@ Bie See =) BOOK Levels |, Il and Ill Review Questions Book A.QUESTIONS & ANSWERS Third Edition Radiographic Testing Method Levels |, Il and Ill Review Questions - Book A The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.Copyright © 2014 by The American Society for Nondestructive Testing. The American Society for Nondestructive Testing Inc. (ASNT) isnot responsible for the authenticity or accuracy of information herein. Publshac opinions and statements do not necessorly reflect the opinion of ASNT. Products or services that are advertised Cor mentioned do not carry the endorsement or recommendation of ASNT. 3 No part ofthis publication may be reproduced or hrarsmitted in any form, by means electronic or mechanical including photo- copying, recoreing or otherwise, vithout the expressed pvior wrtien permission of The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, inc. IRRSP, NDT Handbook, The NOT Technician and wnw.csnt.o1g ore trademarks of the American Society fer Nondestuctive Testing. Ine. ACCP, ASNT, Level ll Study Guide, Materials Evaluation, Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Research in Nondestructive Evaluation and NDE ote reqittered trademarks of The American Society for Nondestructive Testing. In. “hire Edition fist printing 12/14 e-book 12/14 Errata, if avaliable for this printing, may be obtained ftom ASNT's website, www.asnt.org. E-books contain ail corections and Updates. including the latest ercta, ISBN: 978-1-57117-335-5 (orint) ISBN: 978-1-57117-336-2 (e-book) Printed in the United States of America Published by: ‘The American Society for Nondestuctive Testing, Inc. 1711 Afingate Lone. Columbus. OH 43298-0518 wewwasnt org Ealted by: Cynthia M. Leman, Educational Materials Supervisor Assisted by: Bobo Cork, Educational Matercls Editor Jey Grimm, Production Manager ‘Tim Jones, Senior Manager of Pubiications ASNT Mision Statement: ‘ASNT exis fo create a safer world by promoting the profession and technologies of nondestructive testing.ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ‘The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. is grateful for the volunteer contributions, technical expertise, Knowledge and dedication of the following individuals who have helped make this work possible. Technical Reviewers award J. Briggs - FMC Technologies Galip Buyulyildirim ~ Kuzguncuk Mah Icadiye Cad ‘Chinam Dwarikenath Patra ~ PSL Limited Claudia Kropas-Hughes ~ Air Force ‘Trey Gordon ~ Boeing Scott McClain - US Army, Picatinny Arsenal David Savoy ~ Versa Integrity Group ‘Bahman Zoofan ~ Amerapex Corporation Publication Review Committee Glenn M, Light, Chair - Southwest Research Institute Martin T. Anderson ~ Alaska Technical Training Joseph L. Mackin - Reel Group@ INTRODUCTION Purpose This book was previously published as Supplement fo Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Radiographic Testing. ‘This is an update of previous editions prepared by members of ASNT's Penetrating Radiation Committee. As with other books in the ASNT Questions & Answers series, this book is intended to provide candidates studying for qualifying examinations with sample Level 1 I, and III questions. The questions are similar to the types of questions one might encounter on a certification examination and should be used for review and for practice examinations only. Though this book is intended to cover the body of knowledge in ANS/ASNT CP-105: ASNT Standard Topical Outlines for Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Persormel (2011), itis not intended to comprehensively cover all possible technical Issues that may appear on a certification exam, What Is New ‘The main changes between the second and third editions are that the references have been updated, many questions have been updated, and every question is multiple choice with four unique answers to more closely match the ASNT exam format, Additional Information Because ASNT is an International System of Units (S1) publisher, throughout the text both ST and imperial unite are used, qm _ {evel Land Level II questions use imperial units first. Level IT questions use SI units first.For simplicity, many equations in this book use 25 mm equals 1 in. Where SI units are not used in the original text of a standard or code, conversions to SI units were not made, All figures are from ASNT sources unless otherwise i licated.REFERENCES Recommended References ‘The following references were used in formulating the ques- tions contained in this book. Reference A Bossi, RH., RA. Iddings, and G.C. Wheeler, tech. eds, P.O. Moore, ed, Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition: ‘Volume 4, Radiographic Testing. Columbus, OH: American, Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2002. Reference B Staton, J. Radiographic Testing Classroom Training Book (PTP Series). Columbus, OH: American Society for ‘Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2005. Reference C ASNT Level IT Study Guide: Radiographic Testing Method. Columbus, OH: American Society for Nondestructive ‘Testing, Inc. 2014, Reference D ‘McCain, D., ASNT Study Guide: Industrial Radiography Radiation Safety. Columbus, OV: American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2008. Reference E Radiography in Modern Industry, fourth edition, Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co. ttp:/wwwkodakcom/eknec! ocuments/87/0900688a802b3c87/Radiography-in- ‘Modern-Industrypaf. 1980. Reference F Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 03.03, Nondestructive Testing. “Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination? Standard ASTM F 94, and “Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (ID) Used for Radiology” Standard ASTM E 1025. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials Latest edition, (Reference numbers after the questions contain the standard number. Example: FES4.) vi Reference Becker, WT. and RJ. Shipley: Metals Handbook, ninth edi- tion, Nondestructive Inspection and Quality Control, Volume 11, Metals Park, OH: American Society for Metals. 2002, Additional References "The following references are listed in CP-105-2011 as, recommended references but were not used in building this book. These references may be useful for additional study of the radiographic testing method. Materials and Processes for NDT Technology. Columbus, OH: American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 1981, ‘McGuire, $.A. and C.A, Peabody. Working Safely in Radiography. Columbus, OH: American Society for Nondestructive Testing, In. 2004 Mix, PE. Introduction to Nondestructive Testing: A Training Guide, second edition, New York: John Wiley & Sons. 2005. Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Controk: ASM ‘Handbook, Volume 17. Metals Park, OH: ASM International. 1989. Schneeman, J.G. Industrial X-ray Interpretation. Evanston, IL: Intex Publishing Co. 1985. ‘Taylor, JL, ed, Baste Metallurgy for Non-Destructive Testing, revised edition. Essex, England: W.H. Houldershaw Ltd. (British Institute of Nondestructive Testing). 1988. ‘Thiclsch, H. Defects and Failures in Pressure Vessels and Piping. New York: RE. Krieger Publishing, 1977. Welding Inspection Handbook. Miami, FL: American ‘Welding Society. Latest edition.Reference Codes Each question in this book is followed by Letter(s) and page snumber(s) indicating the specific recommended reference here the answer may be found. For example: 7. Co-60 used in nondestructive testing emits: M6, 74-78, In this example, the letter “A” refers to Reference A in the list above and 44, 74-75 are the specific pages in Reference Awhere the answer to the question is located. Reference Usage Reference A Total = 210 Level I (48) Level If (80) Level III (82) Reference B Total = 27 Level 1 (6) Level II (8) Level III (13) Reference C Total = 33, Level 1 (5) Level II (5) Level III (23) Reference D Total Level I (5) Level I'(0) Level II (6) Reference E Total = 168 Level 1 (38) Level II (34) Level Ill (96) Reference F Total = 15 Level 1 (3) Level 11(3) Level III (9) Reference G Total = 5 Level I (0) Level II (5) Level 11 (0) vii® LEVEL I Review Questions Although there may be other reasons for using 5. When radiographing to the 2-2T quality level, calcium tungstate screens in industrial radiography, an ASTM 1QI for 0.5 in, (12.7 mm) thick they are most often used to: 2024 aluminum alloy has a thickness of: 2 improve definition and resoltion in radiographic 2 05 in. (127 mm) ee tows (ons) nap improve cor in radiographic ir = a5 aay ee ae eee ane 4. 0.010 in. (0254 mm) 4 make fms respond to maltimilion volt ret0as radiation, 6 The penetrating ability of an X-ray beam is es governed by: {An exelent radiograph i obtained under given a. Mlomgs conditions of exposure with the film located at a ih th distance of 36 in. (914.4 mm) from the target of the milliamperage. X-ray tube Ifthe film is ow placed only 18 in @. oust uence (457.2 mm) from the target, and all exposure Foe conditions except time ae held constant the Goecmea atone ore to cegcast eset ye ge 2. sinchanged, & a parties, . longer by approximately 80%, neupecits. shorter by approximately 55% «gaia 4. only about 25% as long as the original exposure mays time. Aas, r475 tay 8 Adenstometer isan instrument for messing An exelent aograph i obtained under given i piste exposure conditions with a tube current of 5 mA and b. film density an exposure time of 12 min. If other conditions are density of a material. ‘not changed, what exposure time would be required 4. Gibecurrent, if the X-ray tube current could be raised to 10 mA? Aus a 24min 9. Three liquids which are essential to process an b min exposed film propery are: © 6m oo a. sop bath, acticacid and water. b. developer, stop bath, and H,O,. z eae c. developer, fixer, and water. In film radiography, image quality indicators (IQIs) d. acetic acid, fixer, and stop bath. are usually placed: pa 2. between the intensifying srcen and the fin, bs on the source side of the ext abject 10, Thetwo most common causes for excessively ©. on the film side ofthe test object, high-density radiographs ae 4. between the operator and the radiation source. Ase insufficient washing and overdevelopment, contaminated fixer and insufficient washing, overexposure and contaminated fixer. overexposure and overdevelopment. eore Anat, 242, 12 13. 4 15, 16. ‘The time required for one-half of the atoms in a particular sample of radioactive material to disintegrate is called: a. the inverse square law. b. acurie, c ahalf-life. d._ the exposure time, ‘What does Rih refer to? Radiation limits for humans. b. Roentgen per hour «X-rays per hour 4. Radiation in hydrogen. Das ‘The ability to detect a small detail is called radiographic: contrast. bb. sensitivity. density. 4d. resolution, 181,170 "The term used to express the number of curies (becquerels) of radioactivity per ounce or gram of source weight is: a decay. b. emissivity, specific activity, source output, ASS ‘The unit of measurement used for the output of a gamma-ray source is the: cutie (becquerel). roentgen (sievert) half-life, MeV. Aa a2 Exposure to X-rays or gamma rays: 8 may have a cumulative effect which must be considered. b, willbe beneficial since they build up an immunity to radiation poisoning, will have no effect on human beings. 4. will have only a short-term effect on human. tissues. ba 7, 18, 19. 20. a, ‘Which dose would be most dangerous, ifnot fatal, if applied to the entire body in a short period of time? a. 0-25 R (0-250 mS), 25-100 R (250-1000 msv). 400-600 R (4000-6000 mSv). 4.600 R or more (6000 mSv or more). 623; 0.18 ‘When doing gamma-ray radiography with high-intensity emitters, the sources are best handled: &. directly by personnel equipped with special protective clothing. b. by remote handling equipment. directly by personnel with special protective clothing except when radiographs are being ‘made, by the same methods used for low-intensity emitters. Ago Ifa film is placed in a developer solution and allowed to develop without any agitation: ‘the radiograph may not show proper contrast. ‘i. it willbe impossible to fix the radiograph permanently. ©. there will bea general fogging condition over the entire radiograph. uneven development or streaking could occur. Est, 108 ‘The selection of the proper type of film to be used for the X-ray examination ofa particular part depends on: a the thickness of the part. ’. the material ofthe specimen. the voltage range ofthe available X-ray machine. quality of radiograph or exposure time. en A.Co-60 source has a al Hite of a L2 years, b. 6months. © 5.27 years . 74.3 days. Am X-ray tube current is controlled by the: 4. current passing through the filament. bi. distance from the cathode to the anode. type of material used in the target. 4. voltage and waveform applied to the X-ray tube. BSI: c.13@ 24, 25, 27. Lead foil in direct contact with X-ray film: 28. 4. intensifies the scatter radiation more than the primary radiation, b, decreases the contrast of the radiographic image. © intensifies the primary radiation more than the scatter radiation. 4. should not be used when gamma rays are emitted by the source of radiation. 530 Lead intensifying screns are usually mounted in 2, pairs in rigid holders called: film racks. b. cassettes, . emulsifiers, 4d. diaphragms. E39 In order to decrease geometric unsharpness: radiation should proceed from as small a focal spot as other considerations will allow. ' radiation should proceed from as large a focal spot as other considerations will allow. & the film should be as far as possible from the ‘object being radiographed. 4. the distance from the anode to the material examined should be as small as is practical. 0, 144 As the kilovoltage applied to the X-ray tube is raised: 31 4 Xorays of longer wavelength and more penetrating power are produced, 'b. X-rays of shorter wavelength and more penetrating power are produced, X-rays of shorter wavelength and less penetrating power are produced. 4d. X-rays of longer wavelength and less penetrating 32, power are produced. Anat In order to increase the intensity of X-radiation: a. the tube current should be increased. b. the tube current should be decreased. the test specimen should be moved farther from the film, 4. allower kilovoltage should be applied to the tube, Anar1a2 Primary radiation that strikes a film holder or cassette through a thin portion of the specimen causes scattering into the shadows of the adjacent thicker portions, producing an effect called: radiation imaging. spotting. undercut. unsharpness. eoge 550 Scattered radiation caused by any material, such as a wall or floor on the film side ofthe specimen is referred t0 as: a. primary scattering. b. undercut, reflected scattering, 4. backscattered radiation. 550-51 ‘Which of the following materials is suitable for use in containers used to mix processing solutions? Stainless steel b. Aluminum. © Galvanized iron, @ Tin 2.104 Of the following, which would be especially sensitive to injury by excessive exposure to X-rays or gamma rays? & White blood cells. . Blood vessel cells. © Immature red blood cells, ._ Digestive system lining cells. pas Film overexposure from X-ray radiography may be caused by: a. lower kilovoltage radiations in the direct beam from the X-ray tube target. ', scatter radiation arising from objects in the direct beam. ©. residual radiation that exists for the fist few ‘minutes after the X-ray machine has been returned to the “off” position. high-speed films. 5.196.196, 209Radiographic Testing Method | LEVEL I 33, 34, 35. 36. 37. ‘A general rule often employed for determining the eilovoltage to be used when radiographing a part is that: a. the kilovoltage should be as high as other factors ‘will permit. '. the kilovoltage should be as low as other factors will permit the kilovoltage is always a fixed value and cannot be changed. 4. the kilovoltage is not an important variable and ‘can be changed over @ wide range without affecting the radiograph, est Ifa piece of lead 0.5 in. (12.7 mmm) thie is placed in the path of a beam of radiation emanating from Co-60, it wil reduce the dose rate at a given location by: ‘one-third, one-quarter, one-half, three-quarters, pose Aga Excessive exposure of film to light prior to ‘development ofthe film will most likely result in a foggy film, improved definition, streaks, yellow stain. aoge 5132-133 Reticulation resulting in a puckered oF net-like film surface is probably caused by: a. crimping film after exposure, . sudden extreme temperature change while processing in the developer. c._water or developer on unprocessed film. 4. excessive object-to-flm distance. Aza Filling or loosening of the emulsion from the base of the fl is most likely caused by: a. water or developer on unprocessed film. low temperature of processing solutions. developer solution contamination, warm or exhausted fixer solution. e107 Ifan exposure time of 60 s was necessary using a 4. (1.2 m) source-to-film distance for « particular exposure, what time would be necessary if 2 ft (0.6 m) source-to-flm distance is used and all other variables remain the same? a 120s b. 305 © 15s d. 2408 en ‘One of the general rules concerning the application ‘of geometric principles of shadow formation to radiography is: &. the X-rays should proceed from as large a focal spot as other considerations will allow. ‘the film should be as far as possible from the object being radiographed. . the distance between the anode and the material examined should always be as great as possible 4. as faras the shape of the specimen will allow, the plane of the maximum interest should be perpendicular to the plane of the film. e223 ‘Asa check on the adequacy of the radiographic technique, itis customary to place a standard test piece on the source side of the specimen. This standard test piece is called: areference plate, a lead sereen, ‘an image quality indicator (IQ), an illuminator. An72. 187 An IQL is used to indicate the: size of discontinuities in a part, density of the film, amount of film contrast, sensitivity of the radiographic technique. 90 A fluorescent intensifying screen will: emit light that may lessen the necessary exposue, result in reticulation, © decrease the graininess ofthe image when using gamma rays, 4. increase the definition in a radiograph, oF 2.93, 454a. 45. 46. 47. ‘The three main steps in processing a radiograph are: developing, frilling, and fixation, developing, fixation, and washing. exposure, developing, and fixation. developing, reticulating, and fixation A230 Kilovoltage, exposure time, and source-to-film distance are three of the most important X-ray ‘exposure factors that can be controlled. fourth such exposure factor is: a. focal point size. b. temperature. ¢ filament-to-focal spot distance. 4. milliamperage A150 ‘When the minute silver grains on which the X-ray film image is formed group together in relatively large masses, they produce a visual impression called: air bells, graininess. reticulation’ filling ppee 560 Static marks, which are black tree-like or circular tnarks on a radiograph, are often caused a. film being bent when inserted in a cassette or holder b foreign material or dirt embedded in screens. seratches on lead foil screens. 4 improper film handling techniques 598 ‘The purpose of agitating an X-ray film during development is to: protect the film from excessive pressure, renew the developer atthe surface of the film. disperse unexposed silver grains on the film surface i. prevent reticulation. ve A233 48, 49, 50, 51, 32, Review Questions ‘When manually processing films, the purpose for abruptly tepping the hangers against the side of the tank after the films have been lowered into the developer isto: a. disperse unexposed silver grains on the film surface. . prevent felling. dislodge any air bubbles clinging to the emulsion, 4. secure uniformity of development over the whole area ofthe film. 205 ‘The activity of the developer solution is stabilized by: constantly agitating it heating processing solutions. avoiding contamination from the wash bath. adding replenisher ana ‘The purpose of fixation is: a. to carry away and diffuse fixer from the film. '. to leave the developed silver as a permanent image. & todeactivate the development. 4. to transform the exposed silver halide crystal to ‘metallic crystal A230 Water spots on films can be minimized by: ‘the rapid drying of wet film, using a wetting agent solution. using a fresh fixer solution, 4. cascading water during the rinse cycle. A205 ‘The small area in the X-ray tube from which the radiation emanates is called the: diaphragm. ’. focal spot focusing cup. 4. cathode. Aso56. 57. ‘The radiation quality of a gamma-ray source ist 58. a. determined by the size ofthe focal spot. b. determined by the isotope involved. ©. varied by the operator, 4._greater in Ir-192 than in Co-60. ‘The radiation intensity ofa radioisotope: 58, increases with time, b. decreases with time, Isnotaflected as time elapses. Increases with tube current mA, Ad, 456 A curie is the equivalent of: 37 Bq, 37 GBq, 37-000 000 TBq 3.700 000 60. A30, 31 epee ‘With a given exposure time and kilovoltage, 4 properly exposed radiograph is obtained with 6 mA min exposure atthe distance of 20 in. (508 mm). Its desired to increase the sharpness of detail in the image by inereasing the source-to-film distance to 40 in, (1016 mm). The correct exposure to obtain the desired radiographic 61. density at the increased distance is: a. 12mAsmin b. 24mAsmin ©. 3mA-min 4.17 mA-min ear Very short wavelength electromagnetic radiation produced when electrons traveling at high speeds collide with matter is called: cy a. X-radiation, b. beta radiation, & gamma radiation. alpha radiation. ‘The exposure of personnel to X-radiation and ‘gamma radiation can be measured by means of a. gelger-milller counters. '. radiation detectors. . ionization chambers. 4. thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs). cz Assuming that a good radiograph is obtained at a setting of 10 ma in 40 s, how much time would be necessary to obtain one equivalent radiograph if the ‘illiamperage is changed to 5 mA (all other conditions remaining constant)? a 208 b 10s 80s d. 160s E47 A graph showing the relation between material ‘thickness, kilovoltage, and exposure is called: bar chart. an exposure chart. a characteristic curve, a logarithmic chart pose esI AA graph that expresses the relationship between the logarithm of the exposure applied toa photographic material and the resulting photographic density is called: bar chart, aan exposure chart. a characteristic curve, a logarithmic chart. pose 53 Short wavelength electromagnetic radiation produced during the disintegration of nuclei of radioactive substances is called: a. X-radiation, b. gamma radiation. © scatter radiation, 4. backscatter radiation, e14> 2. 64, 65. > 66. 7. A photographic image recorded by the passage of ‘X-rays or gamma rays through a specimen onto a film is called a(n) fluoroscopic image. radiograph. isotopic reproduction, photofluorograph, pose e7 In order to achieve uniformity of development over the area of an X-ray film during manual processing: a. the film should be placed in a dryer after being developed. 1 the developer should be agitated by using mechanical stirers or circulating pumps. the film should be agitated while in the developer. 4. the film should be transferred directly from the developer to the fixe. E109 ‘When referring to a 2T or 4T hole in the ASTM IQK, the T refers to the: a. part thickness. b. plaque thickness. time of exposure. 4. time for developing. 88, 485 ‘A sheet of lead with an opening cut in the shape of the part to be radiographed may be used to decrease the effect of scattered radiation, which undercuts the specimen, Such a device is called a: a mask, b. filter. backscatter absorber. lead foil screen. E52 ‘Two X-ray machines operating atthe same nominal Iulovoltage and milliamperage settings: 4 will produce the same intensities and qualities of, radiation. b. will produce the same intensities but may produce diferent qualities of radiation. «. will produce the same qualities but may produce different intensities of radiation 44 may give not only different intensities but also diferent qualities of radiati Als 68, 69. a1. R. Review Questions Fluoroscopy differs from radiography in that: a. fluoroscopy uses a much lower kilovoltage than radiography. }. fluoroscopy is much more sensitive than radiography. the X-ray image is observed visually on @ fuorescent screen rather than recorded on a film, 4. fluoroscopy permits examination of thicker parts than does radiography. E161 ‘An advantage of the pocket dosimeter type of Ionization chamber used to monitor radiation received by personnel is: 4. it provides a permanent record of accumulated dosage. . itprovides an immediate indication of dosage. it is the most sensitive detector available. 4. it should be charged and set to zero prior to the beginning of the shift. p26 ‘The density difference between two selected portions ‘ofa radiograph is known as: ‘unsharpness, radiographic contrast. specific activity. subject density. ener A150 X-rays, gumma rays, and alpha particles all have one thing in common; they are all: particulate radiations. electromagnetic radiations microwave radiations. ionizing radiations. pose ‘When producing radiographs ifthe ki increased, the: subject contrast decreases. film contrast decreases. subject contrast increases. film contrast increases. A131, 170Radiographic Testing Method | LEVEL I 73, ma 4. 76. ‘The accidental movement of the specimen or film during exposure or the use of a focus-flm distance tat is too small wil produce a radiograph with poor contrast, ‘make it impossible to detect large discontinuities. result in unsharpness of the radiograph. result in a fogged radiograph. poge ee Lead screens in intimate contact with the film during, exposure: reduce exposure time and improve radiographic quality ', absorb the shorter wavelength scettered radiation ‘ore than the long wavelength primary radiation. intensify the photographic effect ofthe scatter radiation more than that of the primary radiation, 4. cause film overexposure. ase ‘The sharpness of the outline inthe image ofthe radiograph isa measure of stubject contrast radiographic definition. radiographic contrast. film contrast poge Aa70 ‘An unshielded isotope source gives a dosage rate of 900 mR at 10 ft (9000 uSv/h at 3 m). What would the unshielded dosage rate beat 30 (9 m)? 300 mR/h (3000 wSw/h) 600 mR/h (6000 Sv/h) 100 mR (1000 Sh) 2700 mR (27 000 ySx/h) pose Aas ‘Which has the shortest wavelength? Visible light. Microwaves. 100 kV peak X-rays. Infrared radiation. aoge = 78. 80. al 2. Beta particles are neutrons. electrons. positrons, protons, aoee ‘The velocity of all electromagnetic radiation is: a. 186 000 miles per second (299 338 km per second) . 18 600 miles per second (29 934 km per second), 186 000 miles per minute (299 338 km per minute). 4d. 1860 miles per second (2993 km per second). aan ‘Unexposed boxes of X-ray film should be stored: fa oon edge or end. inapile. in any arrangement. aore E79 ‘The lead symbol B is attached to the back of the film holder to determine: sensitivity. whether excessive backscatter is present. radiographic contrast density. Fees Image quality indicators for ae considered Group I Materials and do not need to have an identification notch, high-temperature nickel-chromium alloy nickel stainless steel aluminum bronze E1025a4, 85, 86. 87. ‘The purpose of a dated decay curve is to: a. determine the source size at any time, . calculate shielding requirements, determine the source strength (activity) at any time. 4d, mark the date and length of time for each exposure, Bar Why is Co-60 used as a radiation source for ‘medium-weight metals of thickness ranges fom. 1.5 to 9 in, (38.1 to 228.6 mm)? ‘a. Because ofits short half-life . Because of the limited amount of shielding required. Because ofits penetrating ability. d._ Because of its weight and ease of handling, ATS; 8.13-14, 48 ‘The cause for poor image definition could be too short source-to-film distance. screens and film in close contact. fine-grain film, smaller source sizeeffective focal spot Boge a7 During manual film processing, the purpose of the stop bath is to: a change the exposed silver salts to black metalic silver. ', neutralize the developer and stop the developing process, climinate most water spots and streaks. 4. remove all ofthe undeveloped silver salt of the emulsion, eas A thin, metallic sheet (brass, copper, lead, et.) placed at the source to reduce the effects of softer radiation is known as: an intensifying screen a filter. an electron inducer. «focusing cup. pose 185-156 88. 89, s1. 2. 93. Review Questions ‘The reason a shim is used in a radiographic setup is to: improve the IQI image, b. reduce diffraction. simulate weld thickness, intensify the image, Aaee The density of a radiograph image refers to the: thickness of the film, thickness of the specimen. ‘weight of the film, degree of film blackening. Alea ‘Which of the following is not a common method of absorption of X-radiation and gamma radiation during their interaction with matter? 4. Photoelectric absorption. b. Compton effect. © Pairproduction, 4. Rayleigh scattering. an ‘The image ofthe appropriate IQI and hole on the radiograph indicates thatthe radiograph has the required: a. contrast b. definition, sensitivity, . latitude, 887 ‘The primary parts of an atom are: proton, neutrino, and electron, . proton, electron, and gamma ray . photon, electron, and neutron. 4. proton, electron, and neutron. ca X-rays and gamma rays travel i: pairs. orbital spheres. straight lines curved lines epee 81sRadiographic Testing Method | LEVEL I 94, A large source size can be compensated for by: a Increasing the source-to-specimen distance. . adding lead screens. increasing the specimen-to-film distance. 4. increasing the penumbra. 3.14, 99-100; €.39-40 95. Radiation arising directly from the target of an X-ray tube or an accelerator, or from a radioactive source, is usually referred to as: a. secondary radiation. ‘b. primary radiation backscatter. 4. inherent radiation. A665 96. To produce X-rays, electrons are accelerated to a high velocity by an electrical field and then suddenly stopped by a collision with a solid body. This body is called a: a. cathode. b. filament target: 4. generator. 155,59 97, ‘The best X-ray efficiency is produced when the target material has a: low atomic number. b. high atomic number. c. low hardiness 4. high hardness. en Answers Meera te Se ab: Seles Coteau 150 16. 7d tg 9d 20a te 20d 30a 3d «Sad BBS 43> 4d © 456d A7b BO, Bia 58d 59¢ 60> Ble. 62b «3D Td 72a 73¢ a 78D 78ST 8a 86> 87 © «BBC BG Ode 99¢ 200b 1018 10 98. 99. 100. 101 8 36 50d 78b 924 ‘What is sometimes used to change the alternating current from a high-voltage transformer to direct current for the purpose of increasing the X-ray machine outpat? Rectifier. Cathode X-ray tubes. Gas X-ray tube, ‘Vacuum X-ray tube. E1213 In X-radiography, the ability to penetrate the test object is governed by: 4. source-to-film distance, b. time, . kilovoltage. 4. milliamperage. £36 ‘Which of the following types of radiation is emitted by Co-60 and used in nondestructive testing? Neutrons. Gamma rays. X-rays. Alpha particles. epee Aas "The term used to describe the loss of excess energy by the nucleus of radioactive atoms is called: a decay (disintegration) . ionization, ©. scintillation. a. activation. aa % 10d Me 12h 13h te 2c 2b 28a 26D Ta 28 37d 8c 380.0 Ad «SD Eb 525-53) Sb BB 56D sD 66a 67d = «Bo «BBD 70D 792 80> BI BIG BIE Bc 3c Sa 5D Eo OB» LEVEL II Review Questions 1, Low-voltage X-ray tubes are generally fitted with ‘windows made of: a. plastic. b. beryllium & glass. 4. lead. 02-85; 6.308 2. The projected area of the target of an X-ray tube is called the: a. focal spot. bb. focus. effective focal spot. geometric unsharpness, 3 The gencral method of producing X-rays involves the sudden deceleration of high-velocity electrons in & solid body called e: a. focus cup. +». filament. target d. cathode. Aga 4. fit were necessary to radiograph a7 in, (1778 mm) thick steel product, which of the following gamma-ray sources would most likely be used? a. Co-60 & Tm-170 & Iris2 d. C8137 ATA75 A Co-60 gamma-ray source has an approximate practical thickness limit of a 25 in, (63.5 mm) of steel or its equivalent. b. 4in, (101.6 mm) of steel or its equivalent. © 8 in, (203.2 mm) of steel or its equivalent. 4. 11 in. 279.4 mm) of stel or its equivalent, Ars ‘The absorption of gamma rays from a given source ‘when passing through matter depends on: 4 the atomic number, density, and thickness of the matter. . Young's modulus value ofthe matter. Poisson ratio value of the matter. . the specific activity value of the source, 48-51, 57 ‘The fact that gases, when bombarded by radiation, ionize and become electrically conductive makes them useful i a. Xeray transformers, b. Xray tubes. & masks 4. radiation detection equipment. 90 ‘The velocity of electrons striking the target in an X-ray tube is a function ofthe: ‘atomic number of the cathode material. ’. atomic number of the filament material, voltage difference between the cathode and anode. 4. current flow in the rectifier circuit.‘The uneven distribution of developed grains within 13, the emulsion ofa processed X-ray film causes the subjective impression of a. graininess, streaks. spots. di. white scum. ain Note: if questions similar to 10 or 11 are used on atest, 14, the examinee should be furnished with semilogarithmic. coordinate paper. 10. nL. 2 Co-60 is reported to have a half-life of 53 years. By how much should exposure time be increased (over that used initially to produce excellent radiographs When the Co-60 source was nev) when the source is. 2 years old? a. No change in exposure time is needed. b. Exposure time should be about 11% longer. © Exposure time should be about 37% longer. 15, 4. Exposure time should be about 62% to 100% longer. * Ars A source of 1-192, whose half-life is 75 days, provides an optimum exposure ofa given test object today in period of 20 min, Five months from now, ‘what exposure time would be required for the same radiographic density, under similar exposure 16. conditions? a 10min & 20min © hand 20 min a 6h Ars (Of the following, the source providing the most penetrating radiation ist wv. a Co-60. b. 220 kVp X-ray tube, 15 MeV X-ray betatron. electrons from Ir-192. ‘The gamma ray intensity at 1 ft (300 mm) from 1 Ci (37 GBq) source of radioactive Co-60 is nearest to: 15 R per hour (150 mSv per hou). 1000 R per hour (10 000 mSv per hous). 1 R per min (10 mSv per min). 10 mR per day (100 uSv per day). pose anes ‘The focal spot in an X-ray tube: 4 Is inclined at an angle of 30° from normal to the tube as b, is maintained at a high negative voltage during operations. should be as large as possible to ensure a narrow ‘beam of primary radiation, 4. should be as small as possible without unduly shortening the life ofthe tube. e134 In an X-ray tube, the filament and focusing cup are the two essential parts of the: a. anode. b. cathode. rectifier. 4. Xcray transformer. Aso ‘The quantity of radiation that will produce, by means of ionization, 1 electrostatic unit of electricity in 0.001293 g of dry air is known as a: gamma, roentgen. cure. pose Agta ‘The specific activity of an isotopic source is usually measured in: 4. million electronvolts (MeV). . cuties per gram (Cifg) [becquerel per gram (Bag) roentgen per hour (R/h) [coulomb per kilogram (Cig). 4. counts per minute (epm).. 85; 827;6.2118, 19, 20, a. ‘Which of the following isotopes has the longest half Life? a Tm-170 b. Co-60 . Ir192 a. Gs.137 ara77 ‘The primary form of energy conversion when electrons strike a target in an X-ray tube results in the production of primary X-rays, secondary X-rays, short wavelength X-rays heat. pore 835; C.17 ‘The slope of a straight ine joining two points of specified densities on a characteristic curve of a film is known as the: speed of the curve. », latitude. average gralient a density, ‘An X-ray film having wide latitude also has: poor definition. low contrast high speed. high average gradient. £35 The purpose for circulating oil in some types of X-ray tubes isto a. lubricate moving parts. b, absorb secondary radiation, © decrease the need for high current. i dissipate heat. Ass 23, 2, 26. 2. Review Questions ‘An X-ray tube with a small focal spot is considered better than one with a large focal spot when iis desited to obtain: greater penetrating power. b. better definition. . less contrast. greater film density, 517 ‘One method of reducing radiographic contrast is to: a. increase the distance between the radiation source and the object. 1b. decrease the distance between the object and the film, decrease the wavelength of the radiation used. increase development time within manufacturer recommendations. E28 Thin sheets of lead foil in intimate contact with X-ray film during exposure increase film density beceuse they: fluoresce and emit visible light, which helps expose the film. b. absorb the scattered radiation, © prevent backscattered radiation from fogging the film. 4. emit electrons when exposed to X-radiatfon and gamma radiation, which help darken the film, Als X-ray tubes are often enclosed in a shockproof casing. in order tor a. dissipate heat. ’. protect the operator from high-voltage shock, shield the tube from secondary radiation. 4. increase the efficiency of the rectifier. ‘The slope of the characteristic curve of a radiographic film is called: a speed, b. latitude, gradient, density. A22428. 29, 30. a 14 In X-ray radiography, alternating current must be 22, changed to pulsating direct current in order to satisfy the need for unidirectional current. This change may a2 33. ‘When radiographing to the 2-2 quality level, an ASTM IQI for 2.5 in. (63.5 mm) steel has a thickness of 05 in. (12.7 mm) b. 0.0025 in. (0.064 mm) 0.008 in. (0.127 mm) 0.05 in. (1.27 mm) reg | 34 ‘A good Co-60 radiograph is made on a 3 in. (76.2 mn) steel casting using an exposure time (of 10 min and a source-to-film distance of 36 in. (91444 mm). Ifit is necessary to change the source-to-film distance to 24 in, (609.6 mm), what exposure time would produce a similar radiograph if all other conditions remain the same? a 16min b 44min 64min 36. d. 88min 530 ‘When sharp, black, bird-foot shaped marks, ‘shich are known not to correspond with any discontinuities, appear at random on radiographs, they are probably caused by: a. prolonged development in old developer. b. exposure ofthe film by natural cosmic ray showers during storage. . static charges caused by friction, inadequate rinsing after fixing. B98 ‘The adjustment of tube current in conventional X-ray tube circuits is made by: a. adjusting the current supplied to the filament. '. adjusting the target-to-cathode distance. & inserting resistance in the anode lead, 4. opening the shutter on the X-ray tube port. 10 ‘In comparison with lower-voltage radiographs, high-energy radiographs show: greater contrast. ‘greater latitude. greater amounts of scatter radiation relative to primary beam intensity. greater gradient. 151,170 Filters used at the port ofthe X-ray tube: 4. intensify the X-ray beam by contributing secondary radiation. 1. filter short wavelength X-ray beams to provide softer radiation, provide the most readily adjusted means of ‘modifying X-ray intensity. 4. filter out soft radiation to provide a more homogeneous X-ray beam. B55 ‘An ASTM IQl for use when inspecting a 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) thick steel plate to the 2-2 quality level using 216 in, (406.4 mm) source-to-film distance sould be made of: 0.005 in, (0.127 mm) thick aluminam. (0.05 in. (1.27 mm) thick aluminum or steel 0.01 in. (0.254 mm) thick stel. 0.002 in, (0.051 mm) strip of any metallic ‘material pose Reva, £1028| >» «x 37. 38 > 39, Filters placed between the X-ray tube and specimen 4 tend to reduce scatter radiation, undercutting the specimen by: ‘absorbing the longer wavelength components of the primary beam, b, absorbing the shorter wavelength components of the primary beam. absorbing backscatter radiation, decreasing the intensity of the beam. FEMS Besides serving as after, screens of high atomie ‘numbers, such as lad and lead antimony, also: a. decrease the source-to-film distance needed for a proper radiograph, 41, b, provide some image intensifying action. permit the use of higher speed film. 4. decrease the graininess in a radiograph, ey ‘The range of thickness over which densities are obtained that are satisfactory for interpretation is a measure of the: a. subject contrast of a radiograph, b. sensitivity of a radiograph. «. Istitude of a radiograph. 4. definition ofa radiograph. 150-181 Almost all gamma radiography is performed with: natural isotopes. 16-192, Co-60, oF C5-137, radium, Tm-170. 43. A788 aoge a2, Review Questions ‘The amount of unsharpness or blurring of a radiograph is: & directly proportional tothe object-to-film distance and inversely proportional tothe size of the focal spot. lirecly proportional to the size ofthe focal spot and inversely proportional tothe source-to-object distance © inversely proportional to the object-to-flm distance and directly proportional to the source-to-object distance. 4. Inversely proportional to the size of the focal spot and the object-to-ilm distance. 4142-146; C.40; 6.311313 Images of discontinuities cose to the source side of the specimen become less clearly defined as: 4. source-to-object distance increases. D, the thickness of the specimen increases. & the size ofthe focal spot decreases. 4. the thickness ofthe specimen decreases. Anas X-ray films with large grain size: 4. produce radiographs with better definition than film with small grain size. ', have slower speeds than those with a relatively small grain size. © have higher speeds than those with a relatively small grain size. 4. take longer to expose properly than film with relatively small grain size. aariira As the effective energy of the radiation increases: film graininess increases. film graininess decreases, radiographic definition increases, film speed decreases. Roose Aq ‘The half-life of radioactive Cs-137 is nearest to: a. 36 days, b. 6 years, © 30 years d. 526 days. Ara 15Radiographic Testing Method | LEVEL I 45. 46. "7. 16 ‘The most commonly used target material in an X-ray tube is: a. copper. b. carbon. carbide, 4. tungsten, Aa ‘The purpose for including a disk-shaped target that rotates rapidly during operation in some X-ray tubes isto: ‘increase the intensity of X-radiation. b. decrease the voltage needed for a specific quality of radiation. increase the permissible load. 4. decrease the intensity of X-radiation. Agi ‘A device that is basically a combination of magnet and transformer designed to guide and accelerate clectrons in a circular orbit to very high energies is called: an eleetrostatic belt generator. a linear accelerator. a betatron, 2 toroidal electromagnetic type X-ray tube. Aas ‘Two isotropic sources of a given strength have two different specific activity values. The source with the higher specific activity value will ‘4. have a smaller physical size than the source with @ lower specific activity. bb. have a shorter half-life than the source with a lower specific activity. produce harder gamma rays than the source with a lower specific activity. 44. have a larger physical size than the source with the lower specific activity ear A gas-filled region located in an electrical field created by electrodes across which a potential difference is applied forms the major portion of a low-voltage X-ray tube, a megger. ‘hot cathode X-ray tube, an ionization chamber. aoee a ‘Two serious obstacles to high-intensity fluoroscopy are: 4. the inability to reproduce results and the need for periodic replacement of screens. , the limited brightness and large grain size of Muoroscopic screens. & cost and slow speed, 4. the need for using long wavelength X-rays and the lack of X-ray intensity associated with this method. eet In general, the quality of fluoroscopic equipment is best determined by: a. densitometer readings. b. 1QI sensitivity measurements. © discontinuity area measurements. 4. reference standards, ag In fluoroscopic testing, ¢ fundamental difficulty is the relative low brightness level of the images. One method for increasing brightness uses that converts light energy from the initial phosphor surface to electrons, which are in turn accelerated and focused onto a smaller fluorescent screen. abetatron an electron amplifier an image amplifier or intensifier an electrostatic belt generator aoe A25453, 55. 56. 57, A general rule governing the application of the ‘geometric principles of shadow formation states that the: a. X-rays should proceed from as large a focal spot as other considerations will llow. b, distance between the radiation source and the ‘material examined should be as small a practical. «©. film should be as far as possible from the object being radiographed. 4. central ray should be as nearly perpendicular to the film as possible to preserve spatial relationships. Aas ‘The developer solution is: a. acidic. . alkaline. . saline. colloidal 232 ‘The radiographic absorption of a material will tend to become less dependent upon the composition of the material when: the kilovoltage is increased. the source-to-film distance is decreased, the kilovoltage is decreased. afilter is used. aoge Ansa ‘The formula (milliamperes x time) ~ distance? is used to calculate film gradient. the reciprocity law. used to determine radiographic contrast. the exposure factor. Boge Aas ‘The capacity that can be handled by an X-ray tube focal spot is governed by: 42. the composition of the cathode. the size of the focal spot and the efficiency of the cooling system of the anode, the distance from the anode to the cathode. 4. the high-voltage waveform, 81: 6.302 58. 59, 60. 6 Review Questions ‘X-ray exposure holders and cassettes often incorporate a sheet of lead foil in the back, which is notin intimate contact with the film. The purpose of this sheet of lead foil is: to act as an intensifying screen, to protect the film from backscatter radiation. to support the holders and cassettes, not for specific use. AIS A ead sheet containing a pinhole may be placed halfway between the X-ray tube and the film in order to: determine the approximate size ofthe focal spot b, measure the intensity ofthe central ray © iter scatter radiation, 4. soften the X radiation E26 In certain cases, it may be advantageous to pack lead shot around a specimen. The purpose for doing this, isto: prevent movement of the specimen, increase the subject contrast, generate smaller wavelength X-radiation, decrease the effect of scattered radiation undercutting the specimen. aoee Aas When performing radiography on steel with a thickness less than 1 in, (254 mm): & Co-60 would give greater radiographic sensitvi than a 250 kV X-ray machine. b. 4250 KV X-ray machine would give greater radiographic sensitivity than Co-60. the use of fluorescent screens would result in a radiograph of better quality than would lead foil screens. 4. the use of lead fil screens will require a shorter exposure time than will fluorescent screens, Ars6. 6. 18 ‘A radiograph made with an exposure of 12 mA 66. ‘minutes has a density of 0.8 in the region of ‘maximunn interest. It is desired to inerease the density to 2.0 in this area. By reference to a characteristic curve of the film, itis found that the difference in log E, between a density of 0.8 and 20, {s 0.76. The antilogarithm of log 0.76 is 5.8. What ‘must the new exposure time be to produce a radiograph with a density of 2.07 a. 9.12 mA minutes b. 21.12 mA minutes 67. & 69.6 mA minutes d. 16mA minutes 168-169 The absorption of radiation by a material varies: 4 directly wit the square of the distance from the », with the thickness ofthe material. . inversely with the amount of scattering in the 68 ‘material 4. man approximately exponential manner with the thickness of the material ‘ AS7,152 ‘The photoelectric effect involves: 4. the visible electromagnetic spectrum. i, anclectric camera. © complete absorption of a photon. ©. 4. photodisintegration. Aas In order for a radiograph to have an IQI sensitivity of 2-27 or better: 4. the radiographic procedure has to be able to differentiate a 2% difference in specimen thickness. ’. the radiographic procedure must be able to define the 2T hole in an 1QI that is 2% ofthe thickness. 70. of the specimen, the radiograph must be able to distinguish a discontinuity with a length equivalent to 2% of the specimen thickness. 4. all the holes on the IQI must be seen on the radiograph. aan For practical purposes, the shape of the characteristic curve of an X-ray film iss, ‘independent of the type of film used, b. independent of the quality of X-radiation or ‘gamma radiation, rastically changed when the quality of X-ray radiation is changed. 4, primarily determined by the subject contrast. Ess ‘The interval between the time a film is placed in a fixer solution and the time when the original diffuse, yellow milkiness disappears is known as: a learing time. . fixing time. c. hardening time. 4. oxidation time, em Improper geometric factors, poor contact between film and lead foil screens, and graininess of film are possible causes of: high film density. poor definition. © fogged film. 4. Tow film density. ‘A143, 159-160, 170-171 A radiograph ofa steel weldment is made using a 15 MeV betatron. When the radiograph is developed, there isan overall film mottling. A possible cause for such mottling is: a. incorrect exposure time. ». excessive object-to-film distance. © fallure to use 2 lead sereen during exposure. 4. excessive exposure to ultraviolet rays. ANSE ‘A basic difference between a radiograph and a fluoroscopic image is ‘the fluoroscopic image is more sensitive, '. the fluoroscopic image isa positive whereas the radiograph is a negative transparency. the fluoroscopic image is brighter. 4. negligible. e161a. 74 A 1000 kVp X-ray machine used in conjunction with 75. a lead foil screen has an approximate practical thickness limit of a. 1.5 in, (38.1 mm) of steel or its equivalent. b. 3 in. (76.2 mm) of steel or its equivalent. ‘¢ 5in. (127 mm) of ste! or its equivalent. 4. 16 in. 406.4 mm) of stel or its equivalent. B18 76. Because of geometric factors such as source size, source-to-specimen distance, and specimen-to-film distance, there can be a lack of perfect sharpness at the edges of indications. The unsharpness caused by ‘geometrical factors may be referred to as the: ‘astigmatic effect. b. penumbral shadow. c. focus variation, d._ geometrical noise. B13, 14,99, 173, ‘Two factors which greatly affect the suitability of the 77. target material in an X-ray tube are: ‘tensile strength and yield strength, 'b. melting point and magnetic strength. © electrical resistance and tensile strength. 4. atomic number and melting point. ‘The reason the exposure time must be increased bya 78. factor of four when the source-to-film distance is doubled is that: athe intensity of radiation decreases at an exponential rate when the source-to-film distance is increased. '. the quality of radiation is inversely proportional to the square root of the distance from the source to the fm, ©. the intensity of radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source to the film. 79. 4. the scattered radiation effect is greater as the source-to-film distance increases Adie 18: ‘The most important factor for determining the amount of X-ray absorption of a specimen is the: thickness ofthe specimen. density of the specimen. atomic nature of the material. ‘Young’s modulus of the material. aoee e31 ‘The approximate radiographic equivalent factors for steel and copper at 220 KV are 1.0 and 14 respectively If itis desirable to radiograph a 0.5 in, (12.7 mm) plate of copper, what thickness of steel ‘would require about the same exposure characteristics? a. 0.7 in. (17.8 mm) of steel. b. 0.35 in, (8.9 mm) of steel © 14in, (35.6 mm) of steel. 4. 1.0:in. (25.4 mm) of steel. AS2-183, Which of the following technique variables is most commonly used to adjust subject contrast? 4. Source-to-film distance, b. Milliamperage © Kilovoltage 4d. Focal point size. Ast Films that ae left between lead screens too long in a high-temperature and high-humidity atmosphere may: a. show increased speed but decreased quality characteristics. . become fogged. become moitled. . show tree-shaped light areas in the finished radiograph. a6 ‘The quantitative measure of film blackening is referred to as: a. definition. b. photographic density film contrast, radiographic contrast. Axa 19Radiographic Testing Method | LEVEL II 80. 81 2. 83. 84 A curve that relates density with the logarithm of 85. exposure or of relative exposure is called aoee a sensitivity curve, a density-exposure curve. a characteristic curve. an X-ray intensity curve. Aner Subject contrast is not affected by: 86. epee thickness differences in the specimen. radiation quali scattered radiation, film size. ANTO171 ‘Which of the following instruments would exhibit the best sensitivity and most likely be used to detect small leaks in a radiation barrier? b ¢ a Afilm badge. 87. ‘A fountain-pen-type ionization chamber. A geiger counter. ‘A dosimeter, Age Atvoltages above 400 KV, the use of lead to provide protection may present serious problems. If this isa serious problem, which of the following mat ‘would most likely be used as a substitute? b © ri Aluminum, ‘Concrete, Steel. i. Boron. 88. Ansa ‘A qualitative term often used to indicate the size of the smallest detail that can be seen in a radiograph is: radiographic sensitivity, radiographic definition, radiographic contrast subject contrast. Al70 ‘The slope (steepness) ofa characteristic curve is a measure of subject contrast radiographic definition, radiographic contrast. film contrast. pose Ea? A special radiographic method requiring two radiographs taken during separate exposures from two different postions to give the visual impression ‘of three-dimensional display when viewed in an ‘optical device simultaneously is called: a. fluoroscopy. . xeroradiography. stereo radiography. 4. parallel radiography. a2 428 ‘The depth of e discontinuity can be estimated by making two exposures on a single film from two different positions ofthe X-ray tube. The depth of the discontinuity is computed from the shift in the shadow of the discontinuity with respect to the {mages of fixed markers on the front and back of the specimen. The method is called: a. stereo radiography. b. xerorediography. & fluoroscopy. 4. the parallax method of depth location. AaN9, 421 Agitation ofthe developer during the development process may: speed the developing cycle. help replenish the developer. © cause undesirable, preferential flow of developer along certain paths. 4. cause reticulation. ve A233 e Ce89, 90. o1. 93, ‘The activity of the fixer diminishes after being used for «period of time because the: active ingredients evaporate active ingredients are absorbed by the radiograph fixer solution accumulates soluble silver sll active ingredients settle to the bottom of the tank, A295; £111 In processing radiographs, the hourly flow of water in the wash tank should be: poge 98. 2.3 times the volume of the tank. 48 times the volume ofthe tank. at least 40 gal (151.4 1) per hour. varied continuously in proportion to the number of radiographs being developed. en2 ‘The equation for determining geometric unsharpness u, is U,/F = diD,, Which change below will decrease 96. the geometric unsharpness? b a. Source-to-object distance decreases Object-to-film distance increases. Size of radiation source decreases. ‘Thickness of test specimen decreases, Aus Increasing the X-ray or gamma-ray energy will a As a b 97, significantly decrease the average gradient of a characteristic curve, significantly increase the average gradient of a characteristic curve. increase the slope of a characteristic curve, have little effect on the shape of a characteristic azzizas 98 the development time increases: the characteristic curve grows steeper and moves to the left. the characteristic curve grows steeper and moves to the right. the characteristic curve remains the same in shape butt moves tothe left. there i litte effect on the characteristic curve A226 4. Review Questions A distinctive characteristic of high-voltage radiography is that: 4. it results in comparatively high subject contrast. b. itresults in comparatively high radiographic contrast ©. itis applicable to comparatively thick or highly absorbing specimens. 4, there is no contrast in high-voltage radiography. 50 Lead screens are used for almost all exposures when using the fluoroscopic technique. . low-voltage radiography. high-voltage radiography. ¢._ xeroradiography. A159, 160 Which ofthe following glasses would most likely be used as an X-ray barrier window on fluoroscopic equipment? Heat-resistant glass. Lead glass. Optical glass Barium oxide glass eoge e161 Radiographic undercutting is caused by: a side scatter. ». poor geometry. «lead screens. 4. free electrons. £50 ‘When other operating conditions are held constant, @ change in tube current causes a change in radiation intensity emitted from an X-ray tube, the intensity being approximately proportional to tube current. ‘What is the primary factor that prevents this from being exactly proportional? a. The voltage and voltage waveform of an X-ray smachine transformer vary with load. ‘Wavelength changes are not exactly proportional Current cannot be changed ata linear rate. Scatter radiation does not vary ata proportional rate, rer] 21100. 101. 102. 103. ‘When viewing a radiograph, an image of the back of 104. the cassette superimposed on the image of the specimen is noted. This is most likely due to: a undercut. b. overexposure. © the X-ray intensity was too high. d. backscatter. A183, 154 ‘The half-value layer of lead for Co-60 is approximately 0.5 in, (12.7 mm). Ifthe radiation level ‘on the source side ofa 1.5 in. (38.1 mm) lead plate is 64 Roh (640 mSvih), the radiation level on the ‘opposite side is: 105. a. 8R/h (80 mSv/h) b. 21.33 Rih (213 mSv/h) «10.66 R/h (106 msv/a) 32 Rh (320 mSv/h) Ast Which of the following is nota factor in determining subject contrast? a. The nature ofthe specimen. 106, b. The radiation quality used. © The type of film used. Intensity and distribution of the scattered radiation. al7o fan exposure time of 60 sand a source-to-film distance of4 ft (1.22 m) is necessary for particular exposure, what exposure time would be needed for 107. an equivalent exposure if the source-to-film distance. is changed to 61 (1.83 m)? 7s 495 135s 400s poge anar Developer solution should be discarded when the ‘quantity of replenisher added equals: 108. the original quantity of developer. 2-3 times the original quantity of developer. 5-6 times the original quantity of developer. 10 times the original quantity of developer. aoee eno Ia specimen is radiographed at 40 RV and again at 50 kV with time compensation to give the radiographs the same density, which of the following statements would be true? The 40 KV exposure would have a lower contrast and a greater latitude than the 50 kV exposure. b, The 40 kV exposuire would have a higher contrast and a greater latitude than the 50 kV exposure. «The 50 kV exposure would have a lower contrast and a greater latitude than the 40 KV exposure. 4. The 50 kV exposure would have a higher contrast and a greater latitude than the 40 kV exposure. 30 ‘A.250 kVp X-ray machine used in conjunction with a lead fol screen has an approximate practical thickness limit of 5 in, 8.1 mm) of steel orits equivalent. b. 2.0 in. (60.8 mm) of steel or its equivalent. © 60 in. (1524 mm) of ste! or its equivalent. 4. 7.5 in. (190 mm) of steel or its equivalent B15 ‘The degree of concentration of the radioactive ‘material in a gamma-ray source is referred to as the: a specific activity of the source. b_quality of the source. c atomic weight of the source. 4. halflife of the source. E15 In million-volt radiography, filtration at the tube: 4. increases the generation of short wavelength Keays . decreases the generation of short wavelength x-rays, improves the radiographic quality by decreasing scatter radiation, | 4. offers no improvement in radiographic quality. eas Film selection for an X-ray exposure does not depend. om: athe thickness ofthe part. the material ofthe specimen, ' the voltage range of the X-ray machine, ; . radiation absorption in the air. € r a6108, 110. mL 12. While using an X-ray tube for radiography, the ‘operator wants to increase the radiation intensity. To do so, the: a lovoltage should be lowered . tube current should be increased. test specimen should be moved farther from the film. 4. tube current should be decreased. Aas Lead screens are put in direct contact with the film to: 4. limit the photographic action on the film. . absorb the shorter wavelength scattered radiation. intensify the photographic effect ofthe primary ‘more than the scattered radiation. 4. protect the film from poor handling. Anse ‘The main purpose of the X-ray generator controls on the equipment is to: 4. maintain the direction and width of the X-ray beam. b. enable the operator to obtain the intensity, quality, and duration of exposure desired. allow the operator to adjust film focal distance remotely 4d. change alternating current to increase X-ray intensity. Anat When X-rays, gamma rays, light, or electrons strike the photographic emulsion, a change takes place in the silver halide crystals. This change is called: photographic density. photographic sensitivity. latent image. characteristic curve pee 13, 4, ns. 116. nv. Review Questions ‘With respect to quality, what three factors must be ‘considered in selecting a source-to-film distance? a. Source activity, type of film, type of screens b. Source activity, size of film, thickness of material. Source size, source activity, specimen-to-film distance. d. Source size, source side of object-to-film distance, required geometric unsharpness. 145-146; £22.28 ‘On a radiograph of a pipe weld, there is avery ight irregularly shaped small image in the weld. This mage would most likely be due to the presence of: porosity slag inclusion. tungsten inclusion. inadequate buildup. A208 ‘A larger physical size souree may produce an equivalent quality radiograph if the source-to-film distance is increased, ‘more backing lead is used. a faster film is used. ‘exposure time is decreased, B.13-14; £20 A light image ofa backing B on a processed radiograph is probably caused by: ‘excessive density backscatter Ielovoltage set too low. poor film handling, reve Co-59 becomes Co-60 when itis placed in a nuclear reactor where it captures: an electron, a neutron, 4 proton. contamination, aoge am 23,