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DD1M HighwayLiveLoadsonConcretePipe
DD1M HighwayLiveLoadsonConcretePipe
Live Loads
If a rigid pavement or a thick flexible pavement
designed for heavy duty traffic is provided with a sufficient Area 1 Wheel Surface Contact Area
buffer between the pipe and pavement, then the live load
Table
a(width),
1 Wheel
m Surface Contact
b(length),
Area
m DESIGN METHOD
0.60 0.25 The design method encompasses 4 steps.
1. Obtain the following project data:
IMPACT FACTORS Pipe shape, size and wall thickness.
The CHBDC applies a dynamic load allowance to Height of cover over the concrete pipe.
account for the truck load being non-static. The dynamic Design load criteria.
load allowance, IM, is determined by Equation 1: 2. Calculate the average pressure intensity of the
wheel loads on the soil plane on the outside top
IM = 0.40 (1.0 - 0.5 DE) ≥ 0.10 [1] of the pipe.
where: DE = height of earth cover over the top of the 3. Calculate the total live load acting on the pipe.
pipe, m. 4. Calculate the total live load acting on the pipe in
kN/m.
LOAD DISTRIBUTION
The surface load is assumed to be uniformly spread Project Data
on any horizontal subsoil plane. The spread load area Pipe shape and internal dimensions are shown on
is developed by increasing the length and width of the the project plans. Complete information on dimensional
wheel contact area for a load configuration as illustrated details are included in CAN/CSA-A257.1 for nonreinforced
in Figure 3 for a dual wheel; in Figure 4 for dual wheels of circular concrete pipe, CSA-A257.2 for reinforced concrete
two trucks in passing mode; and in Figure 5 for two dual circular pipe and ASTM C 507M for reinforced concrete
wheels of axles 2 and 3 in passing mode. On a horizontal elliptical pipe (8). Internal size, wall thickness and outside
soil plane, the dimensional increases to the wheel contact dimensions are presented in Tables 6 and 7 for circular
area are based on height of earth cover over the top of the and elliptical pipe.
pipe. The dimensional increase factor is 1.75H for depths The minimum earth cover over the concrete pipe can
of cover greater than 0.6 meters. CHBDC states that be obtained from the project plans.
for depths of cover less than 0.6 meters, “no distribution A decision regarding whether the CHBDC or other
beyond the footprints of the wheels shall be considered”. criteria will be used should be obtained from the project
As indicated by Figures 3, 4 and 5, the spread load authority.
areas from adjacent wheels will overlap as the height of
earth cover over the top of the pipe increases. At less
than 0.6 meters of cover, the maximum pressure will be
developed by the fourth axle dual wheel, since at 87.5kN
it applies a greater load than any other wheel (Figures 2 Average Pressure Intensity
and 3), and no dimensional increase is allowed beyond The wheel load average pressure intensity on the
the footprint of the wheel. At intermediate depths, the subsoil plane at the outside top of the concrete pipe is:
CL-W TRUCK
1 2 3 4 5 Axle No.
0.04W 0.1W 0.1W 0.14W 0.12W Wheel Loads
CL-W [ 0.08W 0.2W 0.28W 0.24W Axle Loads
0.2W
.025m
(TYP.)
2.40m 1.80m
.025m .025m
(TYP.) (TYP.)
0.60M
(TYP.)
CL-625-ONT TRUCK
1 2 3 4 5 Axle No.
C
3.00m
Curb
Dir
a ec b
tio
no
f T
rav
el
Wheel Load Area
ada
Spre
Sp
rea
db
Figure 4 Spread Load Area - Two Single Dual Wheels of Trucks in Passing Mode
a
mD
1.2 ire
ctio
no
Wheel fT
Load Areas rav
a el
a
read
Sp
a
read
Sp
Sp
rea
db
Distributed Load Area
Table
Table2 2 CL-W
CL-WCritical Values
Critical Values
Table 3 5CL-625-ONT.
Figure Critical
Spread Load AreaValues
- Two Single Dual Wheels of Axles 2 & 3 in Passing Mode
Direction of Travel
The effective supporting length of pipe is:
Le = L + 1.75(3/4Ro) [5]
where: =outside vertical Rise of pipe, meters
Ro
Spread a
Spread a
Pipe
Pipe EXAMPLES
Centerline Four Example calculations are presented on the
following pages to illustrate the four steps of the Design
Method, and the effect of varying the depth of fill and
Unless you are certain of the pipeline orientation, the design truck. The live loads per linear meter calculated
total live load in pounds, WT, must be calculated for each in the four Examples are summarized in Table 4.
travel orientation, and the maximum calculated value
must be used in Equation 4 to calculate the live load on Table 4 Summary of Examples
the pipe in kN per meter.
Figure 7 Effective Supporting Length of Pipe
The total live load acting on the pipe is:
H L
3R0
4 R0 Pipe Centerline
Le = L + 1.75(3/4R0)
1. Review project data. 4. Calculate live load on pipe in kN per linear meters.
A = (Spread a)(Spread b)
A = (0.6 + 1.2 + 1.75x1.5)(0.25 + 1.2 + 1.75x1.5)
A = (4.425)(4.075)
A = 18.0 m2
WT = w L SL
1. Westergaard, H.M., “Stresses in Concrete Pavements Computed by Theoretical Analysis”, Public Roads, April,
1926.
2. “Vertical Pressure on Culverts Under Wheel Loads on Concrete Pavement Slabs”, Portland Cement
Association, 1944.
8. ASTM Standard C 507M, “Specification for Reinforced Concrete Elliptical Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer
Pipe”, American Society for Testing and Materials.