ASIA Indo-Pakistan Wars 1965-1971 ‘THE INDIAN NAVY AT WAR eet PE ; ee eee i ear “ ae Feeen end thade tek NoMa Re Sie pet: Both Pakistan and nd inherited Douglas C-47 Dakotas from the predominanely Hindu India. Mahar, bur whose populaion ele Both Paidstan and India inherited Dougies C47 Dakotas from ihe The British had held together a ws overwhelmingly Monkem, The Revanyetan an seatseawegeea ete eaar yet parton, andy mented indigenous adimnistia~ Maharajah wanted wndependence North est Frontier Small numbers remained in use even as fate 49 197% rand a host of traditional and refused to accede to integra hereditary rulers, while reconciling, tion with Pakisan, which funded divided religous incre and sup and armed che Azad! Kasi €0| sing tribal revoke, These pob- cary out an insurrection. Ac dhe ems now re-emerged, and on same time, Pathons. staged an ight Many of Pakistan's victory ‘hams were denied by toda, were ater found to be unsubstant fed Squadron Leader Mohammed ‘iam was credited with downing Beldan Hunters na single ‘engagement aver Saryogna during lie 1863 war bat the IAF lost ony throw Munters on that doy, 0 oF {them (enemy aeton Tao ofthe ‘Hunter plots named by the PAE ‘Bvitins actualy few Mystores en anether strike Early conflicts Trepartion of former ih int independent Mosier Pakiston urd prodomsnarty Hind inca if teggcy of biter neve and vay with both Sides oputing eral oy border ‘reas neacing Jam and Rash whieh wes predominantly ‘stim but ruled by 2 Hindu Maharajah In 947 Kesher Invade by Pathan tober men and 2nd Free Kash cared Hohe Fay, Sith Ne 8 Sauaston dung anes ys founda! No.3 Seusdren vss eae oid nthe tating ln Kasten between Sg) and 1a omatngn he se bone ef me Indon i Ferce at toend athe worir es Fighters at war, 1965 ; presented post war propaganda bythe PAF cesta the il evi and Gols strug; hough les wore remarkably even matched INA F-86F Sabre since india had to keep many of Rs bast unite i had coll rh ‘he East fo guard against Chinese intervonton, _analotopovent atnaiee et ‘irr ceatng most hd these played no part in the ging. Clever’ Sawa event ognsive om one the Sabre rth Sho inoue Sabre pt Oe ne mission nt sorce Inia and Pakistan farther north, in Attackers, Halifsx bomber: and over a Pakistani police postin the Indian forces in the Chhamb salient he Karakoram mountains, and a Brsol 170 freightes) and to lida daputed Fann of Kutch, a unia~ The JAF lst four obsolete Varnpres PAF Dakota vas damaged by IAF (Vampire, Canhertis and Hanter) habitable border area under water fo PAF Sabres in the battle, on 1 Tempests. AUN ceasefire into force on 3 ame although both nations also started for anich ofthe yest. The port was September, This od to he immedi January 1949. looking for arms chewhere, rvcaptnred in Apri, but it activity ate withdeiwal of the Vane ad Pakistan conducted as oven war Pakistt acquired 100 F-86Fs, 12 waslimited. One IAF Ouregan was the Ouregan ftom front-line wse aginst insurrection on the North F104 nd 24 B-57s miliary and shor down when iestayed over the Alleout. wat enupeed between West Frontier, this sing down a from the USA 4 5S, wwhile Pakistan border Inds aud Pakistan, and during he Fighter squadron from 47 wel Wadia obtain rnd wicioue 17-day cantlict the PAF 1960. Wty the ae forces ofboth Mystie IVA fights toms Prance WAR IN THE KASHMIR flew defensive CAD« cer is own India and Palestan were equipped and U-14 and.An-12 eransporis, In May 1965 Pakistan armed and bases offensive counter-air mi With eRAF and ex-RIAF sir Mind hehicopters and MiG-21 tesined ieregulars to anfiteate against Indion aiicks, and frat India used Spitfires, Tempest, fighters fom the USSTC Khir, hoping to ements svo- spot and interdiction sorties 10 Lberators and Dakota. The fed et 1857 Katies artes) oon wine oud tit Wee el wh tae federal ling Pakisani aie force had similar into” the Indian Union despies ste into Pakistan. The insgents kad tna eetained much of ai Efimient. but lacked Liberators. Pakistani process, ind UN spon= were backed by Pakstani artery, force in the East, against the rarer lls eke coy cic Des, a and fue) absilaray poet Cheer fiterafi 10. Pakistan (Furies, February 1965 Indian troope took anche a major offensive against nd a a resule the aie fore were ae THE WarZONneE — 1965 “The 1965 war began with an attack against Kashoni by Pakistanttrained initraiors; supported by Panis oo Sey he Bakistnts then inched facto Dre-emptive assault near Jam. Fighting was concentrate © © rainankot Ed atong the northern part ofthe Indo: Panistai order, ‘th anya rif outbreak of ghting in the Eas, when IAF @ Asompur ‘nd PAF fighter bombers mounted short burst of afield acs apa! ae aa ae ace to manta farge sta inthe East however, againt tne ve Amite ‘eal possibly that China might intervene. the fighting tha htt effet at postavar peace tata bot sos © @ chendigaen ‘recognised the pre-war borden Rashmi CHINA Pa NEPAL © Jodhpur es BHUTAN : aed ad INDIA EAST € PAKISTAN Teagoan/Ohaka @ —@ Agartala Kataiansa @ Coleus Chitagon9 Barreckpore @ © Jessore @ Dumbum @ er 4 2 F cocstale y no Ne Arabian Searealness and testing, and t0 prox fide even the mow Basic essentials, netting (Gand even Right: The Chipese Shenyang Fs formed the backbone ofthe BAF’ {gher strengths afte 985,76 beng {aken on charge as Sabre equipped with AlN 9 Sidewinder Cece a reese Nim Se Tike camo famoullage paint for some of 1 froneline tyPe!). By contest, the PAF began to believe their own propaganda, thatthe kilHloss nano Fra been about 1, ether than the actual 2:1, stil an immpressive Schievement, but simply noe good ough ia war against India. They Pakistan enced the war having were completely unable € perceive dhpletad 17 per vent ofie frontline that wshacever had happened in the Srength,. while Iudiv's losses air, the war had ended in a daw. Sinounted 1 kos chat Kt per cent. They alo. filed to realise thae Moreover, the los rate had begun despite a slightly higher kill ell vet out, and it hus been he smaller size of des Force meant Ssiinted dt ache three week’ tae they could not win 1 war of Fighting woukl hive scen the atrition with India, Had the war Pakistani loses sing to 33 percent listed a bale longer, che weight of and In’s losses toting 15 per lndian numbers alone might hav ‘ent. Air superiority Was ot defeated che. PAF, even th schieved, ana were unuble to pre= Ira had retained more than half of eu TAP fighter-bombers and recce ity forces in the Ease, against the Canberra fom fying daylight mie sions over Pakistan Thus 1965 W038 spemsive victory forthe PAF and one. which was tainted by Iadiculeany exagucrted propesan quite evenly balanced in the West. Indian ground fores lanched a da, which claimed a 431 or 5:1 The PAF used skilful tactics 10 counteroffemve which drove the kilos ratio maintain an edge in the ansaid Pakisanis back across cheie own ‘vere inal ble co hecp the TAP boner in places, but generally’ the LEARNING THE LESSONS Trom excessive interference with war Became abloody salemare, and India realised tha es air force had Pakisan aay opertions,akhough with 2.763 Ineian dead and been something ofa lied Bying ater @Seprember, litle atempe wat Pakistani dead (and with 373 and club fori plows before 1965, and 350 tanks etoved, respective) a that serioun effort needed to be rational made by ether ide to stop Bi bomber tid by the enemy. From ceaefire wa declared. The pre-war made «0. iMApCOVE Of See eter istm an) (culsienees chai (Stelter years Arcache taser is tonaes ance a eee eerie fo), while the ‘Canadatebull Sabres procured aah om West Germany, with Ian ‘ ‘acting as middleman Five sending oe aircraft in what were This was an ipresve resule but it squat gaa maeman Fte Tl beter chan penny packes. was simply not good cnovzh, “4877 when war broke out agai Fighter-bombers at war, 1965 ‘The Hawker Hunter bore the runt a the Hating in oth et and 197, ond re ougmentad in bot wars Eythe RystereIV and Gat 198 ma ambers ot ‘uregas and Vampites were lg ering the, fahterdomber rola, but by 1991 the sider typos had ben retired and the Hunters Mystere and Goats jomentod by indigenous HAL 24 Morute and he TAP never mounted masioms in (11 it ait com strength against its hey targets, dns kn 60 ‘Sunol Su-7itrs both wars the shortsan0® standby nthe Es bie, ad but