Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, Vol.

8, Issue 3, September 2010, 331–370

Ostracods (Crustacea) through the Permian-Triassic boundary in South China:

the Meishan stratotype (Zhejiang Province)
Sylvie Crasquina∗, Marie-Béatrice Forelb, Feng Qinglaic, Yuan Aihuac, François Baudinb and Pierre-Yves Collinb
a
CNRS, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR 7207 CR2P, Laboratoire de Micropaléontologie, T.46-56, E.5, case 104, 75252 Paris Cedex 05,
France; bUPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS—UMR 7207 CR2P, Laboratoire de Micropaléontologie, T.46-56, E.5, case 104, 75252 Paris
Cedex 05, France; cState Key Laboratory of Geo-Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074,
P. R. China
(Received 6 April 2009; accepted 10 March 2010)

The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Permian–Triassic boundary, located in Meishan, Zhejiang Province,
South China, was sampled bed-by-bed for ostracods. Ninety-eight species belonging to forty-three genera are recognized.
Twenty-five new species are described and figured: Bairdia bassoni Crasquin sp. nov., B. broutini Crasquin sp. nov., B.
deweveri Crasquin sp. nov., B. fangnianqiaoi Crasquin sp. nov., B. gaelleae Crasquin sp. nov., B. limatusformis Forel sp.
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nov., B. paussi Crasquin sp. nov., B. pierrevalentini Crasquin sp. nov., B. wushunbaoi Crasquin sp. nov., Baschkirina ballei
Crasquin sp. nov., B. huzhouensis Forel sp. nov., Basslerella annesophieae Crasquin sp. nov., Hollinella martensiformis
Crasquin sp. nov., Kempfina taihuensis Forel sp. nov., Knightina hongfui Crasquin sp. nov., Liuzhinia praeantalyaensis
Forel sp. nov., Microcheilinella rectodorsata Forel sp. nov., M. shicheni Crasquin sp. nov., M.? multinodosa Forel sp. nov.,
Orthobairdia lemairei Crasquin sp. nov., Paraparchites chenshii Crasquin sp. nov., Praezabythocypris? pulchraformis Forel
sp. nov., Samarella meishanella Forel sp. nov., S. victori Crasquin sp. nov., and Silenites? zhejiangensis Forel sp. nov. One
new genus name is proposed: Kempfina Crasquin nom. nov. The stratigraphic distribution of all the species is given. Ostracod
biodiversity variations are analyzed through the section. The main drop is recorded in bed 22, occurring a little earlier in
ostracods than in foraminifers, corals and brachiopods. The decline in ostracod diversity is more progressive than in the
other groups. Variations in ostracod biodiversity during the Changhsingian are related to fluctuations in palaeoenvironmental
conditions.
Keywords: Ostracoda; taxonomy; Permian–Triassic boundary; Meishan stratotype

Introduction 2001). Figure 2 summarizes the section and the location of

The GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) of the
Permian–Triassic boundary (PTB) is located at Meishan,
Zhejiang Province, South-East China (Fig. 1). As the inter-
national reference for the Palaeozoic–Mesozoic boundary
(Yin et al. 2001), this section has been intensively studied
palaeontologically, sedimentologically and geochemically
(Yin et al. 1994, 2001, 2007 and references herein). The
ostracods were studied by Shi & Chen (1987). The present
paper is the result of new investigations in the Meishan
section using modern processing methods and an up to date
revision of the material in the light of recent works on PTB
ostracods.
Geological setting
It is not the goal of this paper to describe the Meishan
section in detail as this was done by Yin et al. (1994, 1996,
the processed samples. The lower part was sampled at Meis-
han D section (stratotype section), the upper part (protected
in D section) at Meishan A section, 200 m to the west.
Material and methods
Seventy samples spanning the Permian–Triassic boundary
were processed by hot acetolysis (Lethiers & Crasquin-
Soleau 1988; Crasquin-Soleau et al. 2005), which allows
the extraction of calcareous ostracod tests contained in
calcareous rocks. Forty-three samples yielded ostracods,
four with undeterminable material. A little more than 8100
specimens were isolated. Ninety-eight species belonging
to forty-four genera are identified and figured. Twenty-
five species are new and described here. Nearly all the
specimens are represented by closed complete carapaces,
precluding the observation of internal characters (hinge and
muscle scars). This lack of information leads often to uncer-
tainties in systematic attributions. For the Bairdiiadae in

∗
Corresponding author. Email: sylvie.crasquin@upmc.fr
ISSN 1477-2019 print / 1478-0941 online
Copyright ⃝
C 2010 The Natural History Museum
DOI: 10.1080/14772011003784992
http://www.informaworld.com
 332
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Figure 1. Location of the Meishan section (after Yin et al. 2001). In the lower map, the star represents the location of section D, the GSSP.
particular, the only usable characters are the lateral and
dorsal outlines.
All specimens are deposited in the collections of the
Pierre et Marie Curie University (Paris, France) (numbers:
P6M xx).
Systematic Palaeontology (SC and MBF)
For all new species a full description is given. For other
species only the synonymy and occurrence are specified.
Dimensions refer only to specimens studied by the authors.
We follow the systematic classification of Moore (1961)
and Lethiers (1981).
Abbreviations: L, length; H, height; W, width; AB, ante-
rior border; VB, ventral border; PB, posterior border; DB,
dorsal border; LV, left valve; RV, right valve.
Class Ostracoda Latreille, 1806
Subclass Podocopa Müller, 1894
Order Palaeocopida Henningsmoen, 1953
S. Crasquin et al.
Suborder Beyrichicopina Scott, 1961
Superfamily Oepilelloidea Jaanusson, 1957
Family Aparchitidae Jones, 1901
Genus Cyathus Roth & Skinner, 1930
Cyathus caperata (Guan, 1978)
(Fig. 3A-D)
1978 Sinocoelonella caperata Guan in Guan et al.: 149, pl.
37, fig. 17, pl. 38, fig. 1.
1986 Cyathus caperatus (Guan); Chen & Bao: 111, pl. 4,
fig. 3.
1987 Cyathus caperata (Guan); Shi & Chen: 32, pl. 10, figs
10–18.
2009 Cyathus caperata (Guan, 1978); Yuan et al.: pl. 1, fig.
15.
Occurrence. Wugang, Hunan Province, Early Permian
(Guan et al. 1978). Saiwa section, Guizhou Province, Late
Permian (Yuan et al. 2009). Meishan section, Baoqing and
Meishan members (Shi & Chen 1987); beds 11, 15, 16,
 Ostracods from South China: the Meishan stratotype 333

Thickness
Lit host rat igraphy

Fo r m a t i o n
A ge ( Ma)
Bed Samples

m
S t age

Thickness
Member
04A30-γ
Bed Samples

m
39 0.32 Si 04A39
L. 38 0.33
Early Triassic

Si Si 04A38
37 0.14
Yinkeng Fm

36 0.17 04A36
Griesbachian

Gr ies bac hian ( E ar ly I nduan)

35 0.16
34 0.25 04A34 30 0 .4 5 04A30-β
33 0.28 04A33

E a r ly Tr ia s s ic
04A32
32 0.14
31 0.21 04A31

Yinkeng For mat ion

29-30
E. 27-28
250.0 26
04A30-α
25
24
04C23-2
23 1.30 04C23-1 b 0 .1 0
04C22-1
04C22-2 29
22 2.07 04C22-3 04A29
a 0 .1 0
Me is h an Member

04C22-4
Si 04C22-5
21 1.17 Si 04C21-1 28 0 .0 4 04A28
Si 04C21-2
d 0 .0 4 04A27-d
Permian

20 1.20 04C20
04C20-1
c 0 .0 4 04A27-c
Si
04C19-1 27
b 0 .0 4 04A27-b
04A27-a.b
Si 04C19-2 a 0 .0 4 04A27-a
19 4.30 04C19-3
26 0 .0 6 04A26
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Si 04C19-4
25 0 .0 5 04A25
18 0.40 04C18
252.5 17 0.09 e
04C16-1 e 0 .1 0 e e 04A24-3
e
04C16-2 e e
16 4.10 e
e e
Ch a n g xin g Fo r ma tio n

04C16-3 Si
04C16-4
Late

L a t e Pe r m i a n

e e
Ch a n g h sin g ia n

Ch a n g h sin g ia n
04C15-1
Ch a n g xi n g Fo r ma tio n e
04C15-2 d 0 .3 9 e e
15 4.00 e
Si
24
e
04C14-1
04C14-2 e
14 1.53 Si Si
Si
e
B a o q in g Me mb e r

Si 04C13-1
04C13-2 e e
13b 3.20 c 0 .1 7 e 04A24-2
04C13-3
e e
04C13-4 e
Si 04C13-5 e e
Si
13a 1.83 Si 04C13-6 b 0 .1 1 e 04A24-1
Si 04C13-7 Si
Si e
04D12-1
12 1.93 Si Si e
Si 04D12-2 a 0 .1 0
Si 04D12-1 Si
Si
Si 04D11-1

Si
11 3.87 04D11-2

Si
04D11-3
Nautiloids Clay
Si Si 04D10
10 0.93
Ammonoids Calcareous mudrock
04D9-1

9 2.83 Brachiopods Marl

04D9-2 Algae Argillaceous micrite

04D8-1
04D8-2 Conodonts Micrite
8 1.67
04D6 Foraminifers Si Silice
6-7 0.96
04D5-1 e Bioclast
Bivalves
5 1.80 Zircon
04D5-2
Fusulinids Microspherules
04D4-1
4b 1.70 Spicules Horizontal bedding
04D4-2
4a 0.90 Gastropods Wavy bedding
04D3
2-3 1.10 04D2
255.0 Fish fossils Convolute bedding
Wuc.

L 1

Figure 2. Meishan section with location of the studied samples (after Yin et al. 1994, 2001).
 334 S. Crasquin et al.
19, 21 and 22 (see Supplementary Material), Baoqing and
Meishan members, Changxing Formation, Changhsingian,
Late Permian.
Cyathus elliptica Shi, 1987
(Fig. 3E-H)
1987 Cyathus elliptica Shi in Shi & Chen: 32, pl. 10, figs
20–23, pl. 17, figs 5, 6.
Occurrence. Meishan section, Baoqing and Meishan
members (Shi & Chen 1987); beds 4, 5, 13, 14, 15, 16,
19, 21 to 22 (see Supplementary Material), Baoqing and
Meishan members, Changxing Formation, Changhsingian,
Late Permian.
Superfamily Kirkbyoidea Ulrich & Bassler, 1906
Family Kirkbyidae Ulrich & Bassler, 1906
Genus Knightina Kellett, 1933
Knightina hongfui Crasquin sp. nov.
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(Fig. 3R-U)
Diagnosis. Knightina with large PB; kirkbyan pit round;
AB subvertical; postero-ventral border underlined by a thin
ridge; thin ridge on shoulders.
Material. Holotype: P6M2368, one complete carapace
(Fig. 3T), bed 22. Paratypes: P6M2366, one complete cara-
pace (Fig. 3R), bed 22; P6M2367, one complete carapace
(Fig. 3S), bed 22. All from the Meishan section, Changxing
Formation, Meishan Member, Late Permian. Six complete
carapaces and seven broken carapaces.
Occurrence. Meishan section, beds 13, 14, 15, 21 and
22 (see Supplementary Material), Baoqing and Meis-
han members, Changxing Formation, Changhsingian, Late
Permian.
Description. Subrectangular carapace; radius of curvature
of PB smaller than AB; DB long and straight; AB with
large radius of curvature, nearly vertical, maximum curva-
ture located between mid and upper third of height; VB
long and straight; maximum height located at anterior third
of length; PB with maximum of curvature located at the
upper third of height; two shoulders with the posterior one
more developed; presence of a thin ridge on the upper part
of the shoulders; free margins underlined by a fold with-
out reticulation and with a small ridge in posteroventral
part; kirbkyan pit quite round and located at mid height
and mid length; surface shows a strong and wide-meshed
reticulation; reticulation present on all the carapace except
the free margin ridge; LV overlaps RV on all free margins;
0.54<H/L<0.58.
Dimensions. For complete carapaces L = 417–811 µm; H
= 247–444 µm.
Etymology. Dedicated to Prof. Yin Hongfu, China Univer-
sity of Geosciences, Wuhan, China, investigator of the
Meishan stratotype.
Remarks. Knightina hongfui sp. nov. differs from K.
hungarica Kozur, 1985 (see below), from the Wuchiapin-
gian and Changhsingian of Hungary and South China, in its
larger PB, postero-ventral ridge, round kirkbyan pit, large
and subvertical AB, and thin ridge on the upper part of the
lobes.
Knightina hungarica Kozur, 1985
(Fig. 3O, P)
1985 Knightina hungarica Kozur: 26, pl. 6, figs 9, 12.
Occurrence. Bükk Mountains, Hungary, Wuchiapingian
(Abadehian), early Late Permian. Meishan section, bed 22
(see Supplementary Material), Meishan Member, Changx-
ing Formation, Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Knightina bullaensis Crasquin, 2008
(Fig. 3V)
2008 Knightina bullaensis Crasquin in Crasquin et al.: 244,
pl. 1, figs 16, 17.
Occurrence. Bulla section, Dolomites, Italy, Bellerophon
Formation, Changhsingian, Late Permian. Meishan section,
bed 22 (see Supplementary Material), Meishan Member,
Changxing Formation, Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Knightina sp. A
(Fig. 3W)
Occurrence. Meishan section, beds 15? and 22 (see
Supplementary Material), Baoqing and Meishan members,
Changxing Formation, Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Knightina sp. B
(Fig. 3N)
Occurrence. Meishan section, bed 29 (see Supplementary
Material), Yinkeng Formation, Griesbachian, Early Trias-
sic.
Genus Shleesha Sohn, 1961
Shleesha sullivanensis (Payne, 1937) sensu Shi & Chen,
2002
(Fig. 3X)
2002 Shleesha sullivanensis (Payne); Shi & Chen: 59, pl.
1, fig. 9.
Remarks. The specimen figured here belongs to the
species described by Shi & Chen (2002). However, this
species is not Shleesha sullivanensis (Payne), originally
described from the Middle Pennsylvanian of Indiana, USA.
The specimens from Central Guangxi (Shi & Chen 2002)
 Ostracods from South China: the Meishan stratotype 335
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Figure 3. Ostracods from the Meishan section, southern China. A-D, Cyathus caperata (Guan, 1978); A, right lateral view of a complete
carapace, P6M2349; B, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2350; C, dorsal view of a complete carapace, P6M2351; D, ventral
view of a complete carapace, P6M2352. E-H, Cyathus elliptica Shi, 1987; E, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2353; F,
left lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2354; G, left lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2355; H, dorsal view of a complete
carapace, P6M2356. I, J, Knoxiella infirma Shi, 1982; I, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2357; J, left lateral view of a
complete carapace, P6M2358. K, Indivisia sp. 1, left lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2359. L, Indivisia symmetrica Kozur, 1985,
left lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2360. M, Indivisia cf. buekkensis Kozur, 1985, left lateral view of a complete carapace,
P6M2361. N, Knightina sp. B, left lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2362. O, P, Knightina hungarica Kozur, 1985; O, left lateral
view of a complete carapace, P6M2363; P, left lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2364. Q, Triassocythere cf. prisca Kozur, 1985,
left lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2365. R-U, Knightina hongfui Crasquin sp. nov.; R, paratype, left lateral view of a complete
carapace, P6M2366; S, paratype, left lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2367; T, holotype, left lateral view of a complete carapace,
P6M2368; U, left lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2369. V, Knightina bullaensis Crasquin, 2008, right lateral view of a complete
carapace, P6M2370. W, Knightina sp. A, left lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2371. X, Shleesha sullivanensis (Payne, 1937)
sensu Shi & Chen, 2002, left lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2372. Y, Shleesha sp.1, left lateral view of a complete carapace,
P6M2373. Scale bars represent 100 µm.
 336 S. Crasquin et al.
and from Zhejiang (this work) are more elongated, have a
smaller PB, and have no ridge in posteroventral part. They
surely belong to a new species but for the time being we do
not have enough material to establish this formally.
Occurrence. Matan section, Central Guangxi, Wuchiapin-
gian (Shi & Chen 2002). Meishan section, bed 15 (see
Supplementary Material), Baoqing Member, Changxing
Formation, Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Shleesha sp. 1
(Fig. 3Y)
Occurrence. Meishan section, bed 11 (see Supplemen-
tary Material), Baoqing Member, Changxing Formation,
Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Genus Aurikirkbya Sohn, 1950
?Aurikirkbya alta Shi, 1982
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(Fig. 4C)
1982 Aurikirkbya alta Shi in Chen & Shi: 111, pl. 1, figs
9–14.
1987 Aurikirkbya alta Shi; Shi & Chen: 30, pl. 10, fig. 1.
Occurrence. Meishan section, bed 14 (see Supplemen-
tary Material), Baoqing Member, Changxing Formation,
Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Remarks. The question mark over the specific attribution
is related to the fact that the carapace of the available spec-
imen is broken.
Superfamily Hollinoidea Swartz, 1936
Family Hollinellidae Bless & Jordan, 1971
Genus Hollinella Coryell, 1928
Hollinella martensiformis Crasquin sp. nov.
(Fig. 4D-F)
1987 Hollinella tingi (Patte); Shi & Chen: 30, pl. 16, figs
2, 4.
Diagnosis. Hollinella with accurate cardinal angles, frill
formed of a row of small tubercles and lobes poorly marked.
Material. Holotype: P6M2381, one complete carapace
(Fig. 4F), bed 21, Meishan Member. Paratype: P6M2379,
one complete carapace (Fig. 4D), bed 22, Meishan Member.
All from Meishan section, Changxing Formation, Late
Permian. Six complete carapaces.
Occurrence. Meishan section, Baoqing Member, Changx-
ing Formation (Shi & Chen 1987), beds 19, 21 and 22 (see
Supplementary Material), Meishan Member; Changhsin-
gian, Late Permian.
Description. Carapace with long straight DB; cardinal
angles clear: both 110◦ to 120◦ ; AB with large radius
curvature, maximum curvature located a little above mid
height; VB regularly arched with maximum height located
in front of mid length; PB with small radius of curva-
ture, with maximum of curvature located close to DB; frill
composed of a row of individualised tubercles regularly
spaced; L1 and S1 observable only in the large specimens
(Fig. 4F); L2 located in front of mid length and in the
upper quarter of height; S2 located not below mid height;
L3 poorly expressed in small forms, going over hinge line
in the greatest specimens; maximum of thickness at mid
length; surface could be reticulated (observed only on one
specimen).
Dimensions. H: 290–567 µm; L: 515–936 µm.
Etymology. From the similarity with Hollinella martensi
Crasquin-Soleau, 1999 (in Crasquin-Soleau et al. 1999).
Remarks. Hollinella martensiformis sp. nov. is very simi-
lar to H. martensi Crasquin-Soleau, 1999 from the Early
Wordian (Middle Permian) of the Sultanate of Oman
(Crasquin-Soleau et al. 1999). The two species have the
same row of tubercles which follows the free margins.
However, H. martensiformis sp. nov. has more marked
cardinal angles, the lobes are less expressed, and there are
no distinct tubercles on the lobes. The second row of tuber-
cles is absent.
Superfamily Youngielloidea Kellett, 1933
Family Youngiellidae Kellett, 1933
Genus Permoyoungiella Kozur, 1985
Permoyoungiella bogschi Kozur, 1985
(Fig. 4G, H)
1985 Permoyoungiella bogschi Kozur: 44, pl. 9, figs 9–13.
2004 Permoyoungiella bogschi Kozur; Crasquin-Soleau
et al.: 285, pl. 1, fig. 19.
Occurrence. Wuchiapingian, Bükk Mountains, Hungary
(Kozur 1985). Çürük Dağ section, Western Taurus Turkey,
Wordian (Crasquin-Soleau et al. 2004). Meishan section,
beds 16 and 19 (see Supplementary Material), Changxing
Formation, Baoqing and Meishan members, Changhsin-
gian, Late Permian.
Suborder Kloedenellocopina Scott, 1961
Superfamily Kloedenelloidea Ulrich & Bassler, 1908
Family Knoxitidae Egorov, 1950
Genus Knoxiella Egorov, 1950
Knoxiella infirma Shi, 1982
(Fig. 3I, J)
1982 Knoxiella infirma Shi in Chen & Shi: 115, pl. 1, figs
15–21.
 Ostracods from South China: the Meishan stratotype 337
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Figure 4. Ostracods from the Meishan section, southern China. A, B, Langdaia cf. laolongdongensis Crasquin-Soleau & Kershaw, 2005;
A, left lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2374; B, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2375; C, ?Aurikirkbya alta
Shi, 1982, lateral view of a broken valve, P6M2376. D-F, Hollinella martensiformis Crasquin sp. nov.; D, paratype, left lateral view of a
complete carapace, P6M2379; E, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2380; F, holotype, left lateral view of a complete carapace,
P6M2381. G, H, Permoyoungiella bogschi Kozur, 1985; G, left lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2377; H, left lateral view of a
complete carapace, P6M2378. I, J, Mennerella sp. sensu Shi & Chen, 1987; I, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2382; J, left
lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2383. K, L, Shemonaella sp.1; K, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2384; L, left
lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2385. M-S, Paraparchites chenshii Crasquin sp. nov.; M, left lateral view of a complete carapace,
P6M2386; N, left lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2387; O, paratype, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2388; P,
holotype, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2389; Q, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2390; R, paratype, right
lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2391; S, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2392. T-X, Samarella victori Crasquin
sp. nov.; T, holotype, left lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2393; U, paratype, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2394;
V, paratype, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2395; W, left lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2393; X, dorsal view
of a complete carapace, P6M2397. Y-A’, Samarella meishanella Forel sp. nov.; Y, paratype, right lateral view of a complete carapace,
P6M2398; Z, left lateral view of a left valve, P6M2399; A’, holotype, left lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2400. B’, C’, Polycope?
sp.; B’, lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M 2401; C’, lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M 2402. D’, E’, ?Pseudorayella
hungarica Kozur, 1985; D’, left lateral view of a left valve, P6M2403; E’, left lateral view of a left valve, P6M2404. F’, G’, Healdiacypris?
sp.; F’, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2405; G’, dorsal view of a complete carapace, P6M2406. Scale bars are 100 µm.
 338
1987 Knoxiella infirma Shi; Shi & Chen: 33, pl. 16, figs
6–11.
Occurrence. Mianyang borehole, Hubei Province (Chen
& Shi 1982), Late Permian. Meishan section, beds 35, 36,
39, Baoqing Member (Shi & Chen 1987); bed 21, Meis-
han Member, Changxing Formation, Changhsingian, Late
Permian (see Supplementary Material).
Genus Langdaia Wang, 1978
Langdaia cf. laolongdongensis Crasquin-Soleau &
Kershaw, 2005
(Fig. 4A, B)
cf. 2005 Langdaia laologdongensis Crasquin-Soleau &
Kershaw: 135, pl. 2, figs 7–12.
Remarks. The specimens from Meishan are comparable
to L. laolongdongensis Crasquin-Soleau & Kershaw, 2005
from the Early Triassic of Sichuan (South China) but the
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anterior cardinal angle is more acute and the carapace more
rectangular.
Occurrence. Meishan section, beds 21 and 22 (see Supple-
mentary Material), Meishan Member, Changxing Forma-
tion, Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Family Indivisiidae Egorov, 1954
Genus Indivisia Zaspelova, 1954
Indivisia symmetrica Kozur, 1985
(Fig. 3L)
1985 Indivisia symmetrica Kozur: 19, pl. 4, figs 7, 8.
Occurrence. Bükk Mountains, Hungary, Late Permian.
Meishan section, bed 5 (see Supplementary Material),
Baoqing Member, Changxing Formation, Changhsingian,
Late Permian.
Indivisia cf. buekkensis Kozur, 1985
(Fig. 3M)
cf. 1985 Indivisia buekkensis Kozur: 18, pl. 4, figs 1–3.
Occurrence. Meishan section, bed 11 (see Supplemen-
tary Material), Baoqing Member, Changxing Formation,
Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Indivisia sp.1
(Fig. 3K)
Occurrence. Meishan section, bed 21 (see Supplemen-
tary Material), Meishan Member, Changxing Formation,
Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Family Beyrichiopsidae Henningsmoen, 1953
Genus Mennerella Egorov, 1950
Mennerella sp. sensu Shi & Chen, 1987
(Fig. 4I, J)
S. Crasquin et al.
1987 Mennerella sp.; Shi & Chen: 34, pl. 19, figs 4–7.
Occurrence. Meishan section, beds 13, 21 and 22,
Baoqing and Meishan members, Changxing Formation,
Changhsingian, Late Permian (see Supplementary Mate-
rial).
Order Palaeocopida Henningsmoen, 1953?
Superfamily Paraparchitidea Scott, 1959 emend. Sohn,
1971
Family Paraparchitidae Scott, 1959
Genus Paraparchites Ulrich & Bassler, 1906 emend.
Scott, 1959
Paraparchites chenshii Crasquin sp. nov.
(Fig. 4M-S)
1982 Paraparchites kansasensis Harris & Lalicker; Chen
& Shi: 116, pl. 3, figs 1–3.
1987 Paraparchites kansasensis Harris & Lalicker; Shi &
Chen: 34, pl. 11, figs 1–4.
2002 Paraparchites kansasensis Harris & Lalicker; Shi &
Chen: 62, pl. 1, figs 26–30.
Diagnosis. Paraparchites with subrectangular carapace for
adult stage, H/L ratio high and posterior part of DB gently
convex.
Material. Holotype: P6M2389, one complete carapace
(Fig. 4P), bed 22. Paratypes: P6M2388, complete carapace
(Fig. 4O), P6M91, complete carapace (Fig. 4R), both bed
21. All from Meishan section, Meishan Member, Changx-
ing Formation, Late Permian. Eleven complete carapaces.
Occurrence. Pingding section, Central Guangxi, Wuchi-
apingian (Shi & Chen 2002). Wantong section, Jiangsu,
Mianyang, Hubei (Chen & Shi 1982). Meishan section,
Changxing Formation, beds 34 and 42, Baoqing Member
(Shi & Chen 1987), beds 4, 21 and 22, Baoqing and Meis-
han members, Changxing Formation, Changhsingian, Late
Permian (see Supplementary Material).
Description. Carapace subrectangular in the adult stage;
0.72<H/L<0.80; DB long and arched in the posterior half;
AB with large radius of curvature, with maximum curva-
ture at mid height or just below; VB straight and long,
quite parallel to DB at the adults (Fig. 4Q-S), at the larvae,
slopes of DB and VB make an angle of 15–20◦ ; PB with
large radius of curvature, quite equal to AB for adults;
LV overlaps RV all around free margins; carapace slightly
compressed laterally on free margins particularly on AB
and PB; surface smooth.
Dimensions. H: 250–929 µm; L: 377–1200 µm.
Etymology. Dedicated to Drs Chen Deqiong and Shi
Congguang of the Nanjing Institute of Geology and
 Ostracods from South China: the Meishan stratotype
Palaeontology who have described numerous ostracods
from the Permian–Triassic boundary in China.
Remarks. In the Chinese literature (Chen & Shi 1982; Shi
& Chen 1982, 2002), the specimens described here are iden-
tified as Paraparchites kansasensis Harris & Lalicker, 1932,
which was originally described from the Early Permian of
Kansas. Although both species have an adult rectangular
carapace in lateral view, P. chenshii sp. nov. has a greater
H/L ratio and the PB is only arched in its posterior part.
We have a complete series of growth stages showing that
the PB radius of curvature increases with the size of the
carapace.
Genus Shemonaella Sohn, 1971
Shemonaella sp.1
(Fig. 4K, L)
Occurrence. Meishan section, beds 11 and 13 (see Supple-
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mentary Material), Baoqing Member, Changxing Forma-
tion, Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Genus Samarella Polenova, 1952
Samarella victori Crasquin sp. nov.
(Fig. 4T-X)
Diagnosis. Samarella with quite circular carapace in
lateral view.
Material. Holotype: P6M2393, one complete carapace
(Fig. 4T), bed 22, Meishan Member. Paratypes: two
complete carapaces: P6M2394 (Fig. 4U), bed 22, Meishan
Member; P6M 2395 (Fig. 4V), bed 16, Baoqing Member.
All from Meishan section, Changxing Formation, Late
Permian. Eighteen complete carapaces and ten broken cara-
paces.
Occurrence. Meishan section, beds 4, 11, 13, 16, 19, 22
and 23 (see Supplementary Material), Baoqing and Meis-
han Members, Changxing Formation; Changhsingian, Late
Permian.
Description. Carapace subcircular in lateral view; DB
short, straight at LV and curved at RV (DB overlaps hinge
line at RV) with maximum of curvature at or a little in front
of mid length of hinge line; AB quite equivalent to PB,
radius of curvature of PB could be a little smaller; carapace
amplete; LV overlaps RV all around free margins; dorsal
view biconvex; hinge line straight.
Dimensions. H: 285–448 µm; L: 335–533 µm (see
Fig. 5).
Etymology. Dedicated to Victor Soleau.
339
500
450
Height in µm
400
350
300
250
300 400 500 600
Length in µm
Figure 5. Height/Length (H/L) diagram of Samarella victori
Crasquin sp. nov.
Remarks. Samarella victori sp. nov. is close to
Chamishaella brosgei Sohn, 1971 from the Late Missis-
sippian (Early Carboniferous) of Alaska in general outline
but the latter species has a smaller H/L ratio. The differ-
ences between the two genera are not clear. Sohn (1960)
attributed the genus Samarella Polenova to Rishonidae and
erected the genus Chamishaella in the Paraparchitidae in
1971 with quite the same characters. Here, we follow the
classification of Moore (1961) and use the genus Samarella,
which was described first.
Samarella meishanella Forel sp. nov.
(Fig. 4Y-A’)
1982 Paraparchites texanus Delo; Chen & Shi: 117, pl. 3,
figs 9–11.
1987 Paraparchites texanus Delo; Shi & Chen: 35, pl. 11,
figs 5–12.
2002 Paraparchites subrotundus (Ulrich); Shi & Chen: 62,
pl. 1, figs 31–33.
Diagnosis. Samarella with relatively high and subcircular
carapace outline (0.71<H/L<0.83), AB and PB equivalent
in radius of curvature, dorsal shoulder in front of mid-length
of hinge line.
Material. Holotype: P6M2400, one complete carapace
(Fig. 4A’), bed 22. Paratype: P6M2398, one complete cara-
pace (Fig. 4Y), bed 22. All from Meishan section, Changx-
ing Formation, Meishan Member, Late Permian. Sixteen
complete carapaces and three broken carapaces.
Occurrence. Matan and Pingding sections, Central
Guangxi, Wuchiapingian (Shi & Chen 2002). Mianyang
section, Hubei (Chen & Shi 1982). Meishan section,
Changxing Formation, Baoqing Member (Shi & Chen
1987), beds 11, 13, 15, 21, 22 (see Supplementary Mate-
rial), Baoqing and Meishan members; Changhsingian, Late
Permian.
 340
450
400
Height in µm
350
300
250
200
300 350 400 450 500 550
Length in µm
Figure 6. Height/Length (H/L) diagram of Samarella meis-
hanella Forel sp. nov.
Description. Carapace relatively high for the genus
(0.71<H/L<0.83), subcircular in lateral outline; AB with
large radius of curvature with maximum of convexity
located above mid height; VB regularly rounded; LV over-
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laps RV all around free margins with maximum in ventral
part of the carapace; overlapping sizeable; maximum of
height located near mid length; PB with large radius of
curvature, quite equivalent to AB; DB straight at RV and
arched at LV, getting past hinge line; maximum DB curva-
ture is located in front mid length; carapace thick, with
maximum of thickness located around mid length.
Dimensions. H: 250–423 µm; L: 327–561 µm (see Fig.
6).
Etymology. From the town of Meishan, the type locality.
Remarks. Compared with this new species, Paraparchites
texanus Delo, 1930 from the Permian of Texas has an
amplete carapace with maximum height located at the ante-
rior cardinal angle and does not show overlap reversal. Para-
parchites subrotundus (Ulrich, 1891) from the Devonian of
Ohio has the reversal of overlap but the carapace is longer
(H ≈ L/2) and amplete.
Order Podocopida Müller, 1894
Suborder Bairdiocopina Sars, 1887
Superfamily Bairdioidea Sars, 1887
Family Bairdiidae Sars, 1887
Genus Bairdia McCoy, 1844
Bairdia bassoni Crasquin sp. nov.
(Fig. 7Y-Z, C’-F’)
1982 Bairdia radlerae Kellett; Chen & Shi: 121, pl. 4, figs
9, 10, pl. 5, figs 16.
1987 Cryptobairdia cf. compacta (Geis); Shi & Chen: 44,
pl. 5, fig. 1.
Diagnosis. Bairdioid species with regularly arched DB,
maximum height located at mid-length; extremities
compressed laterally.
S. Crasquin et al.
Material. Holotype: P6M2557, one complete carapace
(Fig. 7D’), bed 23. Paratype: P6M2554, one complete
carapace (Fig. 7Y), bed 22. Both from Meishan section,
Changxing Formation, Meishan Member, Late Permian.
Seventeen complete carapaces.
Occurrence. Mianyang section, Hubei Province, latest
Permian (Chen & Shi 1982). Meishan section, Meis-
600 han Member (Shi & Chen 1987), beds ?15, 19, ?21, 22
and 23 (Supplementary Material), Baoqing? and Meis-
han members, Changxing Formation, Changhsingian, Late
Permian.
Description. Bairdioid with huge carapace; all dorsal parts
regularly arched; DB of LV regularly arched; DB of RV
nearly straight to slightly arched; AB with radius of curva-
ture quite large, with maximum of convexity located below
mid-height; VB nearly straight; PB with bairdiid beak
poorly expressed and maximum of convexity located near
lower third of length; maximum of height located at mid-
length; H/L = 0.65; extremities compressed laterally; over-
lapping well expressed along dorsal parts of the carapace;
ornamentation is observable on some specimens: reticula-
tion (Fig. 7Y) or small nodes in PV part of the carapace
(Fig. 7E’).
Dimensions. L: 435–900 µm; H: 290–563 µm (see Fig.
8).
Etymology. Dedicated to Benjamin Basson.
Remarks. This species is characterized by high variability,
with all transitional forms. Particularly, the shape of DB
of RV can be straight to convex, and the overlap, always
present on dorsal parts of the carapace, can be more or less
important.
Bairdia bassoni sp. nov. differs from B. ortiseiensis
Crasquin, 2008 (Late Changhsingian of Bulla section,
Southern Alps, Italy; Crasquin et al. 2008) by its dorsal
shape which is more rounded and shows at the AB a larger
radius of curvature. Bairdia radlerae Kellett, 1934 from the
early Permian of Kansas (Kellett 1934) has parallel DB and
VB. Bairdia compacta Geis, 1932 from the Mississippian
(Early Carboniferous of Indiana, USA) has an AB with a
greater radius of curvature.
The specimens discovered in beds 15 and 22 are doubt-
fully attributed to this species.
Bairdia broutini Crasquin sp. nov.
(Fig. 9O-T)
1987 Rectobairdia tantilla (Kummerow); Shi & Chen: 41,
pl. 5, figs 3, 4, 7, 8 (?5, 6, 9, 10).
2002 Rectobairdia tantilla (Kummerow); Shi & Chen: 71,
pl. 8, figs 5–7, pl. 9, figs 6–9.
 Ostracods from South China: the Meishan stratotype 341
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Figure 7. Ostracods from the Meishan section, southern China. A, B, Bairdia hassi Sohn, 1960; A, right lateral view of a complete
carapace, P6M2530; B, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2531. C, Bairdia permagna Geis sensu Shi & Chen, 2002, right
lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2532. D, Bairdia sp. A, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2533. E, F, Bairdia
subleguminoides Chen, 1987; E, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2534; F, right lateral view of a complete carapace,
P6M2535. G-N, Bairdia urodeloformis Chen, 1987; G, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2542; H, right lateral view of
a complete carapace, P6M2543; I, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2544; J, right lateral view of a complete carapace,
P6M2545; K, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2546; L, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2547; M, right
lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2548; N, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2549. O-T, Bairdia deweveri Crasquin
sp. nov.; O, holotype, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2536; P, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2537; Q,
paratype, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2538; R, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2539; S, right lateral
view of a complete carapace, P6M2540; T, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2541. U-X, Bairdia wushunbaoi Crasquin sp.
nov.; U, external view of a left valve, P6M2550; V, holotype, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2551; W, external view of a
left valve, P6M2552; X, paratype, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2553. Y-Z, C’-F’, Bairdia bassoni Crasquin sp. nov.; Y,
paratype, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2554; Z, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2555; C’, right lateral
view of a complete carapace, P6M2556, D’, holotype, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2557; E’, right lateral view of a
complete carapace, P6M2558; F’, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2559. A’, B’, Orthobairdia sp. 2; A’, right lateral view
of a complete carapace, P6M2560; B’, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2561. Scale bar is 100 µm.
 342 S. Crasquin et al.
600
550
500
Height in µm
450
400
350
300
250
400 500 600 700 800 900
Length in µm
Figure 8. Height/Length (H/L) diagram of Bairdia bassoni
Crasquin sp. nov.
Diagnosis. Bairdioid species with very large AB, height
quite the same from posterior part of DB to anterior part of
ADB; H/L = 0.62.
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Material. Holotype: P6M2576, one complete carapace
(Fig. 9O), bed 11, Baoqing Member. Paratype: P6M2580,
one complete carapace (Fig. 9R), bed 22, Meishan
Member. Both from Meishan section, Changxing Forma-
tion, Changhsingian, Late Permian. Fourteen complete
carapaces.
Occurrence. Matan and Pingding sections, Guangxi
Provinces, Wuchiapingian. Meishan section, Baoqing and
Meishan members (Shi & Chen 1987), beds 11, 15, 16, 19
and 22 (see Supplementary Material), Changxing Forma-
tion, Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Description. Bairdioid carapace with slightly arched
dorsal parts; DB and ADB quite straight at RV, gently
arched at LV; AB with great radius of curvature and maxi-
mum of convexity located at mid height or above; VB quite
straight or gently concave at LV, concave at RV; PB poorly
expressed; PDB straight; overlapping not very important
with maximum at dorsal parts; maximum of height a little
bit in front of mid-height; carapace thin in dorsal view.
Dimensions. L: 300–890 µm; H: 200–550 µm (see Fig.
10).
Etymology. Dedicated to Prof. Jean Broutin, Université
Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
Remarks. Bairdia broutini sp. nov. differs from Rectobair-
dia tantilla (Kummerow, 1953) from the Middle Devonian
of Germany by its larger AB and less distinct posterior
beak, and from Cryptobairdia heshanensis Chen, 2002 (Shi
& Chen 2002) from the Wuchiapingian of Guangxi by its
more horizontal dorsal parts. There is a quite important
variation in H/L ratio for the adult forms.
Bairdia deweveri Crasquin sp. nov.
(Fig. 7O-T)
1987 Bairdia cf. trianguliformis Chen; Shi & Chen: 37,
pl. 2, figs 1–8.
1987 Bairdia galei Croneis & Thurman; Shi & Chen: 37,
pl. 1, figs 19–22, pl. 19, fig. 11.
2008 Bairdia galei Croneis & Thurman, 1939 sensu Shi &
Chen 1987; Crasquin et al.: pl. 2, figs 11, 12.
Diagnosis. Bairdia with straight DB at RV and gently
arched at LV, AB with small radius of curvature, carapace
compressed laterally in postero-ventral part, thin and bicon-
vex in dorsal view.
Material. Holotype: P6M2536, one complete carapace
(Fig. 7O), bed 11. Paratype: P6M2538, one complete cara-
pace (Fig. 7Q), bed 11. All from Meishan section, Changx-
ing Formation, Baoqing Member, Late Permian. Twenty
complete carapaces.
Occurrence. Bulla section, Dolomites, Italy, Bulla
Member, Bellerophon Formation, Changhsingian
(Crasquin et al. 2008). Meishan section, Changxing
Formation, Baoqing and Meishan members (Shi & Chen
1987), beds 11, 13, 15, 16, 19, 22 (see Supplementary
Material), Baoqing and Meishan members, Changhsingian,
Late Permian.
Description. Bairdioid carapace with straight DB, ADB
and PDB at RV with distinct angles between them; DB,
ADB and PDB very slightly arched at LV; AB with small
radius of curvature, maximum of convexity located above
mid-height; VB quite straight at LV, concave at RV; PB with
small radius of curvature, maximum of convexity located
at the lower third of height; slight overlapping all along the
carapace, maximum at DB; carapace compressed laterally
in all the postero-ventral part of the carapace; maximum of
height located at the anterior third of length; H/L = 0.50;
carapace biconvex and thin in dorsal view; E/L = 0.30.
Dimensions. L = 400–1230 µm; H = 205–562 µm (see
Fig. 11).
Etymology. Dedicated to Prof. Patrick De Wever, Muséum
National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
Remarks. Intraspecific variability is quite important, with
the shape of the DB of the LV varying continuously from
quite straight to arched. Bairdia galei Croneis & Thurman,
1939, from the Late Mississippian (Early Carboniferous)
of Illinois, has a much more angular DB than B. deweveri
sp. nov.
Bairdia fangnianqiaoi Crasquin sp. nov.
(Fig. 9K-N)
 Ostracods from South China: the Meishan stratotype 343
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Figure 9. Ostracods from Meishan section, southern China. A-D, Bairdia pierrevalentini Crasquin sp. nov.; A, paratype,right lateral view
of a complete carapace, P6M2562; B, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2563; C, holotype, right lateral view of a complete
carapace, P6M2564; D, dorsal view of a complete carapace, P6M2565. E-G, Bairdia limatusformis Forel sp. nov.; E, holotype, right
lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2566; F, paratype, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2563; G, right lateral view of
a complete carapace, P6M2568. H-J, Bairdia paussi Crasquin sp. nov.; H, holotype, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2569;
I, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2570; J, paratype, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2570. K-N, Bairdia
fangnianqiaoi Crasquin sp. nov.; K, holotype, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2572; L, right lateral view of a complete
carapace, P6M2573; M, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2574; N, paratype, right lateral view of a complete carapace,
P6M2575.O-T, Bairdia broutini Crasquin sp. nov.; O, holotype, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2576; P, right lateral view
of a complete carapace, P6M2577; Q, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2578; R, paratype, right lateral view of a complete
carapace, P6M2580; S, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2581; T, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2579. U-W,
Silenites? zhejiangensis Forel sp. nov.; U, holotype, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2582; V, paratype, right lateral view of
a complete carapace, P6M2583; W, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2587. X-Z, Bairdiacypris? caeca Shi, 1987; X, right
lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2585; Y, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2586; Z, right lateral view of a complete
carapace, P6M2587. A’-B’, Fabalicypris parva Wang, 1978; A’, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2588; B’, right lateral
view of a complete carapace, P6M2589. C’, Silenites sp. A; right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2590. D’-F’, Bairdiacypris
fornicata Shi, 1982; D’, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2591; E’, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2592; F’,
right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2593. Scale bar is 100 µm.
 344 S. Crasquin et al.

650 500

550 450
Height in µm

400

Height in µm
450
350
350 300
Shi & Chen, 1987
250 this paper 250 this paper
200 Chen & Shi, 1982
150
250 350 450 550 650 750 850 950 1050 150
Length in µm 350 450 550 650 750 850 950 1050
Length in µm
Figure 10. Height/Length (H/L) diagram of Bairdia broutini
Crasquin sp. nov. Figure 12. Height/Length (H/L) diagram of Bairdia fangnian-
qiaoi Crasquin sp. nov.

?1982 Bairdia piscariformis Chen; Chen & Shi: 122, pl. 4,

fig. 11. curvature and maximum convexity located high (above mid
height); VB concave in both valves; PB quite elongated
with small radius of curvature, maximum curvature located
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Diagnosis. Bairdioid species with a quite elongated cara-

pace (H/L = 0.45), straight PDB, DB and ADB at LV; dorsal
parts regularly arched at RV; PB quite slender.
Material. Holotype: P6M2572, one complete carapace
(Fig. 8K), bed 16. Paratype: P6M2575, one complete cara-
pace (Fig. 9N), bed 16. All from Meishan section, Changx-
ing Formation, Baoqing Member, Changhsingian, Late
Permian. Nine complete carapaces.
Occurrence. Meishan section, Baoqing and Meishan
members (Shi & Chen 1987). Baoqing and Meishan
members, beds 15, 16 and 19 (see Supplementary Mate-
rial), Changxing Formation, Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Description. Bairdioid carapace with elongated carapace
(H/L = 0.45); straight PDB, DB and ADB at LV; dorsal
parts regularly arched at RV; AB with medium radius of
600
550
500
450
Height in µm
below lower third of height; maximum height located at the
anterior part of DB; overlapping all around the carapace
with maximum at dorsal and ventral parts.
Dimensions. L = 360–700 µm; H = 160–300 µm (see
Fig. 12).
Etymology. In personal dedication to Prof. Fang Nianqiao,
China University of Geosciences (Beijing).
Remarks. Bairdia fangnianqiaoi sp. nov. differs from B.
subcontracta Chen, 1987 (Fig. 13S-V) in its maximum
height being more anterior, PB located lower and ADB less
concave. Bairdia piscariformis Chen, 1958 sensu Chen &
Shi, 1982 is questionably included in this new species. It
has an AB with a smaller radius of curvature and is larger
(see Fig. 12).
Bairdia cf. heishanensis (Chen, 2002)
(Fig.13P)
cf. 2002 Cryptobairdia heishanensis Chen in Shi & Chen:
70–71, pl. 8, figs 9–13, pl. 28, fig. 12.

Occurrence. Meishan section, beds 11 and 15, Baoqing

400
Member, Changxing Formation, Changhsingian, Late
350 Permian.
300
Bairdia gaelleae Crasquin sp. nov.
250 This paper (Fig. 13W-Z)
cf triangularis Shi & Chen, 1987
200 galei Shi & Chen, 1987 ?2002 Bairdia hassi Sohn; Shi & Chen: 66, pl. 4, figs 11–15.
150
350 550 750 950 1150 1350
Diagnosis. Short bairdioid carapace, strongly convex in
Length in µm
dorsal view; AB and PB with small radius of curva-
Figure 11. Height/Length (H/L) diagram of Bairdia deweveri ture; anterior and posterior parts of the carapace flattened
Crasquin sp. nov. laterally.
 Ostracods from South China: the Meishan stratotype 345
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Figure 13. Ostracods from the Meishan section, southern China. A, Abrobairdia bitubera Chen, 1982, right lateral view of a complete
carapace, P6M2502. B, Petasobairdia bicornuta Chen, 1982, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2503. C, Petasobairdia
tricornuta Chen, 2002, external view of a left valve, P6M2504. D, E, Lobobairdia rostriformis Chen, 1987; D, right lateral view of a
complete carapace, P6M2505; E, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2506. F-H, Petasobairdia subnantongensis Chen, 1987;
F, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2507; G, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2508; H, right lateral view
of a complete carapace, P6M2509. I, Petasobairdia nantongensis Chen, 1982, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2510. J,
Ceratobairdia venterocostata Wang, 1978, external view of a broken left valve, P6M2511. K, ?Mirabairdia langshanensis Chen, 1982,
right lateral view of a broken complete carapace, P6M2512. L, Mirabairdia cf minuta Chen, 1982, right lateral view of a broken complete
carapace, P6M2513. M-O, Orthobairdia lemairei Crasquin sp. nov.; M, holotype, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2514;
N, paratype, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2515; O, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2516. P, Bairdia
cf. heishanensis (Chen, 2002), right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2517. Q, R, Orthobairdia sp.1; Q, right lateral view of a
complete carapace, P6M2518; R, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2519. S-V, Bairdia subcontracta Chen 1987; S, right
lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2522; T, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2523; U, right lateral view of a complete
carapace, P6M2524; V, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2525. W-Z, Bairdia gaelleae Crasquin sp. nov.; W, holotype, right
lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2526; X, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2527; Y, paratype, right lateral view of
a complete carapace, P6M2528; Z, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2529. Scale bar is 100 µm.
 346
700
650
600
Height in µm
550
500
450
400
350 this paper
300 Shi & Chen 2002
250
350 450 550 650 750 850 950 1050 1150
Length in µm
Figure 14. Height/Length (H/L) diagram of Bairdia gaelleae
Crasquin sp. nov.
Material. Holotype: P6M2526, one complete carapace
(Fig. 13W), bed 11. Paratype: P6M2528, one complete
carapace (Fig. 13Y), bed 13. All from Meishan section,
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Changxing Formation, Baoqing Member, Changhsingian,
Late Permian. Twelve complete carapaces.
Occurrence. ?Wuchiapingian of Matan and Pingding
sections (Shi & Chen 2002). Meishan section, beds 8,
11, 13, 16, 22 (see Supplementary Material), Baoqing and
Meishan members, Changxing Formation, Changhsingian,
Late Permian.
Description. Short, thick-set bairdioid carapace (H/L =
0.66) with DB straight at RV, arched at LV; AB with
small to medium radius of curvature with maximum of
convexity located at mid height; VB convex in both valves;
PB with very small radius of curvature and maximum of
convexity located low (lower fifth of height); PDB straight
to concave; posterior and anterior parts of the carapace
strongly compressed laterally; maximum height located in
front of mid-length; overlapping important on dorsal parts;
carapace strongly convex in dorsal view (W/L = 0.48).
Dimensions. L = 374–875 µm; H = 274–600 µm (see
Fig. 14).
Etymology. Dedicated to Gaëlle Litaudon.
Remarks. Shi & Chen (1987, pl.1, figs 8–12; 2002, pl. 2,
figs 5–12) figured specimens attributed to Bairdia crassa
Harlton, 1929 first described from the Pennsylvanian (Late
Carboniferous) of Texas. Bairdia crassa has a higher cara-
pace at the posterior part and an AB with a larger radius of
curvature. However, B. gaelleae sp. nov. is very close to the
specimens described by Shi & Chen (1987, 2002) in general
outline but lacks a ventral ridge, has a shorter carapace and
there is no ‘disappearance’ of overlapping at PDB which is
characteristic of all the Shi & Chen specimens.
S. Crasquin et al.
In 2002, Shi & Chen figured some specimens from the
Wuchiapingian of the Matan and Pingding sections of South
China which they attributed to Bairdia hassi Sohn, 1960.
These do not belong to this species, which has no central
bulge (Sohn 1960, p. 27). The figured specimens could
belong to B. gaelleae sp. nov., but the specimen on their pl.
4, figs 14, 15 seems to be thinner.
Bairdia hassi Sohn, 1960
(Fig. 7A, B)
1960 Bairdia hassi Sohn: 27, pl. 1, figs 28, 29.
1987 Bairdia hassi Sohn; Shi & Chen: 38, pl. 2, figs 11–19.
?2008 Bairdia sp.4; Crasquin et al.: pl. 3, fig. 4.
Occurrence. Central USA, Late Pennsylvanian–Permian
(Sohn 1960). ?Bulla section, Dolomites, Italy, Bulla Mem-
ber, Bellerophon Formation, Changhsingian (Crasquin
et al. 2008). Meishan section, Baoqing Member (Shi &
Chen 1987), bed 22 (see Supplementary Material), Meis-
han Member, Changxing Formation, Late Permian.
Bairdia limatusformis Forel sp. nov.
(Fig. 9E-G)
1987 Silenites limatus Guan; Shi & Chen: 62, pl. 15, figs
15–19.
non 2002 Silenites limatus Guan; Shi & Chen: 95, pl. 27,
figs 2–17.
Diagnosis. Bairdioid species with regularly arched dorsal
parts at LV; straight DB, ADB and PDB at RV; extremities
flattened ventrally.
Material. Holotype: P6M2566, one complete carapace
(Fig. 9E), bed 16, Baoqing Member. Paratype: P6M2563,
one complete carapace (Fig. 9F), bed 22, Meishan
Member. Both from Meishan section, Changxing Forma-
tion, Changhsingian, Late Permian. Nine complete cara-
paces.
Occurrence. Meishan section, Baoqing and Meishan
members (Shi & Chen 1987), Baoqing and Meishan
members, beds 15 and 22 (see Supplementary Material),
Changxing Formation, Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Description. Bairdioid carapace with all the dorsal parts
regularly arched at LV; DB, ADB and PDB straight at
RV; AB with quite large radius of curvature and maxi-
mum of convexity located below mid height; ventral parts
slightly concave; PB with Bairdia beak poorly expressed
but clearly present, maximum of convexity located low;
maximum height located at mid length; AB, PB flattened at
the extremities of the carapace.
Dimensions. L = 370–939 µm; H = 240–680 µm (see
Fig. 15).
 Ostracods from South China: the Meishan stratotype
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600
Height in µm
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400
300 this paper
Shi & Chen 1987
200
350 450 550 650 750 850 950
Length in µm
Figure 15. Height/Length (H/L) diagram of Bairdia limatus-
formis Forel sp. nov.
Etymology. From Silenites limatus Guan, 1978 which has
an outline close to the new species.
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Remarks. Shi & Chen (1987) figured three specimens
attributed to Silenites limatus Guan, 1978. However, these
specimens present a typical Bairdia beak and therefore are
integrated into the new species Bairdia limatusformis sp.
nov.
Bairdia paussi Crasquin sp. nov.
(Fig. 9H-J)
1987 Cryptobairdia folgeri (Kellett); Shi & Chen: 44, pl. 5,
figs 21–26.
2002 Cryptobairdia folgeri (Kellett); Shi & Chen: 69, pl. 8,
figs 14–16.
Diagnosis. Bairdioid species with a long straight DB; AB
with large radius of curvature, extremities flattened in dorsal
view, H/L = 0.43.
Material. Holotype: P6M2569, one complete carapace
(Fig. 9H), bed 22, Meishan Member. Paratype: P6M2570,
one complete carapace (Fig. 9J), bed 13, Baoqing
Member. All from Meishan section, Changxing Formation,
Changhsingian, Late Permian. Eleven complete carapaces.
Occurrence. Matan section, Guangxi Province, Wuchi-
apingian (Shi & Chen 2002). Meishan section, Baoqing
and Meishan members (Shi & Chen 1987), Baoqing and
Meishan members, beds 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 21 and
22 (see Supplementary Material), Changxing Formation,
Wuchiapingian-Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Description. Bairdioid carapace with long (≈ 40–45% of
L) straight DB at both valves; ADB long (≈ 35–40% of
L) and straight at both valves; angle between DB and
ADB = 130–140◦ ; AB with quite large radius of curva-
ture, maximum of convexity located near mid height; VB
quite straight at LV and gently concave at RV; PB with small
347
600
500
Height in µm
400
Shi & Chen, 1987
300
Shi & Chen 2002
this paper
200
400 500 600 700 800 900
Length in µm
Figure 16. Height/Length (H/L) diagram of Bairdia paussi
Crasquin sp. nov.
radius of curvature and maximum of convexity located near
the lower third of height; PDB nearly straight at both valves;
moderate overlapping with maximum at dorsal parts; cara-
pace biconvex in dorsal view with extremities flattened.
Dimensions. L = 480–880 µm; H = 270–470 µm (see
Fig. 16).
Etymology. Dedicated to André Pauss.
Remarks. The specimens figured by Chen & Shi (1982) as
Bairdia folgeri Kellett, 1934 and included in the synonymy
by Shi & Chen (1987 and 2002) either belong, or are very
close, to Bairdia folgeri Kellett, 1934, originally described
from the Late Pennsylvanian of USA, but differ from the
specimens assigned to Bairdia paussi sp. nov. by their more
angular DB and smaller radius of curvature of DB.
Bairdia permagna Geis sensu Shi & Chen, 2002
(Fig. 7C)
2002 Bairdia permagna Geis; Shi & Chen: 64, pl. 2, figs
13–16, pl. 28, figs 8, 9.
Remarks. The specimen figured here belongs to the
species described by Shi & Chen (2002). However, this
species is not Bairdia permagna Geis, 1932, originally
described from the Mississipian of Indiana, USA. The spec-
imens from Central Guangxi (Shi & Chen 2002) and from
Zhejiang (this work) could represent a new species but for
the time being we do not have enough material to establish
this formally.
Occurrence. Matan and Pingding sections, Guangxi
Province, Wuchiapingian (Shi & Chen 2002). Meishan
section, beds 11 and 22, Baoqing and Meishan members,
Changxing Formation, Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Bairdia pierrevalentini Crasquin sp. nov.
(Fig. 9A-D)
 348 S. Crasquin et al.
600
550
500
Height in µm
450
400
350
300
250
450 550 650 750 850 950
Length in µm
Figure 17. Height/Length (H/L) diagram of Bairdia pierrevalen-
tini Crasquin sp. nov.
Diagnosis. Bairdioid species with quite short carapace,
straight DB at RV; AB with small radius of curvature;
extremities strongly compressed.
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Material. Holotype: P6M2564, one complete carapace
(Fig. 9C), bed 15. Paratype: P6M2562, one complete cara-
pace (Fig. 9A), bed 15. Both are from the Meishan section,
Changxing Formation, Baoqing Member, Late Permian.
Seven complete carapaces.
Occurrence. Meishan section, Baoqing and Meishan
members, Changxing Formation, beds 11, 15 and 22 (see
Supplementary Material), Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Description. Bairdioid carapace with quite short carapace
(H/L = 0.63); DB straight at RV, arched at LV; ADB and
PDB straight at both valves; AB with very small radius
of curvature, maximum of convexity located above mid-
height; VB straight to gently concave at RV and gently
convex at LV; PVB in prolongation of VB; PB more or less
tapering, maximum of curvature located at lower third of
height; in dorsal view, carapace thick in the middle part and
extremities strongly compressed laterally.
Dimensions. L: 480–940 µm; H: 300–590 µm (see
Fig. 17).
Etymology. Dedicated to Pierre-Valentin Soleau.
Remarks. The general outline of Bairdia pierrevalentini
sp. nov. is reminiscent of B. guangxiensis Guan, 1978 (Guan
et al. 1978; Shi & Chen 1987) from the Late Permian of
the Meishan section. However, the DB of the RV is straight,
and the PV ridge characteristic of B. guangxiensis is absent.
Bairdia subcontracta Chen, 1987
(Fig. 13S-V)
1987 Bairdia subcontracta Chen in Shi & Chen: 40, pl. 4,
figs 1–8.
2004 Bairdia subcontracta Chen; Yi: 558, pl.1, fig. 1.
Occurrence. Kongtongshan section, Fujian (Yi 2004).
Meishan section, Baoqing Member (Shi & Chen 1987),
beds 11, 14, 15, 16, 19, 21 and 22 (see Supplementary Mate-
rial), Baoqing and Meishan members, Changxing Forma-
tion, Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Bairdia subleguminoides Chen, 1987
(Fig. 7E, F)
1987 Bairdia subleguminoides Chen in Shi & Chen: 39, pl.
3, figs 14–16.
2002 Bairdia subleguminoides Chen; Shi & Chen: 68, pl.
6, figs 3–7.
Occurrence. Matan and Pingding sections, Wuchiapin-
gian (Shi & Chen 2002). Meishan section, Changxing
Formation, Meishan Member (Shi & Chen 1987), beds
14, 19 and 22 (see Supplementary Material), Baoqing and
Meishan members, Changxing Formation, Wuchiapingian-
Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Bairdia urodeloformis Chen, 1987
(Figs 7G-N, 18)
1982 Rectobairdia firmata Chen; Chen & Shi: pl. 7, fig. 10
only.
1987 Bairdia macdonelli Harlton; Shi & Chen: 35, pl. 1,
figs 1–7, pl. 18, figs 1–4.
1987 Bairdia urodeloformis Chen in Shi & Chen: 40, pl. 4,
figs 17–23.
2002 Bairdia macdonelli Harlton; Shi & Chen: 63, pl. 2,
figs 1–4.
Occurrence. Nantong section, Jiangsu Province (Chen
& Shi 1982). Matan and Pingding sections (Guangxi
Province), Wuchiapingian (Shi & Chen 2002). Meishan
section, Baoqing and Meishan members (Shi & Chen 1987),
beds 4, 11, 13, 15, 16, 19 and 22 (see Supplementary Mate-
rial), Baoqing and Meishan members, Changxing Forma-
tion, Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Bairdia wushunbaoi Crasquin sp. nov.
(Fig. 7U-X)
1987 Bairdia geisi Kellett; Shi & Chen: 36, pl. 1, figs 13–18.
1987 Bairdia cf. geisi Kellett; Shi & Chen: 39, pl. 9, figs
20–22.
1992 Bairdia urodeloformis Chen; Yi: pl. 1, fig. 14.
2002 Bairdia geisi Kellett; Shi & Chen: 64, pl. 2, figs 17–21.
2004 Bairdia urodeloformis Chen; Yi: pl. 2, fig. 11.
Diagnosis. Bairdioid species showing AB with very small
radius of curvature and maximum of convexity located very
high, at DB level; extremities strongly flattened.
Material. Holotype: P6M2551, one complete carapace
(Fig. 7V), bed 22, Meishan Member. Paratype: P6M2553,
one complete carapace (Fig. 7X), bed 13, Baoqing
 Ostracods from South China: the Meishan stratotype 349

600 800

700
500
Height in µm

Height in µm
600
400 500

300 macdonelli 400 This paper

urodeloformis 300 Shi & Chen 1987
200 Shi & Chen 2002
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 200
Length in µm 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Length in µm
Figure 18. Height/Length (H/L) diagram of Bairdia urodelo-
formis Chen, 1987. Figure 19. Height/Length (H/L) diagram of Bairdia wushunbaoi
Crasquin sp. nov.

Member. Both from Meishan section, Changxing Forma-

Bairdia sp. A
tion, Changhsingian, Late Permian. Six complete cara-
(Fig. 7D)
paces.

Occurrence. Dongkeng Section (Datian, Fujian Province), Occurrence. Meishan section, bed 15, Baoqing Member,
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Changxing Formation (Yi 1992, 2004). Matan and Pingding
sections (Guangxi Province), Wuchiapingian (Shi & Chen
2002). Meishan section, Baoqing and Meishan members
(Shi & Chen 1987), beds 13, 15, 22 and 23 (see Supple-
mentary Material), Changxing Formation. Wuchiapingian-
Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Description. Bairdioid carapace with general spindle-
shape, elongated from AD part to PV part; DB straight in
both valves, strongly inclined to posterior part; ADB gently
concave and more or less horizontal; AB with very small
radius of curvature and maximum of convexity located high,
which can reach the DB level; VB straight; PB in beak shape
which could be very long (broken in most cases), more or
less in the same line as VB; extremities strongly flattened
laterally, overlapping faint, with a maximum at ADB; H/L
≈ 0.53.
Dimensions. It is very difficult to give a precise length of
the carapace because the posterior part is always broken
in all but the smallest specimens. The dimensions given
here are estimates and include the measurements of Shi &
Chen (1987, 2002) (see Fig. 19). L: 420–1320 µm; H: 210–
700 µm.
Changxing Formation, Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Bairdia? sp. B
(Fig. 20J)
Occurrence. Meishan section, beds 15 and 16 (see Supple-
mentary Material), Baoqing Member, Changxing Forma-
tion, Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Bairdia? sp. C
(Fig. 20D’)
Occurrence. Meishan section, bed 16 (see Supplemen-
tary Material), Baoqing Member, Changxing Formation,
Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Genus Abrobairdia Chen, 1982
Abrobairdia bitubera Chen, 1982
(Fig. 13A)
1982 Abrobairdia bitubera Chen in Chen & Shi: 133, pl. 9,
figs 1–11, pl. 10, figs 8–11.
1987 Abrobairdia bitubera Chen; Shi & Chen: 48, pl. 8,
figs 5–8.
2002 Abrobairdia bitubera Chen; Shi & Chen: 78, pl. 11,
figs 15–17, pl. 12, figs 1–3, 6–8.

Etymology. In honour of Prof. Wu Shunbao, Faculty of
Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan,
Hubei Province, who has worked for a very long time on
the Meishan section and helped us to access the stratotype.
Remarks. Bairdia wushunbaoi sp. nov. differs from B.
geisi Kellett from the Early Permian of Kansas by having
a DB that is more backwards plunging and the PB in the
same line as the VB. It differs from B. urodeloformis Chen,
1987 from the Late Permian of South China (see below) in
its higher AB and shorter carapace.
Occurrence. Nantong section, Jiangsu Province, Latest
Permian (Chen & Shi 1982). Matan and Pingding sections,
Wuchiapingian (Shi & Chen 2002). Meishan section,
Changxing Formation, Baoqing and Meishan members
(Shi & Chen 1987), bed 22 (see Supplementary Material),
Meishan Member, Changxing Formation, Wuchiapingian-
Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Genus Petasobairdia Chen, 1982
Petasobairdia bicornuta Chen, 1982
(Fig. 13B)
 350 S. Crasquin et al.
1982 Petasobairdia bicornuta Chen in Chen & Shi: 130, pl.
6, figs 10–15.
1987 Petasobairdia bicornuta Chen; Shi & Chen: 46, pl. 7,
figs 17, 18, pl. 20, fig. 2.
Occurrence. Nantong section, Jiangsu Province,
Mianyang section, Hubei Province, latest Permian
(Chen & Shi 1982). Meishan section, Changxing Forma-
tion, Baoqing Member (Shi & Chen 1987), bed 22 (see
Supplementary Material), Meishan Member, Changxing
Formation, Wuchiapingian-Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Petasobairdia tricornuta Chen, 2002
(Fig. 13C)
2002 Petasobairdia tricornuta Chen in Shi & Chen: 76, pl.
18, figs 1–13, pl. 19, fig. 8.
Occurrence. Matan and Pingding sections, Wuchiapin-
gian (Shi & Chen 2002). Meishan section, bed 22 (see
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Supplementary Material), Meishan Member, Changxing
Formation, Wuchiapingian-Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Petasobairdia nantongensis Chen, 1982
(Fig. 13I)
1982 Petasobairdia nantongensis Chen in Chen & Shi: 130,
pl. 6, figs 1, 2, 4–6 (non figs 3, 7–9).
1987 Petasobairdia nantongensis Chen; Shi & Chen: 47,
pl. 7, figs 12–16, pl. 19, figs 1–3.
2002 Petasobairdia nantongensis Chen; Shi & Chen: 75,
pl. 17, figs 7–9.
Occurrence. Nantong section, Jiangsu Province,
latest Permian (Chen & Shi 1982). Matan section,
Wuchiapingian-Changhsingian (Shi & Chen 2002). Meis-
han section, Changxing Formation, Baoqing and Meishan
members (Shi & Chen 1987), bed 22 (see Supplementary
Material), Meishan Member, Changxing Formation,
Wuchiapingian-Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Petasobairdia subnantongensis Chen, 1987
(Fig. 13F-H)
1982 Petasobairdia nantongensis Chen in Chen & Shi: 130,
pl. 6, figs 7–9 (non figs 1–6).
1987 Petasobairdia subnantongensis Chen; Shi & Chen:
47, pl. 8, figs 1–4, pl. 19, figs 8, 9.
2002 Petasobairdia subnantongensis Chen; Shi & Chen:
75, pl. 17, figs 12–14.
2008 Petasobairdia nantongensis Chen; Crasquin et al.: pl.
4, figs 16, 17.
Occurrence. Bulla section, Dolomites, Italy, Changhsin-
gian (Crasquin et al. 2008); Nantong section, Jiangsu
Province, Latest Permian (Chen & Shi 1982). Matan and
Pingding sections, Wuchiapingian (Shi & Chen 2002).
Meishan section, Changxing Formation, Baoqing Member
(Shi & Chen 1987), beds 15 and 22 (see Supplemen-
tary Material), Baoqing and Meishan members, Changxing
Formation, Wuchiapingian-Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Petasobairdia sp. A
(Fig. 20X)
Occurrence. Meishan section, beds 15 and 22 (see
Supplementary Material), Baoqing and Meishan members,
Changxing Formation, Wuchiapingian-Changhsingian,
Late Permian.
Petasobairdia sp. B
(Fig. 20W)
Occurrence. Meishan section, bed 27B (see Supplemen-
tary Material), Baoqing and Meishan members, Changxing
Formation, Wuchiapingian-Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Genus Lobobairdia Kollmann, 1963
Lobobairdia rostriformis Chen, 1982
(Fig. 13D, E)
1982 Lobobairdia rostriformis Chen in Chen & Shi: 134,
pl. 8, figs 1–6.
1987 Lobobairdia rostriformis Chen; Shi & Chen: 45, pl.
7, figs 4–8.
non 1992 Lobobairdia rostriformis Chen; Yi: pl. 2, fig. 16.
2002 Lobobairdia rostriformis Chen; Shi & Chen: 79, pl.
13, figs 4, 8–17.
Occurrence. Nantong section, Jiangsu Province, latest
Permian (Chen & Shi 1982). Matan and Pingding sections,
Wuchiapingian (Shi & Chen 2002). Meishan section,
Baoqing and Meishan members (Shi & Chen 1987), beds
16, 22 (see Supplementary Material), Changxing Forma-
tion, Wuchiapingian-Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Genus Ceratobairdia Sohn, 1954
Ceratobairdia venterocostata Wang, 1978
(Fig. 13J)
1978 Ceratobairdia venterocostata primordialis Wang:
292, pl. 3, fig. 8a-d.
1978 Ceratobairdia venterocostata tuberculata Wang: 292,
pl. 3, fig. 9a-d.
1982 Ceratobairdia venterocostata tuberculata Wang;
Chen & Shi: 128, pl. 5, figs 8–10.
1987 Ceratobairdia venterocostata Wang; Shi & Chen: 41,
pl. 2, figs 9, 10.
2002 Ceratobairdia venterocostata Wang; Shi & Chen: 73,
pl. 10, figs 12–14.
Occurrence. Latest Permian of Guizhou and Yunnan
(Wang 1978). Nantong section, Jiangsu Province, Latest
Permian (Chen & Shi 1982). Pingding section, Wuchiapin-
gian (Shi & Chen 2002). Meishan section, Baoqing Member
(Shi & Chen 1987), bed 23 (see Supplementary Material).
 Ostracods from South China: the Meishan stratotype 351
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Figure 20. Ostracods from the Meishan section, southern China. A, B, Reversocypris permiana Shi, 1982; A, right lateral view of a
complete carapace, P6M2468; B, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2469. C, Cetollina lageniforma Shi, 2002, right lateral
view of a complete carapace, P6M2470. D, Pseudacanthoscapha striatula (Shi, 1982), right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2471.
E, F, Cavellina cf. rotunda Cooper sensu Shi & Chen, 1987; E, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2472; F, right lateral view of
a complete carapace, P6M2473. G, Parabythocythere? cf. chongpani Crasquin, 2008, left lateral view of a left valve, P6M2474. H, Acratia
changxingensis (Shi, 1987), left lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2475. I, Paramacrocypris sp. A, right lateral view of a complete
carapace, P6M2476. J, Bairdia? sp. B, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2477. K, Birdsallela nitida Chen, 1987, right lateral
view of a complete carapace, P6M2478. L, Eumiraculum changxingensis Chen, 1987, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2479.
M, Baschkirina? sp. A, left lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2480. N-V, Basslerella annesophieae Crasquin sp. nov.; N, holotype,
right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2481; O, paratype, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2482; P, right lateral
view of a complete carapace, P6M24783; Q, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2484; R, dorsal view of a complete carapace,
P6M2485; S, dorsal view of a complete carapace, P6M2486; T, dorsal view of a complete carapace, P6M2487; U, right lateral view of
a complete carapace, P6M2488; V, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2489. W, Petasobairdia sp. B, right lateral view of
a complete carapace, P6M2490. X, Petasobairdia sp. A, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2491. Y, Cavellina cf. gerryi
Crasquin-Soleau, 1999, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2492. Z, Fabalicypris minuta Cooper sensu Shi & Chen, 1987, right
lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2493. A’-C’, Silenites? sasakwaformis Shi, 1987; A’, right lateral view of a complete carapace,
P6M2494; B’, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2495; C’, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2496. D’, Bairdia?
sp. C, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2497. E’-G’, Praezabythocypris? pulchraformis Forel sp. nov.; E’, holotype, right
lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2498; F’, paratype, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2499; G’, right lateral view
of a complete carapace, P6M2500. Scale bar is 100 µm.
 352 S. Crasquin et al.

Meishan Member, Changxing Formation, Wuchiapingian- 500

Changhsingian, Late Permian.
450
Genus Mirabairdia Kollmann, 1963

Height in µm
?Mirabairdia langshanensis Chen, 1982 400
(Fig. 13K)
350
1982 Mirabairdia langshanensis Chen in Chen & Shi: 132,
pl. 8, figs 7–10. 300
this paper
1987 Mirabairdia langshanensis Chen; Shi & Chen: 44, pl. Shi & Chen 2002
250
6, figs 3–8, pl. 18, figs 9, 10, pl. 21, fig. 15. Shi & Chen 1987
200
Occurrence. Nantong section, Jiangsu Province, Latest 350 450 550 650 750 850 950
Permian (Chen & Shi 1982). Meishan section, Baoqing Length in µm
Member (Shi & Chen 1987), bed 22 (see Supplemen-
Figure 21. Height/Length (H/L) diagram of Orthobairdia
tary Material), Meishan Member, Changxing Formation, lemairei Crasquin sp. nov.
Wuchiapingian-Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Mirabairdia cf. minuta Chen, 1982 curvature located low; PDB straight; in dorsal view flanks
(Fig. 13L) parallel from posterior part of PDB to anterior part of ADB;
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cf. 1982 Mirabairdia minuta Chen: 132, pl. 7, figs 20–23.
?2009 Petasobairdia sp. 2 Forel et al.: 819, fig. 4.
Occurrence. ?Guizhou Province, latest Permian (Forel
et al. 2009); Meishan section, Meishan Member, bed
22 (see Supplementary Material), Changxing Formation;
Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Genus Orthobairdia Sohn, 1960
Orthobairdia lemairei Crasquin sp. nov.
(Fig. 13M-O)
1987 Orthobairdia insolens (Cooper); Shi & Chen: 42, pl.
5, fig. 1 (non pl. 18, figs 6–8).
2002 Orthobairdia insolens (Cooper); Shi & Chen: 72–73,
pl.10, figs 4, 5.
Diagnosis. Bairdioid species with straight DB, ADB and
PDB, small radius of curvature at AB, VB concave.
Material. Holotype: P6M2514, one complete carapace
(Fig. 13M), bed 13, Baoqing Member. Paratype: P6M2515,
one complete carapace (Fig.13N), bed 13, Baoqing
Member. Both from Meishan section, Changxing Forma-
tion, Changhsingian, Late Permian. Nine complete cara-
paces.
Occurrence. Matan and Pingding sections, Wuchiapin-
gian (Shi & Chen 2002); Meishan section, Baoqing
Member (Shi & Chen 1987), beds 13, 22 (see Supplemen-
tary Material), Meishan Member, Changxing Formation;
Wuchiapingian-Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Description. Bairdioid carapace with straight DB in both
valves; ADB quite straight; AB with small radius of curva-
ture with maximum of convexity located near mid height;
VB concave with maximum of concavity located near mid
length; PB with small radius of curvature with maximum of
overlapping slight with maximum at DB.
Dimensions. L: 365–960 µm; H: 200–490 µm (see Fig.
21).
Etymology. Dedicated to Gilles Lemaire.
Remarks. The specimens discovered here are smaller than
the specimens figured by Shi & Chen 1987, 2002). Bairdia
insolens Cooper, 1941 ( = Orthobairdia cestriensis (Ulrich,
1891) in Sohn 1960) from the Mississippian of Illinois
(USA) has a longer carapace, a more important overlapping
and the dorsal parts are less angular.
Orthobairdia sp. 1
(Fig. 13Q, R)
Occurrence. Meishan section, beds 21 and 22 (see Supple-
mentary Material), Meishan Member, Changxing Forma-
tion; Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Orthobairdia sp. 2
(Fig. 7A’, B’)
Occurrence. Meishan section, beds 15 and 22 (see Supple-
mentary Material), Meishan Member, Changxing Forma-
tion; Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Genus Bairdiacypris Bradfield, 1935
Bairdiacypris? caeca Shi, 1987
(Fig. 9X-Z)
1987 Bairdiacypris? caeca Shi n. sp. in Shi & Chen: 52, pl.
13, figs 1–3.
2002 Bairdiacypris? caeca Shi, 1987; Shi & Chen: 86, pl.
22, figs 12–19.
2008 Bairdiacypris? caeca Shi, 1987; Crasquin et al.: 248,
pl. 4, figs 4, 5.
 Ostracods from South China: the Meishan stratotype
Occurrence. Bulla section, Dolomites, Italy, Bulla
Member, Bellerophon Formation, Late Changhsingian
(Crasquin et al. 2008); Matan and Pingding sections,
Guangxi Province, Wuchiapingian (Shi & Chen 2002);
Meishan section, Baoqing Member (Shi & Chen 1987),
beds 4, 13, 19, 22, Baoqing and Meishan members, Changx-
ing Formation, Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Bairdiacypris anisica Kozur, 1971
(Fig. 22Y-A)
1971 Bairdiacypris anisica Kozur: 4, fig. 2B, C, E-G.
Occurrence. Balaton Lake area, Hungary Anisian (Middle
Triassic; Kozur 1971); Meishan section, Baoqing Member
(Shi & Chen 1987), beds 16, 24-3, 27ab, 27c and 29, Meis-
han Member, Changxing Formation, Changhsingian, Late
Permian, Yinkeng Formation, Griesbachian, Early Triassic.
Bairdiacypris fornicata Shi, 1982
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(Fig. 9D’-F’)
1982 Bairdiacypris fornicata Shi sp. nov.; Chen & Shi: 137,
pl. 10, figs 1–7, 19.
1987 Bairdiacypris fornicata Shi; Shi & Chen: 50, pl. 12,
figs 7–13.
2002 Bairdiacypris fornicata Shi; Shi & Chen: 83, pl. 27,
fig. 1.
2008 Bairdia sp. 3; Crasquin et al.: pl. 3, figs 8, 9.
Occurrence. Bulla Member, Bellerophon Formation,
Changhsingian, Dolomites, Italy (Crasquin et al. 2008);
Nantong section, Jiangsu Province and Mianyang section,
Hubei Province, Late Permian (Chen & Shi 1982); Matan
and Pingding sections, Guangxi Province, Wuchiapingian
(Shi & Chen 2002); Meishan section, Baoqing Member (Shi
& Chen 1987) Baoqing and Meishan members, Changxing
Formation, beds 11,13, 15, 16, 21, 22, 23?, Changhsingian,
Late Permian.
Genus Fabalicypris Cooper, 1946
Fabalicypris parva Wang, 1978
(Fig. 9A’, B’)
1978 Fabalicypris parva Wang: 293, pl. 2, figs 12a,b, 13a,b.
1985 Fabalicypris hungarica n.sp.; Kozur: 82, pl. 17, figs
2, 9, 10.
1987 Bairdiacypris opulenta Zanina; Shi & Chen: 51, pl.
13, fig. 10.
2004 Fabalicypris parva Wang, 1978; Crasquin-Soleau
et al.: 286, pl. 3, figs 4, 5.
2008 Fabalicypris parva Wang; Mette: pl. 2, fig. 8.
Occurrence. Bükk Mountains, Hungary, Late Mosco-
vian, Carboniferous (Kozur 1985); Longtan and Changx-
ing Formations, Northern Guizhou and Southern Yunnan,
Wuchiapingian and Changhsingian (Wang 1978); Pamu-
cak Formation, Çürük dağ section, Western Taurus, Turkey,
353
Wuchiapingian and Changhsingian (Crasquin-Soleau et al.
2004); Zal section, NW Iran, Changhsingian (Mette 2008);
Meishan section, Baoqing Member (Shi & Chen 1987),
beds 15, 16, 22 (see Supplementary Material), Baoqing and
Meishan members, Changxing Formation, Changhsingian,
Late Permian.
Remarks. Fabalicypris hungarica Kozur from the Mosco-
vian (Late Carboniferous) of the Bükk Mountains
(Hungary) has a more rounded PB and a maximum of
convexity located higher than Fabalicypris parva Wang
from the Late Permian of South China (as the specimen
figured here Fig. 9Z), but all the intermediates exist so we
propose to include all the specimens in one species.
Fabalicypris minuta Cooper, 1946 sensu Shi & Chen,
1987
(Fig. 20Z)
1987 Fabalicypris minuta Cooper; Shi & Chen: 53, pl. 12,
fig. 19.
Occurrence. Meishan section, beds 4 and 15 (see Supple-
mentary Material), Baoqing Member, Changxing Forma-
tion, Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Genus Liuzhinia Zheng, 1976
Liuzhinia praeantalyaensis Forel sp. nov.
(Fig. 23Z-B’)
2004 Silenites subsymmetrica Shi; Yi: pl. 1, fig. 6.
Diagnosis. A species of Liuzhinia with long straight DB,
maximum of height located at the anterior 1/3 of length and
flattened AB.
Material. Holotype: P6M2462, one complete carapace
(Fig. 23A’). Paratype: P6M2463, one complete carapace
(Fig. 23B’). All from Meishan section, bed 13, Changx-
ing Formation, Baoqing Member, Changhsingian, Late
Permian. Six complete carapaces.
Occurrence. Kongtongshan section, Fujian Province,
Changhsingian (Yi 2004); Meishan section, beds 13 and
21, Baoqing and Meishan members, Changxing Formation,
Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Description. Carapace small to medium, elongated, with
H/L 0.54; dorsal and ventral borders long and straight;
anterior border with large radius of curvature, maximum
convexity located at mid height; posterior border with small
radius of curvature with maximum convexity located in the
lower third; maximum height located in anterior third; LV
slightly overlaps RV all around the carapace; dorsal view
biconvex with extremities flattened laterally particularly the
anterior one.
 354 S. Crasquin et al.
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Figure 22. Ostracods from the Meishan section, southern China. A-G, Microcheilinella rectodorsata Forel sp. nov.; A, right lateral view
of a complete carapace, P6M2407; B, holotype, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2408; C, paratype, right lateral view of a
complete carapace, P6M2409; D, dorsal view of a complete carapace, P6M2410; E, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2411;
F, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2412; G, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2413. I, J, Microcheilinella
venusta Chen, 1958; I, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2414; J, dorsal view of a complete carapace, P6M2415. H, K,
L, Q, Microcheilinella shicheni Crasquin sp. nov.; H, dorsal view of a complete carapace, P6M2417; K, holotype, right lateral view of
a complete carapace, P6M2416; L, paratype, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2418; Q, right lateral view of a complete
carapace, P6M2419. M-O, Microcheilinella cf. dorsicostata Shi, 1982; M, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2420; N, dorsal
view of a complete carapace, P6M2422; O, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2421. P, W, Microcheilinella bicornuta Cooper,
1946 sensu Shi & Chen, 2002; P, dorsal view of a complete carapace, P6M2423; W, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2424.
R-T, Microcheilinella? multinodosa Forel sp. nov.; R, holotype, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2425; S, ventro-lateral
view of a complete carapace, P6M2426; T, paratype, dorsal view of a complete carapace, P6M2427. U, Microcheilinella cf. qinglongensis
Wang, 1978, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2428. V, Microcheilinella? sp. A, right lateral view of a complete carapace,
P6M2429. X, Microcheilinella perexilis Shi, 1987, left lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M 2430. Y-A’, Bairdiacypris anisica Kozur,
1971; Y, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2431; Z, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2432; A’, dorsal view of
a complete carapace, P6M2429. B’, C’, Microcheilinella? sp. B; B’, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2434; C’, dorsal view
of a complete carapace, P6M2435. Scale bar is 100 µm.
 Ostracods from South China: the Meishan stratotype 355
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Figure 23. Ostracods from the Meishan section, southern China. A, Acratia visnyoensis Kozur, 1985, right lateral view of a complete
carapace, P6M2436. B-D, Acratia zhongyingensis Wang, 1978; B, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2437; C, right lateral
view of a complete carapace, P6M2438; D, dorsal view of a complete carapace, P6M2439. E-H, Baschkirina huzhouensis Forel sp. nov.;
E, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2440; F, dorsal view of a complete carapace, P6M2441; G, paratype, right lateral view of
a complete carapace, P6M2442; H, holotype, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2443. I-L, Acratia subfusiformis Wang, 1978;
I, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2444; J, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2445; K, right lateral view of a
complete carapace, P6M2446; L, dorsal view of a complete carapace, P6M2594. M-Q, Kempfina taihuensis Forel sp. nov.; M, paratype,
right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2447; N, holotype, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2448; O, right lateral
view of a complete carapace, P6M2449; P, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2450; Q, dorsal view of a complete carapace,
P6M2451. R-W, Baschkirina ballei Crasquin sp. nov.; R, holotype, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2454; S, right lateral
view of a complete carapace, P6M2455; T, paratype, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2456; U, dorsal view of a complete
carapace, P6M2453; V, left lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2457; W, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2458. X,
Y, Kempfina? sp. 1; X, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2459; Y, left lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2460. Z-B’,
Liuzhinia praeantalyaensis Forel sp. nov.; Z, dorsal lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2461; A’, holotype, right lateral view of
a complete carapace, P6M2462; B’, paratype, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2463. C’-F’, gen. nov. sp. nov.; C’, right
lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2464; D’, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2465; E’, left lateral view of a complete
carapace, P6M2466; F’, right lateral view of a complete carapace, P6M2467. Scale bar is 100 µm.
 356 S. Crasquin et al.
Dimensions. L: 320–430 µm; H: 190–250 µm.
Etymology. From the closeness to Liuzhinia antalyaensis
Crasquin-Soleau, 2004 from the earliest Triassic of Taurus
(Turkey).
Remarks. Liuzhinia praeantalyaensis sp. nov. is very close
to Liuzhinia antalyaensis Crasquin-Soleau, 2004 from the
Griesbachian of Taurus, Turkey (Crasquin-Soleau et al.
2004) and Guangxi Province, South China (Crasquin-
Soleau et al. 2006). Here, the posterior part is less high
and the anterior border is laterally flattened. The specimens
attributed to this new species are the first Permian repre-
sentatives of Liuzhinia.
Genus Kempfina Crasquin nom. nov.
2008 Bairdiacratia Crasquin in Crasquin et al.: 244, pl. 3,
figs 13–16.
2009 Kempfia n.name; Crasquin: 314.
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Remarks. Crasquin (in Crasquin et al. 2008) proposed
the generic name Bairdiacratia for a bairdioidean ostra-
cod recorded from the latest Permian of the Southern Alps
(Italy) and Guizhou, Zhejiang and Hubei provinces (South
China). The name had been already used for an ostra-
cod genus from the Middle Devonian of Eastern Yunnan
Province (China) by Jiang (in Wei Ming et al. 1983). A new
name, Kempfia, was therefore proposed (Crasquin 2009).
Unfortunately, this name had been used previously for a
Lower Carboniferous echinoderm (Weber 1998). The new
name Kempfina is therefore proposed here.
Type species. Bairdiacratia qinglaii Crasquin in Crasquin
et al. 2008, pp. 244–246, pl. 3, figs 13–16.
Etymology. Kempfina is named after Prof. Eugen Karl
Kempf (Köln, Germany).
Kempfina taihuensis Forel sp. nov.
(Fig. 23M-Q)
2008 Bairdiacratia n. gen. n. sp. 1; Crasquin et al.: 248, pl.
3, fig. 20.
Diagnosis. A species of Kempfina with small radius of
convexity and maximum of curvature located high at AB.
Material. Holotype: P6M2448 (pl. 4, fig. 14), bed 22,
Meishan Member. Paratype: P6M2447 (pl. 4, fig. 13), bed
16, Baoqing Member. All from Meishan section, Changx-
ing Formation, Changhsingian, Late Permian. Twelve
complete carapaces.
Occurrence. Meishan section, beds 11, 16 and 22,
Baoqing and Meishan members, Changxing Formation,
Changhsingian, Late Permian.
500
450
Height in µm
400
350
Shi & Chen 2002
300
this paper
250
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850
Length in µm
Figure 24. Height/Length (H/L) diagram of Kempfina taihuensis
Forel sp. nov.
Description. Carapace with DB regularly arched at LV,
straight at RV; ADB and PDB straight at both valves; angles
between DB and ADB/PDB clear and constant: PDB/DB
= 140◦ , ADP/DB = 130–135◦ ; AB with small radius of
convexity and maximum of curvature located high; AVB
and PB characteristic of the genus; overlapping of LV on
RV particularly well expressed on dorsal parts; extremities
compressed laterally; thickness variable.
Dimensions. L: 400–680 µm; H: 280–460 µm (see Fig.
24).
Etymology. From Tai Hu Lake, located to the east of
Meishan.
Remarks. Kempfina taihuensis sp. nov. differs from the
other species of the genus, particularly from K. qinglaii
(Crasquin, 2008) from the latest Changhsingian of the Bulla
section, Italy (Crasquin et al. 2008), by its small radius of
curvature of AB.
Kempfina? sp. 1
(Fig. 23X, Y)
Occurrence. Meishan section, bed 22, Meishan Member,
Changxing Formation, Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Genus Praezabythocypris Kozur, 1985
Praezabythocypris? pulchraformis Forel sp. nov.
(Fig. 20E’-G’)
1987 Silenites lenticularis (Knight); Shi & Chen: 62, pl.
15, figs 1–3.
2002 Silenites lenticularis (Knight); Shi & Chen: 95, pl.
26, figs 10–15.
Diagnosis. A species Praezabythocypris? with large AB
and PB, long straight DB.
 Ostracods from South China: the Meishan stratotype
Material. Holotype: P6M2498, one complete carapace
(Fig. 22E’), bed 15, Baoqing Member. Paratype: P6M2499,
one complete carapace (Fig. 22F’), bed 19, Meishan
Member. All from Meishan section, Changxing Formation,
Changhsingian, Late Permian. Six complete carapaces.
Occurrence. Matan and Pingding sections, Guangxi
Province, Wuchiapingian (Shi & Chen 2002); Meishan
section, Baoqing Member (Shi & Chen 1987); beds 15,
16, and 19 Baoqing and Meishan members, Changxing
Formation, Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Description. Massive carapace with DB regularly arched
at LV, straight, long and strongly sloping backward at RV;
AB with large radius of curvature at both valves, the dorsal
part of AB at RV is quite straight; VB concave at both
valves; PB broadly rounded at both valves; LV overlaps
strongly RV on dorsal parts of the carapace and particu-
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larly in the posterior half of length; H/L = 0.65; greatest
height located near mid length; carapace smooth; hinge,
inner lamella and adductor muscle scars not observable.
Dimensions. L: 470–680 µm; H: 300–450 µm (see Fig.
25).
Etymology. From the closeness to Praezabytho-
cypris? pulchra Kozur, 1985 from the Wuchiapingian
(Abadehian–Dzhulfian) of the Bükk Mountains, Hungary.
Remarks. The doubt over generic attribution is due to
the fact that the hinge, the inner lamella and the adductor
muscle scars, which are generic features, are not observable.
With regard to carapace shape and the overlapping of LV on
RV, the species is in accordance with Praezabythocypris. It
differs from Silenites lenticularis (Knight) from the Middle
Pennsylvanian–Permian of the USA (Knight 1928) by the
750
650
Height in µm
550
450
This paper
350 Shi & Chen 2002
Shi & Chen 1987
250
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Length in µm
Figure 25. Height/Length (H/L) diagram of Praezabythocypris?
pulchraformis Forel sp. nov.
357
shape of AB and PB which are more rounded, and by the
greater overlap of LV on RV.
Family Acratiidae Gründel, 1962
Genus Acratia Delo, 1930
Acratia subfusiformis Wang, 1978
(Fig. 23I-L)
1978 Acratia subfusiformis Wang: 294, pl. 4, figs 3, 4.
1987 Acratia subfusiformis Wang; Shi & Chen: 49, pl. 11,
figs 19–22, pl. 12, figs 1,2.
2002 Acratia subfusiformis Wang; Shi & Chen: 82, pl. 20,
figs 1–9.
?2002 Acratia subfusiformis Wang; Shi & Chen: 82, pl. 20,
figs 12, 13.
non 2002 Acratia subfusiformis Wang; Shi & Chen: 82, pl.
20, figs 10, 11.
Occurrence. Longtan Formation, Northern Guizhou and
Southern Yunnan, Wuchiapingian (Wang 1978); Matan
and Pingding sections, Guangxi Province, Wuchiapingian
and Changhsingian (Shi & Chen 2002); Meishan section,
Baoqing Member (Shi & Chen 1987), beds 11, 13, 15,
16, 19 and 22 (see Supplementary Material), Baoqing and
Meishan members, Changxing Formation, Changhsingian,
Late Permian.
Remarks. This species is characterized by its narrowly
rounded AB and the high location of the maximum convex-
ity.
Acratia zhongyingensis Wang, 1978
(Fig. 23B-D)
1978 Acratia zhongyingensis Wang: 295, pl. 4, figs 5, 6.
2002 Acratia zhongyinensis [sic] Wang; Shi & Chen: 82,
pl. 20, figs 25, 26.
2008 Acratia zhongyingensis Wang; Crasquin et al.: 205,
pl. 5, figs 10–12.
Occurrence. “Ostracoda Unit” of Bellerophon Forma-
tion to Lower Tesero Member of Werfen Formation,
Bulla section, Dolomites, Italy, Changhsingian (Crasquin
et al. 2008); Changxing Formation, Northern Guizhou and
Southern Yunnan, Changhsingian (Wang 1978); Matan and
Pingding Formations, Guangxi Province, Wuchiapingian
(Shi & Chen 2002); Meishan section, beds 11, 13, 15, 21
and 22 (see Supplementary Material), Baoqing and Meis-
han members, Changxing Formation, Changhsingian, Late
Permian.
Remarks. This species differs from the previous one by its
stockier carapace and its more rounded dorsal parts and the
larger radius of curvature of AB.
Acratia visnyoensis Kozur, 1985
(Fig. 23A)
 358 S. Crasquin et al.
1985 Acratia visnyoensis Kozur: 103, pl. 21, figs 3, 4.
2004 Acratia changxingensis (Shi); Crasquin-Soleau et al.:
286, pl. 3, figs 21–24.
Occurrence. Bükk Mountains, Hungary, Wuchiapin-
gian (Kozur 1985); Pamucak Formation, Çürük dağ
section, Western Taurus, Turkey, Wordian-Wuchiapingian
(Crasquin-Soleau et al. 2004); Meishan section, beds 22
and 23 (see Supplementary Material), Meishan Member,
Changxing Formation, Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Acratia changxingensis (Shi, 1987)
(Fig. 20H)
1987 Pseudobythocypris changxingensis Shi in Shi &
Chen: 57, pl. 13, figs 18–23.
Occurrence. Meishan section, Baoqing Member (Shi &
Chen 1987); bed 11, Baoqing Member, Changxing Forma-
tion, Changhsingian, Late Permian.
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Genus Paramacrocypris Kozur, 1985
Paramacrocypris? sp. A
(Fig. 20I)
Occurrence. Meishan section, bed 19 (see Supplemen-
tary Material), Meishan Member, Changxing Formation,
Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Family Bairdiocyprididae Shaver, 1961
Genus Silenites Coryell & Booth, 1933
Silenites? zhejiangensis Forel sp. nov.
(Fig. 9U-W)
Diagnosis. Carapace regularly arched in dorsal parts; PB
strongly tapering; VB slightly concave.
Material. Holotype: P6M2582, one complete carapace
(Fig. 9U), bed 15, Meishan Member. Paratype: P6M2583,
one complete carapace (Fig. 9V), bed 23, Meishan
Member. Both from Meishan section, Changxing Forma-
tion, Changhsingian, Late Permian. Seven complete cara-
paces.
Occurrence. Baoqing and Meishan members, beds 15,
16, 22 and 23 (see Supplementary Material), Changxing
Formation; Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Description. Carapace regularly arched in dorsal parts of
LV; DB and ADB quite straight at RV; AB with medium
radius of curvature and maximum of convexity located a
little under mid height; VB concave at both valves to nearly
straight at LV; PB with quite small radius of curvature for
the genus, maximum of curvature located near lower third
height; maximum height located a little in front of mid
length; H/L = 0.57.
Dimensions. L: 390–865 µm; H: 220–475 µm.
Etymology. From Zhejiang Province (South East China)
where the type locality is located.
Remarks. Silenites? zhejiangensis sp. nov. is similar to
Silenites latilus Shi, 2002 (Shi & Chen 2002) from the
Wuchiapingian of the Matan and Pingding sections in
Guangxi Province. However, the new species is more
symmetrical in lateral view.
Silenites? sasakwaformis Shi, 1987
(Fig. 20A’-C’)
1987 Silenites sasakwaformis Shi in Shi & Chen: 63, pl.
15, figs 22–25.
Occurrence. Meishan section, Baoqing Member (Shi &
Chen 1987); beds 11, 13, 15, 16, and 22, Baoqing and
Meishan members, Changxing Formation, Changhsingian,
Late Permian.
Remarks. The generic attribution is not certain because
the dorsal parts of the carapace are not regularly arched.
There are clear slope breaks between BDP, DB and ADP
which are all straight at both valves. This species could
belong to a new genus.
Silenites sp. A
(Fig. 9C’)
Occurrence. Meishan section, Baoqing Member (Shi &
Chen 1987); beds 11, 15, and 22, Baoqing and Meis-
han members, Changxing Formation, Changhsingian, Late
Permian.
Genus Baschkirina Rozdestvenskaja, 1959
Baschkirina ballei Crasquin sp. nov.
(Fig. 23R-W)
Diagnosis. A species of Baschkirina with very straight DB
and PDB, semicircular AB with maximum of curvature
located above mid height.
Material. Holotype: P6M2454, complete carapace (Fig.
23R), bed 15. Paratype: P6M2456, complete carapace
(Fig. 23T), bed 13. Both from Meishan section, Baoqing
Member, Changxing Formation, Changhsingian, Late
Permian. Fourteen complete carapaces.
Occurrence. Meishan section, beds 4, 5, 11, 13, 15 and
21, Baoqing and Meishan members, Changxing Formation,
Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Description. Small carapace; straight DB; large AB semi-
circular with maximum of curvature located above mid
height, AB laterally compressed on the free margin; VB
 Ostracods from South China: the Meishan stratotype 359

350 400
350
300 300
Height in µm

Height in µm
250
250
200
150
200
100
150 50
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Length in µm Length in µm

Figure 26. Height/Length (H/L) diagram of Baschkirina ballei Figure 27. Height/Length (H/L) diagram of Baschkirina
Crasquin sp. nov. huzhouensis Forel sp. nov.

straight; PB slender more or less in the same line as the
VB; PDB straight at 145◦ to 150◦ to DB; LV overlaps very
slightly RV all around the carapace; H/L = 0.62; dorsal
view biconvex; surface smooth.
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Occurrence. Matan and Pingding sections, Guangxi
Province, Wuchiapingian and Changhsingian (Shi & Chen
2002); Meishan section, Baoqing Member (Shi & Chen
1987), Meishan section, beds 11, 13 and 15, Baoqing

Member, Changxing Formation, Changhsingian, Late

Dimensions. L: 300–560 µm; H: 130–240 µm (see Fig.
26).
Etymology. Dedicated to Frédéric Ballé.
Remarks. This species is attributed to the genus Baschki-
rina Rozdestvenskaja, 1959, which differs from Basslerella
Kellett in its biconvex dorsal view. Basslerella is posteri-
orly strongly inflated. Baschkirina ballei sp. nov. is very
close in outline to Sinobasslerella bicornuta Shi, 2004 from
the Wuchiapingian of South China, which differs from the
new species in the presence of antero-dorsal tubercles. This
feature could be a specific (and not a generic) character.
The genus Spinocypris Kozur, 1971 is also very close to
Baschkirina. The difference between the two genera is the
presence of a calcified inner lamella in Spinocypris (Kozur
1985, p. 91). It is usually impossible to observe the inner
lamella on Late Palaeozoic material.
Baschkirina huzhouensis Forel sp. nov.
(Fig. 23E-H)
1987 Acratia sp.; Shi & Chen: 50, pl. 12, figs 3–6.
2002 Acratia subfusiformis Wang; Shi & Chen: 82, pl.20,
figs 10, 11.
Diagnosis. A species of Baschkirina with straight DB and
PDB; AB rounded with maximum of curvature located
below mid height.
Material. Holotype: P6M2443, complete carapace (Fig.
23H), bed 13. Paratype: P6M2442, complete carapace
(Fig. 23G), bed 13. Both from Meishan section, Baoqing
Member, Changxing Formation, Changhsingian, Late
Permian. Ten complete carapaces.
Permian.
Description. Carapace with straight DB and PDB; AB
rounded with maximum of curvature located below mid
height, compressed laterally; VB slightly arched; PB taper-
ing in the same line as VB; PDB straight at 155◦ –160◦ to
DB; LV overlaps very slightly RV all around the carapace;
H/L = 0.50; surface smooth; carapace biconvex in dorsal
view.
Dimensions. L: 230–780 µm; H: 100–380 µm (see Fig.
27).
Etymology. From the city of Huzhou, close to the type
locality.
Remarks. Baschkirina huzhouensis sp. nov. differs from
Baschkirina ballei sp. nov. in its more elongated carapace,
the maximum of curvature of AB being located lower, and
its smaller H/L ratio.
Baschkirina? sp. A
(Fig. 20M)
Occurrence. Meishan section, bed 29 (see Supplementary
Material), Yinkeng Formation, Griesbachian, Early Trias-
sic.
Family Pachydomellidae Berdan & Sohn, 1961
Genus Microcheilinella Geis, 1933
Microcheilinella rectodorsata Forel sp. nov.
(Fig. 22A-G)
Diagnosis. A species of Microcheilinella with straight and
long DB at RV, width of carapace with maximum located
near mid length, ventral part of AB quite vertical.
 360 S. Crasquin et al.
Material. Holotype: P6M2408, complete carapace (Fig.
22B), bed 16. Paratype: P6M2409, complete carapace
(Fig. 22C), bed 16. All from Meishan section, Baoqing
Member, Changxing Formation, Changhsingian, Late
Permian. Ten complete carapaces.
Occurrence. Meishan section, beds 11, 15, 16 and 22 (see
Supplementary Material), Baoqing and Meishan members,
Changxing Formation, Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Description. LV: ovoid shape, DB convex, more or less
straight in posterior part, AB broadly rounded, VB convex
to nearly straight, PB round; RV: DB straight, plunging
towards PB, angle with AB clearly expressed; AB rounded
in dorsal part and quite vertical in ventral part, slight lateral
flattening at AVB; VB almost straight; PB with small radius
of curvature, dorsal part quite straight with clear slope break
with DB; maximum height located in anterior third of L.
Carapace quite long, LV overlaps RV all around the carapace
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with maximum at DB and VB, maximum height located
near mid length; in dorsal view maximum carapace cara-
pace width around mid length; hinge faintly incised.
Dimensions. L: 330–600 µm; H: 200–340 µm.
Etymology. From the straight shape of the dorsal border.
Remarks. This new species differs from other representa-
tives of the genus by its straight and long DB at RV, carapace
maximum width located near mid length, and nearly verti-
cal ventral part of the AB.
Microcheilinella cf. dorsicostata Shi 1982
(Fig. 22M-O)
1982 Microcheilinella dorsicostata Shi. in Chen & Shi:
142, pl. 12, figs 11–14.
Occurrence. Meishan section, bed 22, Meishan Member,
Changxing Formation, Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Remarks. The specimens are comparable to
Microcheilinella dorsicostata Shi, 1982 from the latest
Permian of the Nantong section, Jiangsu Province (Chen
& Shi 1982). They have all the characters of this species
but in addition they exhibit some nodes aligned on the
ventro-posterior parts of both valves.
Microcheilinella? multinodosa Forel sp. nov.
(Fig. 22R-T)
Diagnosis. A species questionably attributed to
Microcheilinella with six nodes on postero-ventral
parts of the carapace, one node on centro-dorsal part of RV,
three nodes on centro-dorsal part of LV.
Material. Holotype: P6M2425, one complete carapace
(Fig. 11R), bed 23. Paratype: P6M2427, one complete
carapace (Fig. 22T), bed 23. All from Meishan section,
Changxing Formation, Meishan Member, Changhsingian,
Late Permian. Four complete carapaces.
Occurrence. Meishan section, bed 23 (see Supplemen-
tary Material), Meishan Member, Changxing Formation,
Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Description. Short carapace with incised hinge line; maxi-
mum width located near mid-length; dorsal shape biconvex.
RV: DB arched with two nodes (posterior one larger than
anterior one) in median part, AB regularly arched with
maximum curvature located at lower third of height, VB
nearly straight; six nodes organized in a row from anterior,
third of length to PB, the last node forms a spine protrud-
ing backwards; PB (without spines) quite vertical. LV: DB
arched with three nodes in median part forming a carina in
dorsal view, AB equivalent to RV one, VB with six nodes
as VB of RV.
Dimensions. L: 650–720 µm; H: 380–430 µm.
Etymology. From the presence of numerous nodes on the
carapace.
Remarks. This species has very typical features. For the
time being, we have little material and it is difficult to say
if these characters are generic or specific. In doubt, we
prefer to assign the specimens to Microcheilinella? and to
establish a new species, which is close to Microcheilinella
postspinosa Chen, 1958, from the Permian of Chihsia Lime-
stone of Lungtan (Nankin), China (Chen 1958), in having a
posterior spine. However, M. postspinosa lacks the row of
nodes on the postero-ventral part of the carapace.
Microcheilinella perexilis Shi, 1987
(Fig. 22X)
1987 Microcheilinella perexilis Shi in Shi & Chen: 62, pl.
14, figs 23–27.
2008 Microcheilinella peraxilis Shi; Crasquin et al.: 250,
pl. 5, fig. 6.
Occurrence. Bulla Member, Bellerophon Formation,
Changhsingian, Bulla section, Dolomites, Italy (Crasquin
et al. 2008); Meishan section, Baoqing Member (Shi
& Chen 1987), bed 4 (see Supplementary Material),
Baoqing Member, Changxing Formation, Changhsingian,
Late Permian.
Microcheilinella bicornuta Cooper, 1946 sensu Shi &
Chen 2002
(Fig. 22P, W)
 Ostracods from South China: the Meishan stratotype
2002 Microcheilinella bicornuta Cooper; Shi & Chen: 92,
pl. 25, figs 11–14.
Occurrence. Matan and Pingding sections, Guangxi
Province, Wuchiapingian (Shi & Chen 2002); Meishan
section, Baoqing Member (Shi & Chen 1987), Meishan
section, beds 11 and 22, Baoqing and Meishan members,
Changxing Formation, Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Remarks. The present and Shi & Chen’s (2002) specimens
belong to the same species which is not Microcheilinella
bicornuta Cooper, 1946, originally described from the Late
Pennsylvanian (Late Carboniferous) of Illinois (USA). The
latter species is more elongated and in dorsal view less
biconvex.
Microcheilinella shicheni Crasquin sp. nov.
(Fig. 22H, K, L, Q)
1982 Microcheilinella subreniformis Chen in Chen & Shi:
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141, pl. 12, figs 1–6.
1987 Microcheilinella subreniformis Chen; Shi & Chen:
61, pl. 14, figs 14–22.
2002 Microcheilinella subreniformis Chen; Shi & Chen:
93, pl. 25, figs 15–18.
Diagnosis. A species of Microcheilinella pear-shaped in
dorsal view with greatest thickness in posterior quarter of
length; DB of both valves convex.
Material. Holotype: P6M2416, one complete carapace
(Fig. 22K), bed 21. Paratype: P6M2418, one complete
carapace (Fig. 22L), bed 22. All from Meishan section,
Changxing Formation, Meishan Member, Changhsingian,
Late Permian. Seven complete carapaces.
Occurrence. Matan and Pingding sections, Guangxi
Province, Wuchiapingian (Shi & Chen 2002); Meishan
section, Baoqing and Meishan members (Shi & Chen 1987);
beds 11, 15, 16, 21 and 22 (see Supplementary Material),
Baoqing and Meishan members, Changxing Formation,
Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Description. LV: DB gently convex and long; AB regularly
arched with maximum of curvature located at or below
mid-height; VB gently convex; PB with radius of curvature
a little smaller or almost equivalent to AB, maximum of
curvature located at or above mid height.
RV: DB gently convex with anterior part more straight;
AB with dorsal portion longer and more sloping than ventral
part which forms an acuter angle with VB, maximum of
curvature located at the lower third of height; VB gently
convex; PB with regularly arched convexity.
LV overlaps clearly RV all around the carapace, maxi-
mum on dorsal and ventral parts; in dorsal view carapace
slender pear-shaped with greatest thickness located at the
361
500
450
400
Height in µm
350
300
250 This paper
Shi & Chen 2002
200 Shi & Chen 1987
Chen & Shi 1982
150
300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
Length in µm
Figure 28. Height/Length (H/L) diagram of Microcheilinella
shicheni Crasquin sp. nov.
posterior quarter of length, in front of maximum width the
flanks are quite straight; hinge line deeply incised.
Dimensions. L: 300–650 µm; H: 180–350 µm (see Fig.
28).
Etymology. Dedicated to Drs Shi Congguang and Chen
Deqiong of the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeon-
tology who described ostracods from the Permian –Triassic
boundary in China.
Remarks. The specimens figured by Chen & Shi
(1982) and attributed by Shi & Chen (1987, 2002) to
Microcheilinella subreniformis Chen, 1958 (Early Permian
of Longtan, Nanjing) do not belong to this species.
Microcheilinella subreniformis Chen, 1958 has a carapace
that is quite rectangular, and the PB and AB of RV are quite
equal.
Microcheilinella venusta Chen, 1958
(Fig. 22I, J)
1958 Microcheilinella venusta Chen: 230, pl. 2, figs 12–17.
1982 Microcheilinella venusta Chen; Chen & Shi: 142, pl.
11, figs 7–10.
1987 Microcheilinella venusta Chen; Shi & Chen: 61, pl.
15, figs 20, 21.
2002 Microcheilinella venusta Chen; Shi & Chen: 94, pl.
26, figs 1–8.
Occurrence. Lungtan section, Nanking Province, Early
Permian (Chen 1958); Nantong section, Jiangsu Province
and Mianyang section, Hubei Province, latest Permian
(Chen & Shi 1982); Matan and Pingding sections, Guangxi
Province, Wuchiapingian (Shi & Chen 2002); Meishan
section, Baoqing Member (Shi & Chen 1987); beds 13,
15 and 19 (see Supplementary Material); Baoqing and
Meishan members, Changxing Formation, Changhsingian,
Late Permian.
 362 S. Crasquin et al.
Microcheilinella cf. qinglongensis Wang, 1978
(Fig. 22U)
cf. 1978 Microcheilinella qinglongensis Wang: 296, pl. 5,
fig. 14.
Occurrence. Meishan section, bed 19 (see Supplemen-
tary Material), Meishan Member, Changxing Formation,
Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Microcheilinella? sp. A
(Fig. 22V)
Occurrence. Meishan section, bed 21 (see Supplemen-
tary Material), Meishan Member, Changxing Formation,
Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Microcheilinella? sp. B
(Fig. 22B’-C’)
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Occurrence. Meishan section, beds 11 and 21 (see
Supplementary Material), Baoqing and Meishan members,
Changxing Formation, Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Family Geroiidae Gründel, 1962
Genus Pseudacanthoscapha Kozur, 1985
Pseudacanthoscapha striatula (Shi, 1982)
(Fig. 20D)
1982 Acratia? striatula Shi in Chen & Shi: 139, pl. 11, figs
9–11.
1985 Pseudacanthoscapha beckeri Kozur: 110, pl. 18, fig.
9.
1987 Acratia striatula Shi; Shi & Chen: 49, pl. 11, figs
13–18, pl. 17, figs 1–4.
2008 Pseudacanthoscapha beckeri Kozur, 1985; Mette: pl.
2, fig. 1.
Occurrence. Bükk Mountains, Hungary, Wuchiapingian
(Dzulfian; Kozur 1985); Mianyang, Hubei Province, latest
Permian (Chen & Shi 1982); Iran, Dzhulfian (Mette 2008).
Meishan section, Baoqing Member (Shi & Chen 1987),
bed 11 (see Supplementary Material), Baoqing Member,
Changxing Formation, Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Superfamily Cytheroidea Baird, 1850
Family Bythocytheridae Sars, 1926
Genus Parabythocythere Kozur, 1981
Parabythocythere? cf. chongpani Crasquin, 2008
(Fig. 20G)
cf. 2008 Parabythocythere chongpani Crasquin in Crasquin
et al.: 252, pl. 5, fig. 13–16.
Occurrence. Meishan section, bed 22 (see Supplemen-
tary Material), Meishan Member, Changxing Formation,
Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Genus Triassocythere Gründel & Kozur, 1973
Triassocythere cf. prisca Kozur, 1985
(Fig. 3Q)
cf. 1985 Triassocythere prisca Kozur: 54, pl. 12, fig. 1.
Occurrence. Meishan section, bed 21 (see Supplemen-
tary Material), Changxing Formation, Meishan Member;
Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Family Cytherideidae Sars, 1925
Genus Basslerella Kellett, 1935
Basslerella annesophieae Crasquin sp. nov.
(Fig. 20N-V)
1982 Basslerella obesa Kellett; Chen & Shi: 140, pl. 11,
figs 19–21 only.
1987 Basslerella obesa Kellett; Shi & Chen: 54, pl. 13, figs
24–27.
1987 Basslerella firma Kellett; Shi & Chen: 54, pl. 13, figs
12–17.
2002 Basslerella obesa Kellett; Shi & Chen: 88, pl. 23, figs
26–35.
2004 Basslerella obesa Kellett sensu Shi & Chen, 1982;
Crasquin-Soleau et al.: 254, pl. 5, figs 17, 18.
Diagnosis. A species of Basslerella with semicircular cara-
pace, high H/L ratio (0.72), straight PDB at RV and strong
convexity in dorsal view.
Material. Holotype: P6M2481, one complete carapace
(Fig. 20N), bed 22. Paratype: P6M2482, one complete cara-
pace (Fig. 20O), bed 22. All from Meishan section, Meis-
han Member, Changxing Formation, Changhsingian, Late
Permian. Nineteen complete carapaces.
Occurrence. Early to Late Permian of Guangxi Province,
Zhejiang Province, Fujian Province, South China, Bulla
section, Southern Alps, Italy; Meishan section, beds 4, 5,
11, 13, 15, 16, 19 and 22, Baoqing and Meishan members,
Changxing Formation, Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Description. Small semicircular carapace, with high H/L
ratio (0.72); AB broadly rounded in quite perfect half-circle
with maximum curvature located at or below mid height,
slightly compressed laterally; VB convex; PB rounded with
large radius of curvature for the genus, maximum of curva-
ture located near the lower quarter of height; PDB nearly
straight at RV; LV overlaps RV all around the carapace;
greatest height located a little in front of mid length;
strongly convex, greatest thickness located near mid length
or slightly behind, AB compressed.
Dimensions. L: 310–440 µm; H: 260–370 µm (see Fig.
29).
 Ostracods from South China: the Meishan stratotype
400
This paper
Shi & Chen 2002
Shi & Chen 1987
Chen & Shi 1982
350
Height in µm
300
250
300 350 400 450
Length in µm
Figure 29. Height/Length (H/L) diagram of Basslerella anneso-
phieae Crasquin sp. nov.
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Etymology. Dedicated to Anne-Sophie Rigaux.
Remarks. There is great variability in the shape of the
postero-dorsal part of the carapace. All the transitional
forms exist between rounded and sharp outlines of the
posterior part (see Fig. 20), but the specific characters
are present in all forms. These variations are perhaps an
expression of sexual dimorphism. The specimens described
by Chen & Shi (1982) and Shi & Chen (1987 and
2002; see synonymy above) were attributed to Basslerella
obesa Kellett, 1935 from the Late Pennsylvanian and to
Basslerella firma Kellett, 1935 from the Early Permian
of Kansas, USA. However, both of these species have a
more elongate carapace (H/L = 0.60) and a more narrowly
rounded AB.
Genus Pseudorayella Neckaja, 1960
?Pseudorayella hungarica Kozur, 1985
(Fig. 4D’-E’)
1985 Pseudorayella hungarica Kozur: 89, pl. 18, fig. 5.
Occurrence. Bükk Mountains, Hungary, Wuchiapingian
(Abadehian) (Kozur 1985); Meishan section, beds 13 and
15 (see Supplementary Material), Changxing Formation,
Baoqing Member, Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Suborder and family uncertain
Genus Healdiacypris Bradfield, 1935
Healdiacypris? sp.
(Fig. 4F’-G’)
Occurrence. Meishan section, bed 22 (see Supplemen-
tary Material), Meishan Member, Changxing Formation,
Changhsingian, Late Permian.
363
Suborder Metacopina Sylvester-Bradley, 1961
Superfamily Healdioidea Harlton, 1933
Family Healdiidae Harlton, 1933
Genus Reversocypris Pribyl, 1955
Reversocypris permiana Shi, 1982
(Fig. 20A, B)
1982 Reversocypris permiana Shi in Chen & Shi: 141, pl.
11, figs 26–32.
1987 Reversocypris permiana Shi; Shi & Chen: 58, pl. 14,
figs 1–7.
Occurrence. Nantong section, Jiangsu Province, latest
Permian (Chen & Shi 1982); Meishan section, Baoqing
500 Member (Shi & Chen 1987); beds 5 and 22 (see Supplemen-
tary Material), Baoqing and Meishan members, Changxing
Formation, Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Order Platycopida Sars, 1866
Suborder Platycopina Sars, 1866
Superfamily Cavellinoidea Egorov, 1950
Family Cavellinidae Egorov, 1950
Genus Cavellina Coryell, 1928
Cavellina cf. rotunda Cooper sensu Shi & Chen, 1987
(Fig. 20E, F)
1987 Cavellina cf. rotunda Cooper; Shi & Chen: 60, pl. 20,
figs 5–7.
Remarks. The specimen figured here belongs to the
species described by Shi & Chen (1987). However, this
species is not Cavellina rotunda Cooper, 1946, originally
described from the Middle Pennsylvanian of Illinois, USA.
It could belong to a new species but for the time being we
do not have enough material to establish it formally.
Occurrence. Meishan section, Baoqing Member (Shi &
Chen 1987); bed 22 (see Supplementary Material), Meis-
han Member, Changxing Formation, Changhsingian, Late
Permian.
Cavellina cf. gerryi Crasquin-Soleau, 1999
(Fig. 20Y)
cf. 1999 Cavellina gerryi Crasquin-Soleau in Crasquin-
Soleau et al.: 171, pl. 4, figs 9–11.
Occurrence. Meishan section, bed 5 (see Supplemen-
tary Material), Baoqing Member, Changxing Formation,
Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Genus Birdsallela Coryell & Booth, 1933
Birdsallela nitida Chen, 1987
(Fig. 20K)
1987 Birdsallela nitida Chen in Shi & Chen: 59, pl. 21, figs
11–14.
 364 S. Crasquin et al.
Occurrence. Meishan section, Meishan Member (Shi
& Chen 1987); bed 22 (see Supplementary Material),
Meishan Member, Changxing Formation, Changhsingian,
Late Permian.
Order Myodocopida Sars, 1866
Suborder Cladocopina Sars, 1866
Family Polycopidae Sars, 1866
Genus Polycope Sars, 1866
Polycope? sp.
(Fig. 4B’-C’)
Occurrence. Meishan section, beds 15 and 21 (see
Supplementary Material), Baoqing and Meishan members,
Changxing Formation, Changhsingian, Late Permian.
?Order Myodocopida Sars, 1866
Gen. et sp. nov.
(Fig. 23C’-F’)
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Occurrence. Meishan section, beds 11, 13, 15 and 22 (see
Supplementary Material), Baoqing and Meishan members,
Changxing Formation, Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Remarks. The species shows a circular carapace outline
in lateral view and a very thin outline in dorsal view. An
anterior (?) structure could be interpreted as a rostrum (??).
For this reason it is questionably included in Mydocopida,
but here there is a clear overlap.
Order and suborder indet.
Genus Eumiraculum Chen, 1987
Eumiraculum changxingensis Chen, 1987
(Fig. 20L)
1987 Eumiraculum changxingensis Chen in Shi & Chen:
65, pl. 8, figs 21–28, pl. 19, figs 12, 13.
Occurrence. Meishan section, Baoqing Member (Shi
& Chen 1987); bed 13 (see Supplementary Material),
Baoqing Member, Changxing Formation, Changhsingian,
Late Permian.
Genus Cetollina Shi, 2002
Cetollina lageniforma Shi, 2002
(Fig. 20C)
2002 Cetollina lageniforma Shi in Shi & Chen: 98, 118, pl.
27, figs 23–25.
Occurrence. Pingding section, Guangxi Province, Wuchi-
apingian (Shi & Chen 2002); Meishan section, bed 11
(see Supplementary Material), Baoqing Member, Changx-
ing Formation, Changhsingian, Late Permian.
Ostracod biodiversity variations
Ostracods are present from the first bed of the Changx-
ing Formation to the very last specimens in bed 39 of
the Yinkeng Formation. Of the sixty-eight samples anal-
ysed (around 500 g of rock per sample), twenty-four were
found to be barren and three yielded indeterminable speci-
mens. The number of specimens and species per sample are
reported in Figure 30. Diversity variations are illustrated by
the two curves.
Ostracod diversity is relatively high throughout the
Changxing Formation, with variations, peaks and drops.
The maximum species diversity is 58, with a little more
than 1300 specimens and an average of 12.3 species and
217 specimens per productive sample.
From the base to the top of the section, a general increase
of ostracod diversity can be observed from the base of
Changxing Formation up to bed 21. Diversity is highest
in the middle part of the Meishan Member (base of bed
22). Thereafter biodiversity decreases regularly, with an
maximum extinction in bed 24 at the top of the Meishan
Member, which corresponds to the mass extinction level.
Above this, the first levels of the Yinkeng Formation
exhibit ostracod assemblages with few specimens and low
species diversity. This corresponds to the last diversity
burst before the long depauperate phase in the Late
Griesbachian–Dienerian–Smithian (Crasquin-Soleau et al.
2007).
In more detail this general trend includes peaks and
drops of biodiversity, indicated by the letters ‘P’ and ‘D’ on
Fig. 30:
1. There is a peak of diversity in samples 04D4-1 (P1),
before a short period of low diversity (D1).
2. Samples 04D8-1, 04D10 and 04D11-2 (P2) registered
a high diversity, with sample 04D11-2, which corre-
sponds to the first level of high diversity, containing
31 species among 600 specimens.
3. In samples 04D11-1 to 04C13-6 (D2) biodiversity is
low.
4. In contrast, samples 04C13-5 to 04C16-3 (P3) contain
numerous ostracods and show high diversities.
5. A drop in diversity is observed at the top of the
Baoqing Member and in the lowest level of the Meis-
han Member (D3).
6. In the Meishan Member a progressive increase in
diversity is observed, with a maximum in sample
04C19-2 (P4), followed by an absence of ostracods
in bed 20 (D4).
7. The maximum diversity in this section is recorded in
the lowest part of bed 22 (sample 04C22.5, PM).
From bed 22 to the PT boundary, biodiversity decreases
regularly to reach a minimum at the top of the Meishan
Member and in the greatest part of the Yinkeng Formation,
 Ostracods from South China: the Meishan stratotype 365
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Figure 30. Ostracod abundance and diversity curves. Dotted line represents number of specimens, unbroken line number of species.
Lithology as in Figure 2. P: peaks in biodiversity (see text); D: drops in biodiversity (see text); OME: ostracod main extinction; OFEI:
ostracod final extinction interval. (1) (2) and (3) refer to prelude, main episode and epilogue of mass extinction (sensu Yin et al. 2007).
Sea level curve redrawn from Yin et al. (1994, 2007).
 366 S. Crasquin et al.

Table 1. Ostracod species distribution in the Meishan section organized according to LAD (last appearance datum). As for
Supplementary Material, the squares represent the presence of the species in the sample and the fine lines their assumed
presence; the total range is underlined in grey. OME: ostracod main extinction; OFEI: ostracod final extinction interval. (1)
(2) and (3) refer to prelude, main episode and epilogue of mass extinction (sensu Yin et al. 2007) as in Fig. 30.
Late Permian - Lopingian Early Triassic
Changhsingian Griesbachian
Changhxing Yinkeng
Baoqing Member Meishan Member
Species / Sample numbe 04D2 04D04-1 04D5-2 04D8-1 04D9-1 04D10 04D11-2 04C12-3 04C13-5 04C13-4 04C13-3 04C13-2 04C13-1 04C14-2 04C15-2 04C15-1 0416-4 04C16-3 04C19-4 04C19-3 04C19-2 04C19-1 04C21-2 04C21-1 04C22-5 04C22-3 04C22-2 04C22-1 04C23-1 04C23-2 04A24-1 04A24-2 04A24-3 04A27ab 04A027c 04A27d 04A29
4 Cavellina cf. gerryi Crasquin-Soleau, 1999
16 Indivisia symmetrica Kozur, 1985
5 Reversocypris permiana Shi, 1982
27 Acratia changxingensis (Shi, 1987)
26 Cetollina lageniforma Shi, 2002
25 Pseudacanthoscapha striatula (Shi, 1982)
24 Shleesha sp.1
23 Indivisia cf buekkensis Kozur, 1985
28 Shemonaella sp.1
53 Eumiraculum changxingensis Chen, 1987
55 ?Aurikirkbya alta Shi, 1982
46 ?Pseudorayella hungarica Kozur, 1985
6 Fabalicypris minuta Cooper sensu Shi & Chen, 1987
29 Bairdia cf. heishanensis (Chen, 2002)
59 Bairdia sp. A
58 Shleesha sullivanensis (Payne, 1937) sensu Shi & Chen, 2002
60 Bairdia? sp.B
67 Bairdia ? sp. C
61 Praezabythocypris ? pulchraformis Crasquin n.sp
68 Permoyoungiella bogschi Kozur, 1985
71 Paramacrocypris sp. A
70 Microcheilinella cf qinglongensis Wang, 1978
73 Petasobairdia sp.B
7 Microcheilinella perexilis Shi, 1987
62 Polycope? sp.
75 Knoxiella infirma Shi, 1982
74 Triassocythere cf. prisca Kozur, 1985
76 Langdaia cf laolongdongensis Crasquin-Soleau & Kershaw, 2005
57 Bairdia limatusformis Crasquin n.sp.
20 Bairdia paussi Crasquin n.sp.
33 Microcheilinella ? sp. B
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32 Bairdia permagna Geis sensu Shi & Chen, 2002

31 Gen. nov. sp. nov.
30 Kempfia taihuensis Crasquin n.sp.
45 Knightina hongfui Crasquin n.sp.
44 Orthobairdia lemairei Crasquin n.sp.
43 Cavellina cf. rotunda Cooper sensu Shi & Chen, 1987
48 Liuzhinia praeantalyaensis Crasquin n.sp.
47 Mennerella sp. sensu Shi & Chen, 1987
56 Bairdia subleguminoides Chen, 1987
65 Fabalicypris parva Wang, 1978
64 Orthobairdia sp. 2
63 Knightina sp. A ?
72 Hollinella martensiformis Crasquin n.sp.
77 Orthobairdia sp. 1
90 Microcheilinella cf dorsicostata Shi, 1982
89 Birdsallela nitida Chen, 1987
88 Healdiacypris ? sp.
87 Parabythocythere? cf chongpani Crasquin, 2008
86 Kempfia? sp.1
85 Petasobairdia nantongensis Chen, 1982
84 Petasobairdia tricornuta Chen, 2002
83 Petasobairdia bicornuta Chen, 1982
82 Indivisia sp.1
81 Abrobairdia bitubera Chen, 1982
80 Bairdia hassi Sohn, 1960
79 Knightina bullaensis Crasquin, 2008
78 Knightina hungarica Kozur, 1985
18 Lobobairdia rostriformis Chen, 1987
35 Silenites sp. A
34 Bairdia subcontracta Chen 1987
92 Microcheilinella ? multinodosa Crasquin n.sp.
1 Acratia subfusiformis Wang, 1978
8 Bairdia broutini Crasquin n.sp.
19 Bairdia gaelleae Crasquin n.sp.
21 Silenites ? sasakwaformis Shi, 1987
51 Microcheilinella ? sp. A
9 Paraparchites chenshii Crasquin n.sp.
37 Acratia zhongyingensis Wang, 1978
36 Samarella meishanella Crasquin n. sp.
52 Bairdia fangnianqiaoi Crasquin n.sp.
94 Mirabairdia cf minuta Chen, 1982
93 ?Mirabairdia langshanensis Chen, 1982
10 Bairdia urodeloformis Chen, 1987
22 Cyathus caperata (Guan, 1978)
39 Microcheilinella shicheni Crasquin n.sp.
38 Bairdia pierrevalentini Crasquin n.sp.
95 Ceratobairdia venterocostata Wang, 1978
11 Bairdia wushunbaoi Crasquin n.sp.
40 Microcheilinella bicornuta Cooper 1946 sensu Shi & Chen 2002
41 Bairdiacypris fornicata Shi, 1982
66 Petasobairdia subnantongensis Chen, 1987
91 Acratia visnyoensis Kozur, 1985
12 Bairdiacypris? caeca Shi, 1987
13 Samarella victori Crasquin n.sp.
17 Baschkirina huzhouensis Crasquin n.sp.
49 Microcheilinella venusta Chen, 1958
3 Cyathus elliptica Shi, 1987
2 Basslerella annesophieae Crasquin n.sp.
14 Baschkirina ballei Crasquin n.sp.
15 Microcheilinella rectodorsata Crasquin n.sp.
42 Bairdia deweveri Crasquin n.sp.
50 Silenites zhejiangensis Crasquin n.sp.
54 Bairdia bassoni Crasquin n.sp. ? ?
96 Petasobairdia sp.A
69 Bairdiacypris anisica Kozur, 1971
97 Baschkirina ? sp. A
98 Knightina sp. B
04D2 04D04-1 04D5-2 04D8-1 04D9-1 04D10 04D11-2 04D12-3 04C13-5 04C13-4 04C13-3 04C13-2 04C13-1 04C14-2 04C15-2 04C15-1 04C16-4 04C16-3 04C19-4 04C19-3 04C19-2 04C19-1 04C21-2 04C21-1 04C22-5 04C22-3 04C22-2 04C22-1 04C23-1 04C23-2 04A24-1 04A24-2 04A24-3 04A27ab 04A027c 04A27d 04A29

2
1 3

OFEI
OME
 Ostracods from South China: the Meishan stratotype
which corresponds to the poverty phase. Analysis of Lower
Triassic ostracods of the Meishan section is in progress
(Forel et al.) and should provide new information on the
poverty interval. The first significant Lower Triassic ostra-
cod assemblage occurs in level 59 (Forel et al. in progress),
at the top of the Yinkeng Formation (see log fig. 2 in Chen
et al. 2007).
To explain ostracod diversity variations (bed 1 to base
of bed 22) before the end-Permian mass extinction, we
have compared phases of stability or increase in diversity
(phases P) and phases of decrease in diversity (D) with
the evolution of environments illustrated here by sea level
changes, as done for other fossil groups by Yin et al. (1994,
2007).
Phases P1-P2 correspond to a stabilisation of envi-
ronmental conditions linked with a general transgressive
trend. During P3, the diversity of ostracod assemblages
is relatively high and could be linked with environments
favourable to their development in an open marine plat-
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form, with normal life conditions. P4 corresponds to bed
19 and testifies to favourable environmental conditions in a
progressive transgressive trend, whereas PM, the maximum
of ostracod biodiversity, is registered in the lower part of
bed 22 which corresponds to high sea level.
D1 is an interval without ostracods. This poverty is
also registered in foraminifera but is unexplained (Yin
et al. 1994). D2 is also an interval without ostracods.
It has been interpreted as a Maximum Flooding Surface
(MFS; Yin et al. 1994; Zhang et al. 1997) and the
very low biodiversity could be related to the instabil-
ity of the environment which prevailed at the time of
rapid sea level rise. The drop in biodiversity D3 corre-
sponds to a Sequence Boudary (SB). This maximum sea
level fall could explain some strong modifications in the
environment. The drop in biodiversity is seen in all fossil
groups (Yin et al. 1994; Zhang et al. 1997) and confirms
the large amplitude of environmental change. The drop of
biodiversity D4 is also recorded in all fossil groups. Only
a few conodonts are present (Yin et al. 1994; Zhang et al.
1997) but no major sedimentological theories have been
proposed to explain the drop in diversity.
Finally, variations in ostracod diversity could not be
always linked directly with sea level changes, as suggested
by Yin et al. (1994, 2007) for other fossil groups, especially
concerning decreases in ostracod diversity. Nevertheless,
phases of stability or increase in ostracod diversity seem
to correspond to periods of stability of the environment,
related to stability of sea level, or to the periods of high sea
level.
Following these drops and peaks in diversity, before the
end-Permian mass extinction, ostracods have their final
drop of biodiversity (top of the bed 22) before foraminifera,
conodonts, brachiopods and fusulines (data from Jin et al.
2000). For these three groups the main extinction event
occurs sharply in beds 25 and 26, with an extinction rate
367
of 94% (Jin et al. 2000). The final decrease in ostracod
biodiversity is more progressive. This is illustrated in Table
1 where species are organized by LAD. Ostracod maximum
extinction (OME on Fig. 30 and Table 1) occurs just after
sample 04C22.5, with 48% species disappearance. During
interval 04C22–3 to 04C24.3, noted here as the ostracod
final extinction interval (OFEI on Fig. 30 and Table 1), 37
of the 38 species present become extinct. This final extinc-
tion is located at bed 24e which is the “prelude event of
mass extinction” of Yin et al. (2007) (noted as (1) on Table
1 and Fig. 30). The main episode and the epilogue to the
mass extinction (sensu Yin et al. 2007, noted respectively
as (2) and (3) on Table 1 and Fig. 30) are not evident in
ostracods. The final decrease in ostracod diversity, as for
the other fossil groups, can be linked with the lowest sea
level and volcanism (Siberian trap and basaltic eruptions;
Yin et al. 1992, 2007).
Acknowledgements
This work was undertaken with the support of the French
Scientific programs PICS-CNRS 3361 and ECLIPSE2,
and the Chinese programs NSFC (40621002) and 111
(B08030). We are very grateful to Prof. Wu Shunbao (China
University of Geosciences, Wuhan) for his efficient and
friendly help during fieldwork on the Meishan GSSP. We
thank Prof. Yin Hongfu (China University of Geosciences,
Wuhan) for his support during the French-Chinese collabo-
ration on the Permian–Triassic boundary. We warmly thank
Profs Alan Lord (Forschungsinstitut Frankfurt Sencken-
berg) and Wolfgang Mette (University of Innsbruck) for
their contructive remarks on the original manuscript. We
thank Martine Fordan (UPMC) for sample processing and
preparation of ostracods, and Alexandre Lethiers (UPMC)
for the drawings and the plate making.
Note
Online Supplementary Material: Ostracod species distribu-
tion organized according to FAD (first apparition datum)
in the Meishan section. Squares represent the presence of
species in the sample and dashes their assumed presence.
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