Technical report writing

REPORT TITLE

PLASMA PHYSICS

By

Hamid Ullah Subhani.

Reg. No. AUIC-18FL-BEEE-2255

Link assigned: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)#Research

Department of Electrical Engineering

Abasyn University Islamabad Campus

2 May 2021
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract: ........................................................................................................................................... 3
1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 3
1.1 Definition ......................................................................................................................... 3
1.2 Motivation ........................................................................................................................ 3
1.3 Other Things to Look for in this Section ......................................................................... 3
2 Parameter and properties ......................................................................................................... 6
2.1 Density and ionization...................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Temperature. .................................................................................................................... 6
2.3 Plasma potential. .............................................................................................................. 6
2.4 Magnetization. .................................................................................................................. 7
3 MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION ...................................................................................... 7
3.1 Fluid model: ..................................................................................................................... 7
3.2 Kinetic model: .................................................................................................................. 7
APPENDIX A .................................................................................................................................. 8
REFERENCES & BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................. 9
ABSTRACT:

We will explain the plasma physics briefly by keeping the introducing common
definitions, basic properties, and typical processes found in plasmas in mind. These
concepts are inherent in contemporary plasma-based accelerator schemes, and thus
provide a foundation for the more advanced expositions that follow in this volume.
Keywords:

Plasma properties; 2-fluid model; Langmuir waves; electromagnetic wave propagation

and dispersion relation; nonlinear waves

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Definition
What are you looking at?

Plasma is one of the four fundamental states of matter. It consists of a gas of ions – atoms
or molecules which have one or more orbital electrons stripped and free electrons.

1.2 Motivation
Why are you looking at it?

Plasma is one of the four fundamental states of matter. It consists of a gas of ions – atoms
or molecules which have one or more orbital electrons stripped and free electrons. Plasma
can be artificially generated by heating a neutral gas or subjecting it to a
strong electromagnetic field. The presence of free charged particles makes
plasma electrically conductive, with the dynamics of individual particles and macroscopic
plasma motion governed by collective electromagnetic fields and very sensitive to
externally applied fields. Plasmas play a central role in the topic of the present school,
supplying the medium to support very large travelling-wave field structures for the
purpose of accelerating particles to high energies.

1.3 Other Things to Look for in this Section

• Types of the plasma.
1. Debye shielding:
In most types of plasma, quasi-neutrality is not just an ideal equilibrium state; it is a state
that the plasma actively tries to achieve by readjusting the local charge distribution in
response to a disturbance. Consider a hypothetical experiment in which a positively
charged ball is immersed in plasma.

2. Collisions in plasma:
Where ND <=1, screening effects are reduced and collisions will dominate the particle
dynamics. In intermediate regimes, collisionality is usually measured via the electron–ion
collision rate, collision rate according to the average time taken for a thermal electron to
be deflected by 90_ via multiple scatterings from fixed ions.

3. Plasma classification:

Classification of plasma types in density–temperature space. They have densities

corresponding to roughly atmospheric pressure and temperatures of a few eV (104 K).

4. Plasma oscillations:
The plasma has equilibrium characteristics, such as density and temperature. The plasma
will respond fastly to an external disturbance. which could be due to electromagnetic
waves or particle beams.
 • Indicate the Aim and Objective of the Plasma physics.

The aim of the postgraduate module is to give students a solid grounding in

fundamental plasma physics. The course is designed to appeal to graduate students
in astrophysics and physics. The level of the course is advanced undergraduate.

Introduction chapter should include the following:

• Background of Study

Plasma was first identified in laboratory by Sir William Crookes. Crookes presented
a lecture on what he called "radiant matter" to the British Association for the
Advancement of Science, in Sheffield, on Friday, 22 August 1879.[13] However,
systematical studies of plasma began with the research of Irving Langmuir and his
colleagues in 1920's. Langmuir also introduced the term "plasma" as a description of
ionized gas in 1928:[14]Except near the electrodes, where there are sheaths containing
very few electrons, the ionized gas contains ions and electrons in about equal numbers so
that the resultant space charge is very small. We shall use the name plasma to describe
this region containing balanced charges of ions and electrons.

• Scope of Study

The experimental and theoretical research on the physics of plasma. Topics include,
plasma theory and technology, plasma accelerators, ionization, low & high
temperature plasmas, plasma diagnostics, simulation & modeling, kinetic theory,
orbiting, solutions, shock waves, wave propagation, laser plasmas, astrophysics,
laboratory & technological plasmas, particle orbits, and stochastic dynamics.
 2 PARAMETER AND PROPERTIES

This Properties and parameter are following.

• Density and ionization degree.
• Temperature.
• Plasma potential.
• Magnetization.

2.1 Density and ionization:

For plasma to exist, ionization is necessary. The term "plasma density" by itself usually
refers to the electron density ne that is, the number of free electrons per unit volume. The
degree of the ionization alpha(a) is defined as fraction of neutral particles that are
ionized. Given by

2.2 Temperature:
Plasma temperature, commonly measured in kelvin or electron volts, is a measure of the
thermal kinetic energy per particle. High temperatures are usually needed to sustain
ionization, which is a defining feature of a plasma. The degree of plasma ionization is
determined by the electron temperature relative to the ionization energy (and more
weakly by the density). In thermal equilibrium, the relationship is given by the Saha
equation. At low temperatures, ions and electrons tend to recombine into bound states
atoms and the plasma will eventually become a gas.

2.3 Plasma potential:

Since plasmas are very good electrical conductors, electric potentials play an important
role. The average potential in the space between charged particles, independent of how it
can be measured, is called the "plasma potential", or the "space potential". If an electrode
is inserted into a plasma, its potential will generally lie considerably below the plasma
potential due to what is termed a Debye sheath. The good electrical conductivity of
plasmas makes their electric fields very small.
 2.4 Magnetization:
Plasma with a magnetic field strong enough to influence the motion of the charged
particles is said to be magnetized. A common quantitative criterion is that a particle on
average completes at least one gyration around the magnetic-field line before making a
collision. It is often the case that the electrons are magnetized while the ions are not.
Magnetized plasmas are anisotropic, meaning that their properties in the direction parallel
to the magnetic field are different from those perpendiculars to it. While electric fields in
plasmas are usually small due to the plasma high conductivity.

3 MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION

Therefore, plasma physicists commonly use less detailed descriptions, of which there are two
main types:
• Fluid model.
• Kinetic model.

3.1 Fluid model:

Fluid models describe plasmas in terms of smoothed quantities, like density and averaged
velocity around each position using the Plasma parameters. One simple fluid
model, magneto hydrodynamics, treats the plasma as a single fluid governed by a
combination of Maxwell's equations and the Navier–Stokes equations. A more general
description is the two-fluid plasma. Where the ions and electrons are described separately.
Fluid models are often accurate when collisionality is sufficiently high to keep the plasma
velocity distribution close to a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution.

3.2 Kinetic model:

Kinetic models describe the particle velocity distribution function at each point in the plasma
and therefore do not need to assume a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. A kinetic description
is often necessary for collision less plasmas. There are two common approaches to kinetic
description of plasma. One is based on representing the smoothed distribution function on a
grid in velocity and position.
APPENDIX A
 REFERENCES & BIBLIOGRAPHY

Check IEEE style referencing here

1. πλάσμα Archived 18 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A
Greek English Lexicon, on Perseus
2. ^ Goldston, R.J.; Rutherford, P.H. (1995). Introduction to Plasma Physics. Taylor & Francis.
p. 1−2. ISBN 978-0-7503-0183-1.
3. ^ Morozov, A.I. (2012). Introduction to Plasma Dynamics. CRC Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-4398-8132-3.
4. ^ Morozov, A.I. (2012). Introduction to Plasma Dynamics. CRC Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-4398-8132-3.
5. ^ Chu, P.K.; Lu, XinPel (2013). Low Temperature Plasma Technology: Methods and Applications.
CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4665-0990-0.