1. Maxwell's equations embedded fundamental laws for electricity and magnetism.

All empirical formulations fitting the measurements at that time, were tied
elegantly into a unified mathematical theory of electromagnetism, which fitted the
data and was very predictive.
It was from Maxwell's equations that electromagnetic waves were predicted to
exist and described mathematically light and other EM radiations.
In this sense Maxwell's equations are fundamental because of the unification of
the electric field and magnetic field formalism into one mathematical model, and
for the discovery of the equations ruling light/radiation.
2. Electromagnetic waves are formed when an electric field comes in contact with a
magnetic field. They are hence known as ‘electromagnetic’ waves. The electric
field and magnetic field of an electromagnetic wave are perpendicular (at right
angles) to each other. They are also perpendicular to the direction of the EM
wave.
3. No, it is not possible to create magnetic waves without an electric field being
present. Electric fields are created by electric charges. For instance, if you
statically charged up a balloon by rubbing it on your hair, the balloon creates an
electric field. Magnetic fields are created by magnets. For instance, a fridge
magnet creates a magnetic field and uses it to stick to your fridge. Electric fields
and magnetic fields are not separate entities. They are really faceting of one
unified entity: the electromagnetic field.

current in the antenna produces a magnetic field, as shown in Figure 2. ... The
current (I) produces the separation of charge along the wire, which in turn
creates the electric field as shown. (b) The electric and magnetic fields (E and B)

4. Water is also a reflective surface. When the water in a lake or sea is very still,
the reflection of the landscape is perfect, because the reflecting surface is
very flat. However, if there are ripples or waves in the water, the reflection
becomes distorted. This is because the reflecting surface is no longer flat and
may have humps and troughs caused by the wind.
5. A diamond appears to be so brilliant as a result of three things: reflection,
refraction and dispersion. When lit directly from above, light enters the diamond
and strikes one face of the stone, and then another, before exiting. This reflective
activity is what gives a diamond its shine. To a viewer, however, it looks as if light
is simply streaming out from inside the diamond.
6. The spreading of white light into its full spectrum of wavelengths is called
dispersion.
Rainbows are produced by a combination of refraction and reflection and involve
the dispersion of sunlight into a continuous distribution of colors.
 Dispersion produces beautiful rainbows but also causes problems in certain
optical systems.
7. A polarizing filter or polarising filter (see spelling differences) is often placed in
front of the camera lens in photography in order to darken skies, manage
reflections, or suppress glare from the surface of lakes or the sea. Since
reflections (and sky-light) tend to be at least partially linearly-polarized, a linear
polarizer can be used to change the balance of the light in the photograph. The
rotational orientation of the filter is adjusted for the preferred artistic effect. For
modern cameras, a circular polarizer (CPL) is typically used; this comprises firstly
a linear polarizer which performs the artistic function just described, followed by a
quarter-wave plate which further transforms the now-linearly polarized light into
circularly-polarized light before entering the camera. This additional step avoids
problems with autofocus and light-metering sensors within some cameras, which
otherwise may not function reliably with a simple linear polarizer.
8.