Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 223 (2016) 126 – 133

QG,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXP1(:0(75232/,7$13(563(&7,9(66WUDWHJLFSODQQLQJ
VSDWLDOSODQQLQJHFRQRPLFSURJUDPVDQGGHFLVLRQVXSSRUWWRROVWKURXJKWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI
+RUL]RQ(XURSH,67+5HJJLR&DODEULD,WDO\0D\

$IIRUGDEOH+RXVLQJDVD0HWKRGIRU,QIRUPDO6HWWOHPHQWV
6XVWDLQDEOH8SJUDGLQJ
$GHO(O0HQVKDZ\D6KHULQH6KDILNE)DGZDNKHGUDE 
a
Aceadmy for science and technology, Alexandria, 02033, Egypt
b
Arab aceadmy for science and technology, Alexandria, 02033, Egypt

$EVWUDFW

2QH RI WKH ELJJHVW FKDOOHQJHV WKDW IDFH WKH GHYHORSPHQW LQ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV QRZ D GD\ LV ,QIRUPDO VHWWOHPHQWV 7KH
SKHQRPHQD RI LQIRUPDO VHWWOHPHQWV XUEDQ VSUDZO LV LQFUHDVLQJ HDFK GD\ GHVWUR\LQJ FLWLHV GHJUDGLQJ TXDOLW\ RI OLIH DQG
HUDGLFDWLQJ XUEDQ IDEULFV :KLFK FUHDWHG D YLWDO QHHG WR ILQG QHZ VXVWDLQDEOH VROXWLRQV IRU XSJUDGLQJ LQIRUPDO VHWWOHPHQWV LQ
GHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV2QHRIWKHGLIIHUHQWDSSURDFKHVLVDIIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJ
$IIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJLVUDUHO\GLVFXVVHGLQUHODWLRQWRLQIRUPDOVHWWOHPHQWVXSJUDGLQJ$OWKRXJKDIIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJLQWURGXFHV
PDQ\ QHZ VWUDWHJLHV LQ RUGHU WR JUDQWHH ORZ SULFHG KRXVLQJ DQG XSJUDGLQJ WHFKQLTXHV $OVR LW LV DSSOLFDEOH IRU GHYHORSLQJ
FRXQWULHVVLQFHGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV¶JRYHUQPHQWVFDQQRWDIIRUGWRIXQGDOOLQIRUPDOVHWWOHPHQWVXSJUDGLQJSURMHFWV
7KLVUHVHDUFKDLPVWRH[SORUHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQDIIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJDQGXSJUDGLQJLQIRUPDOVHWWOHPHQWV7RDFKLHYHWKLV
DLP WKLV SDSHU ZLOO KLJKOLJKW WKH GHILQLWLRQ LPSDFW DQG VWUDWHJLHV RI DIIRUGDEOH KRXVLQJ ,W ZLOO DOVR H[SODLQ ZKDW LQIRUPDO
VHWWOHPHQWV DUH 7KHQ DQDO\]H WZR UHOHYDQW H[DPSOHV 7KURXJK FRPSDUDWLYH DQDO\VLV WR DQDO\]H DIIRUGDEOH KRXVLQJ SROLFLHV
DSSOLHG LQ WKH H[DPSOHV XSJUDGLQJ SURJUDP ,Q RUGHU WR SURYH WKDW DIIRUGDEOH KRXVLQJ SROLFLHV PD\ EH D XVH IRU XSJUDGLQJ
LQIRUPDOVHWWOHPHQWVLQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV

©‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG
2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI,67+
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ISTH2020

Keywords:$IIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJ,QIRUPDOVHWWOHPHQWVXSJUDGLQJ'HYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV


&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO
E-mail address:)DGZDNKHGU#KRWPDLOFRP

1877-0428 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ISTH2020
doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.330
 Adel El Menshawy et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 223 (2016) 126 – 133 127

,QWURGXFWLRQ

7KH KRXVLQJ VHFWRU SOD\V DQ LPSRUWDQW UROH IRU IDPLO\ VWDELOLW\ DQG LQFRPH JURZWK 7KHUHIRUH PRUH DWWHQWLRQ
VKRXOGEHGULYHQWRZDUGVKRXVLQJGHYHORSPHQWHVSHFLDOO\LQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV7KHLPSDFWRIWKHKRXVLQJVHFWRU
KDVDGLUHFWHIIHFWRQORZDQGPLGGOHKRXVHKROGV0RUHRYHULWLVHVVHQWLDOWRSDLUVXVWDLQDELOLW\ZLWKDIIRUGDELOLW\WR
ORZHUPDLQWHQDQFHFRVWV$OVRLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRH[SORUHKRZVXVWDLQDELOLW\FDQLPSURYHFRVWHIILFLHQF\RIKRXVLQJ
6XVWDLQDELOLW\¶VUHODWLRQVKLSZLWKKRXVLQJDIIRUGDELOLW\KDVEHHQGLVFXVVHGLQVRPHILHOGVEXWLWLVQRWHZRUWK\WKDW
WKHUHLVDODFNRIFRPSUHKHQVLYHVWXGLHVWKDWLQWHJUDWHDIIRUGDELOLW\ZLWKVXVWDLQDEOHLQIRUPDOVHWWOHPHQWXSJUDGLQJ
:KLFK SURQRXQFHV WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI IRFXVLQJ RQ WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ DIIRUGDEOH KRXVLQJ DQG LQIRUPDO
VHWWOHPHQWV XSJUDGLQJ LQ RUGHU WR LPSURYH KRXVLQJ DIIRUGDELOLW\ DQG XSJUDGH LQIRUPDO VHWWOHPHQWV LQ GHYHORSLQJ
FRXQWULHV$EHG

3UREOHP'HILQLWLRQ

,QGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVLQIRUPDOVHWWOHPHQWVDUHLQFUHDVLQJDWDODUPLQJUDWHVZKLFKLVFRQVLGHUHGDWKUHDWWRWKH
VXVWDLQDELOLW\DQGGHYHORSPHQWRIFRXQWULHV$OWKRXJKWKHUHZHUHPDQ\UHVHDUFKHVWKDWH[SORUHGWKHFKDOOHQJHVRI
LQIRUPDOVHWWOHPHQWVWKHUHZHUHQRFOHDUVROXWLRQVIRUWKLVZRUOGVSUHDGSUREOHP0RUHRYHUPRVWRIWKHXSJUDGLQJ
SURJUDPV DUH YHU\ FRVWO\ ZKLFK LQ LWVHOI PDNHV LW GLIILFXOW IRU WKDW GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV FDQQRW DIIRUG WKHVH
SURJUDPV

0HWKRGRORJ\

,QGXFWLYH DQG GHGXFWLYH PHWKRGRORJLHV ZHUH XVHG WR H[SODLQ DIIRUGDEOH KRXVLQJ DQG LWV UHODWLRQ WR VXVWDLQDEOH
LQIRUPDO VHWWOHPHQWV GHYHORSPHQW 7KH PHWKRGRORJ\ DOVR LGHQWLI\ WKH UHDVRQV DQG FDXVHV RI WKH DSSHDUDQFH RI
LQIRUPDOVHWWOHPHQWV7KHQ$QDO\WLFDO0HWKRGRORJ\ZDVXVHGWRDQDO\]HUHOHYDQWH[DPSOHVDQDO\]LQJWKHPDJDLQVW
DIIRUGDEOH KRXVLQJ SROLFLHV LQ RUGHU WR ILQG D UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ DSSO\LQJ DIIRUGDEOH KRXVLQJ VWUDWHJLHV LQ
LQIRUPDOVHWWOHPHQWVXSJUDGLQJ

$IIRUGDEOH+RXVLQJ'HILQLWLRQ

$IIRUGDEOH KRXVLQJ FDQ EH GHILQHG DV LW LV D UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ KRXVLQJ DQG SHRSOH )RU VRPH SHRSOH DOO
KRXVLQJLVDIIRUGDEOHQRPDWWHUKRZH[SHQVLYHLWLVIRURWKHUVQRKRXVLQJLVDIIRUGDEOHXQOHVVLWLVIUHH6WRQHG
 3  $EHG  $IIRUGDELOLW\ LQ KRXVLQJ PDUNHWV LV RQH RI WKH PDMRU SUREOHPV IDFLQJ ORZ LQFRPH
IDPLOLHV GXH WR WKH FRQWLQXRXV LQFUHDVH RI FRQVWUXFWLRQ FRVWV $IIRUGDELOLW\ LV XVXDOO\ PHDVXUHG E\ WKH UHODWLRQ
EHWZHHQ WKH KRXVHKROG LQFRPH DQG WKH KRXVLQJ FRVW DQG LQ RUGHU WR XQGHUVWDQG WKLV UHODWLRQ LW LV UHTXLUHG WR
XQGHUVWDQG WKH FODVVLILFDWLRQV RI KRXVHKROGV DFFRUGLQJ WR WKHLU LQFRPH $EHG)LUVW LW LV HVVHQWLDO WR NQRZ
WKDWJRYHUQPHQWVFDOFXODWHLQFRPHOLPLWVIRUDIIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJXVLQJPHGLDQIDPLO\LQFRPHZKLFKLVFDOOHG$UHD
0HGLDQ ,QFRPH 5RVWHQ :RR ³$UHD 0HGLDQ ,QFRPH LV ZKDW WKH IDPLO\ ULJKW LQ WKH PLGGOH RI WKH LQFRPH
GLVWULEXWLRQHDUQVE\GHILQLWLRQKDOIWKHIDPLOLHVHDUQPRUHDQGKDOIRIWKHIDPLOLHVHDUQOHVV´5RVWHQ:RR
,Q RUGHU WR XQGHUVWDQG DIIRUGDEOH KRXVLQJ LPSDFW LW LV KHOSIXO WR XQGHUVWDQG WKH SUREOHPV WKDW UHVXOW IURP
XQDIIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJ
x 6RFLDOSUREOHPVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKXQDIIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJ
5HVLGHQWVOLYHZLWKILQDQFLDOVWUHVVKRXVHKROGVVSHQGELJSDUWVRIWKHLUEXGJHWVRQKRXVLQJOHDYLQJORZLQFRPH
KRXVHKROGVZLWKLQVXIILFLHQWPRQH\WRSXUFKDVHHVVHQWLDOQHHGV/LWPDQ
x 3UREOHPVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKXUEDQVSUDZO
,QFUHDVHG FRVW WR SURYLGH EDVLF LQIUDVWUXFWXUH DQG VHUYLFHV DQG LQFUHDVH SHU FDSLWD ODQG FRQVXPSWLRQ ZKLFK
UHGXFHVWKHDPRXQWRIDJULFXOWXUDOODQG/LWPDQ0RUHRYHULWLVREYLRXVWKDWWKHSUHVHQFHRIXQDIIRUGDEOH
KRXVLQJKDVWKHVDPHQHJDWLYHLPSDFWDVLQIRUPDOVHWWOHPHQWVXUEDQVSUDZO6LQFHLQIRUPDOVHWWOHPHQWVKRXVHKROGV
VXIIHUIURPODFNRIEDVLFLQIUDVWUXFWXUHDQGILQDQFLDOVWUHVV««HWF7KLVKLQWVWKDWDIIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJVXSSO\PD\
SURYHWREHDJRRGVROXWLRQWRVWRSLQIRUPDOXUEDQVSUDZO7KHUHDUHPDQ\EHQHILWVIRUSURYLGLQJKRXVHKROGVZLWKD
VXIILFLHQWDIIRUGDEOHDFFHVVLEOHKRXVLQJWRPHHWWKHLUGHPDQGVXFKDV
128 Adel El Menshawy et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 223 (2016) 126 – 133

,PSURYHG KRXVLQJ RSWLRQV KRXVHKROG ILQDQFLDO VDYLQJ UHGXFHG KRPHOHVV DQG VRFLDO SUREOHPV VXFK DV FULPHV
GLYHUVHQHLJKERXUKRRGVDQGDOORZDJLQJLQSODFH
x &RQFHUQLQJYHKLFOHWUDYHO
0RUHHIILFLHQWSXEOLFWUDQVSRUWVHUYLFHVUHGXFHGURDGVDQGSDUNLQJLQIUDVWUXFWXUHFRVW
x &RQFHUQLQJXUEDQVSUDZO
5HGXFH FRVW RI SURYLGLQJ SXEOLF VHUYLFHV LPSURYH DFFHVVLELOLW\ DQG HFRQRPLF RSSRUWXQLW\ IRU ORZ LQFRPH
UHVLGHQWV SROOXWLRQ UHGXFWLRQ DQG PRUH ORFDO HFRQRPLF GHYHORSPHQW $IIRUGDEOH KRXVLQJ GHYHORSPHQW LV
DSSURSULDWH LQ FLWLHV ZLWK UDSLG XUEDQ SRSXODWLRQ DQG HFRQRPLF JURZWK JHRJUDSKLF FRQVWUDLQV DQG OLPLWHG ORZ
SULFHGKRXVLQJ/LWPDQ

4.1. Polices and approaches of affordable housing

7KHUHDUHPDQ\SROLFHVWKDWDLPWRLQFUHDVHWKHKRXVLQJDIIRUGDELOLW\LQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV6RPHDSSURDFKHV
DUHEHWWHUWKDQRWKHUVVLQFHWKH\UHGXFHUDWKHUWKDQVKLIWWKHFRVW$FFRUGLQJWR/LPDQSROLFLHVDIIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJ
SROLFHVFDQEHFODVVLILHGLQWRGLIIHUHQWFDWHJRULHV,QHIIHFWLYHDQGVRPHWLPHVKDUPIXO(IIHFWLYHEXWFRVWO\SROLFLHV
0RVW(IIHFWLYHDQG%HQHILFLDOSROLFLHV7KLVSDSHULVJRLQJWRIRFXVRQWKHPRVWHIIHFWLYHDQGEHQHILFLDOSROLFHVDV
IROORZLQJ
x 0LQLPL]H)HHVIRU/RZHU3ULFHG+RXVLQJ
x ([SHGLWH'HYHORSPHQW$SSURYDODQG3HUPLWWLQJ
x ,GHQWLI\3DUFHOV6XLWDEOH)RU$IIRUGDEOH$FFHVVLEOH'HYHORSPHQW
x 3URYLGH)UHHRU,QH[SHQVLYH/DQGIRU$IIRUGDEOH+RXVLQJ
x %URZQILHOG5HPHGLDWLRQ
x 7DUJHWHG7D[DQG)HH'LVFRXQWV
x $GGUHVV1HLJKERXUKRRG&RQFHUQV
x ,PSURYH%XLOGLQJ'HVLJQ
x 5HVRXUFH(IILFLHQF\'HVLJQ
x ,PSURYH$IIRUGDEOH7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ
x 'LVFRXUDJH5HQWDO5HVWULFWLRQV
x $IIRUGDEOH+RXVLQJ0DLQWHQDQFHDQG5HKDELOLWDWLRQ3URJUDPV/LWPDQ
7KHIROORZLQJWDEOHVKRZVGLIIHUHQWDIIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJSROLFLHVDSSOLFDWLRQPHWKRGVWKDWFRXOGEHDSSOLHGLQ
GLIIHUHQWXSJUDGLQJSURJUDPV

7DEOH$IIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJSROLFLHVDSSOLFDWLRQ/LWPDQ5RVWHQ:RRHGLWHGE\UHVHDUFKHU

$IIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJ $SSOLFDWLRQRQXSJUDGLQJSURJUDP
SROLFLHV
0LQLPL]H)HHVIRU 7KLV SROLF\ VXJJHVWV PLQLPL]LQJ SODQQLQJ VWXGLHV IHHV RQ ORZHUSULFHG LQILOO KRXVLQJ VLQFH WKLV IHVV PD\
/RZHU3ULFHG+RXVLQJ LQFUHDVH UHWDLO SULFH RI VPDOO DQG LQH[SHQVLYH KRXVH SURMHFW DQG WKHUHIRUH UHGXFH WKH WRWDO DIIRUGDEOH LQILOO
KRXVLQJGHYHORSPHQW/LWPDQ7KURXJKH[FOXGLQJWKHDUHDRIDIIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJSURMHFWVIURPWKHIHVV
RIWKHSODQQLQJLQRUGHUWRLQFUHDVHWKHKRXVLQJDIIRUGDELOLW\DQGGHFUHDVHWKHSULFHVRIKRXVLQJE\UHVHDUFKHU
([SHGLWH'HYHORSPHQW 7KLVSROLF\DLPVWRVSHHGXSWKHGHYHORSPHQWDSSURYDODQGSHUPLWWLQJSURFHVVIRUORZSULFHKRXVLQJLQRUGHU
$SSURYDODQG3HUPLWWLQJ WR UHGXFH WKH FRVW RI WKH SURMHFW DQG PDNH WKHVH W\SHV RI SURMHFWV PRUH DWWUDFWLYH WR GHYHORSHUV /LWPDQ
 WKURXJK DVVLJQLQJ WLPH OLQH IRU WKH SURMHFW SKDVHV LQ RUGHU WR DYRLG DQ\ RYHUKHDG FRVWV LQ RUGHU WR
LQFUHDVHWKHRYHUDOOKRXVLQJDIIRUGDELOLW\E\UHVHDUFKHU
,GHQWLI\3DUFHOV6XLWDEOH *RYHUQPHQWV RU SULYDWH RUJDQL]DWLRQV FDQ PDLQWDLQ D GDWDEDVH RI ORWV VXLWDEOH IRU DIIRUGDEOH LQILOO KRXVLQJ
)RU$IIRUGDEOH ZKLFKKHOSVGHYHORSHUVEXLOGLQILOOKRXVLQJ/LWPDQVLQFHWKHSUHVHQFHRISDUFHOVWKDWDUHVXLWDEOHIRU
$FFHVVLEOH'HYHORSPHQW DIIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJSURMHFWVWRUHORFDWHUHVLGHQWVLVRQHLPSRUWDQWIDFWRUIRUWKHVXFFHVVRIXSJUDGLQJSURJUDPV

%URZQILHOG5HPHGLDWLRQ %URZQILHOGVXVXDOO\KDVJRRGSRWHQWLDOWREHVXLWDEOHIRUDIIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJ/LWPDQWKDWFDQEHXVHG

DVVXLWDEOHSODFHIRUEXLOGLQJDIIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJSURMHFWV

7DUJHWHG7D[DQG)HH 3URYLGHGLVFRXQWVWRORZHUSULFHGLQILOOGHYHORSPHQW/LWPDQ,WJLYHVWD[GLVFRXQWVWRGHYHORSHUVZKR

'LVFRXQWV DJUHH WR JUDQWHH SDUWV RI WKHLU GHYHORSPHQWV IRU ORZHU LQFRPH IDPLOLHV 7KLV FDQ EH DSSOLHG E\ WKH
JRYHUQPHQWZKLFKJLYHVWD[FUHGLWVWRWKHVWDWHDQGORFDODJHQFLHVWKHQWKHSULYDWHGHYHORSHUVDSSO\IRUWKHVH
FUHGLWVWKURXJKDFRPSHWLWLYHSRLQWVV\VWHP5RVWHQ:RRWKLVFDQEHDFKLHYHGWKURXJKORZHULQJWD[HV
IHHIRUGHYHORSHUZKRDUHUHDG\WRLQYHVWLQWKHXSJUDGLQJSURJUDP
 Adel El Menshawy et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 223 (2016) 126 – 133 129

$GGUHVV1HLJKERUKRRG 0DLQO\UHVLGHQWVLQDQ\DUHDKDYHIHDURIORZHULQFRPHQHLJKERUVWUDIILFFRQJHVWLRQSDUNLQJFRQJHVWLRQDQG
&RQFHUQV UHGXFHGSURSHUW\YDOXHV7KHVHSUREOHPVPD\EHVROYHGWKURXJKHGXFDWLRQDERXWWKHW\SHVRIKRXVHKROGVWKDW
RFFXS\ DIIRUGDEOH KRXVLQJ DQDO\VLV DERXW UHODWLYHO\ ORZ WULS JHQHUDWLRQ UDWHV RI DIIRUGDEOH±DFFHVVLEOH
KRXVLQJDQGDUHVHDUFKFRQFHUQLQJDFWXDOSURSHUW\YDOXHLPSDFWV/LWPDQ7KLVSROLF\FDQEHDFKLHYHG
WKURXJKXSJUDGLQJEXLOGLQJH[WHULRUVGHVLJQLQJDGDSWLYHKRXVLQJIRUIDPLO\LQFUHDVHOHJLVODWLRQRILQIRUPDO
VHWWOHPHQWVDQGVXSSO\LQJRIEDVLFVHUYLFHVVXFKDVOLJKWLQJLQIUDVWUXFWXUHSDYHPHQWVDQGJUHHQDUHDV$OVR
WKLVSROLF\PD\EHDFKLHYHGWKURXJK³SXEOLFSULYDWHSDUWQHUVKLSV´DVUHVLGHQWVRIWKHWDUJHWDUHDVDUHPRVWO\
DZDUHRIWKHLUQHHGVSULRULWLHVDQGFRQFHUQVDERXWWKHXSJUDGLQJSURJUDPE\UHVHDUFKHU
,PSURYH%XLOGLQJ'HVLJQ 5HVLGHQWV
 RSSRVLWLRQ WR WKH LQILOO GHYHORSPHQW XVXDOO\ UHIOHFWV WKH XQVDWLVIDFWLRQ ZLWK WKH GHVLJQ RI WKH
DIIRUGDEOH KRXVLQJ EXLOGLQJ VR WKLV SROLF\ DLPV WR GHYHORS WKH DIIRUGDEOH KRXVLQJ GHVLJQ ZKLFK UHGXFHV
QHLJKERUKRRGRSSRVLWLRQWRDIIRUGDEOHLQILOOGHYHORSPHQW/LWPDQ7KURXJKUHORFDWLQJUHVLGHQWVLQDQ
DFFHSWDEOHDFFRPPRGDWLRQHLWKHUE\VZLWFKLQJSODFHVRUWHPSRUDU\UHORFDWLRQ8QWLOWKHEXLOGLQJGHVLJQVDUH
LPSURYHGDQGLPSURYLQJEDVLFLQIUDVWUXFWXUHZLOOLPSURYHWKHRYHUDOOLPDJHRIWKHDUHDRQWKHORQJUXQ
5HVRXUFH(IILFLHQF\ (QFRXUDJHV GHYHORSHUV WR LQFRUSRUDWH HIILFLHQW SUDFWLFHV ZKHQ EXLOGLQJ DIIRUGDEOH KRXVLQJ DQG UHGXFHV
'HVLJQ RSHUDWLQJ FRVWV ZKLFK LQFUHDVHV ORQJWHUP DIIRUGDELOLW\ /LWPDQ  7KLV FDQ EH DFKLHYHG WKURXJK
FRQQHFWLQJQHWZRUNVEHWZHHQGHFLVLRQPDNHUVGHYHORSHUVDQGLQYHVWRUVLQRUGHUWRDFKLHYHHIILFLHQWGHVLJQLQ
VKRUWHVWWLPHE\UHVHDUFKHU
,PSURYH$IIRUGDEOH 3URYLGHHDFKDUHDZLWKDIIRUGDEOHWUDQVSRUWPRGHVVXFKDVZDONLQJF\FOLQJDQGSXEOLFWUDQVLWWD[LDQGFDU
7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ VKDULQJ WKDW ZLOO GLUHFWO\ SURYLGH VDYLQJV WR WKH KRXVHKROGV DQG ZLOO UHGXFH UHVLGHQW QHHG WR WUDYHO E\
DXWRPRELOH :KLFK UHGXFHV SDUNLQJ DQG WUDIILF SUREOHPV WKDW GHFUHDVHV QHLJKERUV¶ REMHFWLRQV WR LQILOO
GHYHORSPHQW/LWPDQ7KLVFDQEHDFKLHYHGWKURXJKSURYLGLQJWKHDUHDZLWKDIIRUGDEOHWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ
V\VWHPLQVHTXHQFHZLOOVDYHPRQH\IRUUHVLGHQWVDQGLPSURYHWKHRYHUDOOLPDJHRIWKHDUHDE\UHVHDUFKHU
'LVFRXUDJH5HQWDO 7KLV SROLF\ DLPV WR LQFUHDVH WKH QXPEHU RI UHQWDO XQLWV DYDLODEOH LQ D FRPPXQLW\ /LWPDQ  7KURXJK
5HVWULFWLRQV LQFUHDVLQJWKHQXPEHURIUHQWDOXQLWVDQGUHDFKLQJDQDJUHHPHQWZLWKWKHGHYHORSHUVWRJLYHRXWFHUWDLQSDUWV
RIWKHLUEXLOGLQJIRUDIIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJRUZLWKORZUHQWLQJUDWH,QUHWXUQGHYHORSHUVZLOOJDLQVRPHEHQHILWV
VXFKDVORZHUWD[HVE\UHVHDUFKHU
$IIRUGDEOH+RXVLQJ 0DQ\FRPPXQLWLHVKDYHDQH[LVWLQJVWRFNRIDIIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJVRPHRIZKLFKLVSRRUO\PDLQWDLQHGDQGPD\
0DLQWHQDQFHDQG EHFRPHXQLQKDELWDEOH7DUJHWHGDVVLVWDQFHFDQKHOSPDLQWDLQDQGUHVWRUHWKLVKRXVLQJVWRFN7KLVFDQLQFOXGH
5HKDELOLWDWLRQ3URJUDPV ORZLQWHUHVWORDQVKRPHLPSURYHPHQWORDQVWKDWPXVWEHUHSDLGZKHQWKHEXLOGLQJLVVROG6XFKSURJUDPVFDQ
IDYRU KRXVLQJ LQ DFFHVVLEOH ORFDWLRQV WR LQFUHDVH WKH VXSSO\ RI DIIRUGDEOHDFFHVVLEOH KRXVLQJ /LWPDQ
7KLV FDQ EH DFKLHYHG WKURXJK RIIHULQJ FDSDFLW\ EXLOGLQJ EXLOGLQJ VNLOOV HPSOR\PHQW DQG SURYLGLQJ
PLFURFUHGLWV

$IIRUGDEOH+RXVLQJ'HILQLWLRQ

,QIRUPDO GHYHORSPHQW LV D GRPLQDQW PRGH RI XUEDQL]DWLRQ LQ PDQ\ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV HVSHFLDOO\ RQ
DJULFXOWXUDOODQGVSULYDWHODQGV«HWF$OWKRXJKJRYHUQPHQWKDVPDGHPDQ\HIIRUWVWROLPLWWKHLQIRUPDOVHWWOHPHQW
XUEDQVSUDZOLWFRQWLQXHVWRJURZ,QJUHDWHU&DLURWKHPLJUDWLRQIURP8SSHU(J\SWDQGGHOWDUHJLRQVFDXVHGKXJH
KRXVLQJSUHVVXUHVWKDWVWDUWHGGXULQJZRUOGZDUWZR7KHPLJUDQWVZHUHDWWUDFWHGE\HFRQRPLFGHYHORSPHQWVWKDW
ZHUH RFFXUULQJ LQ &DLUR 3HRSOH DW WKDW WLPH VWDUWHG WR PDNH VDYLQJV DQG EXLOW WKHLU RZQ KRPHV RQ IULQJHV RI WKH
YLOODJH ORFDWHG LQ WKH SHULSKHUDO SDUW RI WKH FLW\ DQG RQ VWDWH RZQHG ODQG %HWZHHQ  WKH LQIRUPDO
XUEDQL]DWLRQ SURFHVV VWDUWHG WR VSHHG XS RQ DJULFXOWXUDO ODQGV RQ WKH ZHVWHUQ DQG WKH QRUWKHUQ SDUW RI WKH FLW\
)DPLOLHV WKDW FRXOG QRW DIIRUG EX\LQJ KRXVHV EXLOW RQ ODQGV EHORQJLQJ WR WKH VWDWH 3HRSOH LQYHVWHG LQ LQIRUPDO
VHWWOHPHQWVEHFDXVHWKHVXSSO\SURSRVHGE\WKHSXEOLFVHFWRUZDVQRWVXIILFLHQW+RZHLG\,QIRUPDOLW\FDQ
EHGHILQHGDVWKHDEVHQFHRIIRUPDQGWRGHILQHLQIRUPDOLW\ZHVKRXOGLGHQWLI\DEVHQWIRUPVZHDWKHUWKH\DUHVRFLDO
RUSK\VLFDOSHUPDQHQWRUWHPSRUDU\,QXUEDQWHUPLQRORJLHVDQLQIRUPDOSURFHVVRIXUEDQODQGLVLGHQWLILHGLIRQH
RUVHYHUDORIWKHIROORZLQJWHUPVDUH
x 8UEDQVSDFHLVRFFXSLHGZLWKRXWSHUPLVVLRQRIXVHDQGWKHRFFXSDQWGRHVQRWRZQRUUHQW
x 8UEDQFRGHLVQRWIROORZHG
x 7KHVSDFHW\SRORJ\LVGLIIHUHQWIURPWKHGRPLQDQWIRUPDOWKHP
81KDELWDWSURJUDPH[SODLQVWKDW,QIRUPDOVHWWOHPHQWVDUHDUHDVZKHUHDJURXSRIKRXVLQJXQLWVDUHFRQVWUXFWHG
RQODQGZKHUHWKHRFFXSDQWVKDYHQROHJDOFODLPRFFXS\LWLOOHJDOO\RULWLVDQXQSODQQHGDUHDVZKHUHKRXVLQJLVQRW
LQ FRRUGLQDWLRQ ZLWK WKH FXUUHQW SODQQLQJ DQG EXLOGLQJ UHJXODWLRQV $QGHUVVRQ 7KH IROORZLQJ SDUW RI WKH
SDSHU GLVFXVVHV KRZ GLIIHUHQW LQIRUPDO VHWWOHPHQWV XSJUDGLQJ H[DPSOHV DSSOLHG VRPH VWUDWHJLHV RI DIIRUGDEOH
KRXVLQJ7ZRH[DPSOHVZLOOEHEULHIO\UHYLHZHGIRFXVLQJRQHDFKH[DPSOHV¶XSJUDGLQJSROLF\DQGLWVUHODWLRQWR
DIIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJSROLFLHVSUHYLRXVO\VWDWHGLQWKLVSDSHU
130 Adel El Menshawy et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 223 (2016) 126 – 133

([DPSOHV'KDUDYL,QGLD,QIRUPDO6HWWOHPHQW


D 
E









)LJD6KRZVWKHORFDWLRQRI1DUYDQJZKLFKLVWKHIRFXVRIWKHVWXG\RI'KDUDYLEVKRZV]RRPLQRQ1DUYDQJ

7KHIRFXVRIWKHVWXG\ZLOOEH1DUYDQJLQ'KDUDYLDVVKRZQLQILJ1DUYDQJKDVDERXWKRXVHKROGV0RVW
KRXVHKROGVLQWKLVDUHDRZQDKRXVHRIWZRRUWKUHHURRPVUHQWLQJKDOIWKHVHURRPVDVDVRXUFHRILQFRPHWKHIHDU
RIWKHORVVRIUHQWDOLQFRPHLVRQHRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWUHDVRQVEHKLQGUHVLGHQWVRIWKLVDUHDRSSRVLQJWKHXSJUDGH
6KDZ 7KH IROORZLQJ 6:27 DQDO\VLV VKRZQ LQ WDEOH  SURYLGHV DQ RYHU YLHZ IRU 1DUYDQJ¶V H[LVWLQJ
VLWXDWLRQEHIRUHXSJUDGLQJ

7DEOH'KDUDYL6:27DQDO\VLV
,VVXHV 6WUHQJWKV :HDNQHVVHV RSSRUWXQLWLHV 7KUHDWV
/RFDWLRQ &HQWUDOORFDWLRQ KRXVHVDUHUHQWHGWR 2QVLWHUHGHYHORSPHQW VRFLRVSDWLDOVHJUHJDWLRQ
PLJUDQWV
2ZQHUVKLS RZQHUVKLSEHORQJVWR &RPSOH[LW\RIDFWRUV &RRSHUDWLRQEHWZHHQDFWRUV SXEOLFUHMHFWLRQIRUXSJUDGLQJ
WKHVWDWH
XUEDQVWUXFWXUH /LYDEOHXUEDQ OLPLWHGDFFHVVLELOLW\ PLQRULQWHUYHQWLRQVWRLPSURYH GHWHULRUDWHGFRQGLWLRQVRI
VWUXFWXUH DFFHVVLELOLW\ KRXVLQJ
%XLOGLQJ 6HSDUDWHURRP 8QVDIHVWUXFWXUH 6HSDUDWHURRPKRXVLQJHQDEOHV 8QVDIHEXLOGLQJVDIIHFWLQJWKH
FRQGLWLRQV KRXVLQJ IOH[LELOLW\RIXVHU TXDOLW\RIOLIHRIUHVLGHQWV
LQIUDVWUXFWXUH  /RZTXDOLW\RIVHUYLFH 1HZLQIUDVWUXFWXUHLQWHUYHQWLRQ ,QIUDVWUXFWXUHV\VWHPDIIHFWV
SXEOLFKHDOWK

7KH PDLQ DLP RI WKLV H[DPSOH LV WR DQDO\]H WKH XSJUDGLQJ SURJUDP DJDLQVW DIIRUGDEOH KRXVLQJ SROLFHV DQG
LOOXVWUDWHZKLFKRIWKHDIIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJSROLFLHVZHUHXVHG7KHIROORZLQJWDEOHLOOXVWUDWHVWKHDIIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJ
SROLFHVDSSOLHGLQWKLV'KDUDYLXSJUDGLQJSURJUDP

7DEOH'KDUDYLDIIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJDSSOLFDWLRQV
3ROLF\DSSOLHG 3ROLF\DSSOLFDWLRQ

,PSURYLQJ 7KLV SROLF\ DSSOLFDWLRQ ZDV FDOOHG LQ WKH XSJUDGLQJ SURJUDP KRXVH ³VZDS SROLF\´ ,W PDLQWDLQV WKH PD[LPXP SXEOLF
%XLOGLQJ DFFHSWDQFH IRU WKH XSJUDGLQJ SURMHFW $V SHRSOH DIIHFWHG IURP WKH XSJUDGLQJ SURJUDP VXFK DV ZLGHQLQJ WKH URDGV RU
'HVLJQSROLF\ GHPROLVKLQJ GHWHULRUDWHG EXLOGLQJ ZLOO EH JLYHQ WKH FKRLFH WR VWD\ LQ WKH VDPH DUHD RU EH UHORFDWHG LQ QHZ DUHDV
7RPOLQVRQ7KLVVWUDWHJ\PD\WDNHSODFHLQWZRZD\VDFFRUGLQJWRWKHOHYHORIDFFHSWDQFHRIWKHUHVLGHQWV3HRSOH
DUHXVXDOO\GLYLGHGLQWRWZRJURXSV)LUVWJURXSGRQRWZDQWWROHDYHWKHLUFXUUHQWOLYLQJDUHDDQGLQVLVWRQVWD\LQJLQWKH
VDPH DUHD RWKHUV GLG QRW PLQG OHDYLQJ WKH DUHD DV ORQJ DV WKH\ DUH JRLQJ WR HQKDQFH WKHLU TXDOLW\ RI OLYH 6R +RXVH
VZDSSLQJ WDNHV SODFH ZLWK SHRSOH ZKR GLG QRW ZDQW WR OHDYH WKHLU FXUUHQW DUHD DV VKRZQ LQ WKH IROORZLQJ ILJ D E\
UHVHDUFKHU
 Adel El Menshawy et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 223 (2016) 126 – 133 131

,PSURYLQJ $QRWKHUDSSOLFDWLRQRILPSURYLQJEXLOGLQJGHVLJQLV³VXEWUDFWDQGLQVHUWRSHQVSDFHV´7KLVSROLF\SURYLGHGDOOH[LVWLQJ

%XLOGLQJ RZQHUV ZLWK XSJUDGHG  VTXDUH PHWHUV DSDUWPHQWV DQG UHSODFHV DOO H[LVWLQJ UHQWDO VSDFHV 7KH RYHUDOO YLVLRQ DOORZV WKH
'HVLJQSROLF\ H[LVWLQJIDEULFWRUHPDLQLQSODFHDVIDUDVSRVVLEOHZLWKLPSURYHPHQWVLQEDVLFVHUYLFHV7KHSURSRVHGQHZFRQVWUXFWLRQLV
FRQFUHWHIUDPHDQGEULFNLQILOOWKDWDOORZVDGHJUHHRIIOH[LELOLW\ZLWKSDUWLWLRQV7KLVV\VWHPDOVRHQDEOHVSRVVLEOHIXWXUH
H[SDQVLRQVRQXSSHUIORRUVZKLFKDLPVWRLQFUHDVHWKHDIIRUGDELOLW\RIKRXVLQJLQWKHDUHD
'LVFRXUDJH 7KLV SROLF\ DSSOLFDWLRQ ZDV FDOOHG LQ WKH XSJUDGLQJ SURJUDP ³UHQWDO UHSODFHPHQW SROLF\´ 7KLV SROLF\ VXJJHVWV ORQJ WHUP
5HQWDO RZQHULVJUDQWHGRZQHUVKLSRIDFHUWDLQSHUFHQWDJHRIWKHQHZO\EXLOWEXLOGLQJDQGWKHUHPDLQLQJSDUWRIWKHEXLOGLQJZLOO
5HVWULFWLRQV EHGHGLFDWHGWRWKHXSJUDGLQJSURJUDPWRUHVHWWOHDIIHFWHGSHRSOHIURPXSJUDGLQJLQUHWXUQWKHUHQWLQJSULFHVZLOOLQFUHDVH
GXHWRWKHQHZIDFLOLWLHVSURYLGHGLQWKHDUHDVRWKHRZQHUVZLOOEHVDWLVILHGZLWKWKLVVROXWLRQ7KLVVROXWLRQPD\EHFRVWO\
DQGFDQQRWEHDSSOLHGZLWKDOORZQHUVDQGRQDOOEXLOGLQJVLQWKHVLWH6REHVLGHWKLVVROXWLRQLWLVVXJJHVWHGWKDWRZQHUVPD\
JLYHFHUWDLQSHUFHQWDJHVRIWKHLUEXLOGLQJVWRWKHXSJUDGLQJSURJUDPDQGLQUHWXUQWKH\FRXOGRZQDFRPPHUFLDOXQLWWKDW
PD\EHEXLOWLQWKHLQWHUDFWLYHVSLQHRUDSLHFHRIODQGDVVKRZQLQILJEE\UHVHDUFKHU
$GGUHVV 7KLVSROLF\LVYHU\LPSRUWDQWVLQFHWKHUHLVDFRPPRQEHOLHIIRUUHVLGHQWVWKDWDIIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJZLOOGHJUDGHWKHYDOXHRI
1HLJKERUKRRG WKH DUHD ZLWK EDG EXLOGLQJ H[WHULRUV WKDW DLP WR DFKLHYH DIIRUGDEOH XQLWV 7KLV SROLF\ DSSOLFDWLRQ ZDV FDOOHG LQ WKH
QHHGV XSJUDGLQJ SURJUDP ³$GDSWLYH VSDWLDO 'HVLJQV´ WKDW LV PRVWO\ FRQFHUQHG ZLWK DUFKLWHFWXUDO DQG XUEDQ GHVLJQ RI WKH
UHGHYHORSHG SURMHFW 7KH VSDWLDO IUDPHZRUN VKRXOG EH GHVLJQHG WR DOORZ KRXVHV WR H[WHQG DQG FRQWUDFW IRU GLIIHUHQW
IXQFWLRQV7KLVIOH[LEOHGHVLJQLQFUHDVHVWKHDIIRUGDELOLW\RIWKHXSJUDGLQJSURJUDP
$GGUHVV $QRWKHU DSSOLFDWLRQ RI DGGUHVVLQJ QHLJKERUKRRG QHHGV LV ³&RPELQHG DGMRLQLQJ KRXVLQJ´ 7KLV VWUDWHJ\ JLYHV JUHDW
1HLJKERUKRRG IOH[LELOLW\DQGLQFUHDVHVWKHDIIRUGDELOLW\6PDOOIDPLOLHVFDQUHQWRUEX\RQO\RQHPRGXOHXQLWDQGH[WHQGLWDVWKHLUIDPLO\
QHHGV LQFUHDVH7KHVWDQGDUGPRGXOHFKRVHQZDV[7KHFKRLFHRIDPRGXODUGHVLJQIRUWKHQHZO\GHVLJQHGEXLOGLQJVZDVWR
SURYLGHIOH[LELOLW\LQWKHSURYLGHGXQLWVWRUHVLGHQWV$VWKHQHZVSDWLDOXQLWVFDQUDQJHEHWZHHQRQHVWDQGDUGPRGXOHV[
WRGRXEOHRUWULSOHWKHPRGXOHDVVKRZQLQILJ7KLVSROLF\LQFUHDVHVWKHKRXVLQJDIIRUGDELOLW\DQGVXVWDLQDELOLW\LQWKH
DUHD
7DUJHWHG7D[ 7KLV SROLF\ DSSOLFDWLRQ ZDV FDOOHG LQ WKH XSJUDGLQJ SURJUDP ³&OXVWHU %DVHG 5HSODFHPHQW  RI SURILW´ XWLOL]HV DQ
DQG)HH DSSURDFKWKDWDOORZSULYDWHGHYHORSHUVWRXOWLPDWHO\RZQRIWKHWDUJHWVLWHWREHXSJUDGHGHQVXULQJWKDWGHYHORSHUV
'LVFRXQWV ZLOOXSJUDGHLQIRUPDODUHDVLQUHWXUQ











)LJ&RPELQHG+RXVLQJE\UHVHDUFKHU

D 
E








)LJD+RXVHVZDSDSSOLFDWLRQSURFHVVE\UHVHDUFKHUEUHQWDOUHSODFHPHQWE\UHVHDUFKHU

=HLQKXP&DLUR(J\SW

=HLQKXPLQIRUPDOVHWWOHPHQWVDUHORFDWHGLQ(J\SWDWWKHVRXWKHDVWHUQSDUWRI&DLUR=HLQKXPLQIRUPDODUHDLV
VOLJKWO\DERXWIHGGDQVZLWKSRSXODWLRQGHQVLW\RISHUVRQV7KHUHDUHWZRW\SHVRIKRXVLQJW\SRORJLHVLQ

132 Adel El Menshawy et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 223 (2016) 126 – 133

]HLQKXP)LUVWW\SH%XLOGLQJVWKUHHWRIRXUVWRULHVKLJKZLWKWZRRUWKUHHURRPVHDFK7KLVW\SHLVFKDUDFWHUL]HG
ZLWKSRRUEXLOGLQJPDLQWHQDQFHRYHUWKH\HDUVZLWKQDUURZXQSDYHGVWUHHWVIXOORIJDUEDJHDVVKRZQLQILJD
6HFRQGW\SH7KLVW\SHLVPDLQO\PDGHRINLRVNVDQGVKDFNVPDGHRIZRRG
D E

)LJD=HLQKRPVLWXDWLRQEHIRUHXSJUDGLQJ1$,)E=HLQKXPDIWHUXSJUDGLQJWDGDPXQ

7KHPDLQIRFXVRIWKHVWXG\ZDV
x &DSDFLW\EXLOGLQJWKURXJKSURYLGLQJ\RXWKZLWKWUDLQLQJVWRXSJUDGHWKHLUVNLOOV
x )LQGLQJQHZHPSOR\PHQWRSSRUWXQLWLHV
x 3URYLGHPDLQEDVLFVHUYLFHVWRWKHDUHD
x 5HEXLOGUHVLGHQWLDOXQLWVNKDGU
7KHIROORZLQJ6:27DQDO\VLVWDEOHLVJRLQJWRSURYLGHDQRYHUYLHZIRUWKHH[DPSOHFXUUHQWVLWXDWLRQ

7DEOH=HLQKXP6:27DQDO\VLV
,VVXHV 6WUHQJWKV :HDNQHVVHV RSSRUWXQLWLHV 7KUHDWV
/RFDWLRQ &HQWUDOORFDWLRQ /LPHVWRQHFOLIIVDUHD 2QVLWHUHGHYHORSPHQW *URZLQJVRFLRVSDWLDO
FRQVWDQWULVNWRSHRSOH VHJUHJDWLRQ
2ZQHUVKLS %XLOGLQJOHJDOVHFXULW\ VHWWOHPHQWEXLOWRQ  /DFNRIRZQHUVKLS
JRYHUQPHQWRZQHGODQG GLVFRXUDJHLQYHVWPHQWDQG
VHQVHRILQVHFXULW\
%XLOGLQJFRQGLWLRQV 3UHVHQFHRIVRPHJRRG 7KHPDMRULW\RIEXLOGLQJLV ,PSURYHEXLOGLQJVZLWK 8QVDIHEXLOGLQJVRQVWRQH
EXLOGLQJFRQGLWLRQV GHWHULRUDWHGEXLOGLQJV JRRGFRQGLWLRQVZLOO FOLIIVDIIHFWVWKHVHFXULW\
LPSURYHWKHDUHDLPDJH RIUHVLGHQWV
LQIUDVWUXFWXUH  /DFNRIDFFHVVWRSXEOLF 1HZLQIUDVWUXFWXUH /DFNRI*DUEDJHFROOHFWLRQ
XWLOLWLHV LQWHUYHQWLRQ DQGEDVLFLQIUDVWUXFWXUH

7KH PDLQ DLP RI WKLV H[DPSOH LV WR DQDO\]H WKH XSJUDGLQJ SURJUDP DJDLQVW DIIRUGDEOH KRXVLQJ SROLFHV DQG
LOOXVWUDWH ZKLFK RI WKH DIIRUGDEOH KRXVLQJ SROLFLHV ZHUH DFKLHYHG 7KH IROORZLQJ WDEOH  LOOXVWUDWHV WKH DIIRUGDEOH
KRXVLQJSROLFHVDSSOLHGLQ=HLQKXPXSJUDGLQJSURJUDP

7DEOH=HLQKXPDIIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJDSSOLFDWLRQNKDGUHGLWHGE\UHVHDUFKHU

3ROLF\DSSOLHG 3ROLF\DSSOLFDWLRQ

$GGUHVV 7KLV SROLF\ DSSOLFDWLRQ PDLQ DLP LV WR JUDQWHH WKH VRFLDO DFFHSWDQFH RI WKH XSJUDGLQJ SURJUDP EHWZHHQ WKH UHVLGHQWV RI
QHLJKERUKRRG ]HQKXLP 7KH XSJUDGLQJ SURJUDP VWUDWHJ\ ZDV WR GLYLGH WKH XSJUDGLQJ DUHD LQWR ³]RQHV´ DOO XSJUDGLQJ DFWLYLWLHV DUH WKH
FRQFHUQ VDPHLQGLIIHUHQW]RQHVVWDUWLQJZLWKWKH³GHPROLWLRQ´RIWKHH[LVWLQJNLRVNLQWKHDUHDDQGWKHQWKH³UHORFDWLQJ´UHVLGHQWV
LQWHPSRUDU\VHWWOHPHQWV$WILUVWWKLVXSJUDGLQJPHWKRGRORJ\ZDVGRXEWHGE\UHVLGHQWVVLQFHWKH\GLGQRWEHOLHYHWKDWWKH\
DUHJRLQJEDFNWRWKHLUKRPHVEXWRQFHWKHILUVW]RQHZDVDFFRPSOLVKHGWKHUHVLGHQWVVWDUWHGWRWUXVWWKHXSJUDGLQJSURFHVV
DQGEHFRPHPRUHHQJDJHGLQWKHXSJUDGLQJSURFHVV7KH\DOVRRIIHUHGWRKHOSLQWKHXSJUDGLQJILHOGZRUNNKDGU
6DWLVI\LQJUHVLGHQWVLVRQHLPSRUWDQWNH\IDFWRUIRUDVXFFHVVIXOXSJUDGLQJSURJUDPDVZHOODVLQFUHDVLQJWKHDIIRUGDELOLW\RI
KRXVLQJ0RUHRYHUFKDQJHVLQODQGVFDSHZHUHYHU\REYLRXVDV=HLQKXPVXIIHUHGIURPVKRUWDJHLQODQGVFDSHHOHPHQWV7KH
XSJUDGLQJSURJUDPDLPHGWRWUDQVIRUPWKHODQGVFDSHRIWKHZKROHQHLJKERUKRRGE\LQWURGXFLQJPRUHODQGVFDSHHOHPHQWV
LQRUGHUWRLQFUHDVHWKHVHQVHRIFRPPXQLW\IRUWKHUHVLGHQWVDQGWRULVHWKHYDOXHRIWKHDUHDDVVKRZQLQILJE
 Adel El Menshawy et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 223 (2016) 126 – 133 133

([SHGLWH 7KLV SROLF\ DSSOLFDWLRQ ZDV FUHDWLQJ SDUWQHUVKLSV EHWZHHQ 1*2V DQG ORFDO DXWKRULWLHV DV HDFK SDUWQHU WRRN IXOO
GHYHORSPHQW UHVSRQVLELOLW\ LQ WKH SURMHFWV 7KH *RYHUQPHQW ZDV PDLQO\ UHVSRQVLEOH IRU SODQQLQJ VXSHUYLVLRQ GHPROLWLRQ RI VOXP
DSSURYDODQG KRXVLQJ DQG LQIUDVWUXFWXUH EXLOGLQJ %XVLQHVVPHQ ZHUH PDLQO\ UHVSRQVLEOH IRU EXLOGLQJ UHVLGHQWLDO EORFNV DQG VHUYLFHV
SHUPLWWLQJ VXFKDVKHDOWKFDUHFHQWHUVDQGVFKRROVE\UHVHDUFKHU

UHVRXUFH 7KLVSROLF\DSSOLFDWLRQZDVDSSOLHGWKURXJKFRPPXQLW\HQJDJHPHQWE\FDSDFLW\EXLOGLQJRIFRPPXQLW\PHPEHUVLQRUGHU
HIILFLHQF\ WRHPSRZHUWKHFRPPXQLW\WRFUHDWHDVHQVHRIRZQHUVKLSLQWKHDUHD5DLVLQJWKHFDSDFLW\EXLOGLQJVWUDWHJLHVLQFOXGHPDQ\
GHVLJQ DSSURDFKHVVXFKDVKLJKTXDOLW\HGXFDWLRQUDLVLQJUHVLGHQWVDZDUHQHVVIRUFRPSXWHUXVHDQGHGXFDWLRQDOVHPLQDUV7KHVH
VWUDWHJLHVDLPWRSURYLGHUHVLGHQWVZLWKQHHGHGVNLOOVLQRUGHUWRLQFUHDVHWKHHPSOR\PHQWRSSRUWXQLWLHV7UDLQLQJDFWLYLWLHV
PDLQO\FRQFHQWUDWHGRQFUDIWVZKLFKZHUHVROGLQH[KLELWLRQVRUJDQL]HGE\1*2V


&RQFOXVLRQ

7KH)ROORZLQJWDEOHFRPSDUHVEHWZHHQWKHWZRH[DPSOHVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLUDSSOLFDWLRQRIDIIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJ
SROLFHV ,W LV QRWHG WKDW DIIRUGDEOH KRXVLQJ SROLFLHV DUH VWURQJ DSSURDFK WR XSJUDGH LQIRUPDO VHWWOHPHQWV DV WKHVH
SROLFLHVZHUHXVHGLQGLIIHUHQWXSJUDGLQJSURJUDPVLQGLIIHUHQWZD\V7KLVSURYHVWKDWDIIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJSROLFLHV
PD\EHDPHWKRGIRUXSJUDGLQJLQIRUPDOVHWWOHPHQWVLQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVXVLQJWKHDERYHLOOXVWUDWHGSROLFHV/DVW
EXW QRW OHDVW DFWLYH SDUWLFLSDWLRQ RI UHVLGHQWV LV DQ LPSRUWDQW IDFWRU LQ RUGHU WR JUDQWHH D VXFFHVVIXO DIIRUGDEOH
KRXVLQJXSJUDGLQJSROLFHV

7DEOH&RPSDULVRQ7DEOHE\UHVHDUFKHU
$IIRUGDEOHKRXVLQJSROLFHV 'KDUDYL =HLQKXP $SSOLFDWLRQ
0LQLPL]H)HHVIRU/RZHU3ULFHG 1RW$SSOLFDEOH 1RW$SSOLFDEOH 
+RXVLQJ
([SHGLWH'HYHORSPHQW$SSURYDODQG 1RW$SSOLFDEOH 1RW$SSOLFDEOH 
3HUPLWWLQJ
,GHQWLI\3DUFHOV6XLWDEOH)RU$IIRUGDEOH 1RW$SSOLFDEOH 1RW$SSOLFDEOH 

3URYLGH)UHHRU,QH[SHQVLYH/DQGIRU 1RW$SSOLFDEOH 1RW$SSOLFDEOH 

$IIRUGDEOH+RXVLQJ
%URZQILHOG5HPHGLDWLRQ 1RW$SSOLFDEOH 1RW$SSOLFDEOH 
7DUJHWHG7D[DQG)HH'LVFRXQWV $SSOLHG  
,PSURYH%XLOGLQJ'HVLJQ $SSOLHG  +RXVH VZDS VWUDWHJ\ VXEWUDFW DQG LQVHUW RSHQ
VSDFHV
5HVRXUFH(IILFLHQF\'HVLJQ  $SSOLHG (VWDEOLVKSURGXFWLYHGLDORJXHEHWZHHQ
VWDNHKROGHUVDQGLQYHVWRUV
,PSURYH$IIRUGDEOH7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ  $SSOLHG 7KURXJKLPSURYLQJVWUHHWQHWZRUNV
'LVFRXUDJH5HQWDO5HVWULFWLRQV $SSOLHG  UHQWDOUHSODFHPHQWSROLF\

5HIHUHQFHV

$EHG$7KHLPSDFWRIVXVWDLQDEOHQHLJKERUKRRGGHYHORSPHQWRQKRXVLQJDIIRUGDELOLW\DV\VWHPDWLFDQDO\VLVRIDIIRUGDEOHOHHGQG

WRZDUGVIUDPLQJDUFKLWHFWXUDODQGSODQQLQJJXLGHOLQHVIRUDIIRUGDEOHVXVWDLQDEOHQHLJKERUKRRGV7H[DVSURTXHVWOOF
$QGHUVVRQ+$0HWKRGVWRVROYHWKHSUREOHPRILQIRUPDOVHWWOHPHQWVWKHFDVHRIKDQJEHUJVRXWKDIULFD6WRFNKROP
+RZHLG\$-XQH&DLUR¶V,QIRUPDO$UHDV%HWZHHQ8UEDQ&KDOOHQJHVDQG+LGGHQ3RWHQWLDOV)DFWV9RLFHV9LVLRQV&DLUR3DUWLFLSDWRU\
'HYHORSPHQW3URJUDPPHLQ8UEDQ$UHDV
NKDGU=(J\SWLRQUHGFUHVHQWLQ=HLQKXPLPSDFWDVVHVVPHQWRIFRPSUHKHQVLYHFRPPXQLW\GHYHORSPHQWPRGHOIRUVOXPVXSJUDGLQJ
/LWPDQ7$IIRUGDEOH$FFHVVLEOH+RXVLQJ,Q$'\QDPLF&LW\DQG:K\DQG+RZ7R,QFUHDVH$IIRUGDEOH+RXVLQJ,Q$FFHVVLEOH
1HLJKERUKRRGV9LFWRULD7UDQVSRUW3ROLF\,QVWLWXWH
1$,)$3ODQQLQJIRUWKHXQSODQQHGDFDVHVWXG\RIVOXPVHWWOHPHQWVLQMHGGDKVDXGLDUDELD0XQFLHLQGLDQDEDOOVWDWHXQLYHUVLW\
5RVWHQ:RR-0:KDW,V$IIRUGDEOH+RXVLQJ"1HZ\RUN&LW\7KH&HQWHUIRU8UEDQ3HGDJRJ\
6KDZ$5H'KDUDYL
WDGDPXQ+WWSZZZWDGDPXQLQIR5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSZZZWDGDPXQLQIRO
7RPOLQVRQ5'KDUDYLLQIRUPDOVHWWOPHQWDQGVOXPXSJUDGLQJ