10 Unit2 Switch on 1 Lookat the pictures of some famous agricultural inventions. Match the pictures A-D with the inventions 14, What do you think they were used for? Which one do you think was invented first? 1 barbed wire (invented by Joseph Glidden) 2. cotton gin (invented by Eli Whitney) 3. reaper (invented by Cyrus McCormick) 4 seed drill (invented by Jethro Tull) 2. Read the texts and write the name of the invention on thelines. _——_——— ‘When seed was scattered by hand, it was often eaten by birds or failed to germinate ‘This horse-drawn machine made a hole and planted seeds automatically in This mechanical device removes the seeds, hulls, bres, a pro which had been very labour-intensive befor The invention of this straight rows, so reducing, implement quickly led to the amountof waste. further industrial a inventions for producing fabric, such as spinning and weaving machines. This machine for harvesting was the first step in the mechanization of farm ee ‘work. The first version cut As the American frontie standing grain mechanically moved westwards durin and two men swept the the 19th century, there grain into piles. twas five wasa shortage of wooden times faster than cutting by rails and stone, Asaresult, hand. Amore advanced there was a need for an ‘machine could also tie the alternative material for grain into bundles. Itwas icing structures. This ‘eventually replaced by the allowed large modern combine harvester areas ofland tobe divided ~ operated by only ono into fields. person. 2 Food and agriculture o Language spot Past Simple v Present Perfect « Study these examples from Switch on. What tense isused? When did Jethro Tull invent the seed drill? The American frontier moved westwards during the 19th century. ‘Seed was often eaten by birds. (passive) ‘© We use the Past Simple to ask questions with What time? or When?, and tomake statements about when things happened. These are common past time expressions we use with the Past Simple: when during the 19th century 200yearsago _thelast century int793 yesterday ‘© We use the Present Perfect Simple, often with since or ‘or. for actions which happened during a period from the past to the present. We also use it for past events when no specific times given or when the time is ‘unimportant, or to show that the event is relevant now. (Over the years there have been many similar inventions, but this one has been the most popular. The same principle has been used in machines ever since. (passive) © We use the Present Perfect Continuous toemphasize the activity itself. The activity may or may not be complete, We use the Present Perfect Simple to answer How many?ot How much? A They've been harvesting wheat for the last three days. (The fields are looking bare) B Howmuch grain have they harvested? A They've filled five silos >> Goto Grammar reference p.114Foodand agriculture 11 Nee eee 1 Complete the text about the history of tractors. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense, Past Simple or Present Perfect Simple, active or passive Tractors 2 (use) on farms since the start of thetwentieth century. The first mechanical implements. 2 (draw) by horse. ‘Around 1920, petrolengined tractors » (begin) to replace the horse. These early tractors. 4 (pull) implements froma drawbar. Around 1940, tractors 5 (begin) touse a hydrauliclift system. Inaddition, it. $ (be) possible for farmers to use a power take-off shaft for trailed implements, such as manure spreaders. Since the early 1950s, there. (be) many improvements indesign. There (be) changesin the tractor cab, making it safer and more comfortable. Computer systems___? (make) it possible for farmers tocheck on operations. The engine powerforttractors__1 (increase) over the years. For many years it » (be) 20-40hp, but it +2 (rise) to over 120hp,and sometimes over 200hp. 2 Use the notes to write sentences in the Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Continuous. 1 He/work/onthis project / since joining the company. 2. How much field data /you / collect? 3 Erikand Al/ study / agriculture / fortwo years and they are really enjoying it 4 They /design /a robot systemto kill weeds and they / demonstrate /it to potential manufacturers overthe last few weeks. 5. Since the 1980s manufacturers / made /a number of improvements in design. 6 They /not / use / this machine for long. They still need some time to get used toit. Inthis unit ‘© studying the impact of agricultural inventions and developments ¢@ Past Simple v Present Perfect ‘© how to begin a presentation ‘© scanning a text for required information Listening Precision agriculture 1 Lookat the pictures. What doyou understand by the term precision agriculture? we ooo 2 @ Listen toBarry stones, an Agricultural Engineer, talking about precision agriculture and see if your ideas were right. 3G Listen again and answer the questions. 1 Whatsorts of variations could there be in a field? 2. Whyisitnot a good ideato apply chemicals toa field uniformly? 3. Inwhat ways can information about the field be collected? 4 What example does Barry give to show the savings that can be made? 4 Note the advantages and disadvantages of the two systems forcollecting information. Then listen again to complete and check your answers. ‘Advantages Disadvantages12 Unit2 Ottoohiedderwasthe only person whosawthe polnt of sce bead. He spent yearstringtodevsea system for holding the ices together after they were cut. His first invention used hairpins. in 1928 he fit succeeded and only afew years te, 80% of all bread sold in America was presiced Pairwork 1 Workin pairs, A and B. Each of you has a short text about technology used in fruit production. Read your text and then answer the questions. 1 Whatis the technology used for? 2 Whatequipmentisused? 3. What does it measure? 4 Howhas this technology benefited the growers? Student A Gotop.i0. student B Inthe past, the only way to test the sweetness or firmness of fruit, such as apples, peaches, and apricots, was to select samples of the newly- harvested fruit and eat ther! Farmers assumed that if they used this type of destructive testing ona few fruits, they would know about the condition of all the others in the batch. Now, every individual fruit can be tested using non-destructive technologies tograde and sort them. Imaging spectroscopy or multispectral imaging can measure the sweetness and firmness of fruit. An optical detector fuses four laser beams, each at a different waveband of light, into one. An imaging spectrograph, a digital camera, and acomputeranalyze the amount of laser light thatis absorbed by the fruit. This indicates the sweetness of the fruit, while the firmness is measured by the amount of light bounced back ‘This technology has many other applications in industry and in space exploration, but in the fruit industry itis used to sort fruit just after ithas been picked. 2. Ask your partner the same questions about his /her text and make notes. 3 Read your partner's text and check your notes. Problem-solving Work with a partner. Use the words to fill the gaps. activity conditions destroyed disease The principle behind food preservation is to slow down the 2 ofbacteria which could potentially cause. 2 orto kill bacteria completely. In addition, enzymes which cause food todiscolour or decay can be food preservation methods. Preservation modifies, the which favour bacteria or enzyme activity. >incertain With your partner match pictures A-G with the food preservation methods 1-7, 1 refrigeration and freezing 2 canning and sealing 3. dehydration 4. salting 5. pasteurization 6 fermentation 7 chemical preservation3. Match these principles with the one of the methods in2, a Benzoates, nitrites, or sulphites either stop bacterial activity orkill bacteria. b Yeast produces alcohol, which kills bacteria. ¢ Sodium chloride draws out the moisture and creates conditions which are not favourable for bacteria. Cool conditions slow the activity of bacteria, while very cold conditions make bacteria totally inactive. € Boiling food and sealing it ina container with noair destroys any bacteria already present and prevents any more entering £ Boiling to between 62.8C and 72.8C destroys some bacteria and disables certain enzymes. g Bacteria die or become inactive in dry conditions. Make your point Beginning a presentation Asan expert in your technical field, you will have to present technical issues, often to people who donot havea technical background. @ Work in pairs. Listen to Lee Avatar talking about preparinga presentation. Match the pictures with some of the points Lee makes in his talk. Explain what each one represents. Food and agriculture 13 2. Workin small groups. You have to give apresentation toa group of visitors about the town where you live. Practise giving the introduction to the others in your group. Use Lee's Useful language. ‘USEFUL LANGUAGE FOR THE INTRODUCTION Goodafternoon. Hello. its good to see you (all). Myname’s... andi'm... (jobtitle). Im... and|workinthe... department. {dike toexpiain how... works. z _Tdlike to give you some informationabout... First ofall, weillook at..,andthen... Finally... you want toask me any questions, please interrupt. !MVexplain first ofall and then you can ask any questions, atthe end, = {dike to ask youto keep any questions untilthe end. 3. when youhave finished, discuss the good points of each other's presentation. Think of ways you could improveit. Point 1 INTRODUCTION © Point 1 © Point2 Point14 Unit2 Gadget box i The German company Alcoa has produced a new wine botle stopper called Vino-Lok. The device s made ofa glass bung surrounded by aplastic claims it's 100 percent neutral resealable, and recyclable What doyou think are the advantages of using this stopper rather than sony corkora screwtop? Reading aS Scanning Pedalling water 1 Lookat the picture and the title o In many parts of the world farmlands are supplied youthink the articleis about? with water through irrigation systems so that crops can be grown. Irrigation is necessary in parts of the world where rainfall is low or where rainfall is restricted to certain months in the year. The treadle pump is an effective and environmentally friendly technology used in many areas of Africaand Asia to lift water from shallow aquifers or canals. It costs about a quarter of the price of a motorized pump ~from as litle as US$12 to about $35 —and costs less tooperate. The operator uses his / her body weight and leg muscles in awalking movement to pump the water. The pump can lift water froma depth of up to seven metres and produce between 3,500 and 5,000 litres of water per hour. It does not require a great deal of effort, so can be operated by anyone in the family, from children to grandparents. tis ideally suited to areas where the water table is at ahigh level. The treadle pump can provide water for upto 0.5 hectares ofland and is very suitable for most small farmers who cultivateless than this. The pump consists oftwo pistons positioned inside two cylinders. Two treadles are connected to the pistons by a piece of rope. By treading on the two treadles in a walking motion, the pistons rise and fall creating a vacuum that allows water to be pumped. The user has a handle to grip and the whole pump stands ona wooden baseboard. Wateris drawn through a hose, pressurized, and then dischargedin a steady flow through the discharge pipe tothe field. For many farmers these low-cost irrigation pumps have removed their reliance ona single crop, allowing them to grow more crops out of season. They can obtain higher yields and grow higher-value crops such as fruits and vegetables. This technology is helping the poorest in the world escape poverty and become more entrepreneurialFood and agriculture 15 Nee 2 Before youread,lookat the table. Then, quick scan the texto find the information tocomplete the table, Don'tread the whole text, just try tofocuseon the {information youneed. Treadle pump Cost Energy source Lifts water from a depth of (Quantity of water produced ‘ea of and that can beirigated Qualifications required to operate 3. Now dothesametolocatetheinformationin thettext youneedto label the diagram, é 2s VAWE BOX Checklist ‘Assess your progress inthis unit. Tick(/) the statements which ae true. lean talkabout the impact of agricultural Inventions and developments know how to us the Past simple, resent Perfect Simple and Continuous know how to begina presentation Icanscana tex for required information My eadingand listening are good enough tounderstand most of eachtext inthis unit RS Key words Nouns barbed wire canaing crop ehyaraton fermentation grain harvesting ligation pasteurization preservation refrigeration seed veld Verbs germinate pressurize NNotehere anything about how English is used intechnology that snew to you114 Grammar reference —=&=&z==—=—=—ieEeEeE— Grammar reference 1 -ing form and to infinitive -ing form The-ng form sed recy afer certain eb ‘These ina an ayo cose dea. dey tefey rsh get. ie ep fon) postpone, pecicesicten apt Students hold consider doing computer rue ‘pees merece test te geen aia Sy ee she raceeced el a Petes ee Fire toinfinitive ‘The fo infinitive is used directly after certain verbs These include: agree aim attempt egin choose, continue decide expect fil hope, nten, learn, manage ‘mean. offer prepare promise, propose, want. ‘The planners agreed to make the proposed changes. ‘TheDrillers managed todig anew well Note that we can use the negative infinitive not to. ‘The company decided not todevelop the new system Verbs followed by ing form or to infinitive ‘There are several verbs that can be fllowed by either the-ing form ortheto infinitive, with very little change inmeaning ‘These include: begin continue hate intend, ke, love, referstart. We continued practising our communication skills throughout thecourse We continued t practise our communication sills throughout thecourse Note that we donot generally setwo ng formstogether. Weare starting tolearn about databasesystems. NoT We arestatingdeasning about database systems. 2 Past Simple v Present Perfect Past Simple ‘Weuse the Past Simple totalkabout an action that happened inthe past We often use time expressions sucha last month, yesterday, 250 years ago,in 1850. Present Perfect Simple Wieeuse the Present Perfect simple totalkaboutan action that happened ina period oftime up to the present Sometimes, no specific time is mentioned. Thiscan indicate that something happened very recently. or thatthe time period stretches from any pointin the pastuptonow. ‘The industry has announced its profits (= recently) ‘The industry has been atthe forefrontofnew We can use time expressions such as: recently this weeks far over thelast two years, Soar this year the industry has not developed any new techniques Present Perfect Continuous Positive ‘Thelandownerhas been planting tres, subject +have /has-+been + ing form Negative Wehaven'tbeen using the new equipment. subjects have /has-+not(haven't/hasn't been) fing form (Questions How have manufacturers been improving the design? = (question word have /has + subject + been +-ingform uke the Present Perfect Simple, the Present Perfect Continuousisused talk about an action that carries ‘onup tothe present Sometimes, we can use either tense without much difference n meaning expecially when werefer toa longer-term situation. He has worked /has been working here for 20 year mother cases, the Present Perfect Continuous emphasizes the fac thatthe action has continued upto the present and may notbe finished. The Present Perfect Simpleieoften used totalkabout quantity Compare He's been planting new tees (=he may of may not have finished) e's planted 500 new trees. (=he has finished planting the trees)