Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fluke Webinar:
1
2/22/2021
2
2/22/2021
3
2/22/2021
Fluke Webinar:
Electrical signal
Underground Tracer
Backup
Earth / Ground Battery
4
2/22/2021
loss of opinion
the cost of on the reliability
replacing the of nuclear
transformer power plants
500,000$
Source: thesunnews
10
5
2/22/2021
11
12
6
2/22/2021
13
• A technique to create an image of the scene based on the sounds in the scene
• The sound image is then overlaid onto a visible image
14 © 2020 | Fluke Industrial Group
14
7
2/22/2021
❑ Easy to use
❑ Safety: able to detect from safe distances
❑ Less depending on external conditions (visual
limitations of UV Cam, noise limitations of
ultrasonic tools).
❑ Accordable price vs. UV camera
❑ Better documenting with pictures
15
Switchyard
16
8
2/22/2021
Switchyard
17
Transmission Lines
18
9
2/22/2021
19
A. Thermal imaging
B. Acoustic imaging
C. Ozone monitoring
D. All above
20
10
2/22/2021
• In the last 24 months, 173 accidents have occurred involving electrical systems
or equipment in the public and private sector
• 132 accidents involving contact with energized power lines/conductors (overhead,
underground and ground level)
• 31 accidents involving contact with energized transformers (or its components)
• 10 involving contact with high voltage switch gears
• Accidents were triggered by arc flashes and electrocution by contact
(Source, OSHA)
• Around 30,000 arc flash accidents occur every year in the US, leaving 7000
burn injuries and 400 fatalities
• Every 6 minutes an underground electric utility is damager because someone
digs without the right info
(Source, Industrial Safety & Hygiene News)
21
22
11
2/22/2021
23
Underground safety
locating mean
24
12
2/22/2021
25
1. Passive
• 50/60 Hz: On energized wire
• Radiofrequency: detects reflected RF waves from utility
26
13
2/22/2021
?
Which of the following is not an advantage of the EM Induction Technology
for tracing? (Click only one answer)
27
Importance of Grounding
• Good grounding not only for safety, its also prevent damage to industrial
plants and equipment.
• Good grounding system will improve the reliability of equipment and reduce
the damage due to lightning or fault current .
• To provide a safe path for the dissipation of fault currents, lightning strikes,
static discharges, EMI and RFI signals and interference.
28
14
2/22/2021
29
30
15
2/22/2021
31
Fall of potential method Selective method Stakeless method Building Grounding test method
32
16
2/22/2021
Common failures
• Loose connection
• Harmonics
• Unbalance
• Overloading
• Cooling issue
Transformer normal
thermal pattern
33
Battery terminal connection problem Whole battery cell overheat could be due to Elevated heating pattern on a UPS battery
poor air circulation cell, most likely caused by an internal short
causing high resistance
34 © 2020 | Fluke Industrial Group
34
17
2/22/2021
35
• Rugged construction
• Quick installation
36
18
2/22/2021
37
Grounding
Power Back up
for
Quality Power ( UPS)
substation
Electrical
UPS transfer
Partial Cable tracer
time
discharge
AC /DC testing
38
38
19
2/22/2021
Power Quality
39
4
1
2 5
Utility Power Gen Utility Distribution Utility Distribution Industrial & Commercial
<50MW, Renewable sources & Substation Power Quality Branch circuits, last mile PQ Energy & PQ Monitoring
energy storage Monitoring and energy services
Workflows where monitoring power quality is integral to Utility management and QA or Industry
operations uptime and Opex spend
• Utility system planning, demand management and PQ analysis.
– The task of understanding power consumption to ensure the distributed power meets the ever-growing needs of industry
and the consumer.
• Industrial and commercial facility electrical infrastructure, m onitoring power at main service entrance and critical
branch circuits
– Mitigate power quality issues that disrupt company operations
– Trend energy consumption trends, identify waste and savings opportunities
40
40
20
2/22/2021
Standards – EN50160
What is EN50160?
• The EN50160 standard is used across Europe to describe the allowable levels of power quality provided by electricity
distributors, it includes a range of measured variables and the allowable level for each individual measured parameter,
these include:
– Frequency
The power quality is measured at the point where the
– Short interruptions utility transfers power to the consumer, at the point of
– Long interruptions common coupling (PCC), where the utilities revenue meter
– Flicker PST is typically located.
– Flicker PLT The EN50160 has some serious limitations, it includes a
significant amount of time during the any seven days
– Interharmonic voltage period when power quality does not have to meet the
– Temporary overvoltages allowed level for many hours per week.
– Voltage dips The described levels are useful for all users as a basic
– Voltage variations description of the power quality state of health.
– Harmonic voltages
Applies to HV, MV and LV networks with different
– Mains signaling voltage
allowable levels at each voltage
– Rapid voltage change
– Voltage unbalance EN50160 is used more as the starting point of negotiation with the power utility and
consumer rather than a minimum quality standard the utility agrees to.
41
41
Standards – IEEE519
What is IEEE519-2014?
• The IEEE519 relates to the distortion requirements when installing harmonic loads on the power network.
• The standard details the allowable voltage and current distortion limits allowable at the point of common
coupling
• Different voltage distortion limits apply at separate voltage levels of:
1kV, 1kV to 69kV, 69kV to 161kV and over 161kV:
• The current distortion limits apply at a different set of voltage levels:
120V to 69kV, 69kV to 161kV and over 161kV
• During testing the load is operated to discover the level of distortion created during typical operating cycles.
Harmonic loads within this context are non-linear loads such as static power converters, arc discharge devices, saturated magnetic
devices, and, to a lesser degree, rotating machines. Nonlinear loads change the sinusoidal nature of the ac power current (and
consequently the ac voltage drop), thereby resulting in the flow of harmonic currents in the ac power system that can cause
interference with communication circuits and other types of equipment.
42
42
21
2/22/2021
Bus voltage V at PCC Individual Harmonic (%) Total Harmonic Distrortion THD (%)
V ≤ 1.0kV 5.0 8.0
1kV < V ≤ 69kV 3.0 5.0
69kV < V ≤ 161kV 1.5 2.5
161kV < V 1.0 1.5
Current harmonic limits at 69kV to 161kV:
Maximum harmonic current distortion in percent of IL
Individual harmonic order (odd harmonics) a, b
ISC/IL 3≤ h <11 11≤ h < 17 17≤ h < 23 23 ≤ h < 35 35≤ h ≤50 TDD
<20 2.0 1.0 0.75 0.3 0.15 2.5
20 < 50 3.5 1.75 1.25 0.5 0.25 4.0
50 < 100 5.0 2.25 2.0 0.75 0.35 6.0
100 < 1000 6.0 2.75 2.5 1.0 0.5 7.5
>1000 7.5 3.5 3.0 1.25 0.7 10.0
The IEEE519/Report software module direct compares the measured values with the limits of the
standard to produce detailed reports in the minimum time.
43
43
IEC61000-4-7 - Harmonics
• The IEC61000-4-7 standard is a general guide on harmonics and interharmonic measurement and
instrumentation for power networks
• It describes in detail the methods that should be used for measurement and classification of the measured
values of harmonics and interharmonics
• In addition to the main standard there are two additional annex documents that describe the measurement
of interharmonics and harmonics in the frequency range above 9kHz.
• These two documents are informative, that is that are not strictly part of the standard.
• The standard does include a variety of limits that other standards specify in a number of examples to show
how the standard is used but nominally does not have built-in limits. These standards include:
• IEC 60038
• IEC 61000-2-2
• IEC 61000-3-12
• IEC 61000-3 series (various standards)
The purpose of this standard is to ensure that measurements of harmonics are consistent by various
measurement instrument so that results can easily be compared when multiple instruments are
used.
44
44
22
2/22/2021
• The IEC61000-4-15 and IEEE1453 describe the methods of measurement of flicker in power systems.
• Flicker is caused by fluctuations in the power system voltage which result in observable changes in the light output
of electric lamps. It can be an annoyance and hindrance to workplace productivity and visually affect susceptible
individuals.
• The fluctuation may also cause detrimental effects to electrical equipment such as nuisance tripping of breakers,
unwanted switchover in UPS systems and problems with sensitive electronic equipment that need constant
voltage (e.g. medical equipment)
• The basic measurement of flicker is PST, short term flicker and PLT, long term flicker. Short term is considered over a
10 minute period and long term over a 2 hour period.
• A PST value of 1.0 for flicker represents a figure that 50% of people would perceive flicker in a 60W incandescent
bulb. Although incandescent bulbs are used less frequently the overall effect of flicker remains present on other
lighting and equipment.
• The two standards are almost identical, the IEC standard refers to 230V operated system and the IEEE refers to
120V operated systems.
The typical source of voltage flicker comes from randomly operating loads such as arc furnaces,
welding machines, intermittently starting and stopping induction motors.
45
45
IEC61000-4-30
• The IEC61000-4-30 standard describes the measurement and testing methods to be used by power quality
measurement instruments. It allows two classes of instruments, Class A and Class S.
• Class A offers the best accuracy and Class S is considered to be acceptable for regular power quality surveys.
• The main differences in accuracy are in the measurement of voltage and time. For Class A, voltage accuracy of 0.1
% of declared input voltage UDIN over the range of 10% to 150% of UDIN is required
• For time accuracy, ± 20 ms for 50 Hz and ± 16.7 ms for 60 Hz is required regardless of the total time interval.
Achieving this accuracy requires either a GPS clock via a GPS receiver or NTP (Network Time Protocol) via Ethernet
• The standard describes the method required for measurement (as per IEC61000-4-7 and -15) and dictates the
methods used for classification and flagging of specific items to enable consistent reporting.
• The Fluke 1740 series will be independently verified to comply with Class A by an external agency.
Class A is particularly useful in dispute resolution between the power supplier and the consumer,
the higher accuracy requirements for Class A analyzers enables both user in the dispute to make
measurements that will be identical.
46
46
23
2/22/2021
Class A Data
Aggregation:
• Data is specified to aggregate at multiple rates depending upon the logged value. The primary aggregation periods
are:
• 150/180 cycles (150 cycles for 50Hz and 180 cycles for 60Hz)
• 10-minute interval
• 2-hour interval (note that the 10 minute and 2-hour periods are those specified for flicker in IEC61000-4-15)
• The 10-minute interval is the one which most data is represented by, each 10-minute interval is made up multiple
150/180 cycle periods
Event Capture
• The identification of the time stamp of events (any significant change in the voltage) is made based on the
occurrence of the event with a half-cycle trigger – that is a half cycle RMS voltage outside of limit will be classified as
an event.
• To identify the occurrence of an event each part of the event is ‘flagged’ to indicate that item is part of one event –
this is to ensure that the effects of the event are consolidated into one for simplicity of analysis.
47
47
• The prevailing standard for power quality can be split into two areas:
• Measurement and evaluation (for equipment)
• IEC61000-4-7 (Harmonics)
• IEC61000-4-15 (Flicker)
• IEC61000-4-30 (Methods)
• Evaluation of logged data against limits
• EN50160
• IEEE519
• GOST (Russian standard)
• This is not a comprehensive list of standards for power quality, but these are most frequently quoted standards.
• In many cases there a geographical adaptation of the standards which evaluate against limits which use locally
defined limits, the Fluke 1740 series have adjustable limits to adapt the instrument and reporting to these
situations.
• There are also localized reporting standards that can be configured within the instrument and in reports in the
application software.
The purpose of any standard is to ensure that repeatable results are being created every time,
whether that be in the measurement and evaluation of data or whether that is in the evaluation of
data against allowable limits.
48
48
24
2/22/2021
49
Harmonics cause:
• unusable power, drawn from utility but not
converted to actual work
• high current to flow in neutral conductors
• motors and transformers to run hot, decreasing
efficiency and shortening lifespan
• increased susceptibility to voltage sags
• reduced transformer efficiency — or, a larger
unit is required to accommodate harmonics.
50
25
2/22/2021
This is true for all triplen harmonics including 6th, 9th, 12th,
15th 400
300
200
100
•Diodes
400
•Transistors 300
200
•Electric motors 100
•SMPSs (switch-mode
0
-100 0 90 180 270 360
-200
power supply) -300
-400
51
Harmonic sequences
Technical lesson
Sequence + - 0 + - 0 + - 0
52
26
2/22/2021
53
Partial Discharge
54
27
2/22/2021
• A technique to create an image of the scene based on the sounds in the scene
• The sound image is then overlaid onto a visible image
55
55
56
28
2/22/2021
57
58
58
29
2/22/2021
59
60
30
2/22/2021
61
• Power protection systems in medical institutions have higher standards than those for commercial or industrial use
Under most circumstances, a hospital losing power could be the difference between life
and death for any number of patients who are reliant on its systems functioning at
optimum levels.
62
62
31
2/22/2021
Meter mode
+ = for quick ad-hoc battery
test
= Sequence Mode
63
63
64
64
32
2/22/2021
• Coaxial probe
– One pole carries current
– One pole senses voltage
– Insulator
• The rugged probes are sharp to ensure good contact with metal parts.
• Each type of test probe has the same Kelvin arrangement
65
66
66
33
2/22/2021
67
67
68
34
2/22/2021
Is this going to charge up? Zoomed detail of a failed switchover Zoomed detail of a correct switchover
69
AC and DC testing
70
35
2/22/2021
Transformer Application
Customer Name – ABB (Low Voltage Drives Division) Fluke Norma 6004
Application – To measure the Output efficiency of Low Voltage Drives -- Quality check before dispatch
Model sold – Fluke Norma 6004 & 6004+ (Value – 20 KUSD)
71
EV battery application
Fluke Solution: Norma 6004 with 2000A clamp (70% probability in 2021)
72
36
2/22/2021
73
Q&A
74
37
2/22/2021
Thanks!!!
75
76
76
38
2/22/2021
THANK YOU!
p
77
77
39