[Downloaded free from http://www.jisppd.com on Wednesday, September 28, 2016, IP: 188.24.116.
207]
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Knowledge, attitude and practice in
emergency management of dental injury
among physical education teachers:
A survey in Bangalore urban schools
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess, by means of a
self administered structured questionnaire, the level of
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of physical education
teachers in Bangalore city with regards to emergency
management of dental injuries. The questionnaire surveyed
the physical education teacher’s background, knowledge of
management of tooth fracture, avulsion, luxation injuries,
it also investigated physical education teacher’s attitude
and the way they handle the injuries. The sample consisted
580 teachers from 700 selected schools in Bangalore city.
Chi-square test was applied to test the significance between
trained and untrained teachers. Among the population 70%
were males physical education teachers 30% were females.
95% of the teachers had physical education training and 5%
did not have the training. 95% of the population had first
aid component and 5% did not have. Only 25% of trained
physical education teachers had correct knowledge about
tooth identification and 17% among untrained teachers. 81%
of trained teachers answered correctly regarding management
of fractured anterior teeth against 27.5% of untrained teachers
(P<0.0002). The present report indicates that there is lack of
knowledge and practice among physical education teachers
in Bangalore city regarding emergency management of dental
trauma. Educational programs to improve the knowledge
and awareness among the teachers have to be implemented.
Key words
Emergency management, trauma
DOI: ********** PMID: ***********
Introduction
Physical activity is a basic need for the growth of a
242
Mohandas U1, Chandan GD2
Professor and Head, 2Senior Lecturer, Department of
1
Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, VS Dental College and
Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka-560 004, India
Correspondence:
Dr. G. D. Chandan, VS Dental College and Hospital, Karnataka
Road, Bangalore, India. E-mail: dentoÞx@gmail.com
child. WHO theme for the year 2002 says, ‘Move for
Health’, which emphasizes on the role of physical
activity in the healthy living of an individual’. During
these physical activities, injuries to the face are one of
the risks associated with it. Trauma to both primary
and permanent dentition continues as a frequent dental
problem. As long as young children remain active,
trauma to both primary and permanent dentition
continuous to be a frequent dental problem. It is known
that majority of dental injuries is seen in children
between ages of 8 and 11 years.[1-3] The prevalence
of dental injuries is 60% out of which over 48%
involve maxillary teeth. Over 16% was in the school
environment and 19% of the injury due to fall.[4-12]
The prognosis of traumatized teeth depends on
prompt and appropriate treatment, which often relies
on knowledge of lay people such as the child’s parents
and their school teachers.[13] Since sports have been
implicated in the etiology of dental trauma[8,14] and a
high proportion of dental trauma at school occurred
during classes in physical education,[15] it would be
desirable for coaches and teachers of physical education
to be capable of managing such injuries when they
occur.[1] Studies have revealed that knowledge attitude
and practice of physical education teachers have a
poor knowledge regarding management of dental
trauma. [14,15] In India there have been no studies
J INDIAN SOC PEDOD PREVENT DENT | Oct - Dec 2009 | Issue 4 | Vol 27 |
[Downloaded free from http://www.jisppd.com on Wednesday, September 28, 2016, IP: 188.24.116.207]

Mohandas and Chandan: Knowledge, attitude and practice in emergency management

reported so far to evaluate the knowledge, attitude The second case depicted more serious scenario that
and practice of physical education teachers regarding involved avulsed tooth. This was to evaluate the
emergency management of dental injuries. Hence knowledge and practice of dental first-aid.
a study has been taken up to assess the knowledge,
attitude and practice of physical education teachers of Third case elicited a case of laxative injury.
Bangalore schools.
Part III: - consisted of 11 questions, which were on
All the available physical education teachers from luxations and avulsed injuries in their experience that
both government and private schools were considered evaluated their knowledge and attitude regarding
to the study. Among them a total of 700 teachers management of dental injuries.
were available during the study tenure out of which
580 have responded for the study. A prior permission All questions were given alternative choices to help the
was obtained from the Directorate of Physical respondents to make quick decisions.
Education Department, Bangalore, to conduct the study.
Permission regarding circulation of questionnaires Results
to physical education teachers in various schools was
obtained from Principals/School Head Masters of the Sex: A total of 580 physical education teachers were
respective schools. A multistage sampling was done available for the study. Among them 402 (69.3%) were
to obtain the sample. The Bangalore city was divided males and 178 (30.7%) were females.
into two parts namely North and South. A total of 100
Age: Among the 580 physical education teachers, 56
wards are present in the city. On random sampling a
(9.6%) were under 25 years of age, 185 (31.8%) were
total of 50 wards were taken for the study purpose
between 25 and 34 years, 244(42%) were between 35
(1st stage). From these wards, a total of 700 schools
and 44 years of age, 62 (10.6%) were between 45 and 54
selected were taken by random sampling. The data was
years and above age group.33 (5.6%) were above 55 years.
recorded by investigator personally from the physical
education teachers by going to their respective schools. Length of service: Physical education and first-aid
training: out of 580 study population 551 (95%) had
Inclusion criteria
formal physical education training and 527 (90.8%) had
• Physical education teachers from primary, middle
first-aid training, while 29 (5%) had no formal physical
and high schools in Bangalore city are included.
education training and 24 (4.11%) of them had no first-
• Teachers who agreed to participate in the study.
aid training [Figure 1].
• Physical education teachers were included
irrespective of specialized game, age, sex and Part II
religion.
Case 1
Questionnaires were distributed to all physical Dental trauma: - Among 580 study subjects, 228
education teachers who agreed to participate in the (39.3%) of them came across dental trauma, out of
study. The questionnaires were both in Kannada and these 96 (42.1%) found broken teeth without bleeding,
English language to ensure comprehension by all
physical teachers. The questionnaire was divided into First-Aid training
three parts
4%
Part I: - consisted of 11 questions on personal and
professional data that recorded sex, age, teaching
experience and first-aid training background.

Part II: - consisted of case studies with three imaginary

cases of dental trauma in a school environment.
96%
The first case explained of a mild dental trauma
involving uncomplicated crown fracture. This was to Did not have Had
evaluate the dental knowledge of the teachers and their Figure 1: Represents physical education teachers with and out Þrst-
attitude in rendering dental first-aid. aid component in their tenure

J INDIAN SOC PEDOD PREVENT DENT | Oct - Dec 2009 | Issue 4 | Vol 27 | 243
[Downloaded free from http://www.jisppd.com on Wednesday, September 28, 2016, IP: 188.24.116.207]
Mohandas and Chandan: Knowledge, attitude and practice in emergency management
56 (24.5%) saw broken teeth with bleeding. 22 (9.6 %)
has found teeth that had fallen off, 44 (19.2%) found
mobile teeth (Extrusion), 9(3.9%) saw displaced teeth
(Intrusion) and others like soft tissue injuries was
(0.43%) [Figure 2]
Among the 580 subjects; only 142 (24.4%) answered
that the damaged teeth were permanent, 169 (29.1%)
of them as primary teeth, while 269 (46.5%) were not
sure which teeth it was. Regarding the action taken 48
(8.2%) of them felt that they would contact the parents
of the child and explain to them what happened after
the class. About 57(9.8%) of the teachers would give
the child warm drink and contact the parents, while
177 (30.7%) would send the child to school nurse, 298
(51.3%) would contact the child’s parents and would
take her to the nearest dentist [Tables 1 and 2].
Case 2
Out of 580 subjects, 334 (57.5%) felt that they would
sideline the injured boy and tell him to bite on a
handkerchief, 24 (4.1%) felt that they would look for
the teeth, wash it and give it to the boy to take it home.
About 9 (1.5%) would look for the tooth and put it back
in the socket. While 202 (35.6%) of them felt they would
put it in the water, 11 (1.8%) would keep the tooth in
milk [Tables 3 and 4].
Case 3
Among 580 study subjects, 170 (29.3%) felt that they
Experienced Dental trauma of students during service
39%
61%
Yes No
Figure 2: Showing physical education teachers who have come across
dental trauma during their job
Table 1: Depicting different types of dental injuries faced by the study population
Options Broken teeth Broken teeth
without bleeding with bleeding
(a) (b)
Total 96 56
Percentage 42.1053 24.5614
244
would sideline the injured boy and tell him to bite on
a handkerchief, while 8 (0.72%) would wash the child’s
mouth and let him resume the game. 61 (10.5%) checked
the degree of injury, and sent him away. About 341
(58.7%) would take him to the nearest dentist [Table 5].
Part III
This section will deal with the questions that evaluate
the physical education teachers’ personal life encounters
associated with their knowledge, attitude and practice
towards the management of dental injuries. Among 580
teachers, only 103 (17.7%) [Table 6] had come across
luxated dental injuries among their spouse/children
or students, 51 (8.7%) of teachers had come across
avulsion cases. Approximately 130 (22.4%) teachers
felt that they would first refer the injured student to a
Medical practitioner, while 297 (51.2%) would refer to
a dental clinic, 73 (12.5%) to a General Hospital and 75
(12.9%) to a dental hospital and 5 (0.8%) would refer
to a school nurse.
Regarding the urgency in seeking professional help
for an avulsed permanent tooth among the 580
study subject, 288 (49.6%) thought they should seek
professional help immediately, 205 (35.3%) felt that
professional help has to be taken within 30 min, 60
(10.3%) within few hours and 27 (4.6%) thought
they could seek before next day. All the 580 teachers
answered to seek professional help at least before
next day; this shows they are not ignorant regarding
management of dental injuries like avulsion injury.
Out of 580 study subjects, 128 (22%) knew that an
avulsed tooth can be replanted, while 363 (62.5%) of
study population felt that the avulsed tooth should
be replanted, which shows a positive attitude among
these population. While asking their involvement in the
procedure to replanted tooth, 162 (27.9%) of physical
education teachers agreed to do it by themselves. When
questioned regarding cleaning the soiled avulsed tooth,
89 (15.3%) would scrub the tooth gently with a tooth
brush, 262 (45.1%) would rinse the tooth under tap
water. Approximately 15(2.5%) felt that they would
put the tooth straight back into the socket, while 214
(36.8%) did not know what to do. Some teachers have
Teeth that had Mobile teeth Displaced teeth Others
fallen off (d) (e) (f)
(c)
22 44 9 1
9.649123 19.298 3.947 0.438
J INDIAN SOC PEDOD PREVENT DENT | Oct - Dec 2009 | Issue 4 | Vol 27 |
[Downloaded free from http://www.jisppd.com on Wednesday, September 28, 2016, IP: 188.24.116.207]

Mohandas and Chandan: Knowledge, attitude and practice in emergency management

mentioned regarding other procedures as cleaning it extrusion injuries, 14 (2.4%) felt that would leave it as
in antiseptic solution, soap, warm water. it is, 381 (65.6%) of physical education teachers told
that they would take the child to a dentist, 16 (2.7%)
While answering for the management of intrusion and teachers told that they would correct it by themselves,
169 (29%) accepted that they did not know about the
Table 2: Represents the action taken by the study population management of luxated injuries. When asked about
with respect to Case I if they have received any advice regarding first-aid
Options a b c d e management of dental injuries, 107 (18.4%) answered
Total No 48 57 177 298 0 that they had received advice or information. Finally
Percentage 8.275862% 9.827586% 30.17241% 51.37931% 0 when asked regarding need for the dental first-aid
After class, contact her parents to explain what happened. Give her a warm drink and contact
her parents. Send her immediately to the school nurse. Contact her parents and take her to the
component in their course, 560 (96.55%) gave a positive
nearest dentist. Others please specify. answer and only 3.4% answered as negative.

Table 3: Represents the action taken by the study population Discussion

with respect to case II
Options a b c d e The incidence of dental injuries in children is extremely
Total No 334 24 9 204 0 high. Peak incidence has been shown to be between
Percentage 57. 58 4.13 1. 55 35.17 0 the age groups of 2–4 and 8–12 years. During these
Sideline the injured boy; tell him to bite on a handkerchief to control bleeding. Look for the
tooth, wash it and give it to the boy to take home. Look for the tooth and put it back into the
ages, there is a maximum prevalence of anterior teeth
socket. Put the tooth in a liquid (milk/saline/water) and take the boy to the nearest dentist. injury.[4-14] Physical education teachers are likely to be
Others please specify.
in contact with the child soon after the injury. It is their
knowledge of emergency procedures, which is crucial
Table 4: Represents the various media preferred to store the
avulsed tooth by the study population to ensure a better prognosis of the clinical treatment.
Options Water Saline Milk Don’t Know
In Part I, in the present study, 95% of the physical
education teachers had formal teacher training. Among
Total 32 44 9 119
Percentage 15.68 21.56 4.41 58.33
these, 90% had formal first-aid training; remaining 10%
did not have any first aid training. A very small number
of teachers said they had attended first-aid training
Table 5: Represents the action take by the study population courses on their own and only 4% of teachers recalled
with respect to Case III dental trauma management as being included in their
Options a b c d first-aid training. The two imaginary cases in Part II
Total 174 4 61 341 of the questionnaire were designed with an intention
Percentage 29.31 0.68 10.51 58.79 to test the general knowledge of the respondents
Sideline the injured boy; tell him to bite on a handkerchief to control bleeding. Wash his mouth
and let the boy resume the game. Look for the degree of injury, and send him home straight
regarding the dental age, along with two commonest
away. Take him to the nearest dentist. Other please specify. type of dental injuries. The ages of injured children in

Table 6: Showing the knowledge, attitude and practice of the study population regarding the various scenarios depicted in the cases
Knowledge Trained Untrained Overall
based Correct Incorrect Total Correct Incorrect Total Total
N % n % n % n % n % n %
Case 1 Q-1 140 25.4 411 74.6 551 05 17.2 24 82.8 29 580 100
Q-2 451 81.8 500 18.2 551 08 27.5 21 72.5 29 550 100
Case 3 Q-1 326 59.1 225 40.9 551 15 51.7 14 48.3 29 580 100
Part III Q-5 120 21.7 431 78.3 551 06 20.6 23 79.4 29 580 100
Attitude-based Q-3 435 79.1 116 20.9 551 16 55.1 13 44.9 29 580 100
Q-6 348 63.1 203 36.9 551 15 51.7 14 48.3 29 580 100
Q-9 363 65.8 188 34.2 551 17 58.6 12 41.4 29 580 100
Practice-based 280 50.8 271 49.2 551 17 58.6 12 41.4 29 580 100
Q-4
Q-7 155 28.1 396 11.9 551 17 58.6 12 41.4 29 580 100
Q-8 260 47.1 291 52.9 551 12 41.4 17 58.6 29 580 100
Q-9 363 65.8 188 34.2 551 17 58.6 12 41.4 29 580 100
P < 0.005 (Significant)

J INDIAN SOC PEDOD PREVENT DENT | Oct - Dec 2009 | Issue 4 | Vol 27 | 245
[Downloaded free from http://www.jisppd.com on Wednesday, September 28, 2016, IP: 188.24.116.207]
Mohandas and Chandan: Knowledge, attitude and practice in emergency management
cases I and II were intentionally selected as 8 and 13
years, respectively as children between this ages carry
great risk of sports-related dental injuries.[4-6,8-14]
Case-1, question 1 was regarding 8-year-old girl with
a broken upper front teeth less than half only; 24.4%
recognized that at the age of 8 years the upper front
teeth will be permanent dentition. This indicates the
general knowledge of surveyed group regarding the
time of eruption of permanent teeth was inadequate.
No significant difference was noted between the trained
and not trained physical education teachers (p = 0.055).
In similar survey carried out on physical education
teachers in Hong Kong, 46.8% had identified the tooth
correctly.[16] A good result in Hong Kong may be due
to a planned teachers training program focusing on
all required topics with regular program/workshops
conducted to update their healthcare knowledge. When
a question was posed about the action to be taken when
a tooth was broken, only 51.3% answered correctly by
choosing option, ‘The parent should be contacted and
asked to take the child to a dentist’. In some instances
this may not be immediately possible. In such cases
referral to the school nurse option was an acceptable
alternative; 31% of teachers chose this option, and
this response is lower than the responses obtained in a
similar study by Chan,[16] where 70% of the teachers
answered appropriately. A highly significant difference
in the distribution of response between trained and
untrained physical education teachers (p < 0.000)
was noticed. The reason for the difference in results
between the present study and the study conducted by
Chang is the presence of school nurse in every school
in Hong Kong. This shows that there is a scarcity of
school nurses in Bangalore. For case II, presenting a
13-year-old boy with avulsed upper front tooth, the
ideal treatment would be immediate replantation[3]
failing when one should ensure minimizing further
insult to the periodontal ligaments cells on the root
surface of the avulsed tooth.[3,17] Approximately 57.5%
population chose to answer ‘sideline the injured boy
asking him to bite on a handkerchief ’ suggesting that
they were concerned with controlling the bleeding first.
This would be the most common instinctive reaction by
most lay people in such cases, wherein the sight of blood
sets off a panicky response focusing on controlling
the bleeding first. Similar results were observed in the
study done on physical education teachers by Chan.[16]
Unfortunately, the child would not benefit from this
maneuver because undue delay in replanting the tooth
would jeopardize its prognosis.[3,17]
246
Only 1.5% of physical education teachers told that
they would look for the tooth and put it back in the
socket, but this figure was much lower when compared
to that obtained in Hong Kong,[16] where it is 17.5%.
However, there was a high statistical significance among
the trained and untrained physical education teachers.
(p <0.005). Looking through the storage media, 21.5%
chose milk, 15.6% chose water and surprisingly 58.3%
population did not know about the storage media. This
highly significance difference is due to the fact that
knowledge, training and practice among the physical
education teachers in Hong Kong is higher than the
those in Bangalore. As no dental topics covered in
the basic teaching and training of physical education
programs, physical education teachers in Bangalore
have low knowledge and practice ability.
It was revealed in Part III of the questionnaire that only
8.7% physical education teachers had experienced direct
or indirect avulsion injury among the children during
the tenure. This was lower as compared to physical
education teachers covered by Chan (28.3%).[16] The
reasons behind this may be due to the kind of sports
that is played in Bangalore, as there is not much contact
sport activity compared to Hong Kong.
When confronted with an accident involving an avulsed
tooth, a higher proportion of the respondents (51.2%)
said that they would go to a dental clinic and 12.9% to a
dental hospital. The higher percentage of those seeking
help from a dental clinic could be related to accessibility
and less knowledge regarding super-specialty dental
hospitals, and also lack of interaction with the dental
hospitals. The preference of taking the child to a dentist
by the physical education teachers may be attributed
to the increased availability of private healthcare
facilities in Bangalore city. In the Hong Kong study,[16] a
significantly higher proportion (48.8%) of the teachers
said that they would take the child to a ‘dental clinic’;
this may illicit that the dental service being provided
in Bangalore is better than Hong Kong.
Most teachers (49.6%) recognized the urgency in
seeking professional assistance for avulsive injuries.
None of the respondents thought that the treatment
was not necessary. This shows that the attitude of
the physical education teacher in Bangalore has a
good appreciable attitude in providing dental injury
treatment.
Regarding the urgency in seeking professional help
J INDIAN SOC PEDOD PREVENT DENT | Oct - Dec 2009 | Issue 4 | Vol 27 |
[Downloaded free from http://www.jisppd.com on Wednesday, September 28, 2016, IP: 188.24.116.207]
Mohandas and Chandan: Knowledge, attitude and practice in emergency management
there was no significant difference of correct response
between the trained physical education teachers and
untrained physical education teachers (p = 0.54). The
general perception, the trained and untrained teacher
showed a comparatively same level of awareness
regarding the urgency of seeking treatment in the case
of an avulsion.
Only 18.4% of teacher had received advice regarding
the management of an avulsive injury. A higher
number of teachers (39.9%) had received advice on the
management of avulsive injury according to studies
done by Chan[16] respectively. There seems to be an
urgent need to educate the physical education teachers
and correct these misconceptions.
When the responses of the teachers to the questions
regarding dental trauma were correlated with their
teaching experiences, unexpectedly it was found that
there was no significant relationship between the
practice conducted and the teaching experience. But
according to a study done by Sae-lim,[18] teaching
experience showed a direct correlation with the self-
assessed knowledge of physical education teachers
regarding the emergency management of dental
trauma. In the above results, among trained and
untrained physical education teachers there is no
difference regarding the knowledge of dental trauma
management and the qualification (trained physical
education teachers), as the trained teachers have not
undergone any special training to handle dental injuries.
When the physical education teachers were asked if
they thought they needed further training to manage
dental trauma cases, a majority of them (560, 96.5%)
answered ‘yes’ and similar response was also observed
in a study done by Chan (81.9).[16]
Conclusion
Among the physical education teachers, it is clearly
elicited that there was significantly very low knowledge
of dental trauma emergency management; no dental
emergency management component was included in
their Physical Education curriculum.
A lack of adequate knowledge was observed among
the physical education teachers regarding the suitable
medium for transport of an avulsed tooth. There
should be more interaction between school teachers
and dental professionals along with nearby dental
hospitals to enable them to detect and proceed correctly
in rendering better treatment at the primary levels. This
J INDIAN SOC PEDOD PREVENT DENT | Oct - Dec 2009 | Issue 4 | Vol 27 |
study shows that all the physical education teachers
have good attitude towards management of dental
injuries and lack of knowledge is leading to undesirable
practice regarding management of dental injuries.
It is been noticed however that the physical education
teachers have a great enthusiasm towards the need for
further training in emergency management of dental
injuries, but there is a need for incorporating emergency
management of dental injuries in the curriculum of
the physical education teachers as most of them lacked
knowledge on management and practiced inappropriate
methods, which could lead to disability or loss of tooth.
References
1. Andreasen JO. Challenges in clinical dental traumatology. Endod
Dent Traumatol 1985;1:45-55.
2. Andreasen JO, Andreasen FM. Textbook and colour atlas
of traumatic injuries to the teeth. 3 rd ed. Copenhagen:
Munksgaard.1994.
3. Andreasen JO. Effects of extra- alveolar period and storage media
upon periodontal and pulpal healing after replantation of mature
permanent incisors in monkeys. Int J Oral Surg 1981;10:43-53.
4. Grimm S, Frazao P, Antunes JLF, Castellanos RA, Narvai PC.
Dental injury among Brazilian schoolchildren in the state of Sao
Paulo. Dent Traumatol 2004;20:134-8.
5. Tovo MF, dos Santose PR, Karmer PF, Feldens CA, Sari GT.
Prevalence of crown fractures in 8- 10 years old school children
in Canoas , Brazil. Dent Traumatol 2004;20:251-4.
6. Zuhal K, Semara OE, Huseyin K. Traumatic injuries of
the permanent incisors in children in southern Turkey: A
retrospective study. Dent Traumatol 2005;21:20-5.
7. Gracia Godoy FM Prevalence of distribution of traumatic dental
injuries in a sample of Dominican school children. J Am Dent
Assoc 1981;9:193-7.
8. Sarkar S, Basu PK. Incidence of anterior tooth fracture in
children. J Indian Dent Assoc 1981;53:371.
9. Saroglu I, Sonmez H. The prevalence of Traumatic injuries
treated in the pedodontic clinic of Ankara University, Turkey,
during 18 months. Dent Traumatol 2002;18:299-303.
10. Lalloo R Risk factors for major injuries to the face and teeth.
Dent Traumatol 2003;19:12-4.
11. Traebert J, Peres MA, Blank V, Boell RS, Pietruza JA. Prevalence
of traumatic dental injury and associated factors among 12 year
old school children in Florianopolis Brazil. Dent Traumatol
2003;19:15-8.
12. Sandalli N, Cildir S. Clinical investigation of traumatic injuries
in Yeditepe University, Turkey during the last 3 years. Dent
Traumatol 2005;21:188-94.
13. Tapias MA, Jimenez-Garcia R, Lamas F, Gil AA. Prevalence of
traumatic crown fractures to permanent incisors in a childhood
population: Mostoles, Spain. Dent Traumatol 2003;19:119-22.
14. Rai SB, Munshi AK. Traumatic injuries to the anterior teeth
among South Kanara school children: A prevalence study. J
Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 1998;10:2:44-51.
15. Gabris K, Tarjan I, Rozs N. Dental trauma in children presenting
for treatment at the Department of Dentistry for Children
and Orthodontics, Budapest, 1985-1999. Dent Traumatol
2001;17:103-8.
247
[Downloaded free from http://www.jisppd.com on Wednesday, September 28, 2016, IP: 188.24.116.207]

Mohandas and Chandan: Knowledge, attitude and practice in emergency management

16. Chan AW, Wong TK. Lay knowledge of physical education 18. Sae-Lim V, Lim LP. Dental trauma management awareness of
teachers about the emergency management of dental trauma Singapore pre-school teachers. Dent Traumatol 2001;17:71-6.
in Hong Kong. Dent Traumatol 2001;17:77-85.
17. Martin MP, Pileggi R. A quantitative analysis of Propolis:
A promising new storage media following avulsion. Dent Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: Nil
Traumatol 2004;20:85-9.

248 J INDIAN SOC PEDOD PREVENT DENT | Oct - Dec 2009 | Issue 4 | Vol 27 |