Other Therapeutic Modalities Two types:

Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS)

A. Immunotherapy
Lobular Carcinoma in Situ (LCIS)
Using Biologic Response Therapy
B. Invasive Carcinoma
- arises from the intermediate ducts of
the breast
B. Photodynamic Therapy

Phototherapy/ photoradiation/ Seven types:

photochemotherapy Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma
Infiltrating Lobular Carcinoma
Medullary Carcinoma
Mucinous Cancer
Tubular Ductal Carcinoma
– an intravenous dose of
Inflammatory Carcinoma
photosensitizing compound, which is selectively
Paget’s Disease
retained in higher concentrations of malignant
tissue.

Etiology
Cause is unknown.
C. Bone Marrow Transplant
Although genetic, hormonal or biochemical
factors are likely to be involved, 70% of women
with breast CA had no known risk factors.

D. Hormone Therapy Precipitating factors:

Reproductive history
Radiation exposure
lifestyle

 Because steroid hormones are powerful drivers Predisposing factors:

of gene expression in certain cancer cells, Gender
changing the levels or activity of certain Race
hormones can cause certain cancers to cease Age
growing, or even undergo cell death.  Family history
Medical history
Menstrual history
 Breast cancer
TYPES: Men – risk factors:
A. Carcinoma in Situ A 1st degree male or female relative with
- characterized by the proliferation of breast cancer
malignant cells within the , Variations in BRCA2 gene
without invasion into the surrounding tissue. Klinefelter’s syndrome
Exposure to ionizing radiation
Signs & Symptoms:
Small, hard painless lump in breast
Non-tender & fixed lesions
Lesions are hard with irregular borders rather
than encapsulated and smooth
Nipple discharge
Change in size & shape of breast
Dimpling, pulling, or retractions
Peau d’ orange skin
Persistent skin rash near nipple area
Flaking or eruption near the nipple

Diagnostic Exams:

Imaging Studies:

Specimen examinations:

Breast conserving procedures:

Axillary lymph node dissection

Breast reconstruction:
Transverse Rectus Abdominis Muscle Flap

Latissimus Dorsi Muscle Free Flap