Phonemes mean sounds, they fall into two broad categories: Consonants and vowels.

A nasal vowel is a vowel that is produced with a lowering of the soft palate (or velum) so that the air
flow escapes through the nose and the mouth simultaneously.

In phonetics, a stop, also known as a plosive or oral occlusive, is a consonant in which the vocal tract is
blocked so that all airflow ceases. The occlusion may be made with the tongue tip or blade ([t], [d])
tongue body ([k], [ɡ]), lips ([p], [b]), or glottis. Stops contrast with nasals, where the vocal tract is blocked
but airflow continues through the nose.

Fricatives are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two
articulators close together.

Liquid is a consonant phoneme made by closing the mouth passage but allowing air to exit smoothly.

The liquids are: /l/ - leg, last, /r/ - rest, rock.

· A lateral is a consonant in which the airstream proceeds along the sides of the tongue, but it is
blocked by the tongue from going through the middle of the mouth. An example of a lateral
consonant is the English L, as in Larry.

· In phonetics, a vibrant is a class of consonant including taps and trills (a trill is, "sometimes
referred to as a vibrant consonant.")