1

Cancer Carcinoma in Situ- Neoplasm which remains

A disease process whereby cells proliferate confined on the site of origin.
abnormally, ignoring-regulating signals in the
environment surrounding cells. Cellular Adaptive Process:

Estimated New Cancer Cases, Both Sexes in US 1. Hyperplasia

(2020) American CA Society:
1. Digestive System 2. Metaplasia
2. Genital System
3. Breast 3. Dysplasia
4. Respiratory System
5. Urinary System 4. Anaplasia
6. Skin
7. Lymphoma
8. Leukemia Contact Inhibition
9. Endocrine System - cessation of growth ones the cell comes in
10. Oral Cavity & Pharynx contact with another cell. It switches off cell
growth by blocking the synthesis of DNA, RNA &
Definition of Terms: CHON.
Aberrant Cellular Growth It is an alteration in
the normal cellular growth Types of cells according to their ability to
undergo regeneration:
Apoptosis 1. Labile
2. Stable
Cyst- A closed sac having a distinct membrane 3. Permanent or Fixed
and developing abnormally
Secondary Prevention- Early Detection of CA
Metastasis- It is the spread of cancer cells A. Health history and PE
B. Screening Methods
Neoplasm - Greek: NEO “new” Plasia “growth 1. Mammography
of tissue ; A mass of new tissue that grows
independently of its surrounding structures Pap Smear

Carcinoma - A specific form of CA or malignant Prostate exam

tumor arising from epithelial cells.
Digital rectal exam
Tumor- It is a lump, mass, or swelling or
enlargement 2. Self-care practices
Breast Self Exam
Sarcoma
Testicular exam
Oncogenes Tumor - genes that promote cell
proliferation and are capable of triggering 4. Sigmoidoscopy and
cancerous characteristics
Fecal occult blood test
Oncology - The field or study of cancer
Diagnostic Tools in Detecting Cancer
Proto-oncogenes - These are benign forms of A. Laboratory Tests
oncogenes necessary for some normal cellular 1. CBC /Differential count
functions, especially growth and development.

Differentiation – extent to w/c tissue cells

resemble normal cells Serum Electroyles
Ca – increase, bone metastasis
Progression- Na – Decrease, Bronchogenic CA
K – decrease, Liver CA
Neoplastic Progression
2. Tumor Markers or proteins associated with
specific cancer
 2

1. Serum prostate- specific antigen (PSA) C. Electrosurgery

D. Cryosurgery
2. Alpha-fetoCHON (AFP) E. Chemosurgery
F. Laser Surgery
3. Cancinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) G. Stereotactic Radiosurgery

B. Cytologic Examination Other forms of Surgery:

Ex: Papanicolaou Test (PapSmear) 1. Prophylactic

2. Palliative

3. Reconstructive

Nursing Management in Cancer Surgery

C. Oncologic Imaging
1. Complete a thorough pre-operative
1. Radiographs/ X-ray
assessment .
Chest X-ray
2. Provide education and emotional
Mammograms
support.
CT Scan/MRI
3. Communicate frequently with the
2. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
health team members .
3. Biopsy
4. Assess the patient’s responses to the
surgery and monitor possible
complications.
D. Invasive diagnostic techniques
5. Provide comfort.
 Biopsy
6. Initiate as early as possible plans for
 Cyst aspiration
discharge, follow-up and home care and
 Cystoscopy
treatment to ensure continuity of care.
7. Patients and family are encouraged to
use community resources such as the
Philippine Cancer Society.
Management of Patient with Neoplastic
Diseases
Goals:
1. cure
2. control
3. palliation

A. SURGERY
* Diagnostic Surgery

3 methods:
a. Excisional biopsy

b. Incisional biopsy

c. Needle biopsy

* Surgery as Primary Treatment

Goal: TO remove the entire tumor or as much
as possible and any involved surrounding tissue,
including regional lymph nodes.
2 Common Procedures:
1. Local incision
2. Wide or Radical Excision

New Approaches: SURGERY AS PRIMARY

TREATMENT
A. Video
B. Salvage surgery