Republic of the Philippines POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT FOR BRANCHES AND SATELLITE CAMPUSES, BATAAN BRANCH MODULE 1-NEW TRENDS IN MANUFACTURING 4 Familiarize the students on the new trends happening at the manufacturing sector. + Understand the concept of automation and additive manufacturing 4 Learn industrial robotics and its practical application Overview : The core of any healthy economy is manufacturing. However, competing in an increasingly globalized market as a manufacturer can be quite difficult indeed. One way to get an edge and maintain your market share is through the adoption of new technology. Technology is one of the reasons why there is resurgence in the manufacturing sector. We are seeing the rise of automation and robotics in many sectors. Technology-driven advancements such as robotics, 3D and 4D printing, the Industrial Intemet of Things and the likes are changing the way manufacturers do business, leading to increased output and higher quality at less expense. A. AUTOMATION Although there have been various definitions, automation generally is defined as the process of enabling machines to follow a predetermined sequence of operations with little or no human intervention and using specialized equipment and devices that perform and control manufacturing processes and operations Full automation is achieved through various devices, sensors, actuators, techniques, and equipment that are capable of (a) monitoring all aspects of, (b) making decisions concerning changes that should be made in, and (c) controlling all aspects of, the operation. ‘Automation is an evolutionary rather than a revolutionary concept. In manufacturing plants, for example, it has been implemented especially in the following basic areas of activity a. Manufacturing processes: Machining, forging, cold extrusion, casting, powder metallurgy, and grinding operations, b. Material handling and movement: Materials and parts in various stages of completion (works in progress) are moved throughout a plant by computercontrolied equipment, with little or no human guidance. PREPARED BY : Ma. Celina P. Guanzon Pagenl2Republic of the Philippines POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT FOR BRANCHES AND SATELLITE CAMPUSES, BATAAN BRANCH ©. Inspection: Parts are inspected automatically for dimensional accuracy, surface finish quality, and various specific characteristics during their manufacture (in-process inspection) d. Assembly: Individually manufactured parts and components are assembled automatically into subassemblies and then assemblies to complete a product. , Packaging: Products are packaged automatically for shipment. Applications of Automation ‘Automation can be applied to the manufacturing of all types of goods, from raw materials to finished products, and in all types of production, from job shops to large manufacturing facilities. The decision to automate a new or existing production facility requires at least the following considerations: 1, Type of product manufactured 2. Production quantity and rate of production required 3. Particular phase of the manufacturing operation to be automated if not all phases are automated 4. Level of skill in the available workforce 5. Reliability and maintenance problems that may be associated with automated systems 6. Economics of the whole operation Because automation generally involves high initial equipment cost and requires a knowledge of operation and maintenance principles, a decision about the implementation of even low levels of automation must involve a careful study of the true needs of an organization. In some situations, selective automation, rather than total automation, of a facility is desirable, There are several important and complex issues involved in making decisions about the appropriate level of automation. Generally, if @ manufacturing facility is aleady automated, the skill level required is lower. Conversely, the higher the level of skill available in the workforce, the lower is the need for automation, as is generally the case in developing countries, which often have an abundance of low-skilled labor. Hard Automation In hard automation, or fixed-position automation, the machines are designed to produce a standard product, such as a gear, a shaft, or an engine block. Although product size and processing parameters, such as machining speed, feed, and depth of cut, can be changed, these machines are specialized and hence lack flexibility. Because such machines are expensive to design and build, their economical use requires the production of parts in very large quantities-for example, automotive engines. The machines, generally called transfer machines and consisting of power-head production units and transfer mechanisms, usually are built on the modular (building-block) principle. PREPARED BY : Ma. Celina P. Guanzon Pagedl3i Republic of the Philippines POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT FOR BRANCHES AND SATELLITE CAMPUSES, BATAAN BRANCH Soft Automation Recall that hard automation generally involves mass-production machines that lack flexibility. In soft automation, also called flexible or programmable automation, greater flexibility is achieved through the use of computer control of the machine and of its functions; thus, it can produce parts having complex shapes. Soft automation is important because the machines can be reprogrammed easily and readily to produce a part that has a shape or dimensions different from the one produced just prior to it Further advances in flexible automation include the extensive use of modem computers, leading to the development of flexible manufacturing systems, with high levels of efficiency and productivity B, INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS Industrial robots have been around for decades, but their use is expanding and their numbers are rising. Global spending on robotics is expected to reach $67 billion by 2025, of which $24.4 billion will be in the manufacturing industry. Robots are becoming more popular because they are getting more sophisticated and adept at performing complex tasks, meaning they can perform jobs previously assigned to humans. According to industry estimates, automation results in an average labor cost savings of 16 percent in industrialized nations, Robotics allows manufacturers to achieve new levels of precision, productivity and safety that are impossible to achieve with just humans. Robots are consistent, tireless and safe when handling hazardous materials. Instead of healthcare, they require maintenance. Not surprisingly, this technology has stalled job growth in the industry. While manufacturing output has gone up as much as 20 percent since 2010, the number of jobs has increased only 2 to 5 Percent. The good news is that robots typically are assigned repetitive, mundane tasks, freeing up workers for more valuable jobs. They also create new jobs — those programming, Monitoring and maintaining the robots. The word robot was coined in 1920 by the Czech author K. Capek in his play R. UR. (Rossum’s Universal Robots). It is derived from the Word robota, meaning “Worker.” An industrial robot has been described by the Intemational Organization for Standardization (ISO) as “a machine formed by a mechanism including several degrees of freedom, often having the appearance of one or several arms ending in a wrist capable of holding a tool, a workpiece, or an inspection device." In particular, an industrial robot's control unit must use a memorizing method and may use sensing or adaptation features to take the environment and special circumstances into account. The first industrial robots were introduced in the early 1960s. Computercontrolled robots were commercialized in the early 1970s, and the first robot controlled by a microcomputer appeared in 1974. Industrial robots were first used in hazardous operations, such as the handling of toxic and radioactive materials, and the loading and unloading of hot workpieces from fumaces and in foundries. Simple rule-of-thumb applications for robots are described as the three D’s (dull, dirty, and dangerous; a fourth D--demeaning-should also be included) and PREPARED BY : Ma. Celina P. Guanzon Pagel4‘tli Republic of the Philippines POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT FOR BRANCHES AND SATELLITE CAMPUSES, BATAAN BRANCH the three H's (hoot, heavy, and hazardous). Industrial robots are now essential components in all manufacturing operations and have greatly improved productivity at reduced labor costs. Classification of Robots Robots may be attached permanently to the floor of a plant, they may move along overhead rails (gantry robots), or they may be equipped with wheels to move along the factory floor (mobile robots). a) Fixed-sequence and Variable-sequence Robots. The fixed-sequence robot, also called a pick-and-place robot, is programmed for a specific sequence of operations. Its movements are from point to point, and the cycle is repeated continuously. These robots are simple and relatively inexpensive. The variable-sequence robot is programmed for a specific sequence of operations, but it can be reprogrammed to perform a different sequence of operations. b) Playback Robot. An operator leads or walks the playback robot and its end effector through the desired path: in other words, the operator teaches the robot by showing it what to do. The robot records the path and sequence of the motions and can repeat them continually without any further action or guidance by the operator. Another type is the teach pendant, which utilizes handheld button boxes connected to the control panel; the pendants are used to control and guide the robot and its tooling through the work to be performed. These movements are then registered in the memory of the controller and are reenacted automatically by the robot whenever they are needed ¢) Numerically Controlled Robot. The numerically controlled robot is programmed and operated much like a numerically controlled machine. The robot is servocontrolled by digital data, and its sequence of movements can be modified with relative ease. As in NC machines, there are two basic types of controls: point to point and continuous path. Point-to-point robots are easy to program and have a higher loadcarrying capacity and a larger work envelope, which is the maximum extent or reach of the robot hand or working tool in all directions. Continuous path robots have greater accuracy than point-to-point robots, but they have lower loadcarrying capacity, d) Intelligent Robot. The intelligent robot, also called a sensory robot, is capable of performing some of the functions and tasks carried out by humans. It is equipped with a variety of sensors with visual (computer vision) and tactile capabilities. Much like humans, the robot observes and evaluates its immediate environment and its own proximity to other objects (especially machinery) by perception and patter recognition. It then makes appropriate decisions for the next movement and proceeds accordingly. Because its operation is very complex, powerful computers are required to control this type of robot. Developments in intelligent robots include: 1. Behaving more like humans, performing tasks such as moving among a variety of machines and equipment on the shop floor and avoiding collisions. 2. Recognizing, selecting, and properly gripping the correct raw material or workpiece, i PREPARED BY : Ma, Celina P. Guanzon Pages.Republic of the Philippines POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT FOR BRANCHES AND SATELLITE CAMPUSES, BATAAN BRANCH 3. Transporting a part to a machine for further processing or inspection 4, Assembling components into subassemblies or a final product. Applications and Selection of Robots Major applications of industrial robots include the following 1. Material-handling operations can be performed reliably and repeatedly with robots, thereby improving quality and reducing scrap losses. Some examples are (a) casting and molding operations in which molten metal, raw materials, lubricants, and parts in various stages of completion are handled without operator interference; (b) heat-treating operations in which parts are loaded and unloaded from furnaces and quench baths; (c) forming operations in which parts are loaded and unloaded from presses and various other types of metalworking machinery. 2. Spot welding unitizes automobile and truck bodies, producing welds of good quality, Robots also perform other, similar operations, such as arc welding, arc cutting, and riveting, 3. Operations such as deburring, grinding, and polishing can be done by using appropriate tools attached to the end effectors. 4. Applying adhesives and sealants, as in the automobile frame. 5. Spray painting (particularly of complex shapes) and cleaning operations are frequent applications because the motions required for treating one piece are repeated accurately for the next piece. 6. Automated assembly 7. Inspection and gauging at speeds much higher than those which can be achieved by humans: Robot Selection. Factors that influence the selection of robots in manufacturing are as follows: Load-carrying capacity Work envelope Speed of movement Reliability Repeatability ‘Arm configuration Degrees of freedom The control system Program memory OPNOVRONS Robot Safety. Depending on the size of the robot's work envelope, speed, and proximity to humans, safety considerations in a robot environment are important, particularly for programmers and maintenance personnel who are in direct physical interaction with robots. In PREPARED BY : Ma. Celina P. Guanzon Page 16i Republic of the Philippines POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT FOR BRANCHES AND SATELLITE CAMPUSES, BATAAN BRANCH addition, the movement of the robot with respect to other machinery requires a high level of reliability in order to avoid collisions and damage to equipment. The robot's material-handling activities require the proper securing of raw materials and parts in its gripper at various stages in the production line. C, ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 3D printing may still be in its infancy, but it is already revolutionizing the industry. The technology enables manufacturers to design and produce detailed components quickly, precisely and cheaply, making it easier for inventors, innovators and smaller companies to go global. Also known as additive manufacturing, 3D printing uses advanced computer technology to produce solid objects from digital designs by building multiple layers of plastic, resin and other materials. Manufacturers are using 3D technology to develop new products, make prototypes, manufacture parts in small lots, reduce design-to-manufacturing and time-to-market times, cut waste and lower production costs. The cost of additive manufacturing is going down, so it is just a matter of time before 3D Printing is applied to broader uses and higher-volume production for items such as toys, electronic parts, medical devices and large structures such as houses and offices. What is additive manufacturing? Additive manufacturing is the process of creating an object by building it one layer at a time. It is the opposite of subtractive manufacturing, in which an object is created by cutting away at a solid block of material until the final product is complete. Technically, additive manufacturing can refer to any process where a product is created by building something up, such as molding, but it typically refers to 3-D printing, Additive manufacturing was first used to develop prototypes in the 1980s — these objects were not usually functional. This process was known as rapid prototyping because it allowed people to create a scale model of the final object quickly, without the typical setup process and costs involved in creating a prototype. As additive manufacturing improved, its uses expanded to rapid tooling, which was used to create molds for final products. By the early 2000s, additive manufacturing was being used to create functional products. More recently, companies like Boeing and General Electric have begun using additive manufacturing as integral parts of their business processes. How it works? To create an object using additive manufacturing, someone must first create a design. This is typically done using computer aided design, or CAD, software, or by taking a scan of the object someone wants to print. Software then translates the design into a layer by layer framework for the additive manufacturing machine to follow. This is sent to the 3-D printer, which begins creating the object immediately. “You go directly from digital to physical, which is PREPARED BY : Ma. Celina P. Guanzon Pageli Republic of the Philippines POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT FOR BRANCHES AND SATELLITE CAMPUSES, BATAAN BRANCH quite a change," said MIT Sloan senior lecturer Thomas Roemer, who is the executive director of MIT's Leaders for Global Operations program. Additive manufacturing uses any number of materials, from polymers, metals, and ceramics to foams, gels, and even biomaterials. “You can use pretty much anything,” said Arvind Kalidindi, a materials science and engineering PhD candidate at MIT. “As long as you find a way to locally join two parts, you can 3-D print it” The actual process of additive manufacturing can be done in a number of ways, all of which can take several hours to several days, depending on the object's size. One common method uses a nozzle to lay successive layers of material on top of each other until the final product is complete. Another process uses powders, typically made from metal. This works by “filling a bed with powder, and melting the parts of the powder that you want to form a solid part layer by layer. After you do this, all the loose powder falls away from your final part,” Kalidindi said. This is usually done using lasers or electron beams, but another technique involves using a polymer to adhere layers of powder together. The part is then placed in a furnace where the plastic melts away and the powders sinter together, forming the final part. The Advantages of Additive Manufacturing Additive manufacturing has some distinct benefits. With traditional manufacturing, the entire supply chain can take months and require an investment — sometimes millions or billions of dollars — that can only be recouped by high-volume production. With additive manufacturing, much of the supply chain’s intermediate steps are removed. “The speed at which you can get to a single part is much faster,” said Roemer, since people can send a design directly from their computer to the 3-D printer. Manufacturing something additively also makes it possible to create objects with functionally-graded materials — meaning they can have different materials on the inside and outside. “Imagine you want something that has high conductivity, but also is abrasion resistant,” said Roemer. “On the outside, you have the abrasion-resistant materials, like ceramics, and on the inside, you have the conductive materials, like metals. Creating something like that is quite difficult to do with conventional manufacturing.”Roemer believes, though, that the two biggest advantages to additive manufacturing are creating complex geometries and producing small lot sizes."With additive manufacturing, you produce — layer by layer — pretty much any geometry you want to create. You can create 3-D entities that are much more complex and have different material properties,” said Roemer. With subtractive manufacturing, some objects are too small or have too awkward an angle to subtract materials in the desired way. Additive manufacturing eliminates that barrier. This also means that manufacturers can eliminate weight from an object. This is particular important in the aerospace and automobile industries, where weight can affect the functionality of a final product Additive manufacturing also makes it easier to create small amounts of something. With traditional manufacturing, setup costs mean producing small lots is not cost effective. But with additive manufacturing, setup costs are mostly eliminated, so creating just a handful of objects becomes more reasonable. This makes customizing products, like prosthetics or implants, easier, and could result in better outcomes for patients, Hearing aids, which are customized for each person, are almost entirely additively manufactured PREPARED BY : Ma, Celina P. Guanzon Pagei Republic of the Philippines POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT FOR BRANCHES AND SATELLITE CAMPUSES, BATAAN BRANCH Issues with Additive Manufacturing Additive. manufacturing has its share of challenges, too. Additive manufacturing machines are expensive, sometimes hundreds of thousands of dollars. Using them to create large lot sizes takes longer than with traditional manufacturing. And many objects that are additively manufactured require some post-processing to clean and smooth out rough edges, ‘among other things. One of the biggest challenges, though, according to Kalidindi, ‘is making sure that your final part has good properties. From a material science perspective, that is probably the biggest challenge of additive manufacturing. How do you reduce the number of defects that could form?” Kalidindi, who researches the chemistry of metal powders, says the metal, its properties, and the process used to create the object can all have an effect. “If powders don't quite sinter together, it forms defects that lead to failure,” Kalidindi said. “You can get residual stress based ‘on how you process your metal, and there can be some internal strain on the material that can lead to the part wanting to naturally bend.” Defects in additively manufactured objects is not unique to metals. Given the relative newness of additive manufacturing, researchers are still trying to understand the many different aspects of it, how the materials work together, and how to decrease the likelinood of defects in final parts. Additive Manufacturing Versus Conventional Manufacturing Despite all the advantages of additive manufacturing, “I don't see traditional manufacturing being replaced,” said Roemer. That is because, aside from specific use cases, traditional manufacturing is still faster and less expensive. This is especially true when creating granular products. The smaller the layer size, the slower the manufacturing. While the initial units are cheaper and faster when made with additive manufacturing, in the long run, printing out every unit would take longer. For some companies, though, using additive manufacturing is worth it Right now, “whenever we see small lot sizes and high demand for functionality, that's the sweet spot for additive manufacturing,” Roemer said, Roemer believes there is a case to be made for a hybrid model of manufacturing. In this situation, the initial products would be additively manufactured, but traditional manufacturing would take over once the lot sizes increased to a certain point. That would continue while the product was in high demand, but instead of creating large amounts of excess inventory, companies could revert back to additive manufacturing to meet demand as needed once it slowed. This end of productlife use of additive manufacturing could be useful even for companies that have never used the technology before, said Roemer. Companies like Caterpillar, which ships replacement parts within 24 hours, could have 3-D printers set up at strategic locations to print and deliver those parts instead of keeping inventory stocked at those PREPARED BY : Ma. Celina P. Guanzon Pagedl9i Republic of the Philippines POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT FOR BRANCHES AND SATELLITE CAMPUSES, BATAAN BRANCH locations. Mercedes, which says it will always supply spare parts for any car, could 3-D print the Parts for a 1928 SSK for significantly less than it would cost to produce them traditionally Possible Industries for Disruption There are a few industries where 3-D printing parts or products makes more sense than manufacturing them traditionally. Aerospace, racecars, and the medical field are all industries where additive manufacturing can make inroads, That is because they are all industries where function is more important than price. Or where small lot sizes or customization makes it less expensive to manufacture an object additively than traditionally, Many other businesses may have uses for additive manufacturing. According to Roemer, without the setup costs of creating a new product, entrepreneurs can quickly additively manufacture objects or parts to see if they work as needed. If they don't, they can iterate and try again, all using an additive manufacturing machine, until they find a product that does. They may not even need their own machine to do this — companies like UPS have set up 3-D Printing machines at various locations that can be used by anyone. Established businesses can also evaluate whether additive manufacturing can be part of their business models. If a company produces products that are specialized or would benefit from the ability to have complex geometries, it will have to determine whether additive manufacturing would improve its products. Companies like Adidas are using additive manufacturing to create sneaker soles at speeds that may make it suitable for mass customization 4-D Printing and Other Applications With typical additive manufacturing, machines build a 3-D object that is fixed. 4-D printing creates 3-D objects that have the ability to change or transform over time, without human interaction. There are several applications for 4-D printing. One is extreme environments, such as space, where self-configuring materials would be useful. Another is biomaterials, that would continue to evolve over time. Other uses of additive manufacturing will continue to present themselves — some companies are already experimenting with additive manufacturing to make everything from houses to food — especially as costs come down and the actual manufacturing speeds up. In the meantime, industry leaders are not the only ones interested in additive manufacturing developments; a community of hobbyists has emerged, as well. While commercial additive manufacturing machines can be large and expensive, 3-D printing companies are increasingly making smaller, desktop-sized 3-D printers that hobbyists can buy for only a few hundred to a few thousand dollars, PREPARED BY : Ma. Celina P. Guanzon Pagen)10i Republic of the Philippines POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT FOR BRANCHES AND SATELLITE CAMPUSES, BATAAN BRANCH D. BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGIES — DECENTRALIZED DIGITAL LEDGER Blockchain is a method of recording data and allowing it to be accessed, updated (not changed or copied) and shared by users of a network. This database functions like @ digital ledger of transactions that is continually reconciled. It is not stored in any single location, so there is no centralized version of it anywhere that can be hacked. Originally designed as supporting architecture for the digital currency Bitcoin, several industries are finding other applications for the technology. In manufacturing, blockchain can create smarter supply chains capable of tracking every detail of a product's joumey, providing precise audit trails and real-time visibility of every part in the supply chain. Increased transparency would go a long way to protect operations from theft, fraud, counterfeit and cyber attacks and allow manufacturers to take calculated risks. Blockchain also can enhance the IoT by freeing it from having to connect, secure and oversee a large number of devices through a central cloud server. Blockchain has the potential to radically change manufacturing; however, the technology is just emerging. First, manufacturers need to evaluate whether replacing existing infrastructure and legacy systems with blockchain will add value and result in a return on investment. Still, there is no question we will see more of blockchain in 2018. GENERAL TRENDS IN MANUFACTURING Following are some general trends that have been observed regarding various aspects of manufacturing today: A. Global manufacturing trends Product variety and complexity continue to increase. Product life cycles are becoming shorter. Markets have become multinational and global competition has been increasing rapidly Market conditions fluctuate widely. Customers are consistently demanding high-quality, low-cost products and ontime delivery. eheNS A. Materials 1. Material composition, purity, and defects (impurities, inclusions, and flaws) are coming under more control in order to further enhance overall properties, manufacturing characteristics, reliability, and service life. 2. Developments have occurred in the selection of materials for improved recyclabilty 3. Developments continue in nanomaterials, nanopowders, composites, superconductors, semiconductors, amorphous alloys, shape-memory alloys (smart materials), tool and die materials, and coatings. PREPARED BY : Ma. Celina P. Guanzon Pagenh tdRepublic of the Philippines POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT FOR BRANCHES AND SATELLITE CAMPUSES, BATAAN BRANCH Testing methods and equipment, including the use of advanced computers and software, particularly for ceramics, carbides, and composite materials, are continually being improved Increasing control over the thermal treatment of materials is resulting in more predictable and reliable properties Weight savings are being achieved with the use of materials with higher strength-to- weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios, particularly in the automotive and aerospace industries. Manufacturing operations Improvements are being made in predictive models of the effects of materialprocessing parameters on product integrity, applied during a product's designstage. Developments continue in ultraprecision manufacturing, micromanufacturing, and nanomanufacturing, approaching the level of atomic dimensions. Computer simulation, modeling, and control strategies are being applied to all areas of manufacturing, Rapid-prototyping technologies are increasingly being applied to the production of tooling and direct digital manufacturing, Optimization of manufacturing processes and production systems are making them more agile. Manufacturing systems Advances in computer software and hardware are being applied to all aspects of production. Developments have occurred in control systems, industrial robots, automated inspection, handling and assembly, and sensor technology. Lean production and information technology are being implemented as tools to help meet major global challenges. GOALS IN MANUFACTURING 1 View manufacturing activities not as individual, separate tasks, but as making up a large system, with all its parts interrelated, Meet all design requirements, product specifications, and relevant national and international standards for products. Build quality into the product at each stage of its production. Implement the most economical and environmentally friendly (green) manufacturing methods. Continually evaluate advances in materials, production methods, and computer integration, with a view toward realizing their appropriate, timely, and economical implementation. ‘Adopt production methods that are sufficiently flexible in order to rapidly respond to changing global market demands and provide on-time delivery to the customer. PREPARED BY : Ma. Celina P. Guanzon PaGenhd2Republic of the Philippines POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT FOR BRANCHES AND SATELLITE CAMPUSES, BATAAN BRANCH 7. Continue efforts aimed at achieving higher levels of productivity and eliminating or minimizing waste with optimum use of an organization's resources. 8. Cooperate with customers for timely feedback for continuous improvement of a company’s products. A. Answer the following: 4, In your opinion, which emerging technologies would radically change manufacturing and consequently your practice as a future Industrial Engineer? Support your answer. 2. Research some more on the previously mentioned 4D Printing and Blockchain technologies. At the end of each research, state your references and your reaction for each technology. Answers from this assessments/activity shall be in pdf format and to be uploaded online on the scheduled date of submission. To know more about the new developments in manufacturing, browse through the following references: 4, Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid ; Manufacturing Engineering And Technology, Sixth Edition In Si Units; Prentice Hall 2. https://medium, com/@Abstractus/how-information-technology-is-changing-the- manufacturing-industry-926cfe48452 3. httos://mitsloan.mit edu/ideas-made-to-matter/additive-manufacturing-explained PREPARED BY : Ma. Celina P. Guanzon Pages