CSMA/CD

CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Detection) is a media-

access control method that was widely used in Early Ethernet
technology/LANs, When there used to be shared
Bus Topology and each Nodes( Computers) were connected By Coaxial
Cables.Now a Days Ethernet is Full Duplex and CSMA/CD is not used as
Topology is either Star (connected via Switch or Router)
or Point to Point ( Direct Connection) but they are still supported though.
Consider a scenario where there are ‘n’ stations on a link and all are waiting
to transfer data through that channel. In this case all ‘n’ stations would want
to access the link/channel to transfer their own data.Problem arises when
more than one station transmits the data at the moment. In this case, there
will be collisions in the data from different stations.

DNS
The Domain Name System (DNS) is the phonebook of the Internet. Humans access
information online through domain names, like nytimes.com or espn.com. Web
browsers interact through Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. DNS translates domain
names to IP addresses so browsers can load Internet resources.

Each device connected to the Internet has a unique IP address which other machines
use to find the device. DNS servers eliminate the need for humans to memorize IP
addresses such as 192.168.1.1 (in IPv4), or more complex newer alphanumeric IP
addresses such as 2400:cb00:2048:1::c629:d7a2 (in IPv6).
B-ISDN
B-ISDN (Broadband ISDN) is the broadband transmission counterpart of Integrated Services
Digital Network (ISDN). Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN) encompasses a set of International
Telecommunication Union (ITU) standards and services designed to provide an integrated
digital network for audio, video, and data transmission.

Instead of using the copper media used in ordinary ISDN, broadband ISDN uses
fiber-optic and radio media. Broadband ISDN is designed to use the cell-switching
transport technology of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) together with the
underlying physical transport mechanisms of Synchronous Optical Network
(SONET).

Broadband ISDN standards and technologies are an emerging option for high-speed
networking that promises the capabilities of high-speed digital connectivity for homes
and businesses.

GSM
GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile network
that is widely used by mobile phone users in Europe and other parts of the
world. GSM uses a variation of time division multiple access (TDMA) and is
the most widely used of the three digital wireless telephony technologies:
TDMA, GSM and code-division multiple access (CDMA). GSM digitizes and
compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of
user data, each in its own time slot. It operates at either the 900 megahertz
(MHz) or 1,800 MHz frequency band.

GSM, together with other technologies, is part of the evolution of wireless

mobile telecommunications that includes High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data
(HSCSD), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM
Environment (EDGE) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service
(UMTS).

Port in FC
Quick Reference

Short Descriptive Device Port Function

Name Name Type

N-port Node Port Node port used to connect a node to a Fibre

Chanel switch

F-port Fabric Port Switch port used to connect the Fibre

Switches Channel fabric to a node

L-port Loop Port Node port used to connect a node to a Fibre

Nodes Channel loop

NL- Node Loop Nodes Node port which connects to both

port loops and switches

FL- Fabric + Loop Switches Switch port which connects to both

port Port loops and switches

E-port Expansion Switches Used to cascade fibre channel

Port switches together
 G-port General Port Switches General purpose port which can be
configured to emulate other port type

U-port Universal port Switches Intial port state on a switch before

anything has connected and it
changes personality to an operation
state (E-port, F-port, fl-port) or a
transitional state like a g-port

CIDR
Classless inter-domain routing (CIDR) is a set of Internet protocol (IP) standards that
is used to create unique identifiers for networks and individual devices. The IP
addresses allow particular information packets to be sent to specific computers.
Shortly after the introduction of CIDR, technicians found it difficult to track and label
IP addresses, so a notation system was developed to make the process more
efficient and standardized. That system is known as CIDR notation.

CIDR IP addresses consist of two groups of numbers, which are also referred to as
groups of bits. The most important of these groups is the network address, and it is
used to identify a network or a sub-network (subnet). The lesser of the bit groups is
the host identifier. The host identifier is used to determine which host or device on
the network should receive incoming information packets. In contrast to classful
routing, which categorizes addresses into one of three blocks, CIDR allows for
blocks of IP addresses to be allocated to Internet service providers. The blocks are
then split up and assigned to the provider’s customers. Until recently, IP addresses
used the IPv4 CIDR standard, but because IPv4 addresses are nearly exhausted, a
new standard known as IPv6 has been developed and will soon be implemented.

TCP
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a transport protocol
that is used on top of IP to ensure reliable transmission of packets.

TCP includes mechanisms to solve many of the problems that arise

from packet-based messaging, such as lost packets, out of order
packets, duplicate packets, and corrupted packets.
Since TCP is the protocol used most commonly on top of IP, the
Internet protocol stack is sometimes referred to as TCP/IP.