guage’ [Dap at ‘Secrnon langue inte ce fi ded Te ‘hing guage langage tick soe proper es corn aur oft, sere macro object ke es ad che? Then, afer + we ‘ned sres of oberon, i imposible to doubt exten of tsb and har Thi exe ow fas wih ssl fel Take not, then stent catalyse of phon a nao, we make eran compan sot he Properties of phlogon, then we can make dear dotnet between oqate and iadegate methods bacon sad tae of > Ka Gamay he hace Sue Ura Wasnt ESTER opt ante See Ae {1 “to lamgeae iat aes frp tgagage age ‘email Cay Se! Bavidge et NT eaplage on te gna thee prepa I we pep he Saw tt gper then pee nate data wren ‘SCtober ons finale I wee theese no sothar te rent fa the mexuremens wih oe huh be gu wih ann en eqn seat The amber “gt ine vee inal ncn mae at eye wo bus cman of ean pry oe on ei. The sey es etter that nthe ee ao mtn epee find wt acre oor ole ThE sans aioe wm lr anguge a he ep heed ten cenan cee ay sae by seed noucay fe al nunpon ®lm ata he fem ofa paar sie a aly ees thr emerson he vis sc A ppb rx tint wo rp he ple Tiere stemen fscee mas be rely mat thle he “Shay te and wi th exw of noon agg he te ind cps: her nthe cepa kcee rou ay Rael deb ale med ent Scln} One shai nce thee. aw gn the Setnubioga dart inerpore ely ewe ren ito cs oar knvcte pee. etng my voy a nny fecal propery o epee poem They se noted iy py dans el byte fom or ge ence ection mae te ale So for nance cee eee St erin melodie Comes, oy ente tee atid sie langage ts, eats to ima ive Inve ncn elie argument a ico ee nea apelin ps ewan scping or inening pei Lene Te we of Seren he ‘Econo nema protien fos en opine wi est pty Por Viner Rr el an by Pra RR. Rapper Te ‘posto he ees f sac ch eer dha Sree ten ta dese ‘ic oo urn oe ques of i ene ngage ich lee furtheaabiy hts Taophers of te so tre oi hve ‘Sin at ayo he ggg ay inayat be say dese Torsone avn fo emi pub snl myn ren ha olay Efi bate nhac tothe chang osc oes, at rx PROBLEM OF THEORETICAL exrITiEE “ hae, mcther flows that doesnot comin theoretical semen nor that ts categoria paras is adequate for desing feb. i adit, tree show that langage which axon sulies fo the saby chess fc, bt mst suc To loge (etl rao eaniot pay 3 role i testing scene deere, and therefore cant be an obeeaton Tangunge This because = necomay coon which every oberon setement full that t shoud e eve rm the theory shold tes We wll ow dss the ltt li onde ist the de fasta of dinar language, exit, owe mot (hrs as xed «cane T doves citer that no changeit secemary oF that such a neces il never ace Thad ot how that ordinary language doesnot conan theoretical element Alte al langage dos not change by ell I produc othe human being who speak Hand, therefore, i eects the sea, the views, an ao the Travour of the human beings The tenon for the ably of the Tangunge therefore could simply be laziness, ignorance, or dogma (he later eter calls om the tad’ orc "onolgieal peed prot Sehich all conan the map what in, mst es), Therefore, the de sweaty of patulr language should not imprest ated, we have o pote the pal Guestion of weber asevon winapi Bat his ‘question denial wo the guetion of whether ordinary ange contains ‘Avery simple analysis shows that dhe question bast be answered ‘ye Lets amide, for stance the wey in ch the word-pai apde ic ted by human being who do not know anying shut the sacar of the word his note merely ypothetical case, ad ane were to abject that we ae now dscusing language that ino longer spoken then one trl have already admitted that the stabty thea de fart i wrong ‘Up mean, nth ae, the dct rom the tes the hea. “Dow i the oposite dieton fran ett individual, One ces that this method of aplication asolte fom the poplar objection which was made aint the amumplion that the earth ound, hat the anipds mst fll “down Mark you, this empirical im isthe consoquece ofthe math of upton ofthe word put "ype, and noe onl a consequence of Blyseal theory alone. One aba al “dows” (2 generalization fom xpeince"Updows fam able deci nthe universe. Tho, there are apa they mut lof the earth ‘ets consider tis method of application more closely. Cipla very imereing conmological theory. According to the theory the iver !niotrpic and posses a dstingushediretion. Thus, ordinary Tan fringe tar om bring an snertionlnguage inthe tense of he third planation. I contains theoretical elements ‘These theoreti ements every absract and they go far ejond whats del bservable (Thatths genre er ‘tary ngage hs ben shows by Who in tssupr nesigtins) Im adtons he een ate constated a troy mich contac moder tod‘ has ined een ake ‘ged;and eee telay we oe concep a and ina ae ‘ls ia whch we rene hom fo the cee fhe arth se bee Sieevonge migtouring mute of ce (The sppsane of cea trees pls fad ae comploe 2 ore wines) They nace af an aval poste whch wo speak ec an intren ropeny sac, tray we fave resto OF cone eve poe ha cain langugegroupe have nt ected is hangout of inane or dag: Ate have show hi does not mate oar langage a seen langage the ee othe {Ne exaatin ut we at ai tat vc ek te pont: Vr th cnmuces today angange ea no loner be ‘Gn rab oaeresion ange fr se theres whe comrade thir theoretical constuction, Tse sro objeton which we tated The objection i flows, An tmvation Unga it lo coudiiom Fre, i mst be comand n't vay mo which hana ‘taidul con acep ov eject yo sng watts icy and SS cert ate fot pln tis propery payed te leo 8 decoy ad nfl onde, ea tat a ter eno tow conan cs property ar a mney conn) Dat sero, the ‘hen of aero langage mnt be eae Gum he they wo ve tte, What wow flow ome theoy of rata ich shows the indeqacy af he ge langage) af wens sot the ‘nie posto of mss poin or planes tr sens nich eqs» tw meting ofp a dow fr th oman Tse ste (Shon expres inthe ld angus al with hai ceaes to be an sign another interpretation to the expres satemens (or the exper Ences enjoyed. What is common tall there ie theefore thing tht ‘an he described ty any f these trois, teense com amp the fet that sorctines certain aston, ad among them ale the theories ‘mentioned, are produced son automaticly, The unity of experience’ Theefore a pata! unity which based om the any of the strate of Iman organs. Thi anit doc aot provide ux with pit of relsence sd sno oundation of confemation for our ther, akhngh secniic ‘methodology demands that all theres the every domain Tea 10 predictions which are automatically produced (or conimed by harman ‘Stgaisas in this domi. ‘hroreally put, this naially means the Stecpance ofa coherence theory Butte theces wsed are contacted in 2 wa that particular consequences ofthe theories ar expres yuna Indvidal under pantiatar cresstancen and therfore soe at of Ihunaa behaviour athough natraly thi has mohing to with thie meaning other corespondence, The exten othe corespondence his tehaviour can only be decided by aus theory a experience2 Knowledge without foundations (0) Philosphy tay ~ ot ast the theory of knowledge — i 2 vey {nfs subject eae ih hy scl nl entre ates wich an be undef ony by te stated The poems tented fem 10 fe lie to do wih hing that ae of common iter, sch 0 te Impretenent ofthe ie of md, ded the kop poles te neces quteexphly neem pronly declared tobe fleas 0 ‘Noh concerns Aditedy attempt are made oetbsh dat piso iincevan to hese concerns ut the atemp are fen exerted i tot mcomprchense. The wos thing however the perennial weal of tion the ual ofthe whole "here no problem that fevcraly accepted, nt one point oie tha regarded binding fr al Kadi Seems tobe pose to propagie the gene abmuraes Dy ‘vesting the ws the base ene tome new eo Tos pcre ery lees rom acetal which we frequent ste he istry of thought Aecordig otal, piosophy ees ‘epee among the eserpes ofthe uma race provides guide ie wu on 8 Jeasy ili measure for stinging hat Vai fom what wore and ges meaning to any paralar Mivigy however specaed, by showing how ie comected wih 2 tenrallyaceped purpose. This aly eal need and one thst wold ‘Som to be very much ned of eatin Yer whenever a psopber sr memped to work uth Kea sn gener St he al eect as been the fretign af another school and corresponding ineease of the confusion ted exec, Hom the ey beni iow has therefore been regarded with pcon, and the bebe hs aren that Iempe to peae a unkerall measure of meaning and salty i Nome het seth char be en UP. teres to aw Thal yw tah Rot stil yo comin yout one fey mode one eed ti “sh one wil then be able tone stoke to lay the foundation of a ‘hit and nn epistemology that more tha an cree sophistication Shd pi A apposed to wome poopie which have Been Gfruselin he phe ees a the tery of knowlege fam aking Shout re oth tery sample, Moreover they ave er aval or ite some ime, Like so many other tings, chey were invented by the Greeks, mor expec bythe Tonan phe are 12) Im about 380 BC the Tomine populated narrow strip of land ia Wester Aa Minor: They were sere who had immigrated frm Cree tn fo the Greek mainland. The harhours which they founded were toed by Greek, Phoenician and Egyptian sealince and were connected Uirouph carsamroade wih the whole of Asia thier alone had four harbours and its wealth wat manly dt very ative wea trade (Nesian postery of the seventh and sith centrics has Been ound in EE, ‘Rata, and a Sous Kasia) Some uf the Loni ce seat out cloies tothe cust of the Mediterranean he Sea of Marmora ed he Blick Se [No doube this acvy wan pariy cated by overpnpulaion, The rick toblemen who onthe mainland ad formed ater cowed and privet raran aritocacy now engaged in aefiing. they developed the at of avgation: dey sneeaed the knowledge of geography. of ether people, thee cams thee contributions to knowledge, ad thee patel ec fency. Tis new activity leads to iterestingdeseloprent. "The emphasis She from the city or the commu tothe ial om rent and ten miperoriy to iligence and eagernee to explore; fom innate xcelnce to excellence onthe bat of achievement, Ofyr athe ham ‘ail the eo of the age ’ coumopoltan pit ben 19 reg in the ees, a well a spit of ssc. Thi prt of rim i oul conected withthe realization that even the mow fundamental sil instions and even he mot base Tlie ae of fuman aia therefore possibly iperect and i need of Smprovement. Ae ly these prope had ben he fad of the ees hey had been the conscious iments ff ha ook cognac ofthe particular suroundings ofeach cy and ofthe parcularccumtancs of Fs foundation, Alo they were the contemporaries of smne ofthe most fvaluionary development on the Greek continent — ft the grata) replacement ofthe hing by the arioracy, hit devabaion frm a0 all powerfl monarch a charman ofthe counel of des the, even mare evolusonary the replacement of = law thal is adminitered bya rstocracy and ie goundd in thir atmed widor, by i Ie hat fe bindng fr all and that estas thereby an ajective and pari deo josie Trac, these developments were ot rceied with ural Stelains They were cegarded by some a2 sign of divalton, of the trealdown of an order which alone can confer ign pom howe ‘artipating init (as Kings and rich noblemen, that) But they alo ‘Grated a temcndoue optimism, frm belt inthe power of the human Intl o waded the weld and to make mggetons for hs change Sd in heat of the aman il to carry out these changes ei his ‘Bekground, rather than the dnc’ Plato which we need to Bea i indwien dscsng he rg of pnp aration energies Thimtocalue tic scents ir popes, Tals on Be M5) Two incor remark aren order Fett or ifomaton concerning thse ey ner ery sen Noting has oe dow 0 ‘Sto Thales hime o om hr conser What we know boa ims based upon repos by Pt Aro, Dgees Lari, Par Simp and oer Pa cao aways e rtd he te mang frat Precrac s Riana Rane hae pt Ato poses 4 {ly decoy phitsphia ming and i ems edserbes the thet of is pede nr dint pose sk ero a sto mee perhaps nore nese in deeoping ae. The sane te Ue le Peps who wroteon the htry a phish. Yet what tenses despa hs ies a hve arty hae wre wy ‘Eten fom mos penal pooper tds To sah the dston bce phew and thes dps wan no yer dawn, What counted we We at aanced kv, ‘hase fc yon exting plore ater hn psp pins of Nien the later ening ret rear cet pets ee Pros: Mop, weve watts fl of fecnaies Us Thaom tat se amy caesgus regard hs sadn in ‘Grck pip ana sn oft ary ese ely kes. wpe Isl Wee comsnce yo that hings ae Jos the the found, thatthe taggssed ve feces he phason recon ether dun on scope bas aed ate thn rie mates awh i publ we dea wih the sont fundamen blest Thowiedge in atmanner tha aes her seen wal Bacon ght ttn he dated, i in aporsns an seers “Tui ina growing abt when nce shied i eto hh {muy Bot be pole sted, ed fre, ones nee inbuilt ‘Ths al probes were a ey bol and optimise: What they empeed to eaten ing les haa thar a he wee 362 ‘tle Ths baldacs sd pti cate matched nl by the oles Tnlopimiam oe Decrees Lei, » Cale, oa sa. Wit few ‘epi our pes popes are mh mor ais. Tey ae ‘Sn ery thc eoncrm tattoo mich imation, fo Boal 3 ra oa i to Ga iar ars Pr Ie wet Cn ni ee hee [Kaen TD Pen Cami Come Uneray Pe 1957 -xxowteDor wrrMavr rouxparioss 8 ison, may lead straight to distr Thi is why they deal wit minatine St pr thee wast rather it caret proce tha none as veces as that ofthe Lona. The late Profesor eatin has produced historia juntication for hr own brand of microscope plop. He has pte ‘ut that pilwopy inthe Grand Manner sich at hat brea developed by Paso, Devcares and Kant bis ena faite This tema toni Almont every ster: builder in psophy tat with survey of the ‘ehool andthe commen tht fe piksophy has ber inte cousin Sod shat a ew boing needed But doer nt Flo from sucha ‘pition, which is undoubted tom that narrow -indednes a vite: For ‘ve shal soon show tha philosophy as fed ii has Caled hati) Tease ofits dogmatien ann ecate ofthe generality ad boldness of the matements made by vent nal the erty Tonians were highly cured They were cio and vel infor in aloa every domain of human endeavour 1 do ot inend to say that contemporary phloopes now adh but pinoy. Yet however great thelr non-pilonopieal Inondedge and ai their Hea that phlowphial problems are something special and sine fom the rent prevents this Knowledge fem having any influence upon their phi rphy wth he reat that their philosophy i dy, unto, i formed. Very often we now wines the carious spectacle of intligent people wth wide incerests producing 2 nartow, boring, and tery ieee ‘ant piowphy Thievery cereale inde, Is ot enough to send ils to Md and now and then to write a pee o lite to concer, Unles the aby inthe Inter felt and the Knowledge obtained here ‘here i anys dre applied o one's philosophy (and vce vera itmight tel aot exit in the same person. Tere are noble expos 0 be fur But the phenomenon decribed ie tll so widespread, and the tendency te spetiaeation and coresponding hoorihnes 0 sang halt tat he mentoned "Al there pontive quae of the Tonos are exempied in the ot ‘xqunie: manner in Thal eve is x man who iterented in almost ‘reything tht is going on around im He activ parripates ithe Dolce of is iy, Mito. Sesing the growing power of Pes e "ies the Tonia cies to orm ederation stronger ha tho ley fxiernce, ane urges them to etabinh a general couse in he centrally Tecate Too He sens to have aed in thi it was just no posible ake the colonies acopt pica cermin that would arte esc thee feedom. This very eaithy sig but the elects ofthe Pian enguet, which took pice when ‘Bales war ail ave apd which fventually Ted 0 the desction af Mets show how debate i the balance beeen freedom ad hat amount of o-ordinaton apd ection eich acesrytocope with tide (and inde) dangers Tha alseems to have ad talents ava enginer, for acording he commen ‘ccount of the Grek wbih doubted by Herat) he helped roess? rm acon the iver Hale by bling channel ha vied he rivera ‘wo hon dining read raceme o have traveled wie for thereat various reports oa vst fo Baype, One of them sete how he treasure the height of rin by enaturing length of shadow at "Gin seo the shadow oa sal vera tk was eal os Bight He Sik sere to have acquainted bisa withthe geometric procedures 3 ‘he Exypiany bt seca to hve ed to rede thee numerous problems tov few simple principles which coud be easly understood. Bei xen {neces as nema, for, vesting that there would bea large ove ‘op here ite ney we war winter and paid deposits "lth lve pres in Mietos and Chios, hiring therm cheaply Beause no tne bid agin im. When the spproprit ne ame there was adden Fah of requests forte reese the ie hem ut om his be terms tnd so made a large profi (Aviode repo) He developed simple eas Shout the satu ofthe cath, about metcorelogeal phenomena a agnets And be isthe fre thier to suggest theory Of mer, e trou cal tay I he na of thi theory which wi ead ws ight {nt the centre ofthe theory oftnowedige However, ove precautionary remark shouldbe made Belore proceding| in thn direction. Av sud sbive, the report about Thaler apd Mis ltnmedaesuce ors ate very sare ad come rom much Inter sarees Ht {therefore always pole objet to the pcre jt given UY pointing ‘ut very spenativ character et even if Thales ha ever be, even then the repo are reports what was at the ie hog to be aman ‘sil they are repre aboot 3 eran form o aman existence. TCs his Ferm of human extence in which we ae interested and which we ned to introduce by docuing Thales Ic therefore dors not realy spater tmhether there was 2 pero who actualy did what Thales i said wo have dome (8) Thales theory of mater can be presented in tw step The isi that he variogr materi od, etal earth, ee) whith exit onthe Sifce ofthe earth ze all Bascaly one and the tame subse: there nly one eta, pe ase a. Vareryexite because this base ‘Mietance can appear in deren wats or modiiation. Tas asumion ‘es uty behind the variety ae encouraged the development af the atural sence eve sae wats troduced, Modine i occu, bur whenever thse nian led ot completed a sibsretre f| Iateril object, the ater war again made to rede the new ate) tmven more fuxdamesal single ibrance. Heisenberg nonlinear eld theory mbich tempts to explin the thro mentary pares of| todsy om the bas of some ingle and allepervaing sane the mest sxowLeDee wrenorr rounpariont 6 recent sep i this development, a stp which, as Heisenberg exlicily| "i, wat ined bythe eas of Anais the ppl of Tale ‘Acorn o Thales’ second sumpinn, the base subutance 0 be denied with water Water Kan to ccc in saris forms, For 28 inhabitant of Aa Minor, especialy of he coat alot omnipresest. I iSaecesary for he support ie Hence ie mst be preset eve i hoe places where there no water awe ually know i aldough there ares Tower forms of hc Fart or sad, then st be capable a ving some of the functions of water mast be 4 dition of water, Some suc ‘rguments may bave Ted to the idenieation of the bask subwance wi Uhealeady wn erent wate (Gh Thi very simples let nave tory has many interesting ad surprising aspects Dicuing wll elm nto the very centre af the theory of knowedge. Til emerge hat Thales has nox nly succeeded in taking relatively new suggestions concerning the word een bat hr atau towards thee suggestions and indeed tarde any ‘bear reveals anew point of view concering the nate of owedge apd the heen of improvement. wil alo emerge that this pint of view ei some respects ery similar to the point of view adoped by the aes fenmalise of all ages up Yo and icing Eine This means of ‘oun, tat the dcsion of hae theory wil enable usin avery spe faion to evaluate the properties and the merit of what is oad alld the scenic method. Ths tthe, far from being seated to the flaboration of laboratory-matter involves an ate of erin tha is Applicable in alt domains of human Ie, scientific ot not and that is radially diferent frm the atte connected. wih many pla religious and phloeophical doctrine of today. Taal yt show what the (erences are, an salinity yt oninee you of herpes ‘ofthe cra atude ofthe Ionian. However, before doing thie T would Ike to draw your attention to some features of Thales theory which are shared both by sce theory and by mtologieal hemes of explana Yon, whose characer not ton wll understood by some comemporary etende of what they cll he sintie meth (6) To star ith de theory alta apis o every objet ana not oly toa selected roup of objects, I alent; that at only ‘ives sna ofthe properties ofthe objets considered, ba als rte fer he occurrence ofthese properties and fo their change The rtonle is that since water dhe basic rlstance, a abtance plainly eseatial or iet iso be expected that things will pear im een forms an that the ‘wold wil be favourable forthe development af eas The teary i “nmin for any person who bteres inthe exence ofa variety of Sebitances ad who ha uated hs bei Tasch angie that Bae ow become evident for hi 1 mtn to that comtadiesra ssoWiAGR, SCIENCE AND RELATICI eve the evidence af the sets, for we actully experience a tremendous Sariey of objets tubances proces ‘The serion that al his ic Insane nt ony ot spore by our means, is contradic ‘yet kt he ilernte been ental andy he In this rest ur theory iv wery diferent indeed rm empirical geteraleatons ouch a teal expand when ated According oa bait ‘ic sail widespread, tteent of hi ind i abained 0190 Ses, Trmey a callecn of wlevant ebveratons © fic nour ase desert the behaviour of iioal pieces of metal uaer varying teperatars ts) aston, by into, tom Oto general statement G which Sin our eave the uementthit metals expand when bated 1 do not Intend wo dics the present paper al he fate temps tha hve een ‘ae o js the teanstion fom © wo G. ALT wart o point out that the teasiion tobe jie it one fom an aserion O expresing ‘ucrational knowledge o 4 moe pretentious assertion which repeats O fart a gs Bnd I sti sep beyond” which mas general ater bios or a ret an cautious empiri and which, accord ing im, owed of joes. ‘Now for autos tpi of hit Kind, Tale’ hry would sem 10 bev worst nen iat te cdc fom ics mah hae 1 fly convadits tha evidence, Ke asete actual amity where there is tered are the prewence of water when ome uit dfleent materia it ‘herve It not oly ors hn experener, Bu oa experience It ‘nol therefore sem to bes paradigncase of undsipined spealation, {hat alleget ah-enemy of Good Sence The interesting hing however is {hat som siete throes, to, Ee rm repeating the evidence exiting proto their veto, actualy go aguns this vsdence. This a om Fring’ dadvanaage,A theory tit inconsistent with experince ~ and therloe an account of the world ha even Fom what i Staged bythe semuecs> ~ provider meant for iveiating no oxy Certain spectaie schemes but even oberon report, wbich ae ae {ML noe abolelytrstworhy. Sach a theory i cherefove a much beter insiraent of rica and improvement than i «theory that leaves ferything ati onthe obuertonal plane. Viewed i tis way some CGmemporary tees which pide hemscves the complete ager ent ith experimental see mat be regarded defestely lero wo ‘Tae ‘naive scheme of thew. This post wl be aborted ater ithe ree paper What I wanted to at he preven omen! was o prevent 2 remare condermatn the Presoratis om ‘epi grout (2) The theory of Thales shares important features both with certain religios doctrines, myths and with aburact weitere Ath Sich the various myttagal secon ofthe origin of he universe and tthe nature of pars explanatory Beng concen withthe ners ae 8 whole rather dh i aes hn wh terre af > 0 he petit ey? Wil ute wishes be meat pet Meek Whe proence of demoee Wil hs ot create ati fg {hacbyfarmrys what ne el cay on sar casos? Wi nt be saat mad tnt thre aly mo dition betwee pai scan De sen by al el vate thought thar acces w God iN onest oh? Wl is os aber ema hat the ition bene rg MMs imaeacon on tc one ste and elt on he er wl ese ep arduous an that ees il babe 1 e tte we somes ik yp esa ey? Moree, SUT TEsns tat enone he may ie et phenome ihe TENNEE ng tht once ugh ae fring made up fr on, ht Meath mowe nde he ntuence of agencirs aerent fom ote’ hte thas ens wonder exe the stage oh SESS tna uma beings woman, might be le station TREE Lamm wih demons weld ceo Bet be sme vey wEuTHy we ove asian prep desption of he onions ‘Sind tsa apscne af ay that ery eet fom ooh, Tess ein gent of te gan tt leary ppd wht ‘ave betes ws yi en thea wih ee eat be far mse coping thn te HY hnticated experimental results upon which modern science bases is sane t je cad iewed fom he backgosnd of the ose emp aves raping ser ded Ts ao th fa nto hat eet be someting an wath the as pour en that the “tee ewer aya andscetie tery Bes he fat a theta Levit i tea + or the prs ocd ih thee af cl ns obser cote ‘Tl of fot nec an npn of comes empl ees; fe Tales ccs of ean funeaion, nighmares shzopreia SSID We seem ob edo aia is consequence ha sete been de by some tinker ~ hat re Wo into a [eit hcee and mney perp te date cece the yh of ‘Signin sae hep como ed! Has sitivance whe place metal improvement? hee that weed athe directo eter atc without ay fund tin ests queen we al eamine neat” Moy qs cmee tha scene tia ich ax Newton's theory of rts nd Eoin’ hwy eer late aay reps Do afbembrcing mya schemes They temp del Uh Retin yar ina cosrtadu apd they prec 2 ‘incre af ncaa es hich lines whatever ia ‘Geipeemen ay ex eaween he hey andthe fats here ae mary eee Saris sucha thee of the esos a othe Maida reponse fr teaching he the theo) egos nse vrais cats ry to cine opening vrs either dosh Tice gr trough yesusson eo sient Jorma re Besa o Sarit ane 00st GB, sb papers which woul! atact the dpprotl of the scene Smut Seeietetboks ep te thames which are comm ‘cepted ae ony rly mening erate or wean oe ‘ura hore, na bok be pbb nthe ea fare my clea, olewor TS, Kuhn of the Unerty of Calor, hus Scoot my ramples which exhibit the conservation inherent a he scene emer sean the many snares wich exer beenen te communi ‘rat and egos cman: Hower dite all tse sey ‘pring sive whoveexblene Huy refer tonto the caren femal accounts of cece, there are eres whieh separ sh too Bes or at en shold separate ten, the cam fer Fatality Sa ‘pevmindedors jy ped oh ee ‘A wil be shown prove the dno is fn the peti atte ofthe people wo have accepted a myth o a cenit a ‘elas in cena pubis oh garth cet Thales and of histor ths dincon usenet. By a le i retained bythe snes ahh it mat beaded that et shenys dawn inlet fision ad Bence afieal ores We noe Turn to are dead dcason (10) The pchologial ate of thot believing in a myth can be staracterized as an atid fmt nd elt wep They ‘cles the ul and cannot psy be mile Hf wuble arsine Anempt tap to realy oro anders ality nt ter thet Shera weakness nt ofthe mth ul tae ofthe human bee eh Sse who lo eh ar mesa cone ono fa oc Se demande hes po Teil ae ata is very in support by cranes concerning the ‘the myth has been ge to mandy te gos oy we meno time long gone by wen the tach wat ill uconceled The manner of hing ln thre iy hte: te wa tan who understands an who there comple apes he pp i devoid of knowlege oat eso ant edge) He cape fing anything the acer ay He ne ec Tena comply fn Tha, of cour te pram ho he cn ly ap thing sas prexmied hin. The potien canoe atone SbariniBtw sal t del ee nthy) ve he method of enhing cored th eno the war pi ‘aonhips a method af idan A any geo the nde Son he progress oh pup may ened wth he he ofc of tas hove procedure i ido acne. The splendour fsa ‘equi wed in ode o create subse A es een ded by pothoogas and deeds mont neresing manne by arp sich al are extemely wel sited forse ping it heTi one imprtant pars ofthe aceped myth, They ae sock tat etherese ear and ep oa extent ha ifsc ay pose, they inter the doe afer the meat foc, when compete ‘td ts aten ver and whe he desire for elp wd underaning aermmne emer nis may vey tong pao oseetion 8 ‘tional beeen nes penal neds she cotent ofthe doce iy preaches hve lvoe aed the fear of efor the vey she uae isthe srmons rely caBlp Bring sop the age {tt ih the ers eed oe mors in Sir places which pom face woul! ee oe sources of progres sents atte to any erty courses proce matey Sgn tnt a ania deed et ot {tants cape fo independ tag ot theese! whi Be As Incred's doting, such amtery being regarded te ony eing of tapotance? Ise tht teh textbooks re omens ‘Slain tion wich sages that we Rae Bethel uth wish way perhaps ty moaed some cial dee but whose sk mea jn doe se ue ta at ast tome ples bath fren comes vewed wit upton oy een Woe, a8 ion and umarrntd diner of the peace tat flows the “ncnery ofthe tk? Are no many event at the univers designed 0 ‘Mite aod to tern the desire or scquing what being ofed iat Ourcotensporry sory ba inderd may cones tl wih Pee role of moral ideas inthe context of a myth of rates nee for ict hore tha spore etblited inthe os ae and the os leading inn There ae obs case were te commandments of Thea code are dnecy conned with he prstvation a te eit esac concerning the bebo toward the King o he bal ‘dc turing uv pntents ined fr vikaing the wal oder serfs ho shold be serve by the ea at thee ae “Te fom contemporary ot movant omy by hei content. {Tomunded that te Lng be revert Ailton of his commande seer wed; ts wont ian ofthe der of ate ‘Hla edo punto hr mann! sate tan ita oy a woup ov bya ina Thow mo act odes 10 eve the natura arer are ding 0 94 becase they ave deed in lou of ned soy and have aed on he measures neces 0 ‘ng abut uch cso cn eur only ae when ated not wseure toa ced sce) Th actions pen to he 0 ihe nia ro heb he le heya eee ctepomt frie The nin human epi ad te dain “Phu edo erespoing to ecosequny ach ested 1 2 fs age prof an concise, or ofthe una mid had ‘een no» mechan th werk sal forthe rset the sce.‘ mechani arctan the hae Kindo mai, eine ported, thy haan beta we allt ay Arguments eng to bolt erin No aerial sore han he aetccomthtngs tem oda bebe This plogee fon of el norms may be pesea ve in thas cue te oncom tree an erin hs torte ebiosA mora ce ich eat de pet aid tothe eal king ad nich Hees Tove who ase, with ‘enroute lat psa: Howerey, even an ede of se ch prima face ees to be dry cnet nth the mle ad the improve of buna beng an? wich rch to bow to creer ‘omieratons, may be noting but ee concealed temp eas {he mot noble fing fir the prerationofome mytologal po af tien A oud nation of ch done of humana seen the exten of wale ‘higher vale Awe spe may begin by Fein ot tht proper set sat be pid Yo man begs Fr ‘ample may bein by demand tat prope boule are ee tou This Wt sblesosimen nded bu all depends nw how he Amand is fare dele. Ase ts cnneted with stele Aherine or mul Tae cae our so mow ean ey the la af the lo Which wa? Thon le which are tag bya crease Tow ar hes lt be under? Thy ae fo be wero th wry the Church Fathers untod_ doe Cathleen ‘Who tnows the pin of th Chacha? The preset epee OF the Chars Quan ft nd ey revel thar We demand ake {fet at hing bt or he ha ep her teaching This how an aplaget e may be drs up as bing {ted upon humanitarian peice " Teistow ery 1 ee how ‘higher ales cae int exe. A peion ho interes the demand take are your sol fom ome and Inmet ihin, fr ean, who erp ea mening tht pope ‘Sve ander th proper nal ents ah et he Wisco be {rec wor slg, wal ofcourse nw sport tn my te may tof ea ser fr mankind may Bt ignorance, prey hap teste wil sl te of no te fo seaghenng the pth By dc Beoples tention away’ fom the myth he may be eves pate Shere The ht way toma rach «peo ito dred hin herding what he dong he mano ciate ponrty sed hanger this means he nt treed in he ow nd seed ps «human being hes erode materialist He wt so sli peje = tis sans he mst ink ery highly ew ileal bili, heFeohad r proecng sed efor the ost aba and inh ne i is system © ee eee ee Tt thon ar een the in of hier Nothing coud “edo a A. cn wry wll stan i on eat Petes atch yi ac en ele ean tebe Say ‘nue It bas therefore, something to offer. It has to offer truth, Bion in clace™ of slost every fc And this is done sa je by en Mi of Comin rie Wing an: "SRD Ae es PURE ei 9 an OWLEDGE werHaCT FavNParions « hate sae Now a ng as P is ot ren ois ater A wil ot ‘bein rubles However, ase tha Ps ery Kn hifi fapenive presents, & mow concerned abut hin welfare Lee O he he ‘description ofthis behaviour Does Oreite AH ned nt fe nal "ssnpion i made, B, tht people who hate when they are espe lowe el ity andy tale thei gi sings by enercompersation Far now a defender of A may sean follows: “Te bay present fr {ater he aways hangs aro him. Hw very sane, Why sould Bed sch thing? Does his now sbow that seething fying on? Anda ‘use, tow sry well wa ging on! He protesting oo meh be ‘vercompensates. But why should he overpass be fee quill? ‘And why shoud he el gully le there i some eas fora ti reason that he hates is abe, something {have pected al alae ook tthe stricture of his argument i propa O turns pad Aheeaens to rele A. Now Bis propo B gies new seco of O seconding to which © now sopprs rater than emiates A ‘Now consider a pa of sentence A and Bor the simple “eon onssing of A and’ BI this theory vulnerable ow cxpeences Al ‘kependsom how the hypothess Bis utr explained. Ie may se that overconpensation has cera conte, Bt. which ae eiflveat, from An thieate A & Bentalsa & Bey. and maybe eluted by oa (prided one des not arenpt to rae Bby proporing another hyped ‘iC, whch turns 7a ino comfrning evidence for By The theary A B then not sboltey ceria, may ra ni trouble Bat ase hat A, {he assumption reached by Bi yearded av Bs only consequence faa from ©), This need ot be immediatly eden I wil non be Bk onneted with oer statements hh then in varios steps lea! ack ‘A. However that maybe, tbe situation iow allows: Phan’ aly {omar his father then A wil abvionaly be spported. Ie behaves wel Ben A illo be supported because of B. The eastence o Blea to fasher pedtons, hence A & Bi sale sdatew hans (wheter he chase well does at behave wel eA Bis eset te ‘seal ee that his abot rath xe ote way in which A ad Bare tele to each other Whenever A get nt srouble B comes tothe rescue: Bam the other hap canoe get it rouble atx eomnevted with ‘only and his statement eanor gent rouble Ba itis als lest ae ea and Back tern at foo, Aas ead aon 'B may be formulated in a manner which lend o prediions te than hore made by Ain this eae A&B ray well be rele hy Rather What we have areived a no isan extemely important rele shows hat the certainty poses by theory i entity man made i de ‘he way in which the pan ofa theory have beefed o achat