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Tipenctapum ce6e cio *xHAKOCTH (HanpHMep, BOAbI) Mex ay JBYMA TOPKSOHTAJbHLIMH WapasJeJbHEIMH MOCKOCTAMM, JaTepadib- HbI€ PaSMEPb! KOTOPbIX SHAUHTCJIBHO MpeBOCKOAAT TOMMHHY CuO. TlpenocraBjenHaa camoli ce6e, KHZKOCTb ObICTpO yCTPeMHTCA K Of- HOPOAHOMY COCTOAHHIO, B KOTOPOM, BblpaxkadCb ASBHIKOM CTATHCTHKH, Bce ee uacTH OymyT TOAMeCTBEHHEI MexKzy cobol. Hanpumep, tome- UeHHLI B Tako clot MHHMAaTIOpHH HaGmoxarentb, KOTOpHT CTPOUT CBOH CyKACHHA JHU Ha HabmOAeHHAX Hay OKpyKalomeli cpegoli, He CMOXKeT OMpeqeTHTD, B KaKOM H3 ABYX MaJLIX OObEMOB (Va, naw Vg) O# HaxoguTes (pue. 1.2). Takum o6pasom, Bce obbe- Mbi, KOTOPbIe MOXKHO BBIeJHTh B XKKAKOCTH, OyAyT Hepas/HUMMbI Mexzy co6ol, CoorpercrBeHHO, YTOOn! 3HaTb COCTOAHHe BCeX TAKUX O6beEMOB, JOCTATOUHO 3HATb COCTOAHNE OMHOTO H3 HUX He3aBHCHMO OT HX popMbI HK pasMepa. MnbiMH CnOBaMH, C TOUKH 3peHa Halilero Ha6smlojatea eMy 6espa3MaHO 3aHuMaemoe HM novowKenHe. Man 1O-pyromy — HeT BHYTpeHHHX BOSMOXHOCTeA, KOTOPHIe MOSBOIHAH 6bi CMY BOCIPHHAT MOHATHE MpOCTpaHcTBa. 4 Taapa t Pa3yMeeTcd, OLHOPOAHOCTh STO CHCTEMbI pacipocrpaHAeTca Ha Bce ee CBOHCTBa, H B UaCTHOCTH Ha ee TeMMepatypy, KoTopad 6ymeT OMMHAKOBOH BO BCeX YaCTAX MKHAKOCTH H paBHOH TemMepatype orpa- HHUMBAIOWLNX ee NAOcKOcTeh, T. e. TeMMepaType «BHeluHel CpeAbI. Bee 9TH cBolicTBa XapaKTepHbl AA CHCTeMEI B OCOOOM cocTOs- HHM, B KOTOPOM HET HH OGbEMHBIX BH KeHHE, HH pa3HOCTH TeMIIe- paTyp co BHellHHM MupoM. MoxHo faTb caegyioulee, Gonee Koan- yecTBeHHoe BbIpakeHhe yToro cBoHcTBa. O6o3sHaynM Yepes T, u Te TeMMlepatypsl nuocKkocTeit 1 4 2 coorBeTcTBeHHO. Torga pu paBHo- BeCHH MbI HMeeM AT, =T,—T,=0 (t.1) TlpeactaBum Teliepb, ITO HEKTO Ha KOPOTKOe BpeMA KacaeTCA MadbueM OHO 43 WwiockocTel. Temnepatypa sTOH 4YaCcTH MOCKOCTH MOMECHTAJIbHO H3MeHHTCA (HampuMep, oT 20°C jo TemmepaTyppnI 4e- moBeseckoro Teta 36,5°C). Tlozo6Hoe co6niTHe, NpOHcxXofalee B LL Yq é & a Puce. 1.2, Muxnariopnnili Habstogatedb, H3yUalolwHil cOCTOAHHA 31IeMeHTOB OO6beMa Va w Vs B TOHKOM CJIO€ HKHAKOCTH, Haxopaelica B P4BHOBECHH, BBIABJIACT Hepa3~ AMYHMOCTD STHX COCTORHHE 1 MpHXOAKT K BRIBOAY O TPaHCJIAWHOHHOH HHBapHaHT- HOCTH BAOMb rOpH2OHTAIbHOrO HampaBleHHa. cHcTeMe cayyaiivo HW JOKATbHO H3MeHsAIOMLee (B o6ulem caydae Cala- 60) HekoTOpbie u3 €e XapaKTepICTHK HIM CBOHCTB, Ha3bIBAeTCH 603- Mywenuem. Ha wally CHCTeMYy, HaXO@AIyIOCH B PaBHOBeCHH, 9TO TemiepaTypHoe BOSMYWeHHe He OKaMKeT BUHAKHA, NOCKORbKY TeM- Hepatypa ObicTpo cTaHeT OAHOPORHON H paBHolt ee NepBoHayaAbHomy aHayeHo (B Haliem Npumepe 20°C). Mustmn czopaMH, BOsMyULeHHe 3aTyxaeT, He OcTaBJAA ClekoB B CHCTeEMe. Korza cHcTeMa HaxoauT- CA B COCTOAHHH, B KOTOPOM AelicTByIoune Ha He€ BO3MYIIeCHHA 3a- TYXal0T BO BPCMCHH, MBI TOBOPHM, YTO COCTOAHHE ABVIAeTCA ACUMNTO- TUdLCCKU ycroiuueom. Bepvemca kK Hallemy MHHHaTIOpHOMy HaGsO,aTeO, KoTOpoMy OAHOPOAHOCTS XKHAKOCTH He NOsBOAKeT BbIPAaboTaTh coOOcTBeHHOe Wpe,icTaBlenve O NpocTpanctBe. BolacHaeTcA, uTO AoNoMHUTebHO YCTOHYMBOCTh PpaBHOBeCHOrO COCTOAHHA JeNaeT B KOHENHOM cueTe TOXK[ECTBEHHHMH elle H BCe MOMeHTHI Bpemenn. IlosTOMy Hall Ha- 610 LaTeab He MOMKET NOJYYHTb co6cTBeHHoe WpeAcTaBendHe H O BpeMeHH. Bpag AH MO2KHO TOBOPHTb O NOBeEJCHHH NPHMeCHHTEJIBHO K Cnomnocts B mpHpoge 15 cucTeMe B Tako npocrod curyauuu. Tlostomy aapatire HeckoapKo OTK/IOHUMCA OT Hee, Cyenatb aTO MoXKHO, HANPHMep, HarpeBaHHem %*XUAKOTO CJOA cHusy. Ip stom MbI CooOmaeM 9HeprHio CHCTeMe RB Bue TerNaa. Boulee Toro, NockoJpKy TeMnepatypa HuxKHeH MaocKocTH To. BbIILe, yem 7), ycosue pasHopecua (1.1) Hapyuraetea (AT>0). Vneimn CAOBaMH, Mbl He MO3BOAeM CHCTEMe AOCTHUbD PaBHOBeCUA, Halarad Ha Hee 6HewHee Oe2panuenue, 3aMeTHM, ITO B aHHOM MpHmepe BHeLIHee OrpaHHeHHe MoApasyMeBaer MoToK SHeprun uw HaoGopor. Flonyctum BHatlase, yro orpaHuyeHue ca6oe (AT maao). B cu- CTeMe CHOBa YCTAHOBHTCA MpocToe H €AHHCTBEHHOe COCTOAHHE, B KOTOPOM @ JHHCTBEHHbIIt Nporeka lou Mpouecc CBOAUTCA K nepe- HOCY TeM/la OT COA MKHAKOCTH K Bepxelt TWIOCKOCTH, OT Koropoli Teno OyAeT NepezaBaThCA BO BHEUIHIOIN Cpexy Aaa obecneyentA OCTOAHCTBA Ti. Equucrpennoe OTJHYHE STOTO COCTOAHHA OT pas- HOBECHOTO OyeT COCTOATD B TOM, ITO TeMMepaTypa, a C Hell H Ma01- HOCTb MH ZaRJIeHHe He OyAyT Oovlee OAHOPORHHIMY. OHH SyayT UpaK- THYCCKK JHHEMHO N8MeHATHCA OT TeNJol OO.acTH (BHH3y) K XOuOn- Hoh (BBepxy). DTo ABeHNe W3BecTHO Nox HasBaHHeM TenAzCnpo- s00KocrTu. B 3TOM HOBOM COCTONHIIN, OCTHraeMOM CHCTeMOH B OTBeT Ha BHeUIRee OrpaHieHHe, OMATb 6yneT TIpeBaJHPOBaTb CTa- SN JIbHOCTD, H MOBe/JeEHHe CHCTCMHI B KOHCYHOM C¥eTe 6yneT CTOTb KE MpPOCTbIM, Kak HB paBnoBecutl. Bce AaIbIN€ OTK.IOHAA CHCTEMY OT PaBHOBeCcHA NyTeM yBende- aud AT, Mbl YBHXHM. STO BHe3aTHO, UPN HeKOTOPOM 3HayeHHA AT, sOTOpoe Mbr Ha3s0BeM KpuTuuecKkum (AT:), O6beM BelecTBAa MpHxo- ANT B ABHKeHHe. Boviee TOrO, ITO ABH2KCHHE AaAeKoO HE cayuahHoe: JSHOKOCTb CTPYKTYPHpyeTcaA B BH Ae HEOOAbIIMX AYCeK, HASLIBACMbIX nuelikama Benapa (puc. 1.3, @). Sto u ecrb pexum Teno0Bol KOH- BCKUMM, ONpexenenne KOTOpoh Onivlo LaHO B Ha¥ane Hacrosmero paszeana. Ha pune. 1.4 unmnoctpupyerca KatecrBenHoe oObaCHelHe sToro ABJICHHA, Beuegcrsie TCHMOBOTO paClWIpeCHHA MKUAKOCTh paccaH- BaeTCA, MPHYeM WaCTb MHAKOCTH, HAXOMAMAAca 6anxKe K HIDKHell HIOCKOCTH, XapakTepH3yerTca NOHH2KEHHOHM MOTHOCTHIO Mo cpaBHe- HHHIO C BEPXHHMH CJIOAMH. 3To MpHBOAHT K TrpaAHeHTy TJIOTHOCTII, HaNpaB-€CHHOMY NPOTHBONOOMRHO CHMe TAKECTH, Jlerko NOHATb, YTO TaKad KOH@UTYpaluA MOTeHNHAaDHO HeycTohunsa, PaccemorpuM, uallpHMep, MaJblli OObeM AHAKOCTH BOWH3H HMKHEl MOCKOCTH. BooOpa3snM Telepb, ITO sTOT 3eMeHT OObeMa HEMHOFO CMellaeTCA BREpX BCJEMCTBHE BO3MYUICHHA. Haxosach Tenepb B 6ouee XOJ101- HOH HW, CHeOBaTebHO, B Oolee MOTHOM OOsacTH, 3TOT avIEMeHT 6yAeT HCHBITHBATb HallpaBJleHHy!0 BBepx apxHMegOBy CHA, KOTO- pan GymeT cTpeMUTbCA YCHINTb BOCXOAAULee ABHAKeHHe. C apyrofi CTOPOHH!, CCH HaxogMMaicd BHaYade y BepXHeli NOCKOCTH MaJaa Kala CMemaeTCA BHH3, TO OHA NPOHHKHET B 0O.1aCTb IOHKKeCHHON

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