i

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A+QUICKREVI
SION
CHEMI
STRY
F
orMor
eE-
Res
our
ces-0705525657

CONTENTS
1
.SI
MPLECLASSI
FICATI
ONOFSUBSTANCES

2.THEATMOSPHEREANDI
TSCOMBUSTI
ON

3.WATERANDHYDROGEN

4.ACI
DS,BASESANDSALTS

5.PERI
ODI
CTABLEANDI
TSDERI
VATI
CES(
e.g.s
truct
ureandbondi
ng)

6.MOLECONCEPTI
NGENERAL

7.CARBONANDI
TSDERI
VATI
VES

8.NI
TROGENANDI
TSDERI
VATI
VES

9.SULPHURANDI
TSDERI
VATI
VES

1
0.CHLORI
NEANDI
TSDERI
VATI
VES

ELETROCHEMI
STRY

1
1.REVERSI
BLEREACTI
ONSANDREACTI
ONRATES

1
2.THERMOCHEMI
STRY

1
3.I
NDUSTRI
ALCHEMI
STRY(
INDUSTRI
ALPROCESSES)

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1
4.METALS(
ext
ract
ion,pur
if
icat
ionanduses
)

1
5.ORGANI
CCHEMI
STRY

1
6.RADI
OACTI
VITI
Y

MrI
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orMor
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SI
MPLECLASSI
FICATI
ONOFSUBSTANCES
ATMOSPHEREANDI
TSCOMBUSTI
ON

1
.Agai
nsteachmi
xtur
ewr
it
edowns
uit
abl
emet
hodsofs
epar
ati
on.
(
a)Colouredext ract
sofgr assdi ssolvedi nethanol. A-Paperchr omatogr
aphy.
(
b)Kerosinef r
om Cr udeoi l. A–F ractionaldist
ill
ation
(
c)Paraff
inf r
om wat er.As eparatingf unnel
(
d)I
ronf i
li
ngsf rom Sulphurpowder .A–magnet
(
e)Ammoni um chlori
defr om Sodi um chl ori
de.A–s ubli
mat i
on
(
f)Seawat er,toobtains alt. A–Evapor ati
on.
(
g)BlueCopperSul phatecr ystalsfrom aqueouscoppers ulphat
e.A-Cr yst
all
isat
ion–
someoft hewat ermus tbeevapor atedf orcrystalstoform oncool
ingthes at
urat
ed
solut
iont oroom t emper ature.

2.Whyi
sfr
act
ionaldi
sti
ll
ati
ons
uit
abl
efors
epar
ati
ngcr
udeoi
lcons
tit
uent
s?
A–Becaus
ethes
ecomponent
shavecl
oseanddi
ff
erentboi
li
ngpoi
nts
.

3.Monicaaform onestudentdecidestoseparatepowderedcalci
um
car
bonatefrom powderedcal
cium chl
oridebys haki
ngthemixturewit
h
waterandthenfil
ter
ing.Wouldt hi
sproceduresucceed?Expl
ainyour
answer.
A– Thisprocedurewouldsucceed.Calci
um carbonat
ei sinsolubleinwaterwhereas
cal
cium chl
orideisver
ys ol
uble.Onfil
teri
ngthemi xture,calci
um car
bonatewould
remainont hefi
lt
erpaperwher eascal
cium chl
ori
des ol
uti
onwoul dpassthrough.

4.Whatdoesdi
sti
ll
ati
onmeanandwhati
sit
simpor
tancei
nchemi
str
y.
A– Di
sti
ll
ati
onoccur swhenal i
qui
disheatedtofor
m avapourwhi
chi
sthencondens
ed
t
oreformtheliquid.Iti
sanimpor
tantproces
sinchemist
rysi
ncei
tprovi
desa
meansofpuri
fyingliqui
ds.

5.Her
eisachr
omat
ogr
aphof3dyes
.Whi
choneoft
hem i
snotapur
edye?

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A B C A B C

6.Name
(
a)Cleans i
ngagentsforremovi
ngt hes
estai
nsfrom yours
chooldr
ess
:
(
i)Oilyandgr easy–A–Acet one
(
ii
)Bloods tai
ns–A–Ammoni a
(
ii
i) Per
spir
ati
ons t
ains–A–Ammoni a
(
b)Adr yingagentforammoniagas–A–cal cium oxi
de
(
c)As olventforpai
nt–A–Benz ene
(
d)Agaswhi chcannotbecoll
ectedoverwater–A–Ammoni a
(
e)As olidthatsubl
imes–A–I odine.

7.Thefol
lowi
ngr
epresent
sapaperchromatogram ofpur
es ubs
tancesP,Q,R,Sanda
mixt
ureW.Whichofthepur
esubstancesareinthemixtureW?

Sol
ventf
ront

W P Q R S

ANS–PandR

8.Whatdoyouunders
tandbyas atur
ateds ol
uti
on?
A–Thisi
sthesolut
ionthatcan’tdissol
veanymor eoft
hes
olut
eatagi
vent
emper
atur
e.

9.Whatmethodcanbeusedt
oobt
ainpur
ecr
yst
alsf
rom as
olubl
esol
idwi
thi
mpur
it
ies
?
A–Recryst
all
isat
ion

1
0.Outl
inehowl iqui
disdri
ed.
A–Al iquidisdri
edbyallowi
ngittoremainincontactwiththesol
iddryi
ngitwi
thwhi
ch
doesnotr eacte.
g.
(i
)Tracesofcanber emovedfrom et
hanolbystandingitoverqui
ckl
ime.
(i
i)Chlor
oform,diet
hyl
enecanbedr i
edbyus eanhydr oussodi
um sul
phate.

1
1.Whatdoimpuri
ti
esdot obothBoil
ingpoint
sandmel t
ingpoi
ntsofsubst
ances?
A– Impuri
ti
eswil
llowerthemelti
ngpointofsubs
tance,whi
leboil
ingwil
lei
ther
incr
easeordropdependingonthetypeofimpuri
ty.

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1
2.Whatdoyouunderst
andbys ol
ventextr
acti
oninseparati
onofmixtures
?
A– Thi
sistheseparat
ionofamixtur
ewher easolventisusedbecausecer
tai
n
component
softhemi xt
urearesol
ubleint
hiss ol
vent.

1
3.St
atehowchr omatogr
aphyisappli
edi nr ealli
fes i
tuat
ion.
A– Chromatographyisus
edt oidentif
ys ubs t
ancesaswel lt
oseparatethem.For
exampl
e,adyeus edi
nf eedcolouringcanbei denti
fiedbychromatographi
ng it
al
ongsi
deknowndyes .I
ttheytravelatt hes amer atesinasolventthenthefood
dyeissafe.Inthi
swayachemi s tcanf undoutwhet heradyeus edi
nourf oodisa
permi
tt
edoneorani l
legalone.

1
4.Whenf i
nechalki
ssuspendedi
nwaterandviewedthroughami
cros
copethechal
k
par
ti
clesappeart
omovei narandom f
ashi
on.Thi
smot i
onisar
esul
tof;
A–Bombar dmentofchal
kpart
icl
esbywaterpart
icl
es.

1
5.Ani
ncreasei
ntemperat
urecausesanincr
easeinthepr
ess
ureofagasbecaus
e;
A–Iti
ncreas
estheaveragevel
oci
tyofthepart
icl
es.

1
6.Cr
udeoi
lcanbes epar
atedbyfract
ionaldi
sti
ll
ati
onbecaus
eit
scons
tit
uent
s;
A–Havedi
ff
erentboil
ingpoi
nts
.

1
7.WhereinKenyai sCrys t
all
izati
onmet hodus ed.Statewhathappensbr i
efl
y.
A– Thismet hodisusedi nLakeMagadit oggett ronaandcommons alt
.
Crystalsoft
hes altsareformedwhenas aturateds ol
uti
onisl
eftexposedt ot
heair
forsomet ime.Ast heeveni ngapproaches,drast i
cchangeoftemperatureshavea
cooli
ngef f
ectont hes atur
atedsoluti
onoft hes alts.Thi
sres
ult
sintocrys t
al
formation.

1
8.Theti
me–t
emper
atur
egr
aphobt
ainedwheni
cewasheat
edt
oit
sboi
li
ngpoi
nti
sgi
ven
bel
ow.

B X
O
A

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Ti
mei
nmi
nut
es

(
i) Des
cribethechangesalongr egionsA,B,CandD.
A–Regi onA–s howsicebecomi ngwar mf r
om below00C.
B–showst hatthet emper atureremai ns00Casal lthei
cemelts
0 0
C–s howswat erbecomi nghot terfrom 0 Cto1 00 Cwhenitbeginstoboil
.
D–s howswat erboili
ngandt het emperatureremainsconst
ant.
(
ii
)Expl
ainwhybothBandDl evell
edof f
?
A–I nBandDr egions
,theheats uppli
edi sbei ngusedtobr i
ngaboutthechangein
s
tructur
efr
om onephys i
calstatet oanot herands othetemperatur
edoesnotr i
se.

1
9.Descr
ibebrief
lyhowfil
tr
ationisappl i
edindustr
ial
ly.
A
(i
) Avaccum –cl eanerfil
ter
sdus tf
rom theair.Thedus tpart
icl
esaret r
appedi na
fabr
icorpaperbag,whi l
ethepur i
fi
edairpas s
est hr
oughi t.
(i
i) I nwaterworks,waterisfi
lteredbeforeitispumpedt otheconsumer s.Thi
si s
donebyempl oyi
ngs implefil
trat
ion.Waterisallowedt oseepthroughaf il
terbed
offi
nes andandgravelinor dertoremoves mallpar
ticl
esfrom i
t.
(i
ii
) I nthecarengineoilisfi
lt
eredbef oreuse.

20.
AlocalbreweratTar
asaavi
ll
ageaddedwatert
oethanolandt
hisi
sallwhathehadf
or
hiscustomers.
Brief
lydescr
ibeanexper
imentt
hatyoucancarr
youttohelpt
hisbrewer
.

Ther
momet
er

F
racti
onat
ing condens
er
col
umn

Di
sti
ll
ate
Et
hanol
Wat
er+et
hanol

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orMor
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Heat

- Theabovemet hodisfr
acti
onaldi
sti
ll
ati
on,wherethedi
ff
erencesint
heboil
ingpoi
ntsof
thetwoli
quidsisused.Whenthemi xt
uredis
til
led,t
hel
iqui
dwi t
hlowerboi
li
ngpoi
nt
boil
soutfi
rstandiscoll
ect
ed.

21
.Explai
nwhyyoucan’ tus
econcent
rat
edSul phuricaci
dandanhydrouscalci
um chl
ori
det
o
dryammoni agas.
A
(i
)Conc.H2SO4 +NH3(g) (
NH4) 2SO4(aq)
(i
i)Ammoni agasfor msacomplexcompoundwi thanhydrouscal
cium chl
ori
de
CaCl2(
s)+4NH3(g) CaCl
2.
4NH3(s)

22.

GAS Col
ourphys
icalef
fect Sol
ubi
li
tyi
n Densi
ty React
ionwit
h
wat
er comparedwit
h Conc.Sul
phuri
c
air aci
d
A Poi
sonous I
nsol
ubl
e Lessdense Noreacti
on
B Pl
eas
ant Sl
ight
ly Mor
edens
e Nor
eact
ion
C Choki
ngs
mel
l Ver
ysol
ubl
e Les
sdens
e F
ormss
alt
Yes
D I
nsol
ubl
e Li
tt
lemor
e Nor
eact
ion
E Rot
teneggspoi
sons Sl
ight
ly Heavi
er React
sYes
F Pungent Sol
ubl
e Mor
edens
e Nor
eact
ion

(
a)Whichoftheabovegaseswouldyoucol l
ectoverwaterinthel
aborat
ory?
A–B,D&E
(
b)Whichoftheabovegaseswouldyoucol l
ectoverwaterinafumecupboard?
A–A
(
c)Whichgaswouldyoucollectby(
I)cupboarddeli
very(i
i)downwarddeli
very?
A–( i
)A&C
(
ii
)B,D,E,&F
(
d)Namet hedryi
ngagentforgasCandi denti
fythegas.
– Dri
edus i
ngquick
limeCaO
– Thegasisammoni a(NH3)
(
e)Whichofthesegaseswouldyoudrybypas singthr
oughconcentr
atedsulphur
icaci
d?
A–A,B,D&F

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23.
Dis
tingui
shbet
weenphys
icalandchemi
calc
hanges
.

ANS-PHYSI
CALCHANGE CHEMI
CALCHANGE
1
. Nofewsubs
tancef
ormed 1
. Anewsubst
ancei
sfor
med
2.Us
ual
lyt
hechangei
seas
ilyr
ever
sibl
e 2.Us
ual
lyt
hechangei
sir
rever
sibl
e
3.Us
ual
lynoener
gyi
sgi
venoutor 3.Us
ual
lyener
gyi
sgi
venoutor
abs
orbed abs
orbed
4.Themas
soft
hes
ubs
tancedoesnotal
ter
. 4.Themas
soft
hes
ubs
tancedoesal
ter
.

24.
Whatist
hediff
erenceacompoundandami xt
ure?
A– Acompoundcanbedef i
nedasas ubst
ancemadeupoft woormor eel
ements
combinedtoget
herbychemi calmeanswher easinmixturepart
icl
esofdi
ff
erent
subs
tancesarebroughtint
ocl os
econtactwitheachother,buttheyar
enot
combinedwitheachotherchemicall
y.

25.
Stat
e,wi thr easons,whethereachoft hefoll
owingisaphys
icalorchemi
calchange:
A–Pai ntingofawal l–Physical–nonews ubst
anceformed
B–F reez ingofwater–Phys i
cal–nonews ubstancef
ormed
C–Bur ni ngofcharc oal–chemi cal–news ubst
ancefor
med
D–Addi ngofcommons alti
nwat er-phys
ical
E–Subl imat ionofi
odi ne–phys ical
F–Rus tingofi r
on–chemi cal
G–Bur ningofapaper–chemi cal
H–El ectrolys i
sofwater–chemi cal

26.
Stat
ethechangest
hatoccurwheni
cei
sheat
edass
hownbel
ow.

Subl
imat
ion

Mel
ti
ng Evapor
ati
on

I
ce Wat
er Wat
er
Vapour

F
reezi
ng condens
ati
on

Subl
imat
ion

27.
WhatdoesKinet
ict
heoryofmatt
erstat
e?
A–Statest
hatmatteri
spart
icul
ateandthepar
ti
clesar
eincons
tantmot
ion.

28.
Des
cri
beanexper
imentt
oshowmat
teri
spar
ti
cul
ate.

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EXP.1
A–Putands ti
ronet abl
espoonfulofsugarinwater.Tastethewat ernow.Thes
ugar
soondis
appearsandyoucannots eeitbutthewatertastess weet.
Expl
anat
ion
Sugargramsseparatedintosingletinypart
icl
estoos malltobes een.Theymovedal
l
thr
oughwater,makingi tsweet.
Lightpurple
EXP.2

Deeppur
ple

MnO4 cryst
al
Putacr ys
talofPot assi
um Permanganateinwaterasshownabove,Leavethebeaker
undi
s t
urbedf oraboutanhour .
Observati
on
Youwi l
lseet hatthewat erhasturnedpurpl
e.I
tisdeeppurpl
enearthebot t
om and
comparati
velys l
ightl
ypur pl
eneart hesur
fac
e.
Whathashappened?
Smallparti
clesofpotassium permanganat
egotpermanganategotseparat
ed.These
part
icl
eshaves preadalloverbythebumpsoft hemovingwaterpart
icl
es

EXP.3
BROWNIANMOVEMENT
– Smokeparticl
es,st
rongl
yil
lumi
natedarevi
ewedt hr
oughmicr
oscope.
Thepart
icl
esarefoundtobeinrandom,zi
gzagmot i
on(cal
ledBr
ownianmovement
)due
tothebombardmentofthesamebyt heai
rpart
icl
es.

Li
ght Smokecel
l

29.
Expl
ainsubli
mati
onusingKineti
ctheoryofmat t
er.
A–As oli
dcanchangedir
ectlytoagas ,miss
ingoutthel i
quidst
ate,i.
e.par
ti
clesbr
eak
offt
hes ol
idwit
henoughener gytoexi
s tasgasparti
cles,Agasparticl
ecanalsosl
ow
downenought obecomeas olidwit
houtgoingthroughtheliqui
dstate.

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30.
Thefoll
owi
ngares omeoft hemet
hodsusedtocoll
ectgas
es .Wit
hreasonsstat
ewhich
methodissui
tabl
ef oreachoft
hefol
lowi
nggases,Ammoni a,car
bondi
oxidechl
ori
de,
oxygen.

A B

C
A
(
i)Ammoni a–met hodC
Reason–ammoni ai
sl essdensethanairandtheref
orecoll
ect
edbyupwarddel
ivery.
(
ii
)Carbondioxi
de–met hodA
Reason–CO2 isdens ethanairandtheref
orecoll
ectedbydownwar
ddel i
ver
y.
(
ii
i)Oxygen–met hodB–I ti
ss l
ight
lysol
ubleinwatersoitcanbecol
lect
edoverwater
methodconvenient
ly.

31
.Howdoyoui denti
fypuresubs
tancesi
nchemist
ry.
A– Pur
es ubstanceshavedefi
nit
esharpmel
ti
ngandboil
ingpoi
ntsandt
her
efor
ethei
r
pur
it
ycanbedet er
minedbymeas uri
ngt
hesetemper
atur
es.

32.
Descr
ibetwoIndustr
ialappli
cati
onsoff
ract
ionaldis
til
lat
ion.
A
(i
)Refi
ningofcrudeoil(Petr
oleum)
-InKenya,thecrudeoilthatcomesintankersfr
om themi ddl
eEas
ttoMombas
ais
r
efi
nedatchangamwe.

Uncondens
edgas–Af
rigas
,
Es
sogas

300C Petrol–Cars,pl
anes
1700C Paraff
in,Kerosi
ne–heat i
ng,Jetengi
nes
3500C Dieseloil–dieselengi
nesintrans
portand

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machi
nes
Above4000C F
ueloi
l–I
ndus
tri
alf
uele.
g.f
uelf
ors
hipboi
ler
Cr
udeoil
Heater
tovapor
izet
heoi
l

Bi
tumen(
Asphal
t)–r
oadmaki
ng,wat
er
pr
oof
ing

- Thecr udeoi liscompl etelyvapor i

sedbyaf urnaceandt hevapourpas s esi ntoa
fract
ionatingcol umnat owermadeupofanumberofcompar t
ment swhi chgetcool er
goingupt hecol umn.Ast hevapourr i
sesupt hecol umn,di f
ferents ubstances
condens ei ndi ff
erentcompar tmentsandt hel i
qui dsformedar edr awnof f.Thel ower
theboi l
ingpoi ntofas ubs tance,t hef urtheri twi l
ltravelupt hecol umnbef or e
condens ing.
(i
ii
)F racti
onaldi st
il
lati
onofAi r.
A–Whenagasi scompr ess edandt hens uddenl yal l
owedt oexpand,t heexpans i
on
resultsincool ing.Byt hismet hod,ai rcanbecool eds uff
ici
ent lytoliquef yi t
.
- Airisfreedf rom car bondi oxi de,wat ervapour ,dus tpar t
icleset candt hencompr essed
at200at mos pherespr ess ure.Itisthens ucces si
velycool edunt illiqui
dai risobtained
(at–2000C.or73K) .Liqui dai risat rans parent ,palebluel iquid.
- Whent hisliquidai risfractionallydistil
led,ni trogenhavi ngl owerboi li
ngpoi nt(-950C
1
or78K)begi nst oevapor atef irs
t.Oxygenhavi nghi gherboi l
ingpoi nt(- 830C–or90K)
1
comesof flater.Thiswayabout99. 5%pur eoxygeni sobtained.

Ni
tr
ogengaswi
thl
owerb.
p.

F
ract
ionat
ingcol
umn

Li
qui
dai
r

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Oxygen–gaswi
thhi
gherb.
p.

33.
Belowarethreedi
agr
amsr
epr
esent
ingt
het
hrees
tagesofmat
ter
.Labelt
hem
appropr
iat
ely.

Li
qui
d Soli
d Gas
34.
Whyi st
hatgas
esdon’thavedefi
nat
es hape?
- Part
icl
esi
ngas esar
efarapar
tandfreetomover
andoml
yinal
ldi
rect
ions
.

35.
UsingKineti
ctheoryofmatterexplai
ncondensati
onproces
s.
- Whenagasi scooled,t
heparticl
eslos
eener gyandhences lowdowngr
aduall
y.As
theys l
owdownt heyeasil
yattractt
hei
rneighbouri
ngparti
clesandcl
ust
ertogethert
o
form ali
quid.

36.
Brief
lyexpl
ainhowi ce-
cream vendor
susesol
idcarbondi
oxi
de(dryice)t
okeepthei
ce-
cream f
rozen.
- Sol
idcarbondioxi
deabs or
bsheatener
gyfr
om theice–cr
eam andchangest
ogas.
Thi
skeepst heice–cr eam col
d.

37.
Whatpr i
ncipl
edor efr
igerat
orsworkon.
- Abs orpti
onofheatener gyfrom t
hesurroundi
ngsbyal
iqui
dordryicei
nthe
ref
ri
gerators.Whateverisinthecar
binetcool
sdowngr
aduall
yasthisl
ossofheat
conti
nues.

38.
Whyisi
tnecessar
ytoadher
es tr
ictl
ytothel
aborat
orys
afetyr
ules
?
- Thi
swi
llenabl
ethest
udentscarryoutmostoft
heexperi
mentssafel
y.

39.
Namet heprocessusedtoseparat
elyt
wos ol
idsbot
hsol
ubl
eint
hes
ames
olvent
;when
thesol
idsarebothpresenti
nt hemixt
ure.
F
racti
onalcrys
tal
li
zat
ions
.

40.
Bel
owi
sanar
rangementwhi
chwasus
edt
opr
epar
egas
.

Conc.HNO3
X

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GasX

Coppert
urni
ngs

(
i)Whi choneproper
tyofgasXcanyout el
lfrom t
hemet hodofprepar
ati
on?
Dens ert
hanair
(
ii
)Identi
fygasX
Nitr
ogendioxi
de
(
ii
i) Whyi sLead(I
I)ni
tratemor
es ui
tablethanothernitr
atesf
ortheprepar
ati
onofgasX?
- LeadIInit
rat
ecryst
alli
zeswi
thoutwaterofcrystal
li
sati
onandisnothygros
copi
c.

41
.Thedi
agr
am bel
owar
eofs
omemet
hodsus
edt
ocol
lectgas
esi
nthel
abor
ator
y.

I I
I

Compl
etethetabl
ebel
owi
ndi
cat
ingt
hemos
tsui
tabl
emet
hodf
ort
hecol
lect
ionoft
he
gas
esgiven.

GAS METHODOFCOLLECTI
ON

HYDROGEN I

HYDROGENCHLORI
DE I
II

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42.
As t
udenthadthef ol
lowingfoursoli
dsmi xedandwant edseparat
ethem.Thes
ubstances
aregivenhypot
heticall
etter
st orepresentthem;
W,X,YandZ.Thef oll
owingares omeoft hec haract
eri
sti
csofthesol
ids
.Toobt
ainclean
dryYf r
om themixtureheaddedwat erands ti
rred.

Subs
tance Sol
ubi
li
tyi
nwat
er Sol
ubi
li
tyi
net
hanol
W Yes No
X Yes No
Y No No
Z No Yes

(
a)(
i)Explainwhyhedi dt his.
Thisisbecaus es ubs tanceW andXwoul ddi ssolvei nt hemi xtureandr emai nwi th
YandZ.
(
ii
)Whatt wos tepsmi stbecar ri
edoutnextt oobt ai
ncl eandr yY?
Hewoul dt henhavet of i
lterthemi xtureandr emai nwi thYandZ.Thenhewoul d
heatthet woandbecaus eZmel tsandt hevapour i
s eshewoul dr emainwi thYor
hecoul ddis s
olvet het woi net hanolt heZwoul ddi s solveandhewoul df il
tertoget
Y.
(
b)(
i)Toobt ainpur eW andXs ol
ids,wat ermus tnotbeaddedt omi xture,why?
Thisisbecaus et heyar ebot hs olubleinwat erandi ft heyar emi xedonewoul dn’t
getapur esolid.
(
ii
)Howbes twoul dyous epar atet het wos ol
idsW andX?
Iwouldt aket het wos ubs t
ancesW andXt henheatt hem andbecaus es ubstance
W s ublimesonheat ingt henwoul dgett het wos epar ates ubstanceW cant hen
bec ooledt ochanget os oli
dagai n.
(
c)(
i)Toobt ains oli
dZf rom t hemi xtur eofW andZi twoul dnotbewi setoheatwhy?
Thisisbecaus es ubs tanc eZandW onheat ingf orm vapour sandt hi
svapour
couldevent uallyr eactandonecannotgetapur es ubs t
ance.
(ii
)Whats houldyouaddt ot hemi xtureofW andZs oast ohel pyouwi t
ht he
separation?
Yous houldaddei therwat erbecaus eW dis solvesi nwat erwhi l
eZdoes n’tsoyou
canaddt henf i
lter.
(
iii
)Whatt wos tepswoul dyoucar ryoutt oobt ainonpur es ampleofZ?
Youwoul dfir
stmi xwat ert othes ampl eandW ands inceW di s s
olveZwi llbe
fi
lt
ered.Af t
erf i
ltrationyouheats ampleZandt heni tvapour isesandyoucol lectit
dry.Heat i
ngher ehel psincol lect i
ngt hes ampl edr y.

43.Whatisthediff
erencebetweenthemelt
ingpointofapuresubst
anceandthatofan
i
mpuresubstance?
Themelt
ingpointofanimpuresubst
anceislowerthanthatofapur
esubst
anceandt he
l
att
eri
ss har
pwhi lethef
ormeroccurinarange.

2.ATMOSPHEREANDI
TSCOMBUSTI
ON

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1
. Whatisair?
A–Ai ri
sami xt
ureofmanygas
essuchasN2 –78%,O2 –21
%,0.
03%,andNobl
egas
es
1
%.
Watervapour,poll
uti
nggas
esanddustands
moke.

2.Whatevidenceistheretos howt hatther

eiswatervapouri
nt heai
r?
A–Taket wodr i
nkingglass
es .Ens ur
ethatt
hei
routsi
des ur
facesar
edry.Pourequal
quant
it
yofwat erintobothoft hem.Theninoneofthem puts omepi
ecesoficecubes
.
Waitf
ors ometimeandexami net hem.

A B

Noi
ce wi
thi
ce

Obser vati
ons
Thegl asswi thicehascolders urf
aceandal otofmoi st
urecondens edoni t
ss ur
faceon
i
tsout side.
Conclus i
on
-Thismoi stureont heoutsi
deoft hecoldglas smusthavecomef r
om theair.Theref
ore
ai
rcont ainswat ervapourwhi chcondensesont hecoolers ur
face.
-Topr oovet hatthismoist
urei sactual
lywater,anhydrouscopperI ISulphat
eoni t
whichandaf t
ert hereact
ion,whiteCopperI ISul
phatet ur
nsbl ue.

3.Des
cri
beanexper
imentt
oshowt
hatCar
bondi
oxi
dei
savai
labl
eint
heat
mos
pher
e.

Ai
rin Ai
rsuckedout

Li
mewat
er

Pr
ocedur
e

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Suckairt
hrought
heapparat
usass hownabovef
oraboutf
ivemi
nut
es.Makeyour
obser
vati
onasthesucki
ngcont
inues.

Obs ervati
on
Ast hes uckingoftheai rconti
nues,limewat erisfoundtotur
nmi lkasmoreairpass
es
throughi t
.
Conclus i
on
Iti
sonl yCar bondioxidet hatt
urnslimewat ermi l
kyorformswhi t
epreci
pit
ateofcal
cium
carbonate.
Ca( OH) aq)+C
2( O2(g) CaCO3(s)+H2O(l)
4.Studyt heexper i
mentbel owandans werthisques ti
onsthatf
oll
ow.

Gasj
ar Gasj
ar
candl
e
5cm

(
a) (
b)

dil
uteNaOH(aq)
Theaboveexperimentwascar ri
edt ostudywhathappenswhencandl ebur nsinafixed
amountofair
.Afterburningofthecandlet heNaOH(aq)l
evelinthejarr ose(b)andthe
candl
ewentof f
.
(i
) Whydoyout hi
nkthes olut
ionlevelros eins
idethegasjar,fi
ll
ingonl yapar tofi
t?
A–Thes oluti
oninsidethegasj arros etotakeupthes pacewhi chwasoccupi edby
theact
ivepartofair.
(i
i)Whydidt hecandlegooutaf terburningonlyforawhile?
A–Thecandl ewentoutbecaus einaf ixedamountofaironlyapar tofitwasusedup
cal
ledthe‘acti
veair’wit
ht herest‘Inacti
veair’whi
chdoes n’
ts upportcombus ti
on.

5.Des
cri
beanexper
imentt
odet
ermi
net
heper
cent
agebyvol
umeofoxygeni
ntheai
r.

00cm3 s
1 yri
nge
Coppert
urni
ngs 00cm3 s
1 yri
nge

Hardglas
st ube
A Glas
swool Heat B
a)Theapparatusareupasshownabove.Thegl as
ss yri
ngeeachhasacapaci
tyof
3
100cm .
b)Atthebeginningoft
heexperi
ment,take100cm3 ofai
rinsyri
ngeAandnoai ri
n
syri
ngeB.

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Thehar dglas st ubei sfullofcoppert urnings.
c)Heatt heCoppert urningss tronglyanddr i
vetheai rslowlythroughthem f ormsyringe
Atot hes yri
ngeB.Thenpus ht heai rbackwar dsfrom Bt oA.Cont i
nuepas si
ngtheai r
backwar dsforwar dsbet weent het wos yringes.
d)Theoxygeni nt heai rcombi neswi thhotcoppert oform blackcopperI Ioxide.
Copper+Oxygen CopperI IOxide
2Cu(s)+O2(g) 2CuO(s)
e)Af t
eraboutf i
vemi nutes,s topheat ingandal l
owt heappar atustocool.Pus hthe
remainingai rbacki ntos yri
ngeAandmeas ur
et hevaccumeofai rl
ife.
f) Repeatheat ing,pus hingai rs l
owl yt oandf rom ones yri
nget otheother .Coolagain
andmeas uret hevol umeagai n.
g)Whent her eisnof urtherchangei nthev olumeofai rleft
,i.e.nomor ecopperI Ioxide
isbeingf or
med,s t
opheat ing.
h)Lett heappar atuscoolandt aket hef i
nalmeas ureofai r
.Theamountofoxygeni nai r
isequalt odecr eas einvol umeoft heai r.
Origi
nalamountofai rins yri
ngeA–1 00cm3
Amountofai rleftins yringeA=79cm3
Amountofai rus edup( oxygen)=( 1
00- 79)cm3=21 cm3
Percentageofoxygeni nai r=21 %

6.Whyi st her eanyi ncr easewhenamet alli

kemagnes i
um isbur nedinair
?
A–Whenmagnes i
um i sbur nedi nair,itchemi call
ycombi neswi thoxygengast ofor
ma
compoundcal l
edmagnes i
um oxidewhi chi sheavi erthant hemet ali.
e.t
hewhi teashis
heavi ert hant heor iginalpieceofmagnes ium.
Thuswhenanel ementi sheat edorbur ntinai r,itcombi neswi thoxygenfrom ai
rand
gainsi nwei ght.
7.( i)Whati sr ust?
A–I shydr atedIronI IIOxide( Fe2O3.XH2O)
(ii
)Whatar et hecondi ti
onsneces saryforr us t
ing?
A–I ron
-Wat er
-Oxygen
(iii
)Li sts omemet hodsus edt opreventr usting.
- Pai nting -Chr omi um pl ati
ng
- El ect roplating -Al l
oying
- Gal vani zation -Anodi zing
- Oi l
ingandgr easingi npl at
ing
(iv)Onwhatbas i
sar et hemet hodsus edabovedes igned?
A–Themet hodsforpr eventingrustingar ebas edont hefactthatIronneedstobekept
outofcont actwi t
hai randwat er.
8.Des cribeanexper imentt oinvesti
gat ethe“ activepar tofair
”.

Copperf
oil Heat

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Pot
ass
ium
Per
manganat
e

Heat

Procedur
e
Arrangetheappar
atusass hownabove.
HeatPotassi
um Permanganatef
orafews econdsbef
oreheat
ingthecopperf
oil
.
Nowheatbot hthePermanganateandcopper.Recor
dyourobser
vati
ons.

Obs er
vati
on
Whencopperi sheatedi nbot
hairandoxygeni ttur
nsbl ack.Thisi
mpliesthatoxygen
mus tbepres entinairandisresponsi
bleforturningcopperbl ackwhenheat ed.
Oxygenist her ef
oret
heact i
veofairandisr esponsibl
eforr usti
ngofironaswel l
Potassi
um Per manganatewasheat edfi
rstinthisexperimentt oproduceoxygenwhi ch
droveoutal ltheairi
nt heappar
atus.

9.Whatgasesareacommonpol
lut
anti
ntheat
mos
pher
e.
A
– Sul
phurdioxide
– Nit
rogenchlori
de Gases
– Carbonmonoxide

Sol
ids Sol
idpar
ti
cles–pr
oducedbyi
nef
fi
cientcombus
tionoff
uel
s.

Smoke,consis
tsofcarbon,tar,sal
ts.
Thesepart
icl
esareverys mallandso,theycanent
ert
helungsandber etai
nedt
her
e.
– Thi
spromotesres
pirator
ypr obl
emsandi ncr
easet
heri
skoflungcancer.

1
0.Whatappropr i
atemeasuresarebeingtakent oreduceatmos pheri
cpoll
uti
on?
A
(
i)I
mprovementofc ombus t
ionoffueli
npet rolanddieselengine.
(
ii
) Intr
oducti
onofbet t
erprocessi
ngoff uelstomaket hem f
reefr
om sul
phur
compounds .
(i
ii
)Int
roducti
onofbetterandmor eeffi
cientfi
lt
ers yst
emsi nindust
ri
es.
(i
v)Int
roducti
onofs mokeles
ss ol
idfuel
sorf uelsli
kehydrogen.

1
1.Wr
it
edownachemi
calequat
iont
oshowhowoxygeni
spr
epar
edi
nthel
ab.

(
i)2H2O2 MnO2 2H2O(l)+O2
(
ii
)2KclO3(s) MnO2 2KCl(
s )+O2(
g)

1
2.Li
stt
hepr
oper
ti
esofoxygengas
.

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Phys ical
– Col our l
es s&odour less&t as teless
– I ti ss li
ghtlydens ert hanai r
– I ti ss li
ghtlys olublei nwat er
– BP–1 830C
Chemi calpr oper t
ies
– Neut raltol i
tmus
– Rel ightsagl owi ngs plintbutdoes n’tbur n(testforoxygen)i.e.Itisn’
tcombus t
ible
– I tf ormsoxi deswi t
hmet alsandnon- metals.
13.Whati st her oleofmanganes e( IV)oxi dei nt hepreparati
onofoxygengas ?
– I ts impl ys peedsupt her at eofdecompos iti
onofhydr ogenper oxidetoyi el
doxygen.
Hencei tisacat alyst.
14.FILLTHETABLEBELOW STATI NGWHATHAPPENSI NEACHCOLUMNWHENELEMENTSARE
BURNTI NOXYGEN.
Element Howi tbur nsoxygen Pr oduct Colourofpr oducti n
Lit
muss oluti
on
Sodium BrightGol denyel low Na2O2 Blue
fl
ame
Sulphur Brightbl uef lame SO2 Red
Phos phor us Whi tef l
ame P2O5 Red
Carbon Redgl ow CO2 Red
Iron Yellows par ks FeO -
Magnes ium Brightwhi tef lame MgO Blue
Copper Bluef l
ame CuO -
Calcium Brightr edf l
ame CaO Blue
15.Disti
ngui shbet weenaci dicandbas icoxides .
– Aci dicoxi desar eoxi desofnon- met alswhi chdissol
vei nwatert oform acidic
sol utionswhi l
ebas icoxi desar ethos eofmet al
sofwhi chsomedi ssolveinwat erto
for m alkalines olutionwhi cht urnr edl i
tmuspaperbl ue.Iti
si mpor t
anttonot et hat
notal lbas icoxidesdi ssolvei nwat er.
16.Anexper imentoncompet it
ionf oroxygenwascar ri
edoutandr esultswer etabulatedin
thet abl ebel ow.Us einfor mat i
oni nthet ablet oans wertheques ti
onst hatfoll
ow.

Oxi
de MgO CO2 CuO PbO ZnO F
e2O3

El
ement
Magnesiu No MgO+C MgO+Cu MgO+Pb MgO+ MgO+F
e
m react
ion Zi
nc
Carbon No CO CO2 +Cu CO2 +Pb CO2 +Zn CO2 +F
e
react
ion
Lead No No PbO+Cu No No No
react
ion react
ion react
ionreact
ion react
ion
Zi
nc No No ZnO+Cu ZnO+Pb No ZnO+F e
react
ion react
ion react
ion
I
ron No No Fe2O3 +Cu F
e2O3 +Pb No No
react
ion react
ion react
ion react
ion

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(
i) Whati
sthebestconcl
usi
onthatcanbedrawnonthebas i
softheabover
esul
ts?
– Moreact
iveel
ementstakeoxygenfr
om t
helessacti
veones.
(
ii
) Whati
stheorderofreact
ivi
tyofel
ement
sinthisexper
iment?

Mg
C Incr eas i
ng
Zn react ivit
y
Pb
Fe
(
iii
) Whatar ethepr oduct sf ormedwher ear eacti
onoccur r
ed?
– Anoxi deoft hemor er eact i
veelementandt heelementoft helessreact
iveofthe
two.
(
iv) I
fyouwer egi venanoxi decopperhowwoul dyouobt aincoppermetalf
rom
i
t?
– Iwoul ds implyheatt hecopperoxi dewi thanel ementcarbont oobtai
nthebrown
coppermet alafterr educt ion.
2CuO(s)+C(s) 2Cu(s)+CO(2)(g)
1
7.Listsi
xcommer ci
alus esofoxygen.
– I ntheoxy- acetylenef lame
– I ntheoxy- hydrogenf l
ame
– Asanai dt obr eathing
– I nstil
lproduction
– F uel–l i
quidoxygeni sus edt oburnthef uelins omes pacerockets.
– Expl osi
ves–l i
quidoxygenmi xedwithchar coalandpet r
olisusedasexplosivei
n
mines.

1
8.Gi vet henameofamet alli
coxide( diff
erentineachcas e)whi ch?
(i)Onheat ingyi el
dsoxygenandal oweroxi deoft hes amemet al.
KmnO4
(ii)I
syel lowwhenhotandwhi t
ewhencol d.
ZnO
(iii
) I
seas il
yconver tedt oamet alonheat i
ng.
HgO
(iv)Doesnotdi ssolvei nwat erbutabas e.
Fe2O3 /CuOet c
(v)Di ssol vei nwat ert oform anal kali–Na2 O2 ,CaO
1
9.Pol l
ut i
oni saheal thhazar dwhi chi sdi r
ectl
ypr opor t
ionaltot helevelofindust
ri
alisati
on
i
ndevel opi ngcount r
ies.Giveevi dencet ojus t
if
yt hi
spr oclamat i
on.
Thef oll
owi ngar es ourcesofpol l
utant s.
(a)Exhaus tgas esanddus tfr
om i ndus tri
ess uchas ;paper,s ugarandcementi ndus tr
ies.
(b)Exhaus temi s si
onsf rom mot orvehi cles.
(c)Someact ivi
ti
esi nthe“ Juakal i”i ndustr
ys uchasbur ningt yr
est ogetwiresand
threads .
(d)Nucl earr eactorshavebecomeani mpor t
ants ourceofener gy.Butradiat
ionfrom
nucl ears tat
ionsc anpos eagr eatdangert ot heenvi r
onmentaswass eendur ingthe
Cher nobylnucl earr eacti
ondi s asterof1986i nUSSR.
(e)Aer os ol
ss uchasi ns ecti
cidesandper f
umes prayscont ai
ningchlorofl
uorocarbons( cf
c)

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usedaspr opel l
ant s .TheCF C’saregr aduallyaccumul ati
ngi nt heat mos pher eandi t
hasbeenpr ovent hatt heyr eactwi t
ht heozonel ayerdepl eti
ngi t.Thismeanst hat
manl i
kel ytobeexpos edt oharmfulr adiati
onsf rom thesun.
20.Whati swat erofcr ys t
al l
izati
on.
– Thi si st hedef ur ateamountofwat erheldwi thint hecrystalst r
uct ureofCuSO4. 5H2O,
Na2CO3. 1
0H2O.
21.Wher ei st hecompet itionf oroxygenr eactionappl i
edi ndustriall
y?
– Thi st ypeofr eact ioni sappl i
edi ntheext r
acti
onofs omemet ale.g.Lead,I ron,Zi nc
andCopperar ebel owcar boni ntheact ivi
tys eri
esorar el essr eact i
vet hanc arbon.
Thes emet alt her eforear eobt ai
nedbyr educingt hei
rheat edoxi deswi thcarbon
(coke)orcar bonmonoxi de.
22.Carbondi oxidedoes n’ts upportcombus ti
on,yetbur ningofmagnes ium ribbon
i
ntroducedi njarofcar bondi oxidecont i
nuest obur n.Explaint his,givingt hechemi cal
equationi nvolved.
– Whenabur ningmagnes i
um isintroducedi ntoagasj arcont ainingcar bondioxide,t he
intens eheatbur ningmagnes ium produces ,decompos est hecar bondioxi degasi nto
carbonandoxygen.Thi soxygennows uppor t
st hecont i
nuousbur ningofmagnes ium.

2Mg(s)+CO2 C(s)+2MgO(s)
Black whit
e
specks solid

WATER+HYDROGEN
1. Li
stfours ourcesofwater.
– Rainfall
– Rivers
– Seas
– Bor eholes
– Wel ls
2.Des cri
beanexper imenttoshowt hatwat
erisanoxideofhydrogen.
– Wat erisformedwhenhydr ogencombineswit
hoxygen.Hydrogencanbe
gener atedbyt hereact
ionbetweendilut
ehydrochl
ori
cacidonZincmetal
.

Zn(s)+2HCl(
aq) 2nCl
2(aq)+H2(
g)
– Thegasisdri
edbypass
ingi tt
hroughanhydr
ouscal
cium chl
ori
de.

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– Sohydrogenisbur
nedi
nai randthevapourf
ormedcondens
ed.Thel
iqui
dformed
changesthebl
ueCobal
tIIchl
ori
depapertopinki
ndi
cati
ngthatt
heli
quidiswat
er.

2H2(g)+O2(g) 2H2O(l)

3.Aform onepupi
lli
tabunsenbur
nerwithi
tsai
rhol
eful
lyopen.Ther
egi
onsoft
he
f
lameswer el
abel
ledasshownbelow.

B
C

(
a)Namepar t(A) Lightbl
ue/Pal
ebl
ue
(
b)Whichregionist
hehot
tes
t A
(
c)Whichcolouri
sregi
onC? Col
our
less

4.Paperchr
omat
ogr
aphyofapl
antext
ractgavet
hef
oll
owi
ngr
esul
ts.

SOLVENT NO.OFSPORTS
X 4
Y 1
W 2

Whi chSolventist
hemostsui
tabl
eforpurif
yingt
heextr
act?Expl
ain.
SolventX–becaus emostofthedyesi
nt heextr
actdi
ssol
veinit.Hencemor
espot
s
ares eenont hepaper
.
5.Theapparatusbelowwasusedinanexperi
mentt obur
nhydrogeninair.

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5(i
)(a)Names ubstanceXandM.
X–Anhydrouscal ci
um chlori
de
M –Water
(
ii
)Whati stheuseofs ubstanceXi nthi
sexperi
ment .
-I tisfordryi
ngpur poses.
(
ii
i)( b)
Expl
ainwhyi tisnecessarytopasshydrogenthroughtheQ1apparat
usforsometi
me
bef oreli
ghti
ngi tup?
- Toexpelanyoxygent rappedwi t
hintheappar
atuswhichwouldotherwi
secause
hydr ogengasbur nexplosi
velydamagingtheapparat
us.

6. F
lame

Magnes
ium r
ibbon

Heat Heat
Moi
stgl
asswool

-Whatgasisbur
ningatA?
Hydrogen

7.(a)Nameagast hatwi llreducecopperI IOxide.

Hydr ogen
(b)Des cribewhatyouwoul ds eewhent her eacti
onoccurs.
- Thebl ackcopperI IOxi deisr educedtoabr owncoppermet alanddropsofa
colourlessli
quidares eentocondens eont hecolderareasofthecombus ti
ontube.
(c)Wr iteanequat i
onf ort hereaction.
H2(g)+CuO(s) Cu(s)+H2O(g)
(d)Wi l
lthisreagentr educemagnes i
um oxide?
Explainyourans wer
Hydr ogenwon’ treducemagnes ium oxidebecaus emagnes ium met
alishigheri
nthe
reactivit
yseriesthanhydr ogent her
ef orethisreact
ionwillnotbefeasi
ble.

8.I
nanexperiment
,dryhydrogenchl
ori
degaswaspassedt
hroughheatedZi
nctur
ningsas
shownint
hediagram bel
ow.Thegasproducedwast
henpassedt
hroughheat
edLeadII
Oxide.

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TubeL Zi
nct
urni
ngs

Dr
yHCl
(g) PbO

TubeV

Heat
Gas

Heat

F
lask
Z
Wat
er

(
i) Whati
sthef unctionoft
hewat eri
nthefl
ask?
– Todissol
vet heunreactedHydr
ogenchlor
idegas
.
(
ii
)Wr i
teequati
onsf orthereact
ionst
hatt
ookplaceint
het
ubes
.

L–2HCl
g)+Z
( n(s) ZnCl
2(
s)+H2(
g)

V–PbO(s)+H2(g) H2O(g)+Pb(s)

(
ii
i)Howwoul dthetotalmassoftubeVandi
tscontent
scomparebefor
eandaftert
he
experi
ment?Explai
n.
– Aftertheexperimentthetot
almas
softubeVwouldbelessthanit
sini
ti
almass
owingtothereducti
onofPbObyhydrogengaswhicht
akesawaytheoxygenthus
l
oweringthetotalmass.

9.Anexper
imentwass
etupass
howni
nthedi
agr
am bel
ow.

Del
iver
ytube

Wat
er

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Moi
sti
ronf
il
li
ngs

Expl
ainwhati
sobser
vedaft
eraf ewdays.
– Ir
onwil
lrus
tandwaterleveli
nthedeli
ver
ytubewil
lri
setooccupythespacel
eft
behi
ndbytheoxygen(acti
vepastofai
r)t
hatwasusedbytherust
ingir
on.

1
0.Thedi
agr
am bel
owr
epr
esent
sapaperchr
omat
ogr
am oft
wos
ugar
sAandB.

 A
 B
 Mixt
ureofA+B

St
ateonepropertyofAthatmakesitmovefast
erthanBtowardsthesol
ventf
ront
.
– Aisverysolublei
nthes ol
ventusedanddoesn’
tsti
cktothepaperli
keB.

1
1.Thedi
agr
am bel
ows
howsappar
atuss
etupt
ost
udyt
heef
fectofbur
ningacandl
einai
r.

(
i) Explai
nwhyt hecandl ewillnotcontinuetoburnunl esshesucti
onpumbi stur
ned
on.
– Suct i
onpumpcaus esacontinuousflowofairintotheapparat
usfr
om outsi
de
thusprovidi
ngoxygenf rom theai rwhi
chs upportsbur
ningofthecandl
e.
Withoutthes ucti
onpumpt hecandl ewillburnforawhileandgooffforl
ackof
oxygen.
(
ii
) Thewei ghtoftheu- tubeBincreasescons i
derablywhilet
hecandleisburni
ng.
Givear easonfort hi
s.

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– Concent ratedSul phuricacidishygr oscopicandt hereforeabsorbedwat er
formedf rom thebur nedcandl ethusmaki ngt heweightoft heu- t
ubeincrease.
(
ii
i) Isthebur ningoft hecandl etheonlyr eas onfort heincreasei nweightofB?
Explai
nyourans wer.
– No.Thei ncomi ngai rcontainssomewat ervapourwhi chal soabsorbedbyt he
acidbes idest herei ssomecar bonwhi chwil
lcont r
ibutet otheweightincrease.
(
iv) From theabove,whi chelementcanyouconcl udei scontainedinthecandle?
– Hydr ogen.
(
v) Whi chsubs tancei sabs orbedbyt heLi mewat eri nC?
– CO2 gas
(
vi) Whatobs ervationwoul dyoumaket heLi mewat erinC?
– Whi t
epr ecipitateofcal ci
um carbonat eisfor
med
Ca(OH) aq)+C
2( O2(g) CaCO3(s)
(
vii
) Whi chotherel ementi st hereforecont ainedinthecandl e?

1
2.

Theaboveexper
imentwascar ri
edoutt oinves
tigatether eactionbetweens team and
magnesi
um.Answert heques t
ionthatf oll
ow.
(i
) Whyi sthewets andheat ed?
– Toproduces team whi chwi l
lr eactwi
tht hemagnes ium ri
bbon.
(i
i) Whatwasobs ervedwhens t
eam waspas sedoverhotmagnes i
um ri
bbon.
– Magnesium bur nedbr i
ghtlyins team t
of orm whi t
emagnes i
um oxidepowder
(i
ii
) Namegasy–Hydr ogen.
(i
v) Howwoul dyouconf ir
mi tsidentity?
– Itwoul
dbur nwi t
ha‘ pop’s oundi faburnings pli
ntisbr oughtnearthemout h
ofthetube.Thi sconfir
msbeyondanydoubt st hatthegasi shydrogen.

1
3.Belowarethemai
nsour
cesofwat
erpol
lut
ion.Expl
ainhoweachoft
hem af
fect
sthe
envir
onment?
(i
)Sewage

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(
ii)
Fer
til
iser
s
(
iii
) Chemi
cal
s/Pes
tici
des
(
iv)Oi
landdeter
gents

(
i)Sewage
– Di s
s olveoxygeni nwat erisus edbybact eri
aandt husmos toft heli
vingor ganis
msin
waterdi eandt hiswaterbecomescl oudyands melly.
(
ii)Fer
tili
zers
– Rainwas hesferti
li
zersintor i
versandlakesandt husbacteriagr owfasterandagain
useupal loxygendi s
solvei nwater.
(
iii
) Chemicals/Pes ti
cides
– Acids ,alkali
s,dyesands prayingchemicalsarepoisonoust oanimalsandpl ant
s.
(
iv) Oi lf
ormsl ayersonwat eranddet ergentsfor
mf oam i
nwat erandt husnomor e
ox ygendi ssol
vedi nwat erfr
om atmos pher
e.

1
4.Thef
lowchar
tbel
owshowsthet
reat
mentofwat
eri
nwat
ers
uppl
ysys
tems
.
A
H2O
Fi
lt
rat
ion
i
n
B C
Sedi
ment
ati
on F
il
tr
ati
on

E D
Aer
ati
on
Chl
ori
nat
ion

F
luor
idat
ion

Sof
teni
ng

Tapwat
er

(
i)Sugges tasuit
abl
es ubst
ancesthatcanbeus edinfil
trat
ionchambersAandC.
- St ones
- Gr avel
- Coar seandfinesand
(
ii
)Aluminium sul
phate(Al
um)i susedinthes edimentati
onchamberB.Explai
nthe
acti
on ofaluminium s
ulphate.
- Itisacoagulantwhichmakest hesuspendedpar t
iclesclamptoget
herandsett
le

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ont hebot tom oft hes toraget anks .
(iii
)Whyi saer ati
oni mpor tanther e.
- Thi shel psi nt heki lli
ngofs omebact eriabyoxi dat i
onandef fectsofs unl ight.
(iv)Whyi schl orinationneces sary?
- Chl or i
nei sus edher easager mi cidet omakewat erquitesafet odr ink.
(v)Expl aint hei mpor tanceoff luor idat i
on.
- Ther ei smedi calevi dencet hatt hepr esenceofaboutonepar tpermi llion( P.P.M)
ofs odi um f l
uor i
dei ndr inkingwat erreducest hedecayofchi l
dren’ st eet h.Thati s
whys omewat erwor ksus eSodi um f l
uor i
de.
(vi)Wat erpol l
utionwhi chcanbeaheal thhazar dmaybedi vi
dedi ntot hr ee
categor iesdependi ngont hei rcaus e.Li stthem downandbr i
eflyt hecaus esand
thei rremedi es .
St ate.
(i) Phys icalpol l
ut i
onofwat er–Thi smai nlyr eferst osuspendedmat terand
tur bidity–f r
om s oiler os i
onandcol loidalwas te.
-Thi scanbecor rectedbyaddi ti
onofcoagul ant ssuchasAl um.
(ii) Bi ologicalpol lution–Thi si sduet ot hepr es enceofbact eria,pr ot ozoa,
virus esandpar asites.Inf ect i
onsl i
kechol era,t yphoidanddys ent er yhavebeen
tracedt ocont ami nat edwat ers uppli
es .
-Addi tionofchl or i
neki ll
st hem andmakest hewat ersafetodr i
nk.
( i
ii)Chemi calpol l
ut i
on–Thi sisf rom indus triesandagr i
cul
ture(aci ds,al kali+
heavymet alcat ions ,soappr oduct i
on,f oodpr ocess i
ngferti
li
ser set c.
-Theheav ymet alsar epr eci pitatebyaddi ngcal ci
um hydroxide.
-F ert i
lisers,theus ei ss trictlycont r
olled.
-Mos tdet ergent snowmar ket edar ebi odegr adableandcanbewas hedi nto
lakesandr i
ver swi t
houtanyhar mfuleffect .
(iv) Ther malpol l
ution–Thi sar isesf r
om t heus eofwat erbymanuf actur ingand
powerpl ant s.
-Thi sr esultst ot hedecr eas eofdi ssolvedoxygenandoxygeni sr equi r
edby
allplantandani mal slife.
-F act oriesl i
kePanAf ricanMi ll,Webuyehaveagoods ophi st
icatedt reatment
plantwhi chi nvol vesc oolingofwat ers ot hatasi tresult
st other iveri si n
accept ables t andar d.

1
5.Defi
neandgiveoneexampl eofeachofthefol
lowing;wat
erofcr
yst
all
izat
ion,
ef
fores
cence,hygr
oscopic,del
iques
cence.
Whathappenswhenbl uecopperIISul
phat
ecrystalsar
elefti
nadesi
ccator?

– Wat erofcr yst

all
izati
on–i sthedefi
nat eamountofwat ercont ai
nedinacr ystale.g.
COCl 2.
6H2O,Na2CO3. 10H2Oet c.
– Ef
florescence–i stheproces sofloosingwaterofcr ystall
isat
ionint
ot heat mos phere
whenexpos edtot heair
,Na2SO4. 1
0H2O,Na2CO3.10H2O Na2CO3. H2O+9H2O
CuSO4. 5H2Oet c.
– Hydr oscopicsubs t
ance–Thi sonewoul dabs or
bwat erfrom theatmos pher ebut
does n’tdis
s ol
vei nittoform as ol
ution.E.
g.concent ratedSulphuri
caci d,et hanol,
CaO,CuO,et c.
– Deliquescence–i sthepr ocessbywhi chs omes alt
sabs or
bwat erfr
om t he
atmos phereanddi ssol
vei nthewat ertoform as ol
ut i
one.g.NaNO3,CaCl 2,F eCl3,

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NaOHetc.
– WhenblueCopperIIsul
phat
ecryst
alar
elef
tinades
iccat
or,t
heyl
oos
ewat
erof
cr
yst
all
izat
ionandchangefr
om bl
uetowhit
e.

CuSO4.
5H2O CuSO4 +5H2O(l)
1
6.

ThepowderDi scopperoxi dei napor cel ai

nboat ;whichisheatedincombusti
on
(a)Whati st hechemi calA?
Zi
ncgr anules .
(b) Whati st hechemi calB?
Dil
uteHydr ochl or i
cacid.
(c)From whi choft het woAandB,i sthegashydr ogenliber
ated.
B
(d)Wr i
teanequat i
onf orther eactionbet weenAandB.
2HCl aq)+Z
( n(s) ZnCl2(aq)+H 2(
g)
(e)Whati st hecol ouroft hepowderD?
(i
)Att hebegi nningoft heexper i
ment ?
B
(i
i)Att heendoft heexper iment ?
Brown
(f)Whathappenst ot heanhydr ouscoppers ulphateduringtheexper i
ment?What
doesits how?
-Itturnsf rom whi tetobl ue.
-Thiss howst hats omewat ermol ecul eshavebeenf ormedaft
erCuOwasr educed
bythehydr ogen.
2H2(g)+O2 2H2O(g)
(g)Whati st hes ubs tancei nt het ubeCandwhati sthefuncti
on?
C-Anhydr ousCal cium Chl or i
de
-Itisadr yingagent .
(h)Whati st henameoft her eact ionbet weencopperoxi deandhydr ogen?Wri
tethe
equationf ort hisr eacti
on.
-Redoxr eact ion
-CuO(s)+H2(g) H2O(g)+Cu(s)

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Reduction
(
i)Nameones ol
ids
ubs
tancewhi
chhasas
imi
larf
unct
iont
othatofhydr
ogeni
nthi
s
experi
ment.
-Carbon

(
j)I
ntheexperimentthefol
lowi
ngfigureswer
eobt
ained.
Massofporcel
ainboat=7.8g
Massofboat+copperoxide=9.8g
Massofboat+thes ubst
anceremaining
Whencool=9.0g

(i
)Whatist hemas sofcopperoxi de?
Mas sofcopperoxi de=9. 8–7.8
=2.0g
(i
i)Whatisthes ubstancel eftwhencool ?
Coppermet al
(i
ii
)Whatist hemas sofoxygenpr esentinthi
smassofcopperoxi
de?
9.8–9. 0=0. 8g
(i
v)Whatist hepercent agebymas sofoxygenint
hissampl
eofcopperoxi
de.
Mas sofcopperoxi de=2. 0g
Mas sofoxygen =0. 8g
Percentagebymas sofoxygen=
0.8x100=40%
2.0
1
7.(
i)Howishydrogenmanuf acturedonal argescal
e?Gi
vethreeindust
ri
alus
esoft
hegas
.

(
i)Iti
spr oducedasby- producti
nthecr acki
ngofoil
s.
(
ii
)Intheel ect
rol
ysi
sofbr ine.
(
ii
i) I nt heacti
onofs team onhydrocarbonssuchasmethanei
nthepresenceof
ni
cklecatal
ystat8000Ct oyi
eldwat ergas.Whent
hisgasistr
eat
edwi t
hmor e
st
eam,CO2 andmor ehydrogenisf or
med.ThenCO2 i
sremovedbydissol
vingi
tin
waterinpressur
e.

ThreeIndust
rialus esofhydrogen
(i
)SynthesisofAmmoni a,hydrogenchl
ori
deandmet hanol
.
(i
i)I
nthemanuf actur
eofmar gari
neandcookingfat
s–hydrogenati
onprocess.
(i
ii
) Int heoxy- hydrogenblowpipeandatomichydrogent
orch,usedt
opr oducedhi
gh
t
emper aturesforweldingetc.

(
ii
)Oxygenandni t
rogenareobt ai
nedfrom ai
rbyfracti
onaldi
sti
ll
ati
on.Whycant his
methodbeus edforthi
spur poseyetcannotbeus edtoobtai
nedhydr ogenand
oxygenf r
om water?
Airisami xt
urewhi chcanbes eparatedbyphysi
calmeans–f ract
ionaldist
il
lation,
waterisacompoundofoxygenandhydr ogenandt hesetwocan’tbes eparatedby
dist
il
lat
ionbutbyachemi calmeanslikeel
ectr
olysis.

1
8.(
a)Expl
ainwhati
smeantby“hardwater
”.
- Hardwaterdoesnotf
ormlat
hereasi
lywi
ths
oapasi
tcont
ainsdi
ssol
ved.Sol
ids

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(sal
tsofcal ci
um andmagnes i
um).
(
b)Gi vethenamesandf or mulaeofcompoundswhi chcaus etemporaryhardnessand
thosewhi chcaus eper manenthardness.
- Tempor aryhar dness(T.H)canbecaus edbycal cium hydrogencarbonat
e,Ca( HCO3)2
andmagnes i
um hydrogen
Carbonate,Mg( HCO3)2
- Per manenthar dness( P.H)canbecaus ed bythepr esenceofcalci
um sulphate
(CaSO4)andMagnes i
um Sul phat
e( MgSO4),Calcium Chl or
ide(CaCl
2)andMa gnes
ium
Chlori
de( MgCl 2)
(
c)Explai
n,gi vingionicequat i
ons,howboi l
ingremovest empor ar
yhardnessonlywhi ch
theaddi ti
onofwas hi
ngs odaremovesbot htypesofhar dness.
T.Hist hatwhi chcanber emovedbys i
mplyboiling.WhenT. Hwaterisboil
ed,a
depositofi nsolubl
ecar bonateisformed.

Ca(HCO3) 2(
aq) CaCO3(s)+CO2(g)+H2O(l)
Ca2+(aq)+2HCO-3(aq) CaCO3(s)+H2O(l)+CO2(g)

P.H.isthatwhichcan’ tberemovedber emovedbyboili

ngasSulphates/
Chlori
desof
calci
um andmagnes i
um donotdecompos eonheat i
ng.I
tcanber emovedbyadditi
on
ofSodium Carbonat e( Washingsoda)wheni nsolubl
eCarbonat
eispreci
pit
ated.
CaSO4(aq)+Na2CO3(aq) 2NaHCO3(aq)+CaCO3(s)

(
d)(
i)Youar egi venacl earli
quidinabeaker.Explainhowyouwoul dconfi
rmthatt
he
l
iqui
di spur ewat er.
- Af ewdr opsoft hel i
quidareaddedt owhiteCopperI ISulphate.Whi
chtur
nsblue,
showingt hepr es enceofwat er.
- Thedet erminationofi t
sb. p(1000Catsealevel)showst hatitispur
ewater.When
evaporatedt odr yness,nor esiduei
slef
t.Thisalsoshowst hattheli
quidi
spure
water.

(ii
)I ftheliquidi
n( i
)abovei ss of
twater,howwoul dyouconverti
tintowater
poss essi
ngtemporaryhar dness.
- AddCal ci
um Carbonat
epowdert ot hesampl eofwaterandbubbl
ecar bondioxi
de
gast hroughit.
H2O(l)+CO2(g)+CaCO3(s) Ca(HCO3)
2(aq)
- Thef ormationofCa(HCO3) aq)me
2( ansthepr esenceoftempor
aryhardness.

(ii
i)Inwhatwayi shardwat eranuisancewhenus edincertai
nindustri
esasas our
ce
ofs team power?Stat
eoneadvant ageofhardwater.
- Scale( depositofCaCO3)isformedins t
eam boil
ers(
‘f
ur’inkettl
es).Heatdoesnot
passthr ought hescal
eeas i
ly;t
hereiswas t
ageofenergy.
Advant age
- Ca2+ionsar eneededbyt hebodyf orbonesandt eet
hformation
- Shell
sofani mal sandeggsofmanycont ai
nCalci
um Carbonate,andsomecomes
f
rom har dwater.

(
iv)Explai
nwhyt heabi
li
tyoft
empor
aryhardwat
ert
oconductel
ect
rici
tyf
all
shenthe
waterisboi
ledbutiti
snotmuchaf
fect
edwhentheT.
Hisremovedbyaddit
ionof

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was hings oda.
- Ast hewat eri sboiled,T. Hi sbei ngr emovedi e.Ca2+andHCO3-i
. onsar ebeing
r emoved.Ast hequant ityofi onsi ns olutiondecr eas es,theconductivi
tyofel ectri
ci t
y
fall
s .Att heend,t herewi llbecal cium car bonat e,wat erandcar bondioxidewhi ch
don’ tconductel ectri
city.
- Whenwas hings oda( Sodi um Car bonat e)i sadded,Cal ci
um Carbonatei sprecipit
at ed
butt hes oluti
oncont ainsSodi um hydr ogenCar bonat ei.
e.thereareNa+andHCO3-
ionsi nsolutionwhi chconductel ect ricit
y.
(v)Nameamet hodbywhi chhar dwat ercanbes oft
enedeas i
lyandconveni entlyat
home.St atebriefl
yhowi twor ks.
- Ionexchange–Har dwat eri sr unt hr oughar esininwhi chtheCa2+andMg2+i onsar e
exchangedf orNa+i onswhi chdonotr eactwi ths oap.
Ca2++Sodi um per mut Sodi um s alt+Cal ci
um per mut i
t
Ca2+SO42-+Na2P Na2SO4(aq +cap
ions 2Na+i ons
- Whenal ltheNa+i onsi nt heper nut ithavebeenr eplacedbyCa2+andMg2+i ons ,the
r esinisr egeneratedbypas singas olut i
onoff ai
rlyconcent r
atedcommons al
t( brine)
downi t
.Soanot herionexchanget akespl aceass hownbel ow.
-
Calcium Per mutit+Sodi um Chl oride Sodi um Per mut i
t+Calcium chlori
de.

Cap+2NaCl
(
aq) Na2P+CaCl
2(
aq)

1
9.(
i) Namet hemat erialsusedt opr epares oapsands oaples sdet er
gent s.
- Ani malf atsorveget ableoils
- Caus tics oda( NaOH)
(
ii
)Whyar es oapsnowout number edbys ynthet i
c( soapl
es s)det er
gent s?
- Soapl essors ynthet i
cdet ergentsar emadef r
om pet roleum by- productse.g.et
hene
andbenzeneandcons istofmol eculeswhi char es i
milarinf orm andact i
ont othose
ofs oapaf terbei ngr eactedwi thConc.H2SO4 andNaOH.Bot hhavemol eculeswitha
longcoval ent‘tail’andani onic‘ head’e.g.
C17H35 COO-Na+
Chai n head.
- Har dwat ercons umess oapbef ore,latherisformed.Thi sisbecaus e
Calcium/ Magnes ium stearates al
tsar einsolubleandf or ms cum,unl ikesoap,calci
um
andmagnes i
um s altsofs yntheti
cdet ergentar es ol
ublei nwat erandt husdonot
forms cum.Mor eover ,soapsar emadef rom gr eatl
yneededr awf oods.Many
varietiess yntheticdet ergentsar epos si
ble,someoft hem f ors pecif
icpurposes.

20.
Expl
ainbr i
efl
ythefoll
owi ngobservationsaboutasampl eofhardwater(a)whenboil
edit
for
meds omewhi t
epr ecipit
ate(
b)evenaf t
erboi
li
ngt hewat erf
ormedscum wit
hs oap(c)
Sodium Carbonatemadet hewatercompl etel
ysof
t.
- Thiswat erhadbot htemporaryandper manenthar dnes
s.Boil
ingremovedonlyT.H
andt hat’
swhyt hes ewass t
il
ls cum for
med.Sodium CarbonateremovedtheP.H.
whichi sneveraff
ectedbyboi li
ng.

ACI
DS,BASESANDSALTS

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1
. Whatareacids?
Thesear
es olut
ionsf
ormedbydis
solvi
ngsomenon-met
all
icoxi
desi
nwat
erwhos
ePHi
s
bel
ow7andt hesameturnsbl
ueli
tmuspaperr
ed.

2.Whatarebases?
Thes
ear esol
ublemet
aloxi
deswhi
chf
rom al
kal
ines
olut
ionwi
thwat
er,t
hes
amet
urns
redl
itmuspaperbl
ue.

3.Whatar esalt
s?
Thesearet hesubs
tancesf
ormedwhenhydr
ogenionsofaci
dsarepart
ial
lyorwhol
ly
repl
acedbymet ali
onsoranammonium r
adi
cal
.Theyalsohavemetal
li
candnon-
metall
icparts
.

4.Whatareindi
cators?
Thes
eares ubstanceswhi
chhaveonecol
ouri
naci
dics
olut
ionsandanot
hercol
ouri
n
al
kal
inesolut
ions.

5.(
i)Lemons,vi
negar,r
hubar
bandaci
ddr
opsal
lcont
ainaci
ds.Howwoul
dyoudes
cri
be
t
heirt
aste?
- Theyaresour.

(
ii
)Whatar
ebicar
bonat
eofsodaandmi l
kofmagnes
ium us
ual
lyus
edf
or?
- Thes
etwoareusedtoneut
ral
iseaci
dinthest
omach.

(
ii
i)Whyi sitbet tertouseindicatorsrathert
hanthes enseoftastewhent est
ingfor
aci
dsandal kali
s.
- Acidscor rodeandbas esarecaus t
icandmaybur nyourtonguehencei tisadvisable
t
ous eindicatorswhichar econvenientbecaus
enor i
sktakingisi
nvolvedandwi ll
s
implys howonecol ourinacidicsoluti
onandanothercolourinanalkali
nes ol
uti
on.

6.(
i)Def
ineanacid.
- Thisisdef
inedasacompoundcont
aininghydr
ogen,al
lorpar
tofwhi
chmaybe
r
eplac
edbyamet al(
orametal
li
cradical
)togiveasal
t.

(
ii
)Def
ineabas
e.
- Thi
sisasubst
ancewhi
chr
eact
swi
thanaci
dtof
orm as
altandwat
eronl
y.

7.Statehowyoucandeter
minethestr
engthofaci
dsandalkal
is.
Thiscanbemeasuredbyusingauni
versali
ndi
cat
oralongwit
haPHs cal
e.Thedif
fer
ent
coloursoft
heuni
vers
ali
ndicat
orcor
respondtodi
ff
erentPHvalues
,us
uall
yrangi
ngfrom
0t o14.

8.(
a)Lis
tfourofeachgr oupandspeci
fywhet
hers
trongorweak.
(
i)Aci
ds
- Hcl–Hydr ochl
ori
cacid–s tr
ong
- H2SO4 –Sulphuri
cacid–s t
rong
- H4C2O2 –Acid–weak

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- HNO3 –Ni
tr
icaci
d–s t
rong
- H8C6O7–Cit
ri
cacid–weak

(
ii
)Al
kali
nes olut i
ons
- NH4OH–ammoni asolut
ion–weak
- NaOH–Sodi um hydroxi
de–s t
rong
- Ca(OH)2 –C alci
um hydroxide–str
ong
- KOH–Pot ass i
um hydroxide–str
ong

(b)Statetheusesoff ouralkalines ol
uti
ons .
- Ammoni asoluti
on–I nlaundr ywor k
- Cal ci
um hydroxide–t r
eat i
ngs oilwhichi stooacidictobeferti
le.
- Magnes i
um hydroxide–i ndeges ti
ont ablet
s.(l
axatives
)
- Sodi um hydr
oxide–ovencl eanerstomaki ngs oap.
9.(
i)Whati sneutr
ali
sation?
- Isapr ocesswher ebyacer tainamountofaci di
sr equiredtocanceloutordes
troya
fi
xedr esul
ti
ngs oluti
onisneut r
al.Asal tandwat erareformed.

(
ii
)Whatistheimport
anceofacid-baseneut
ral
isat
ion?
- Acidsoftencauseprobl
emsi nli
feandtobeont hes
aves
ide,cauncel
li
ngt
hei
r
ef
fec
tsusingal
kal
inesol
uti
oni stheanswer
.

(
i)Ours t
omachcontainsHClofPHvolume2.Whent hereisexcessacidformedi
n
thestomach,wehavepai nf
ulst
omachache.Thisisindigest
ionand
neutr
ali
zati
onisusedasar emedy.Anantacidtabletcontai
ningmilkof
magnesiaistakentorel
ievethesuf
fer
ersfrom pain.

(
ii
)Acidsmaybuildupinsoilcaus
ingt hesoi
ltogoaci
dicorsourf
armersmaynot
be
abl
et ogr
owgoodcr opsifthes oi
list
ooaci
d.Hencetheuseofli
mes er
vesas
theremedyfori
tri
sest hesoilPH.

(
ii
i) Aci dscanbuildup,especi
allyint
het eet
h,andcaus etoot
hdecay.Theseacids
ar
e
producedbybact er
iaf
eedingonf oodparti
clest
rappedbetweentheteeth.
Colgate,cl
ose-upetcareallbasi
c

(
iv) Prot
ectivelayersonsomemetal
sar
edes
troyedbyaci
ds,caus
ingt
he
underneaths ur
facet
ocorr
ode.

1
0.(
i)Lis
tf i
vemet hodsusedtopr epares
al t
sinthel
abor
ator
yregar
dles
sofwhet
hert
he
sal
tsares ol
ubleorinsol
uble.
- Directsynthesis
- Doubl edecompos i
ti
on
- Neut r
ali
zati
onmet hod
- Thei nsol
ublebas emethodwi t
hacids
- Met al–acidreacti
onmet hod
- Met alcar
bonate–aci dreacti
onmet hod.

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(
ii
)Whatisthebas
ici
tyofanaci
d?
- Thi
sisthenumberofhydr
ogenat
omsi
nonemol
ecul
eofi
twhi
char
erepl
aceabl
eby
ametal.

(
ii
i)Def
inethefol
lowi
ngter
ms.
(
a)Normalsal
t
Anormalsalti
soneinwhi
chal
loft
herepl
aceabl
ehydr
ogenofanaci
dhasbeen
repl
acedbyametalorammoni
um r
adi
cal
.

(
b)Aci
dsalt
.
Anaci
ds al
tisonei
nwhi
chonlypar
toftherepl
aceabl
ehydr
ogenoranaci
dhas
beenr
eplacedbyamet
alorammonium r
adi
cal.

(
c)Bas
icsal
ts.
Abasi
csalti
sonewhi
chcont
ainsmet
aloxi
deorhydr
oxi
de.

(d)Amphot ericsubstances
Thesear es ubst
anceswhi c
hmayactasbot hacidsandbas es
.
1
1.(
i)Whatdoyouunder st
andbyhydr ol
ysisofas
alt
?Giveexampl es.
- Hydr olys i
si sther eacti
onofacompoundwi t
hwat ersuchthatthehydr
oxylgr
oup
ofthel atterremai nsintact
.
e.g.I
ronI IIchlori
dei sacidicbecaus
eofhydrol
ysis.Hydr
atedionsar
eformedfrom
thewat er.

F
eClaq)+3
3( H2O(l) F
e(OH)
3(
s)+3HCl
(
aq)

e3+(aq)+3H2O(l)
F (
Fe3++3OH-)
()+3
s H+(aq)

e3+(aq)+6H2O(l)
F (
Fe3++3OH-)
s+3H3O+(aq)

Al
so–As
olut
ionofNa2CO3 i
sal
kal
ineagai
nbecaus
eofhydr
olys
is.

Na2CO3(aq)+2H2O(l) H2CO3(aq)+2NaOH(aq)

CO32-(sq)+2H2O(l) H2CO3(aq)+2OH-(aq)

1
2.St
udyt
heequat
ionbel
owandans
wert
heques
tionst
hatf
oll
ow:

H+(aq)+ :NH3(aq) NH+(aq)

(
a)Whi
choft
het
hrees
peci
esi
sal
ewi
sbas
e.Expl
ain.

:NH3 –i
salewisbasebecausei
thasapai
rofelectronswhi
leH+i
sal
ewi
saci
dfori
t
r
equi
restwoelect
ronst
oat t
ainast
abl
econf
igur
ation.

(
b)Whi
choft
het
hrees
peci
esi
sabas
eaccor
dingt
otheor
ybr
ons
ted–l
owr
y.

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:NH3 –i
sabas
efori
tisapr
otonaccept
or.

1
3.(
i)Thef
oll
owi
ngt
abl
eshowst
hePHval
uesofs
olut
ionsA,
B,CandD

Sol
uti
on PHval
ue
A 9.
8

B 2.
0

C 5.
2

D 1
2.0

Whichoneoft
hesol
uti
onsNaOH(aq),CH3COOH(aq),HCl
aq)a
( ndNH3(aq)cor
res
pondst
o
sol
uti
onsA,
B,CandD.

A–NH3(aq) , C–CH3COOH(aq)
B–HClaq) ,
( D–NaOH(aq)

(
ii
)Expl
ainwhysul
phuricaci
disrefer
redt
oasadi
bas
icaci
d.
Cont
ainst
woreplaceabl
ehydrogenat
oms.

1
4.As t
udentextract
edanindi
catorf
rom f
lower
sofaplant
.Theindi
catorchangedr
edwhen
i
nacqueouss olut
ionofPH2.7andyell
owat49.Woulditbeusedfortit
rati
ngdi
lut
e
hydrochl
ori
cacidagai
nstdi
lut
es odi
um hydr
oxi
de?Expl
ain.
- No,PHr angeisnarr
owandchangesonlyinaci
diccondi
ti
ons.

1
5.Aweakbasecontai
ningafewdropsofmet
hylor
angei
ndi
cat
orwast
it
rat
edwi
thas
trong
aci
dandthecur
vebel owwasobtai
ned.

PH

(
a)Whatwi
llbet
hecol
ouroft
heindi
cat
orat
(
i)A–yell
ow (
ii
)B–r ed

Explai
nwhythePHval
uedecr
eases.
- Hydroxi
dei
onsar
eremovedandthesol
uti
onbecomesaci
dic.

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1
6.Hydr
ogenSul
phur
icgasi
ssl
ight
lys
olubl
einwat
er.Ther
eact
ioni
sgi
venbyt
heequat
ion
bel
ow.

H2S(aq) H+(aq)+HS-(aq)

(a)Whatdoest heequat ionaboves howthebehavi ourofhydrogensul

phi
degaswhen
di
s solvedinwater.
- Itisaci di
c.
(b)Writeanequat i
onf orthereacti
onbet weenl itt
les ol
uti
onofhydrogenSul
phi
deand
anexces sSodi
um hydr oxi
des ol uti
on.
H2S(aq)+2NaOH(aq) Na2S(aq)+2H2O(l)
1
7.Thegr aphbel owshowst hechangesi nPHass odium hydroxi
dewasaddedtoas ol
uti
on
ofhydrochl ori
caci
d.

PH

Vol cm3)
umeofNaOHadded(

(
a)Expl ainwhathappensatB.
-Compl et
eneut ralis
ati
onofhydr ochloricbySodi um hydroxideoccur s.
(
b)Whatwoul dbet hecol ourof:
(i
)Met hylor angeatA?
Pink
(i
i)Phenol phthaleinatC?
Red
18.Expl
ainwhydi luteSul phur i
cacidi sas trongeraci dt hant heconcentratedone.
- Sinces trengthdependsont hedegr eeofi onisation,t henitfoll
owst hatt he
compl et elyandi nt hi scaseitisdi l
uteSul phur icaci d.Theref
or edil
uteSul phuri
caci
d
iss t
rongert hant heconcent ratedone( H2SO4(l))
.
19.Whatdoyouunder standbyt heter ms olubili
tyofas oluteinas olvent.
- Thes olubi l
it
yofas ol uteinas olventi sthenumberofgr ammesofs oluter equi
redt
o
saturat e1 00gr ammesofs olventatt hatt emper at ure.
20.Defi
net hef ollowingt erms .
(i
)Saturat eds ol
ution.
- Isonewhi chcont ai
nsasmuc hs olutecanbedi ss olvedatthet emper ature
concer ned,i nt hepr esenceofundi s
s olv
eds ol
ut e.

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(
ii)Super saturateds ol uti
on.
- I sonewhi chcont ainsmor es olutethanas at
urateds ol
utionatt hesamet emper
atur
e.
(
iii
) Fract i
onalcr ystal
li
sati
on.
- I sthepr oces swher ebys ubstancesar eseparat
edbyt her epeatedparti
al
crystall
isationofas ol
uti
on.
(
iv)Wat erofcr ystall
isati
on.
- I sthatdef i
nitequant i
tyofwat erwi t
hwhichsomes ubstancesar eassociatedon
crystall
isingf rom anaqueouss oluti
on.
(
v)Sus pens i
on.
- I sami xtureofaf inelydivi
deds oli
dandal i
quidinwhi chi twil
lnotdissolve.

21
.Studythegr
aphgivenbel
owont hesol
ubi
li
tyofSodi
um Chl
ori
deandPot
ass
ium
Chlor
ateandans
wert heques
tionsthatf
oll
ow:

Sodi
um Chl
ori
de

0
Temper
atur
e( C)

(
a)Whichofthetwosal
tsi
sles
ssol
ubl
einhotwat
er.
Sodium Chl
ori
de

(
b)Atwhatt
emper
atur
ear
ethet
wos
alt
sequal
lys
olubl
einwat
er?
750C

(
c)Statewhathappenswhenami xt
ureof30gofSodi
um Chl
ori
deand30gofPot
ass
ium
0 0
Chlorat
e(V)in100gofwat ercooledf
rom 1
00 Cto20 C.
- Cr yst
alsofPot
assium (
V)
- NoSodi um Chlor
idecryst
alsf
ormed.

22.
Thet
abl
ebel
ows
howt
hes
olubi
li
ti
esoft
wos
alt
sPandQatdi
ff
erentt
emper
atur
es.

Temp0C 1
0 20 30 40 50

Sol
ubi
li
ty P 4.
6 7.
0 9.
8 1
3.0 1
6.9

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I
ng/
100fofwat
er Q 1
0.2 1
4.6 20.
1 27.
4 25.
0

Asolubl
econt
ai 5geachofPandQat500C.Oncool
ned1 ingt
hiss
olut
iont
o100C,
whattot
almassofcr
yst
alswoul
dbeobt
ained.

Sal
tP–1
5.0–4.
6 = 1
0.4g
Sal
tQ–1
5.0–1
0.2=+4.
8g
Tot
al= 1
5.2g
23.
Thesearethreet ypesofs ol
ubi
li
tycurveswhi chcanbepr oduced.St udythem andgi ve
exampl
esforeacht ype.
(i
) Curvesf orthos esalt
shavi
ngt heirsolubi
li
ti
esincreasingwi thtemperaturee.g.
KCLO3 KNO3 et c.
(i
i) Cur vesf orthos esalt
swhoses olubil
it
iesarelessinhott hanincoldwat ere.
g.
CaSO4,Ca( OH)2 et
c.
(i
ii
) Cur vesf orthos esalt
swhoses olubil
it
ieschangever ys l
ightl
ywi t
hani ncreas
ei n
temper atureetcNacl.
24.
Studyt
heinformat ionbelowandans wert hequestionsthatfoll
ows :

Sol
ubi
li
tyi
ncol
dwat
er Boi
li
ngpoi
nt

Ammoni
um Chl
ori
de Sol
ubl
e Subl
imesatlow
temper
atur
es

Pot
ass
ium ni
tr
ate Sol
ubl
e Ver
yhi
gh

Leadbr
omi
de I
nsol
ubl
e Low

Expl
ainhowyouwoul dobtainas ampleofPot as s
ium ni t
rat
efrom ami xtur
eofthet
hree.
- F i
lteroutLeadbr omides al
t.
- Cr ys t
all
isethet wos ol
ublesalts
- Thencar ryouts ubli
mationtos epar
ateNH4Cl ()a
s ndKNO3(s)
3
25.
Determinet hes ol
ubili
tyofas ubs t
ancePin1 00cm ofwat eratr oom t
emperat
uref
rom
thefol
lowi ngdata.
(i
)Mas sofevapor at
ingbas in=25. 0g
(i
i)Massofevapor at
ingbas in+Sat ur
atedsolutionofP=55. 0
(i
ii
) Mas sofevapor ati
ngbas i
n+Sol i
dP( af
terevapor at
ing)=30.0g
3
N/B:As sumedens i
tyofwat ertobe1g/ cm

Massofsol
utionofP=55–25=30g
MassofSol
idP=30–25=5g
Massofwater=30–5=25g
 5gofPdiss ol
vedi
n25gofH2O
Howmanygr amswi l
ldi
ssol
vei
n100gofwat
er

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5g–25gofH2O
x–1 00g
500=20g/ 100gofH2O
25
Ther eforet hes olubil
ityofs ol i
dPi s20g/ 100gofH2Oatr oom temperature.
26.
Bri
efl
ycommentont her oleoft hes ol
vent.Gi veexampl est osupportyourans wer.
- Sol ventshel pt omakes ubstancesi onise.Oni onisationintheaqueouss oluti
onsthe
samebecomeel ect r
olytes.
E.g.–HClmol ecul esi nwat erdi ssoci
atei ntohydr ogeni onsandchlorideions.The
hydr ogeni onscombi newi thwat ermol eculest oform hydroxonium i
ons,H3O+
H3O+(aq)+Cl-
Hclg)+H
( 2O(l) (aq)
- Conv ersely,t hes ameHClmol eculesinmet hylbenzener emainintheirmolecular
form.Met hyl benz enei snotapr otonacc ept or.Cons equentl
y,thesoluti
onhasno
effectonl itmus ,doesnotr eactwi thmet alsanddoesnotconductel ectri
city.

PERI
ODI
CTABLEANDI
TSDERI
VATI
VES
1
. AnelementXhasatomicnumber20whileel
ementYhasat
omi
cnumber8.
(a)Wri
tedowntheelect
ronar
rangementf
or
X- 2:8:8:2
Y- 2:6

(
b)Whatt
ypeofbondwoul
dbef
ormedwhenXandYr
eact
?
I
oni
c/elect
roval
ent

2.(
a)Thegr
idbel
owr
epr
esent
spar
toft
heper
iodi
ctabl
e.Thel
ett
ersdonotr
epr
esentt
he

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act
ualchemi
cals
ymbol
soft
heel
ement
s.

P R M G

T K

(
i)Selecttheleastreact i
veel ement .Expl ainyourans wer.
G–Hass tableel ectr
onicconf igur at
ion(2:8:8)
(
ii)Whattypeofs t
ruct urewoul dthechl orideofPhave?Expl ai
nyouranswer.
Giantionicstructure.
(iii
) Whi choftheel ementPandGhasal argeratomicr adi
us?Expl
ainyouranswer.
- Phasagr eat eratomicr adiust hanG
- F r
om PtoGnucl eusattractionf orelectronsincreasesandthi
sdec r
eases
s i
zeofatom.
(
iv) Howdoest her eact i
vit
yofel ementM compar ewiththatofel
ementL?Explai
n
yourans wer.
- Mi smor er eactivethanL
- M hasas mal l
eratomi cradiusandat t
racti
onofel ectr
onsbyitsnucl
euosis
greaterthant hatofL.

(
b)(
i)Itwasf oundthattheaqueouss ol
uti
onofanoxideofThasahigherPHvaluet
han
anaqueouss olut
ionofanoxideofRoft hesameconcentr
ati
on.Expl
aint
his
observati
on.
- Ti samet alandr eact
swithoxygentofor
m abas i
coxi
dewhereasRi sanon-
metalandreactswi t
hoxygentoform anaci
dicoxi
de.

(
ii
)Wouldyouexpectthemoltencompoundfor
medwhenPr eact
swi
thM conduct
el
ect
ri
cit
y?Explai
nyouranswer.
- Pisamet alandM isanon-metal
- Theyreactbyioni
cbondi
ng
- Thecompoundf or
medisionicandwheninmol
tens
tat
econductel
ect
rici
ty.

3.Thet
abl
ebelowgi
vesi
nfor
mati
ononf i
veelement
srepr
esent
edbyl
ett
ersQ,R,D,Eand
G.St
udyi
tandans
werthequest
ionsbelow.

El
ement El
ect
roni
cconf
igur
ati
on

Q 2:
8:1

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R 2:
8:3

D 2:
8:6

E 2:
8:8

G 2:
7

(
a)(
i)Gi vetheformulaoft hecompoundformedwhenQr eact
swithD.
Q+D Q2D
(
ii)Whati sthet ypeofbondinginthecompoundformedi n(i
)above?
Elect
rovalent/ionic
(i
ii)Drawadotandcr ossdi
agram t
os howthest
ructureofthecompoundf
ormedi
n
(i)above?

+ -

(
iv)Hydrochl
ori
cacidreact
switht
hecompoundformedi
n(i
)above.Wr
it
ea
bal
ancedchemicalequat
iont
oshowthereact
ion.

Q2D(s)+2HCl
(
aq) 2QCl
aq)+H
( 2D(
g)

(
v)Pr
edictther eact
ionbet
weenEandQ.
Nor eact
ion
Gi
ver easonsfortheanswer.
-BecauseelementEhasi tsout
ermos
tener
gyl
evelcompl
etel
yfi
ll
edup.

(
b) Givent hetwoparti
cles19 and20
X X
9 9
(i
)Indicatethenumberofneutronsi
n1 9
X
9
neutrons=19–9=1 0
(ii
)Indicatethenumberofelect
ronsin20
X
9
elect
rons=9

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(i
ii
)WhatphenomenondoesXs how.
-Xi sIs
otopi
c
(i
v)Ami xtur
eofthet
wotypesofXabovecontai
ns67%of1
9and33%of20.
Calculatethe
X X
9 9
relat
iveatomi
cmassofX.R.
A.M ofX= 67x19 + 33x20 =1
2.73+6.
6
100 100

=1
9.33g

(
v)Cal
cul
atet
hemas
sofXt
hatwi
llr
eactwi
th0.
25mol
esofQ.

Q+X QX
Si
ncet
hemol
erat
ioofQ:Xi
s1:1
,0.
25mol
esofQwi
llr
eactwi
th0.
25mol
es
ofX
No.ofmol
es=Mas s
R.A.M
0.
25moles =Mas s
1
9.33
MassofX=19.33x0.25
=4. 832g

4.(
a)Inanexperiment,metalJreact
swi t
hcol
dwaterwhi
lemetalKdoesnotreactwit
h
wateratall
.MetalLreact
swi t
htheOxideofJtof
orm metalJ.Whati
stheorderof
react
ivi
tyofthethr
eemet al
ss t
art
ingwit
hthemostr
eacti
vef i
rst
?
L,J,K

(
b)Asal
tHdi ssol
veseasil
yinwaterandconduct
sel
ectr
ici
tyi
nbot
htheaqueousand
mol
tenstate.Whattypeofbondi
ngexist
sinthesal
tH?
I
onic/elect
roval
ent.

5.Whi
choft
hes
truct
uresA,B,CandDbel
owr
epr
esentI
sot
opes
?Expl
ainyourans
wer
.
A B C D

BandD–Haves
amenumberofpr
otonsbutdi
ff
erentnumberofneut
rons
.

6.Alongsi
dei spartoftheper
iodi
ctablewit
helementsshown.Thelet
ter
sus edarenot
t
heactualchemicalsymbol
s.Usethelet
terstoanswerthef
oll
owingquest
ions.
(
i)Whichoneoft heelementswil
lfor
m adival
entani
on? U
8

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R 2 3 4 5 6 7

X Y T U V W

(
ii
)Whi
choneoftheel
ementwi
llr
eactmos
tvi
gorous
lywi
thwat
er?X
(
ii
i) Wri
tethefor
mul
aroft
hecompoundf
ormedwhenYreact
swit
hV

Y YV2

(
iv) Ofthet wos ol
vent s,wat erandmet hybenzenewhi chonewillbes ui
tablefort
he
compound i n(iii
)above?Expl ainyourans wer.
- Wat er–APol ars olvent
- CompoundYV2 i sani oniconeandwontdi ssolveinmethylbenzeneanor ganic
solvent.
(
v) Explai
nwhyel ementRcanbeconveni entl
yplacesinbothgrouponeaswel las
ingroup7oft heper i
odict able.
- R–f i
tsingr oupones incei twil
lloosetheonlyelectr
ontof orm apos i
ti
veion.
Jus tli
keanyot hermemberoft hegr oup.
- I twi l
lals
ofitingr oups evenasonl yone( e)elect
rontoattainthenoblegas
andacqui renegat ivechar gej us
tlikeanymemberoft hehalogenf amil
y.

7.(
a)Studythei
nfor
mati
onint
hetablebelowandanswerthequest
ionst
hatf
oll
ow.The
l
etter
sdonotrepr
esentt
heactuals
ymbolsoftheel
ements.

El
ement
s Atomi
c P0C
M. For
mularof M.P0C
number Chl
ori
de Chl
ori
de
G 1
1 98 GCl 801

H 1
2 650 HCl
2 71
5

J 1
4 1
410 JCl
4 -
70

K 1
6 1
13 K2Cl
2 -
80

L 20 851 LCl
2 780

(
i)Whi
chel
ement saremetal
s?Givear eason.
G:2:
8:1 H:2:8:
2 and L:2: 8:
8:2
- From t
heirel
ectr
oni
cconfigur
ationtheycanbepl
acedont
hel
eft

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hands i
deofper i
odict able–( metalli
cs i
de)
- Themel t
ingpoi ntoft heirchl ori
desar ehi ghhelpingthepresenceof
ani oni cbondi nt hechl oridesandf orani oni
cbondt obef ormed
theremus tamet alandnon- met al
.Thi sbondr equir
esal otofheatto
breakhencehi ghmel tingpoi nts.
(
ii) Wr i
tet hef ormul aoft hecompoundf ormedwhenel ementHr eact
s
withel ementK
H–2: 8: 2 H HK
K–2: 8: 6
(
iii
) Explainwhyt hemel tingpoi ntofJi shi gherthant hatofK.
J–hasagi antat omi cs tr
uct urewi thver ystrongcovalentbondswhi ch
willrequir eal otofheat( 1410)t obr eakwhi leinthecas eK1130Cis
requiredt obr eakt hes impl emol eculars tr
ucturewhichcomesabout
duet ot hecombi nat ionofcoval entbondsandweakvanderwaal s
forces.
(
iv) Whati st heOxi dations tateofJi ni t
schl ori
de?
JCl4 –tot aloxi dationnumber=O
-Ever ychl oridehas–1char ge
-Letxbet heoxi dat i
onnumberJ
x+4( -1)=0
x-4=0
x=4

J–hasanoxi
dat
ionnumberof4andi
tschl
ori
de

(
v)Howdoest he:
I.Melti
ngpoi ntofthef luor
ideofGcompar ewiththatofitschlori
de?
Explai
n.
- Themel ti
ngpoi ntoft hefl
uor i
deofGwi llbes l
ightl
yhigherthanthat
ofthechl or
idesowi ngt othes mallsi
zeoft heionsenabli
ngt hem
approacheachcl oselyi
nt hes ol
idcryst
al.Therefor
etheionicbond
isstrongerinthecas eoffluori
desthanint hechlori
des.Hencethe
highmel ti
ngpoi nt.

(
v) Howdoest he:
I
I.Reactivit
yofHandLwi thwatercompar e?Giveanexpl anation.
- Lwi l
lreactmor evi
gorouslywithwaterascompar etoi tandwat er.
- Theat omi cs
izeofLislargerthanthatofH,t husmakingi teasyforL
toloosei tst
wovalencyelectr
onstor eactwithwater.InHt he
atomics izei
ss mal
lerandthevalencyel ect
ronsarefirmlyboundby
thenucl eusthusmakingtheelemental mostunreact
ivewi thcold
water.

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8.Thegridbel
owrepres
ent
spar
toftheperi
odicTabl
e.Studyi
tandans
wert
heques
tions
thatf
oll
ow.Thel
ett
ersar
enottheact
ualsymbolsoft
heelement
s.

O W R S

T U

V Z

(
i) Whi chel ementwi llrequiretheleastamountofener gytor emoveoneoft he
outer mos telectr
ons? V
(
ii)Sel
ectt hemos treacti
venon- metal.S
(
iii
) Whi choft heel ement shast hegreates tt
endencyoff ormingcovalent
compound?Expl ai
n.
Q–I singr oupf ourandr equiresat otaloffourelect
ronst oat
tai
nas t
abl
e
structure.Sincei tcan’tlooseorgai nfourel ectr
ons,theonlyalt
ernati
veiti
s
leftwi t
hi stos hareelectronsotherelement sandi ns odoingitf
or mscoval
ent
bondswi thot herelement sforstabil
it
ypur pos e.
(
iv) Whatnamei sgivent othefami l
yofelement st owhichelementsO,TandV
belong?
Alkalimet als.
(
v)Anel ementW hasat omi cnumber1 5.Indicatethepos i
ti
onofW ont hegr i
d.

W –2:8:5
Peri
od–3 ont
hegr
id.
Group–3
Group–5

(
vi) Explai
nwhyt heat omicradi
usofSiss mall
erthant
hatofR.
- Theel ectrost
aticat
tract
ioni
nSi sstr
ongerthantheRbecauseShasmor
e
prot
onsi nthenucleusandelect
ronsont heout
ermostener
gylevel
.
Asar esultSdecreasesinsi
ze.

(
b) St
udythei
nfor
mat
iongi
veni
nthet
abl
ebel
owandans
wert
heques
tionst
hat
f
oll
ow.

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orMor
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F
ormul
aofcompound Nacl Mgcl Al
cl3 Si
d4 Pcl
5 Scl
6

BP0C 1
470 1
420 Subl
ime 60 75 60
s

MP0C 800 710 70 90 80

(
i) Gi vetwochl oridet hatareliquidsatr oom temperat
ures.Givear eason
fortheans wer .
Sicl
4a ndPCl 5
-Ar ecoval entandal sohaveweakVanderWaal sf orces
.
(
ii
) Gi veapos si
bler easonwhyAl cl3hasamuchl owermeltingpointthan
Mgcl2a l
thoughbot hALandMgar emet als.
AlCl3hass omecoval encychar acterunli
keMgCl2 whichispurel
y
ionichenc ehi ghmel ti
ngpoi nt.
(
ii
i) Whichoneoft hechl ori
deswoul dr emaininliqui
dstat
ef orthehighest
temperaturer ange?Showhowyouar ri
veatyourans wer.
9.Complet
ethetablebelow.
Is
otope Numberof
Protons neut r
ons el ectr
ons

59
CO
27 27 32 27

1
0.Theorderofreactivityofmet al
sPRandTs t
arti
ngwitht
hemos treacti
veisR,T,P.By
usi
ngat i
ck()t oi ndicat
et hatar
eact
ionoccursandacros
s(X)toi ndi
cat
etoreacti
on,
complet
ethet ablebel owt oshowwhathappenswhenthemetalsareeachaddedto
sol
uti
oncontainingi onsofP,RandT.

Met
al Aqueouss
olut
ionscont
aini
ngi
onsofmet
al.

P R T

P X
X
R

1
1.AnelementM hasaboi li
ngpointof48300Candt ur
nsinairtofor
m anacidi
cgas .
Sugges tali
kelys t
ruct
ureforel
ementM.Explai
nyourans wer.
- Gi antcovalent/atomic
- Al otofheatwillberequi
redtobreakthest
rongcovalentbondshencethehigh
0
boili
ngof4830 C.
1
2.Thetabl ebelowgiveselementsrepr
esentedbylett
ersT,U,V,W,X,Yandt hei
ratomi
c
number s.

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El
ement T U V W X Y

At
omi
cnumber 1
2 1
3 1
4 1
5 1
6 1
7

El
ect
ronar
rangement 2:8: 2:8: 2:8:4 2:8: 2:8: 2:8:
2 3 5 6 7

Usethei nformationint hetabletoans wert heques ti

onsbelow:
(a)Compl etetheabovet abl
ebygi vingt heel ect r
onar rangementofeachoft he
el
ement s
.
(b)I
nwhi chper iodoft heperiodict abledot hes eel ementsbelong?Gi veareason.
- Theybel ongt oper i
odt hree
- Theyhavet hreeener gyl evelseach.
(c)Howdoesat omi cradiusofVcompar ewi tht hatofX?Expl ai
n.
- Atomi cradiusofXi ss mall
ert hant hatofVbecaus eelectr
os t
ati
catt
racti
oninXis
str
ongerduet ohi ghpr ot
oni nt ensityint henucl eusandel ectr
onsgoingtothe
sameorbi tal
.
(d)Givethef ormulaoft hecompoundt hatcoul dbef ormedbetweenUandW.

U W UW
(
e)Whattypeofbondi ngwillbepr esenti
ncompoundformedTandY?Explai
n.
-T Y TY2 –el ect
rovalentbond.
- Thetwoelement samet alandnon-metalandt
heref
orether
eisacomplet
e
tr
ansf
erelectrons.Hencei onicbond.
(
f)Ar
rangethes peciesT,T-,T+i nincr
easi
ngorderoft
hes i
ze.

T+,T,T-,
(
g)Whi choft heionsX2+andX2-i sthemosts
table?Expl
ain.
2-
X i st hemos tstabl
ebecaus eithast
heconfi
gurati
onofanobl
egas 2:8:8.
(
h)Givet heformulaof :
(i
)Anaci dicoxideformedwhenoneoft heelementsinthet
abl
eisheat
edi
nair.

XO 2

(
i)Abas
icoxi
def
ormedwhenoneoft
heel
ement
sint
het
abl
eisheat
edi
nai
r.

TO
1
3.Theel
ectr
onar
rangementofionsX3+andY2-ar
e2,8and2,
8,8r
espect
ivel
y.
(a)Wr
it
etheel
ectr
onarrangementoftheelement
s.

X–2:8:3
Y–2:8:6

(
b)Wr
it
ethef
ormul
aoft
hecompoundt
hatwoul
dbef
ormedbet
weenXandY.

XY X2 Y3

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1
4.Thetablebelowgivesi
nfor
mationonfourelement
srepr
esent
edbylett
erK,L,M andN.
Studyitandanswerthequest
ionsthatf
oll
ow.Thelet
ter
sdonotrepr
esenttheactual
symbolsoftheelement
s.

El
ement El
ect
roar
rangement At
omi
cradi
us(
nm) I
oni
cradi
us(
nm)

K 2:8:2 0.
136 0.
065

L 2:8:7 0.
099 0.
181

M 2:8:8:1 0.
203 0.
133

N 2:8:8:2 0.
174 0.
099

(
a)Whi
cht
woel
ement
shaves
imi
larchemi
calpr
oper
ti
es?Expl
ain.

KandN–Havet hes amenumberofelectr

onsont heiroutmostener
gylevelandas
suchthei
rchemi
calproper
ti
esar
es i
milarsincet
hos eelectr
onsaretheones
i
nvolved.

(
b)Whati
sthemos
tli
kel
yfor
mul
aroft
heoxi
deofL.

L2O

(
c)Whi
chel
ementi
sanon-
met
al?Expl
ain.

L–bel ongstothehal
ogenfami
lysi
nceithass
evenelect
ronsonitsouter
most
energylevel
.It
sioni
cradi
usisl
argert
hantheatomi
coneandt hi
sisfoundinnon-
metals
.

(
d)Whichoneoftheelementsisthestr
ongestreducingagent?Expl
ain.
M –Ithasthel
argestatomicr
adiusandtheref
orel oos
esit
soneout ermostener
gy
l
evelelect
ronwi
thal otofeas
e.Thusiti
st hestrongestr
educingagent.

(
e)Expl
ainwhytheioni
cradiusofNislessthanthatofM.
N–I onwasfor
medaf t
eratom Nloosi
ngt woelect
ronsr
esult
ingtot
heshr
inki
ngof
thei
onbecausetheprotonsareint
act.M ionf
ormedaft
erloosi
ngoneel
ecti
on.Her
e
theshri
nki
ngisn’
taspronouncedasinN.

(
f)Expl
ainwhyt heioni
cradiusofLisbiggerthanit
satomicradius.
L–i sgaini
ngelectr
ons,off
seti
ngthebalancebetweenelectr
onsandpr ot
ons.
El
ectronsincr
easeandout numbertheprotonsandasar esul
ttheioni
cbulgesout
abit
.Thusincreaseint
hes izeoft
hei on.

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com
1
5.Thetabl
ebelowgivestheat
omicnumber
sofel
ement
sW,
X,YandZ.Thel
ett
ersdonot
repr
esentt
heactualsymbol
softheel
ement
s.

El
ement W X Y Z

At
omi
cnumber 9 1
0 1
1 1
2

(
a)Whi
choneoft
heel
ement
sisl
eas
treact
ive?Expl
ain.

X–2:8–i ti
sanoblegasconfi
gurati
on.
(
b)(
i)Whichtwoel
ementswoul
dreactmostvigorous
lywi
theachother
?
W andY
(
ii
)Givet
hefor
mulaofthecompoundformedwhentheelementsi
n(i
)above
r
eact.

YW

1
6.St
udyt
het
abl
ebel
owandans
wert
heques
tionst
hatf
oll
ow.

El
ement Atomi
c R.
A.M MP0C
number

Al
umi
nium 1
3 27.
0

Cal
cium 20 40.
0 850

Car
bon 6 1
2.0 3730

Hydr
ogen 1 1
.0 -
259

Magnes
ium 1
2 24.
3 650

Neon 1
0 20 -
249

Phos
phor
us 1
5 31
.0 44.2(
whi
te)590
(r
ed)
Sodi
um 1
1 23
97.
8

(
a)Compl
etet
het
abl
ebyf
il
li
ngi
nthemi
ssi
ngat
omi
cnumber
sandat
omi
cmas
s.

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(
b)Wri
tetheel
ect
ronar
rangementf
ort
hef
oll
owi
ngi
ons
:
+
(
i)Ca -2:8:8:1
(
i)P3--2:8:8
i

(
c)Whati
sthemelti
ngpointofhydr
ogeni
ndegr
eeKel
vin?
(-2590C+273)
K=1 4K

(
d)Whichofthetwoal
lotr
opesofphosphor
ushasahigherdensi
ty?Expl
ain.
- Theredal
lot
rope
- Hasahighermp0Cthanthewhiteone.Thehi
gherthedensi
tythehighert
he
i
ntens
ityofthei
ntermol
ecul
arfor
cesandthehighert
heMP

(
e)Themassnumbersofthethr
eeIsotopesofmagnesi
um ar
e24,25,and26.Whati
s
themas
snumberoft hemostabundantIsot
opeofmagnesi
um?Explai
n.
24–isnear
esttotheR.A.
M 24.
3andt hismeansiti
sthemostabundant
.

(
f)Gi
vet hef
ormul
aroft
hecompoundf
ormedbet
weenal
umi
nium andcar
bon.
Al
4C3

(
g)Expl
ainthedif
fer
enceinthemel ti
ngpoint
sofmagnes ium ands
odium.
BotharemetalsbutthentheMPofmgi shigherbecauseitsmetal
li
cbondis
str
ongerthaninsodium.Thisstr
engthdependsont henumberofvalencyel
ect
rons
.
Theremorethev al
encyelectr
ons,thestr
ongerthebond.

1
7.Bel
owisatabl
eofs omepropert
iesoft
hechl
ori
desoft
heel
ement
sinper
iod3.Us
eitt
o
ans
werthequest
ionsthatf
oll
ow.

For
mulaor Nacl Mgcl
2 Al
2cl
6 Si
cl4 Pcl
4 S2Cl
2 Cl
2
chl
ori
de

St
ateat250C Sol
id Sol
id Sol
id Li
qui
d Li
qui
d Li
qui
d Gas

0
Boi
li
ngpoi
nt(C) 1
465 1
418 423 57 74 1
36 -
35

Electr
ical
/conducti
vit
yin
mol t
ens t
ate Good Good V. Ni
l Ni
l Ni
l Ni
l
Poor

(
a)Whyist heformul
aofalumi
nium chl
ori
degivenasAl2Cl
6andnotAl
Cl3?
– Itexist
sasadi mmer.
(
b)Expl
ain;
(i
)Thevar i
ati
onofst
atesofthechlor
idesat250C.

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– Chl oridesofSodi um andmagnes i
um ioni c.Alumi nium chlor
idesispartl
yionicand
partl
ycoval entfrom sil
icont ochlorinet heint ermol ecul
arforcesareweakVander
Waal sfor ceswhi chbecomemi ni
malatchl orine.
(
ii
)Thevar i
at i
onoft heboi l
ingpoi ntsofthechl or ides.
– St rongi onicbondsr equirelargeener gyt obreak.WeakvanderWaal sfor
ces
requirel essener gyhencet hedecr eas einboi l
ingpoi nt
s.
(
c)Writether eact ions
,i fany,whi choccurwhent hef ol
lowingchloridesareaddedt o
water.
(
i) Nacl–Nor eaction ( i
i)Sicl
4 –Sicl(
l)+2 H2O(aq) Si
O2 +4Hcl(
aq)
(
ii
i)2S2Cl 2(
l)+2 H2O(aq) 3S(s)+SO2(g)+4HCl (
aq)

(
d)Commentont
hePHofther
esul
ti
ngs
olut
ionsi
n(c)above.
(i
)PH=7 (
ii
)PH=7 (i
ii
)PH=7

1
8.Bel
owisaTimeTabl
eofel
ement
srepr
esent
edbylet
tersAtoJandt
hei
rat
omi
c
number
s.Us
ethetabl
etoans
werthef
oll
owi
ngquest
ions.

El
ement A B C D E F G H I J

At
omi
cnumber 1
1 1 1
7 8 1
0 1
2 7 20 2 1
6

(
a)(i
)Whi cht woelementshaveaval ency+1
AandB
(i
i)Wi thr efer
encetot heelectr
onics t
ructure,whatcommonf eaturedot heelement
s
ina( I
)have?
Oneel ectronintheoutermos tenergyl evel
.
(
b)Whi cht woel ementsbelongt ogroupVI I
I.
EandI
(
c)Selec ttwoel ements,ineachcas e,whichf ormsionsofthefol
lowingtype.
()X2-
i DandJ
(i
i)X2+ FandH
(
d)Selec tanyt woelement swhichform acompoundt hatconduct
sel ect
ri
citybothin
f
us eds t
ateandi nsoluti
on
AandC
(
e)Selec tanyt woelement swhichwhencombi nedanddissol
vedinwat erform anaci
dic
solution?
BandCorJandD.

1
9.(
a)St
udyt
het
abl
ebel
owandans
wert
heques
tionst
hatf
oll
ow.

El
ement At
omi
cradi
us/
nm I
oni
cradi
us

A 0.
333 0.
078

B 0.
090 0.
120

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C 0.
157 0.
098

(
i)Twooft heseelement sar emet al
s.Whi charet hey?
AandCf or(ionsar es mal lerthant hei
rpar entatoms.
(
ii
)Whi
chi st henon- metall
icelement ?
Howdoyouknowt hat?
B–I oni
cradi usislargerthant hatoft hepar entatom.
(
ii
i) Thet womet all
icelement sbel ongt othes amegr oupoft heperi
odictable.Whi
ch
i
smor ereactive?Whi chonewi l
lhavegr eateratomi cnumber?.
– Goingdownagr oup,thes izeoft heat om aswel lasthatofit
sionincreases.
HenceAi sabovei saboveCi nt hes amemet al
licgroup.Thereacti
vit
yoft he
met alsinagr oupi ncreases ,goingdownt hegr oup.HenceCi smorer eacti
veand
willhavegr eateratomi cnumber .

(
b) Thetabl
ebelowgivessomeproper
ti
esr
elat
ingt
oel
ement
sinper
iod3oft
he
periodi
ctabl
e anditsoxi
des
.

Element Na Mg Al Si P
FormulaofOxi
de Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P2O5
Atomicradi
us 1
.57 1
.36 1
.25 1
.70 1
.10

(
i) Theat omi cr adiioft heel ement sintheper i
odi
ct abl
edecreasefrom lef
tto
ri
ght .Explaint his.
– Goi ngfr om lefttor ightoftheper i
od,eachelementhasonemor eelectron
thant hepr eviousel ement .Not i
cethatthi
sext r
aelect
rongoesi ntothe
sameener gyl evel( 3rdint hiscase)anddoesnotcaus eanyi ncreaseinthe
sizeoft heat om.But ,theext raposit
ivechargeonthenucleus ,causedby
theext r apr oton( goingfrom lefttoright
,atomicnumberincreas esby1),
increas estheat tracti
onoft heelectr
onsandmakesat omss l
ight l
ysmaller
acrosst heper i
od.

(
ii
) Whatconnecti
oni stherebetweenthepr
opert
iesoft heoxidesandt he
metal
li
candnon- met al
li
cnatureoft
heel
ementsi nthisperiod?
– Oxidesofmet alsarebasi
coramphoteri
c(alumini
um oxide);non-metal
oxidesareacidicwithlowmelti
ngpoi
nts–mos toft hem aregases.SiO2
hasagi antst
ructureandi sasol
idwi
thveryhighmel ti
ngpoint.Iti
san
amphotericoxide.

(
ii
i) Whi
choxi
desare( i)aci
dic (i
i)basic ( i
ii
)amphot
eri
c?
(i
)Acidicoxides–P2O5
(i
i)Bas
icoxides–Na2OandMgO
(ii
i)Amphoteri
coxides–Al2O3 andSi
O2

(
iv) Bot
hSulphurandChlor
inefol
lowphosphor
usi
nthi
sper
iod.Wr
it
ethef
ormul
ae
oft
hei
roxides.
SO2, SO3 andCl2O,Cl2O6,Cl
2O7

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orMor
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20.
(a)Whydoesanar rangementofel ementsi norderofi ncreas i
ngat omi cnumber
constituteaper iodi
ct abl
e? .
– Chemi calproper t
iesofel ementsar
eper i
odi cf
unct i
onofat omi cnumber .
(b)Whyar et heel ement sofgr oup1ofperiodictableknownasal kalimet al
s ?
.
– Thes eel ement sr eactwithwatertofor m alkal
ines olut
ions.
(c)Theel ement sF ,Cl,Br,andIar edescri
bedashal ogens ,Whatdoest hismeanand
whyi si tappliedt othes eelements.
– Ahal ogeni sas altproducer.Theseelement sdir
ect l
yr eactwi thmet al
stoform
salts.
(d)Givethr eer eact i
onsofGr oup1el ementsori tscompoundsi nwhi challmember sof
thegr oupbehaves i
milarl
y.
– Al lfor m oxideswhi chr eactwit
hwatert of orms olublehydr oxides,showaval ency
of+1 .Theirhydr ogencar bonatesares oli
dandal lgiveflamet es t
.

(
e)Al
mostallnat
ural
lyoccur
ingIrononearthexist
sasI r
onIIIwher
easthes
ample
f
oundont hemoonismai nl
yIronII
.Expl
ain.
– Oxygenisatmosphereoxidis
esIroni
ntoIronII
I;whil
ethemoonhasnosuch
at
mos pher
e.

MOLECONCEPTI
NGENERAL
(
i)Gaslaws
(
ii)Gr
ahamsLawofdi ff
usi
on
(
iii
) Themol e
(
iv) Avogadr osnumber
(
v)Empericalandmolecul
arfor
mul
ae
(
vi) Per centagecomposi
ti
onofacompound.

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(
vii
) Mol argasvolume
(
vii
i) Atomici
tyofgases
(
ix) GayLus sac’
sLawofcombi ni
ngvolume
(
x)MolarSolut
ions
1
. Statethefoll
owi
ngLaws .
(a)Graham’sLaw.
Therateofdif
fusi
onofagasi sinversel
ypr
oport
ionalt
othes
quar
erootofi
tsdens
ity
atconstantt
emperatureandpressure.

(
b)GayLus
sac’
sLaw.
Whengasesreac
ttheydos
oins
mal
lvol
umeswhi
chbearacer
tai
nrat
iowi
thone
anot
her
.

(
c)Charl
e’sLaw.
Thevolumeofafixedmassofagasi
sdi
rect
lypr
opor
ti
onalt
oit
sabs
olut
e
temperat
ureatconst
antpr
essur
e.

(
d)Boyl
e’sLaw.
Thevolumeofaf
ixedmas
sofagasi
sinver
sel
ypr
opor
ti
onalt
opr
ess
ureatc
ons
tant
temperat
ure.

(
e)Avogadro’sLaw.
Equalvolumesofallgas
es,att
hes
amet
emper
atur
eandpr
ess
ure,cont
aint
hes
ame
numberofmol ecul
es.

(
f)Dalt
on’sLawofpart
ialpressur
es.
Ift
woormor egases,whichdonotchemi cal
lyr
eact,ar
emi xed,t
hetotalpr
essur
e
exert
edbythegasmi xtureisequalt
othes um oft
hepart
ialpress
uresofthe
componentgas
es,temper at
ureremaini
ngconstant
.

2.(
a)Drawsket
chygraphsr
epr
esent
ing;
(
i)Boyl
e’sLaw.

Ahyper
bol
a
V or V

O 1 P
P

(
ii
)Char
le’
sLaw.

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orMor
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273 T/
K
(
b)I
ll
ust
rate
(
i)Boyle’
sLaw.
Const
antt
emper
ature.
CPorPV=cons tant
.

(
ii
)Charl
e’sLaw.
Atconst
antpr
ess
ure–VTorV=cons
tant
.
T

3.At270C,ni
tr umeof650cm3 underpr
ogenhasavol ess
ureof980mmHg.Whatwoul
dbe
i
tsvolumeatthes
ametemper
atur
ebutatapr essureof760mmHg?
.

At270C P1=980mmHg V1=650cm3

P2 =760mmHg V2 =?

Att
hes
amet
emper
atur
eP1V1=P2V2 (
Boyl
e’sLaw)

Ther
efor
e V2 =P1V1 =980x650
P2 760

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orMor
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2cm3
V2 =838.

4.Twogases,AandBhavedensit
iesof0.8gdm-3 and2.
1 90gdm-3 r
especti
vely.I
fthey
di
ff
useundert
hesamecondit
ions,whataret
hei rrel
ati
veratesofdiff
usion.

ByGr
ahamsl
awRA = eB RA +RB ar
erat
esofgas
esAandBr
espect
ivel
y
RB eA

= RA 2 =eB
RB eA
=2.90
1.
18 =1
6

Ther
efor
eRA = 1
6 =4
RB

Ther
efor
e,t
hegasAdi
ff
usesf
ourt
imesf
ast
ert
hangasB.

5.Inanexper
iment
,itwasf
oundthatamol
eofagasoccupi 0dm3 at200Cand
ed24.
atmos
pheri
cpressur
e.Whatvol
umewoul
ditoccupyatS.
T.P?

P1=1at
mospher
e P2 =1atmos
pher
e
0dm3
V1=24. V2 =?
T1=(
273+20)=293K T2 =273K

P1V1 = P2V2 V2 = P1V1T2

T1 T2 P2T1

=1x24x273
1
x293
=22.36dm3
=22.4dm3
1Mol
eofagasoccupi
es22.4dm3 ats.
t.
p.
6.Rat
esofdi
ff
usionoftwogas
esAandBar eintherati
o2:1.I
fthemol
ecul
armas
sofgasA
i
s16g.F
indthemolecul
armassofB.

Rat
eofdi
ff
usi
onofA = Mol
ecul
armas
sofB
Rat
eofdi
ff
usi
onofB Mol
ecul
armas
sofA

2 =M
1 1
6
2
M = 2x1 6=8 henceM =8 =64
Theref
oremol
ecul
armassofB=64g.
3
7.1
00cm ofagasatr.t
.pwascool
edt o60cm3.Cal
cul
atet
henewt
emper
atur
eoft
heasi
n
0
Ci
fthepress
urei
skeptconst
ant.

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orMor
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ByChar
le’
sLaw. V1 =V2
T1 T2

Ther
efor
e 1 00 =60
298 T2

T2 =60x298
1
00
=1
78.8K

n0C=(
I 1
78.8–273)
=-
94.20C

8.(
i)Whati
samole?.
Amoleist
heamountofanysubst
ancethatcont
ains6. 023 par
0x1 ti
clesoft
hat
s
ubst
ance.
(
ii
)HowmanygramsofSul
phurcont
ain3.
0x1 021at
oms?.

6. 023 at
0x1 omsar
ein1mol
armas
sofSul
phur32g.

3. 021at
0x1 omsar
ein 32x3.0x1 021
23
6.0x10
=16x10-2
=0.1
6g
(
ii
i)Cal
cul
atet
henumberofatomsin0.027gofal
umi
nium and48gofcar
bon.

1
MoleofALhas 6. 0x1023 at
oms
i
.e.27gofALhas “
0.027gofALhas 6.0x1 0x0. 027
27
=6.0x1 023 x27x10-2 =6. 0x1 023 x10-3
2.7x1 0
20
=6.0x1 0 at oms
(
iv)48gofCar bon
1MoleofCar bonhas 6.0x1 023 at
oms
i
.e.12g “ “ “ “
48g “ “ “ 48x6. 0x1 023
12
24
=2.4x1 0 atoms .

(
v) Howmanyel
ect
ronswi
llbel
ostwhen1
.8gofMagnes
ium ar
econver
tedi
ntoMg2+
i
ons?
.

Mg(s) Mg2++2e
1
Mol eofMgwi lll
oos e2mol
esofel
ectronstobecomeMg2+i
ons
23
24gofMgl ooses 2x6.
0x1
0 el ectr
ons
1.
8gofMgwi lll
oos e
2x1
.8x6.
0x1023 =0.9x1023

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24
022 el
=9x1 ect
rons

(
vi)Calcul
atethenumberofni t
rogenmol ecul
esin560cm3 ofnit
rogengasats
.t.
p.
1
mol eofN2 gasmol ecul
eoccupi es22400cm3 ats
.t.
p.
6. 0x1023 mol
eculesofnitrogenoccupies22400cm3 ats.
t.
p.
560cm3 ofni t
rogenwi lhave22400cm3
l 6.0x1023 mol
ecul
es
3
22400cm Xmol ecul
es

6.0X1023 X5. 6X10 =

2.24X1 0
6.0X1023X4X1 0-2
=6.0X1 021x4
=2.4x1 022 molecules.
(
vii
)Howmanycal cium i onsandhowmanychl
ori
dei
onsar
ein1
mol
eofcal
cium chl
ori
de,
CaCl2?.

Ca2++2Cl -
Cacl2
1mole 1
mol e2mol e
eofCa2+i -
1 moleofCacl 2c ont ains1mol onsand2mol esofClions.
2+ 23 2+
1moleofCa i ons =6. 0x1 0 Ca i ons
-
2mol esofCl ions=2x6. 0x1 023
24 -
=1.2x10 Cli ons
(
vii
i)
Calculatethenumberofi onspr es entin20gofCa2+ i ons.
2+ 23
40gofCa i onscont ains6. 0x10 i ons
20gofCa2+wi llcont ain
6.0x1023 x20 =3. 0x1023 ions
40
(
ix)0.5molofahydr ateds altcont ains90gofwat er.F
indt hemolesofwatercont
ained
informulamas soft hes al t
.
0.5mol esofahydr ateds al tcont ains
90gofwat er=90=5mol esofH2O
18
 mol eoft hes amehydr ateds al tcontains 1x5 =1 0molesofwater
0.5
(
x) Calculatetheper centageofwat eri nCopper( II
)Sulphatecrys
tal
s.
(Cu=64, S=32, O=64, H=1 ).
Formul aisCuSO4. 5H2O
1atom ofCopper ,r .
a.m 64=64
1atom ofSul phur ,r.a.m 32=32
4at omsofoxygen,r .
a.m1 6=64
Totalformul amas s=250
Percent ageofwat er =90x1 00
250
=36%
(
xi)Whatmas sofLead( I
I)nitrat ecoul dcont ain13gofLead.
Formul aisPb( NO3) 2
Formul amas s : 1 Pb+2( N)+6( O)

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=207+28+96=33
207(g)ofLeadar ein331 go fLeadnitr
ate
13gofLeadar ei n331 x13
207
=20. 8gofPb( NO3)2
9.Onheat i
ngSodi um nitrat e,itdecompos est ogiveSodium ni
tri
teandoxygenasshown
below.
2NaNO3(s) 2NaNO2(s)+O2(g)
Whatmas sofSodi um nitratemus tbeheatedt ogive8gofoxygen.
(Na=23, N=1 4,O=1 6)
I
f32gofoxygenar eevol vedf rom 170gofNaNO3,
8gofoxygenwi l
levol vef rom
8x170=42. 5gofNaNO3
32
1
0.(i
)Whati smol argasvol umeofagasats .
t.p?.
– Themol arvolumeofanygasi s22.4dm3 ats t
andar dt
emperat
ureandpres
s ur
e.
(i
i)Whati satomicityofgas es?
– At omicit
yofgas esi sthenumberofat omscontainedinonemolecul
eofagas.

(
ii
i) Calculatethevol umeofoxygenneededf orthecompl
etecombus
tionof200cm3 of
ethane.Whati st hevol
umeoft hegasformed?
2C2 H6(g)+7O2(g) 4CO2(g)+6H2O(g)

2C2H6(g)+7O2(g) 4CO2(g)+6H2O
2Volumes:7Vol umes 4Vol
umes+6vol
ume
200 :700
O2 = 200x7 =700cm3
2

Volumeoft hegasf
ormed=
Reactants : Pr
oducts
9volumes : 1
0volumes
Actualvolumes : x
 9x=9000 x=1000cm3 –gasfor
med
CO2 =4/0 x1
1 000 =400cm3 ( eam)H2Og =6/
St 1 000=600cm3.
0 x1

1
1.I
ftheFor
mul
aeofEpi
sonsal
tisMgSO4 xH2Oandt
heper
cent
ageofwat
eri
s51
.22%.
Whati
stheval
ueofX(H=1 O=16 Mg=24 S=32)
.

RFM ofMgSO4 is120g.Onemol eculeofanhydrouss al

tcombineswithxmolecul
eof
waterands i
ncethemol ecul
arwei ghtofwateris18,itwil
lberepresent
edas18x.I
n100g
ofhydratedsal
tthereare51.22gofwat erandt heref
ore1
00–51 .22g=48.78of
anhydroussalt
.Mus tbethes amei nonemol eculeasin100g.
i
.e. 18x = 51
.22
100 48. 78

x = 51
.22x1
20
48.78x100 x=7

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1
2.Cal
cul
atet umeofCO2 at200Cand750mmHgpr
hevol essur
ewhichwoul
dbeobt
ained
bytheact
ionofexces
sdi
lut
eHClon5gofcalci
um car
bonate.

From thebalancedchemi calequat

ion1moleofcal
cium carbonat
eyiel
ds1moleof
carbondioxi
de.100gofcal ci
um carbonat
eyiel
ds22.4li
tresofCO2.Hence5gofcalci
um
carbonatewillyi
eld1.1
12l
it
resthisvolumeofgasbeingpr oducedat273kand760mm/ Hg
pressurethecombi nedequat i
ontocalcul
atet
hevol umeofO2 thatwil
lbeproducedat
293kand750mm/ Hg=1 .
112l
it
res.

3.50cm3 ofm s
1 ulphuri
cacidi
saddedt oanexces
sofs ol
idSodium hydr
ogencar
bonat
e.
Calcul
ate;
(a)MassofSodium Sul
phat
eproduced(RF
M ofNa2SO4 i
s142g).

2NaHCO3(s)+H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq)+2H2O(l)+2CO2(g)

1
moleofH2SO4 yi
elds 1
42gofNaSul
phate.Hence
0.
05moleswillyield 0.05x44.8
1
=71
gofSodi
um Sulphat
e.

1
4.Giventhat H+ x OH- =1 .
0x10-14
Calcul
atethehydrogeni
onsconcentr
at ionofas
olut
ionwhos
ehydr
oxi
dei
ons
concentr
ationi
s;
(a)0.01moles

OH- =1
. 0-2
0x1  H+ =1
x10-12

(
b)7. 0-11mol
3x1 es

OH- =7. 0-11

3x1

OH- x H+ =7. 0-11 H+ = 1

3x1 0-14

Then H+ = 1x10-14 =1 . 0-4

37x1
7.3x1 0-11 H+ =1
. 0-4 mol
4x1 es
(
c)3moles

00
3x1 H+ =1
x10-14

H+ =1
x10-14 =Reci
prcalof1/
i 0-14
3 x1
3x100
0. 0-14
333x1
+ -
15
H =3.
3x1
0

Gi
venthatPH=Log10 H+obt
ainPHofas
olut
ionofwhi he H+ i
cht s;
(a)6.
0x10-2 mol
es

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PH=-
Log10 H+ H+ =6. 0x1 0-2
PH =-Log10 (6. 0x10-2)
=-( Log6. 0+l og10-2)
=-(0.778+- 2)
PH =1 .22
(
b)Adetergentsoluti
onhasaPHof1 0.4at250C.Whati stheconcent
rat
ionofhydr
oxi
de
i
onsint hesoluti
onatthesamet emper at
ure?
Sol
uti
on:
PH=- log H+
Log H+ =- PH =- 1
0. 4 =(-0.
4+1 )+(-
10–1)
=-0. 6–1 1 Ah+l ogof0.6

H+ 00.6 x1
=1 0-11 =3. 0-11M
98x1 0-11M
 4x1

 H+ OH- = 1x1
0-14 0-11 OH- = 1
4x1 x10-14

OH- = 1 0-14
x1
4x10-11 =Recipr i
calof¼x1 0-14 x1011
=0.25x1 0-3
=2.5x1 0-4M
1
5.Wabongopr epar
edBar i
um (
II
)Sulphatefr
om Bar i
um hydr oxi
deanddi l
ut es
ulphuri
caci
d
10cm3 oft
heacidwereaddedtotheal kal
iatintervals .Theelect
r icalconducti
vitywas
plet
tedagainstt
hevolumeofacidus edandthegr aphs hownbel owwasobt ained.

El
ectr
ical
Conducti
vit
y O

B Volumeofaci d(cm3)
(i
)Whati onsarer espons ibl
eforelect ri
calconducti
vityatpoi ntsOandCr especti
vel
y.
AtO:Ba2+(aq) and OH-(aq)
AtC:H+(aq)+SO2-(aq)
(i
i)Whydoest heel ect r
icalconductivit
ydecr easefrom Ot oBandincr
easefr
om Bt oC?
– From Ot oB:Ba2+(aq)andOH-(aq)ar eremovedf r
om t hesol
uti
onbyforming
BaSO4(s) ,and H2Or especti
vely.
– From Bt oC:Exces sacid.
(i
ii
)WhathappensatB?
– Compl eteneut ral
isati
onoft heal kal
ihastakenpl ace.
2+ 2-
Ba (aq)+SO4 (aq) BaSO4(s)
1
6.Howmanygr amsofcopperoxi dewi llbeformedbyheat ing16gofcopperi
noxygen
(Cu=63. 5)(O=1 6).
(a)St
artbyt hebalancedequat ionfort hereacti
on20g

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(b)Howmanygr amsofHydr ogenwi llbepreparedtoreducethecopperoxidefor
medin
(a)above.
From thebalancedequat ionforthereaction1mol
eofCuOr eactwi
th1moleof
hydrogent herefore20gofi twil
lber educedby
20x2
79.5 =0. 503g
(c)Whatmas sofwat erwi
llbeformed?
From thebalancedequat ionforthereaction1mol
eofCuOf or m1mol
eofwat er
.If
79.5gofCuOf or
m1 8gofwat erthen20gofi twil
lfor
m.
20x18
79.
5 =4. 53g
1
7.Calculat
et heper centageofO2 incopperIInitr
ates(
Cu=63. 5,N=1 4,O=1 6)
=51.2%

1
8.Studythi
sequati
on;
2NO(g)+O2(g) 2N02(g)

f40cm3 ofoxygenand40cm3 ofni

I tr
ogenmonoxi
dear
eal
lowedt
oreact
.Whatwi
llbe
t
hei
r;

(a)Vol umeofO2 t hatr emai nsunus ed.

ByGayLus sac’sLaw,2vol umesofNor eactwi t
h onevol umeofO2 t heref
ore40cm3
3
ofNor eactwi t
h20cm ofO2.
(b)Vol umeofOxygent hatr emai nsunus ed.
3
20cm
(c)Vol umeofNi trogendi oxi depr oduced.
40cm3
(d)Finalvol umeoft hemi xt ure.
Thiswi llbethevol umeoft heunr eact edgaspl ust hevolumeofni t
rogendi oxidegas
.
3
Thiswi llbe60cm .
19.Whati st hemas sofcopperI Iflouride.
(F=1 9 Cu=63. 5) 204g
20.62gofanoxi deofamet alM wer ef ormedwhen4. 6goft hemet alreactedwi than
exces sofoxygenwr i
tet hef ormul aeoft hemet aloxi de(M =23,O=1 6).
21.Howmanymol esoff l
our i
neat omsar et her ei nonemol eoffl
ourinemol ecules.
2mol es
22.Calci
um combi neswi thO2 accor dingt ot hef ollowingequat ion.
2CO(s)+O2(g) 2CaO(g)
Calculatet hemas sofcal cium neededt or eactcompl etelywith160gofO2 ( Ca=40, O=
16).
From t heequat i
onf orther eaction ofO2 combi newi th80gofcal ci
um t herefore160gof
O2 willcombi newi t
h;
160x80
32 =400gofcal cium
3 0
23.Af i
xedmas sofagasoccupi es1 50cm at1 5C1 .8at mospheres.Whatvol umewi l
lit
occupyats .
t.
p.
213cm3 us et hecombi nedgasLaw.

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24.
1M cal
cium carbonat
ewhenheat
eddecomposedyi
eldi
ng22.4li
t r
es.Whatvol
umeoft
he
gaswillbepr oducedats.
t.
pondecomposi
ng0.5molesofcal
cium car
bonat
e.
(Ca=40, O=1 6, C=12) 11
.2l
it
res

25.
Inanexper
iment25cm 3 ofas ol
uti
oncontai
ning26.8gperl
it
reofs
odi
um car
bonat
e
compl
etel
yneutr
ali
sing27cm3 ofhydrochl
ori
cacid.

a)Wr
it
eanequat
ionf
orr
eact
ion.

Na2co3 (
aq)+2hcl
(
aq) 2nacl
aq)+H
( 20+CO3(g)

b)Whati sthemol arityoft hehydr ochl oricacid

0.468us et her elati
ons hi
p.
Mol arityofaci dxvol umeofac id =No.ofmol esofaci d
Mol arityofaci dxvol umeofcar bonat e No.ofmol esofcar bonate.
26.
Lead ( II)car bonatewasadded,al ittleatat i
met o50cm3of3m ni tri
caci duntilno
furt
herchangewasobs er
ved.Themi xt urewast henf il
tered.
(i)Wr itedownt heioni cequationf ort hereaction.
Wr itedownt henor malequat ionf ort hereactions eparateal lthes ubs t
ancesi na
gas eouss tates,cas edt hes pect at orions1 -ethatar eint hes ames tateandf orm on
ther eact antandpr oductdi dandyouwi l
lbeleftwi ththei onicequat i
on;
=CO3(aq)+2H+(aq) H2O(l)+CO2(g)
25cm3 of0.
27. 1Sul phuricr equied20cm3 ofSodi
r um carbonat es oluti
onf orcompl ete
neutralisation.Cal culatetheconc er trat i
onoft heSodi um car bonat einmol esperl i
tr
e.
0. 1
25m
28.
Calculatet heconcer ntrationin( mol esperl i
tre)ofas olut
ioncont aini
ng0. 4sodi um
hydroxi dei n1 00cm3 ofwat er. ( Na=23,O=1 6, H=1 )
0. 1
M
40cm3 ofNgasi
29. sreact edwith1 40cm3 ofHgasus ingacat alysti nacl oseds ystem.
(i)Wr iteanequat i
onf ort hereact ion.
N2(g)+3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
(ii
)Cal culatet hevol umeoft her es idual .
3 3
80cm ofammoni aand20cm ofunus edhydr ogen.

30.
(i
)Howmanyat oms,do1 .
5mol esofcal cium cont
ain?(
r.a.
m ofCa=40).
1
mol eofCacont ains6.02x1 023 atoms .
1
.5molescont ai
n6. 02x1023 x1.5at oms
=9.03x1 023 atoms
(i
i)Whatist hemas si ngramsof3. 01x1023 at
omsofcalcium?
-
1
Themol armas sofCai d40gmol
6.02x1 023 at
omsofCahaveamas sof40g
3.01
x1023 atomsofCahaveamas s
40x3.01x1023
6.02x1023 =20g
31
.(i
)CompoundKhast hefoll
owi ngpr oper t
iesofelementsinpercent
age.
40.0%cal cium
1
2.0%Car bon
48.0%oxygen

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Whatisi
tsemper
icalf
ormula?
(
R.a.
m ofca=40,C=1 2, O=1 6)
Ca : C : O
40% 12% 48%
40 12 48
40 =1 12 =1 48 =3

Theemper i
calformulaisCaCO3
(
ii
)AcompoundXhasamas sof58gandi
tsemper
icalf
ormul
aisC2 H5.F
indi
ts
molecularf
ormula.(C=R, H=1 ).
Massof(C2 H5)
n =5 8
29n =58
n=58
29= 2
Theref
or et
hemol ecularfor
mularofXi
s;
(
C2H5)2 = C 4H10

32.
0.32gofoxygenats .
t.
poccupy0.224li
tr
es
(i
)Calcul
ateit
sr el
ati
veformul
amas s
.
Mol
argasvolumeats .t
.p =22.
4L
0.
32goccupies0.224L
Howmanygr ameswi l
l22.
4Lhave?
0.
32g 0.224L
X 22.4L

0.
32x22.4 =32g
0.224

(
ii
)Howmanymol ecules,byavogadro’
snumberdoes0.
32gofoxygengashas
?
32ghas6.02x1
023mol ecul
es
32g 6.02x1023 mol
ecul
es
0.32g
=0.32x6.02x1 023
32
=6.02x1021molecules
MOLARSOLUTI
ONS
33.
(i
)Cal cul
atet hemol ar
ityofas ol
uti
oncont
aini
ng3.
71gofsodium carbonate,Na2CO3,per
l
itr
e.(C=1 2, O=1 6, Na=23) .
Formulamas sofNa2CO3 =106
1moleofs odium car
bonate=1 06
3.71gofNa2CO3 = 3. 71 = 0.035mole
106
Thes olutionis0.035M Na2CO3
(i
i)Calcul
atet hemol ar
it
yofas ol
uti
oncont
aini
ng3.
12gofcopper(
II)sulphatecryst
als,
CuSO4.5H2.250cm3 ofs ol
uti
on.( H=1
,O=1 6,S=32,Cu=63. 5)
Molarmas sofCuSO4.5H2O=249. 5g

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3.1
2gofCuSO4. 5H2O=3.12/ 5 =0
249. .0125moles
3
250c m ofs olutioncontains0. 0125mol esonel i
tre(
1000cm3)ofs ol
uti
oncont
ains
4x0.0125
=0. 05mol e
Thereforethemol arit
yoft hes ol
ut ion=0.05M
(
iii
)Calculatethenumberofmol esofs odium chl
ori
depresenti
n1 00cm3 ofa2M s
olut
ion.
1000cm3 ofs olutioncontain2mol es
1000cm3 ofs olutioncontain 1 00 x2=0. 2moles
1000
=0. 2mol es
(
iv)Calculatethemas sofSulphur icacidi n250cm3 ofa0.2M H2SO4 s
oluti
on.
Molarmas sofSul phuricacid=98g
1moleofs ulphur i
caci d=98g

No.ofmol
esi
n250 = 250x0.
25 = 0.
25mol
es
1
000 4

Mas
sin250 = No.ofmolesx98
= 0.
25x98
4
=6.1
25g
(
v)Workoutthemolar
it
yofas ol
uti
oncontaini
ng3.
2gofSodi
um hydr
oxi
dei
nonel
it
re
oft
hesoluti
on:
Mol
ari
ty=Conc.Gdm-3 =3. 2
R.F.
M 40 =0.08M
Ormassperlitr
e
R.
F.
M

TI
TRATI
ONSAMPLEQUESTI
ONS
Choiceofindicat ors
Thisdependsont hes t
rengthofboththebaseandt heaci
d.
(i
) Whent i
tratingweakaci dagainstst
rongal
kalis
,e.g.Us
ephenol
pht
hal
eini
ndi
cat
orf
or
t
hefol
lowi ng.
– Ethanoi caci d
– Butancdi oicacid(Succi
nic)
– Met hanoi cacid VsNaOH
– Carboni caci d
– Sulphur i
caci d
(i
i)Whentitratingweakal kali
sagainstst
rongacidse.g.
– Ammoni a
– Sodium car bonate VsHClorH2SO4
– Sodium Bor ate

Themethylor
ange( r
ed
(
iii
) Whenti
trat
ingas t
rongal
kal
iagai
nstas
trongaci
de.g.
NaOHVs H2SO4 –Useanyindi
cator
(
iv) Whenti
trat
ingaweakacidagains
taweakbasee.g.et
hanoi
caci
dagai
nstammoni
a.

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Us
emet
hylr
ed.

Thet
abl
ebel
ows
howst
hecol
ourchangesofs
omecommoni
ndi
cat
ors

I
ndi
cat
or pHr
ange I
naci
d I
nal
kal
i
Met
hylor
ange 3.
0–4.
4 Red Or
ange
Met
hylr
ed 4.
4–6.
3 Red Yel
low
Li
tmus 6.
0–8.
0 Red Bl
ue
Phenol
pht
hal
ein 8.
2–1
0 Col
our
les
s Red
34.
Sampl
e1
Youar
eprovidedwit
h;
– Sol
utionW whichcontai
ns3.56gofHClperl
it
re.
– Sol
utionBcontains6.
3gof( COOH)
2.
nH2Operli
tr
eofs
olut
ion
– Sodi
um hydroxide–solut
ionC

Youarerequir
edt o;
(i
)Standardis
es olut
ionC
(i
i)Deter
minet hevalueofni
nthef
ormul
a(COOH)
2.
nH2O

Procedur
e1
Placesol
uti
onCi ntheburet
teusingapipett
e.Transf
er25.0cm3 ofsol
uti
onAintoaconical
f
lask,addtwodr opsofphenolpht
halei
nindi
catorandti
trat
ewiths ol
uti
onCuntila
permanentchangei sobt
ained.Recordyourresul
tsi
nt abl
e1below.Repeatt
hepr ocedur
e
togetthreereadings.

Tabl
e1
st
1 2nd 3rd
F
inalr
eadi cm3)
ng( 25.
0 26.
9 28.
9
I
nit
ialr
eadi
ngs 0.
0 2.
0 4.
0
cm3)
(
Ti
tr
evol cm3)
ume( 25.
0 24.
9 24.
9

Treat
mentofresul
ts
(a)Deter
minetheaver
agevol
umeofs
olut
ionCus
ed.(
1mk)

25.
0+24.
9+24.
9=74. 93cm3
8=24.
3 3

(
b)Cal
cul
atet
heconcent
rat
ionofsol
uti
onAi
nmolesperl
it
re(
H=1
,Cl=35.
5).(
1mk)
No.ofmol
es=Mas s = 3.
56 =0.
0098

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R.
F.M 36.5
=0.01mol
es

(c)Calcul
atet heconcent r
ationofs ol
ut i
onCi nmol esperl it
re( H=1,Na=23,O=1 6).
NaOH(aq)+HCl (
aq) NaCl aq)+H
( 2O(
l)
1 : 1
MbVb = MaVa
1000 1 000
No.ofmol esofHCl =25. 0x0. 1 = 0. 0025
1000
Itf
oll
ows  No.ofmol esofNaOH=0. 002
Molari
ty =No.ofmol esx1 000
Volume
=0. 0025x1 000 =0. 1
00
24.93
Conc=0. 1
00mol es/L
ProcedureI I
Was hthepi pett
eandconi calflask.Pipette25. 0cm3 ofs ol
utionBandt ransf
eriti
ntoa
conicalfl
ask.Add2- 3dr opsofphenol phthaleinindicatorands hakeTit
rat
ethissol
uti
on
againstsoluti
onCi nt hebur ette.Obt ainthreer eadingsandr ecordyourres
ultsi
ntableII
below.

Tabl
eII
st
1 2nd 3rd
F
inalBur
ett
ereadi
ng 24.
9 27.
0 28.
0
3
(
cm )
I
nit
ialBur
ett
ereadi
ngs 0.
0 2.
0 3.
0
cm3)
(
Ti
tr
evol
umeus cm3)
ed( 24.
9 25.
0 25.
0

(
a)Determinet heaveragevolumeofs ol
uti
onC.( 1mk)
24.9+25. 0+25. 0 =74.9 =24. 97cm3
3 3
(
b)Calcul
atet henumberofmol esofsodium hydroxi
decontai
nedintheaver
agevolume.
(2mks)
Mol esofNaOHin24.97cm3
=24. 97x0.100=0.002497
1000
=0. 0025
(
c)Calcul
atet hemol esoftheaci
dBcont ainedint 0cm3 ofs
he25. ol
uti
onB.(1½ mk
).
Mol e B: C
1: 2
Mol esofB = 0.0025 =0. 00125moles
2
(
d)Whatist heconcent r
ati
onofsolut
ionBi nmol esperl
it
re?(1½)
.

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25cm3 cont ai
n0.00125mol esofB
3
1 000cm = 1 000x0. 00125 = 0. 05moles
25
(
e)Cal
cul
atetheRelati
vef ormulamas s(R.F.
M)oft heaci
d.(2mks
)
 Conc.= 0. 05mol es/lit
res.
0.05mol eswei gh6. 3g
1mol e = 1x6. 3g
1.05 =1 26g
(
f)Det
erminethevalueofni ntheformula.
(COOH) n.
nH2O =(12+32+1 )x2+1 8n=1 26
=90+1 8n=1 26
1
8n=1 26–90=36
n=36 =2
18

n =2
35.SAMPLEQUESTI ONSI I
Todet er
mi newat erofcrystall
isat
ion.
– Youar eprovidedwiths oluti
onB10 andB14 s
oluti
onB10 i
sahydr atedSodium carbonat
e
(NaCO3.XH2O).Preparebydi s s
olvi
ng9.536gofhydr ateds odium car
bonateinwat er
andmaki ngitt o500cm3.B14 i s0.1
667M HCl .
Procedure
Place25cm3 ofs ol
uti n250cm3 beakerandadd2–3dr
onB10 i opsofindicator
.Place
soluti
onB14 i
nt hebur et
teandt itr
ateagainstt
heB10 s ol
uti
onuntilthepinkcolourjust
disappears.

Pi
pet
tevol
ume 00cm3cm3
25.
Bur
ett
ereadi
ngs
st
Tr
ial 1 2nd 3rd
F
inalbur
ett
ereadi
ngs 20.
20 1
9.90 20.
10 20.
00
I
nit
ialbur
ett
ereadi
ngs 0.
00 0.
00 0.
00 0.
00
Vol
umeofB14 us
ed 20.
20 1
9.90 20.
10 20.
00

(
a)Cal
cul
atethemeanti
tr
eincm3.
1
990+20. 1 00 =60 =20cm3
0+20.
3 3
(
b)Cal
cul
ateNo.ofmol
esofB14 us
ed.(
3mks
)

20.0x0. 1667 =0. 003334mol es

1
000
(
c)Writ
et heequat i
onforthereact
ion.(
3mks)
Na2CO3.xH2O(aq)+2HCl(
aq) 2NaCl
(aq)+2H2O(l)+CO2(g)

(
d)Cal
culat
etheNo.ofmolesofSodi
um Car
bonat
ei 0cm3.(
n25. 2mks
)
React
ingmole Na2CO3 :HCl

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1: 2
No.ofmol
esofNa2CO3 = 0.
003334x½
= 0.
001667mol
es

(
e)Calcul
atethemol
ari
tyofs
odi
um carbonat
esolut
ion.(
2mks
)
Na2CO3 :HCl =MaVa = 2
1:2 MbVb 1=

0.
1667x20=2 =50Mb =3. 334
Mb x25 1 Mb =3. 334
50
Mb =0. 06668M
(
f)Cal
culatetheno.oft hemol esin500cm3 s olut
ionofs
odi
um car
bonat
e.
No.ofmol esi n500cm3 =500x0. 06668
1
000
=0.03334mol es
(
g)Cal
culatetheR. F.M ofthehydr at
eds odium cal
cul
ate(
3mks)
500cm3 ofcont ain9. 536g
1000c m3 cont ain?
9.536x1 000=1 9.072g/
h
500
Mol ari
tyofNa2CO3. XH2O=0. 06668M
1 9.072g 0. 06668mol es
x 1mol e
R. F.M =1 9.072 = 286g
0.06668
(
h)Det
ermi netheval ueofXi nNa2CO3.XH2O
(2x23)+( 12x1)+( 16x3)+1 8x=286
1
06+1 8x=286
1
8x=286–1 06
1
8x=1 80
x= 1 80
x=1 0
Thef ormulas houldbe Na2CO3. 1
0H2O

36.
SAMPLEQUESTI
ONI
II

Youar epr ovidedwith;

(i
)Sol utionAcont aining9. 80gSulphuri
cacidperl it
reofs oluti
on.
(i
i)SolutionBcont aining1 3.
8gofacar bonate(X2 CO3)perlitreofs ol
uti
on.Ti
tr e25cm3
at
(or20cm3)por tionsofs ol
uti
onBwi t
hs ol
uti
onA,us ingmet hylorangeasthe
i
ndicat or.F
rom yourr esul
tsandt hedataprovidedcalculate;
(a)Themol arit
yofthes ul
phur i
cacidsoluti
onA.
(b)Themol arit
yofthecar bonatesolut
ionB.

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(c)Thefor mulamas soft hecarbonateX2CO3.
(d)Therel ati
veatomi cmas sofX.
Theequat ionofther eact
ioni
s;
H2SO4(aq)+X2CO3(aq) X2SO4(aq)+CO2(g)+H2O(l)
(H=1.00, O=1 6. 0, S=32. 0, C=1 2.0)
Result
s
Thevolumeoft hepi petteusedwas25cm3
Burett
er eadings
s
t
Tri
al 1 Ti
tr
ation 2nd 3rd
F
inalr
eadi cm3)
ng( 25.
80 25.
10 35.
80 42.
30
I
nit
ialr
eadi cm3)
ngs( 0.
70 0.
40 1
1.
20 1
7.70
3
Vol
umeAus
ed(
cm ) 25.
10 24.
70 24.
60 24.
60
Calcul
atet hemeani nt it
rei ncm3
24.70+24. 60+24. 60 =24.63cm3
3
(i
)Calculatet hemol arityofs oluti
onA( H2SO4)
.
Molarity=Mas sofonel i
t r
e 9. 80 = 0. 1
00m
Molarmas s 98
(i
i)Cal
culatet hemol arityofs oluti
onB( X2CO3)
.
No.ofmol esofH2SO4 i n24. 6cm3 of
0.1
Ms oluti
on = 0. 10x24. 6
1000
No.ofmol esofX2CO3 i n25. 0cm3 =0.
10x24.
6
1
000
No.ofmol esofX2CO3 i n1000cm
0.1
0x24. 6x1 000
1
000 25.0
Soluti
onBi s0. 0984M
(i
ii
) Cal culatethef ormulamas sofX2CO3.
0.0984mol esofX2CO3 cont ai
ns1 3.
8g
1mol eofX2CO3 cont ains 13.
8 =1 41g
0.0984
F ormul amas sofX2CO3 =1 41g
(i
v) Cal culatether elati
veat omi cmas sofX.
Letformul amas sX2CO3 =2X+( 1
2.0+48. 0)
2x+60. 0=1 41
2X=1 41–60=81
X=81
2 =40. 5( atomicmas sofX)
CARBONANDI
TSDERI
VATI
ES
1
.(a)Whatismeantby‘ al
lot
ropy’
?
– Thisistheexis
tenceofanelementi
nmor
ethanonephys
icalf
orm.
(
b)Nametheal l
otr
opesofcarbon.
– Diamond
– Graphit
e

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(c)St atewhatyouunder standbyamor phouscar bonandl i
stdownf or msoft hes ame.
– Amor phouscar boni st henon- cr ystallineform ofcar bonwhi chcons i
stofmi nute
fragment sofgr aphi te.
(i)Woodchar coal–( f
r om wood)
(ii)Sugarchar coal–( obt ainedbydehydr ating
(iii
) Ani malchar coal–( f
rom ani malbones )
(iv) Lambbl ack–( f
r om hydr ocarbons uchaspet roleum,t urpent i
neet c)
(v)Soot–( F oundonchi mneys )
(vi) Coke–( F rom des tructivedi stil
lationofcoal )
(d)St atet heus eofeachoft hef ormi n( c)above.
(i)Woodchar coal– ( i)Sour ceofener gy
(ii
)Us edt oabs orbpoi sonousgas esi nur inal sandi nt hegas
mas ksi nwarf ront s.
(i
i) Ani malchar coal–Us edt or emovebr owncol ourf rom cr udes ugar( brown
sugar ).
(i
ii)Lampbl ack–us edt omanuf actures hoepol i
sh,car bonpaper ,Indianinkand
printer si nkandcart yr es.
(i
v) Coke– Us edi nbl astf urnaces ,ov ensandbot tles.
- Us edasar educi ngagenti nt heext racti
onofI ron,Zi ncandLeadmet al
s
from t hei roxi des .
2.Bycons i
der ingt hes truct ur esoft heal lotropes ,explai
nwhy;
(i)Gr aphi teconduct sel ect ricitybutdi amonddoesnot .
– I ndi amondeachcar bonat om i sus ingi tsfourbondi ngel ect ronst ofor m covalent
bondst of ourot herat oms .Ingr aphi te,eachcar bonat om isbondedt oonl ythree
other s,event houghf ourel ectronsar eavai l
ableforbondi ng.Theext rael ectr
ons
aref reet omovef rom onehexagont ot henextwi thinal ayerandt husconductan
electr i
ccur rent .
(ii)Gr aphi tei ss oftbutdi amondi shar d.
– Gr aphi t
ei smadeupofl ayer sofhexagonofcar bonat oms .Thebondi ngi neach
l
ayers trongbutt hel ayer sar eonl yhel dtogetherbyWeakVandaWaal ’
sf orces.
Thel ayer sofcar bonat omscant huss l
ideeas il
yoveroneanot her.However ,in
diamondal lt hebondsar ever ys trong.
(iii
) Gr aphi tehasamuchl owerdens ityt handi amond.
– Al thoughbot hal lot ropescons i
s tent irelyofcar bonat oms ,gr aphitehasamor e
opens truct uret hant hatofdi amondandhencehasal owerdens it
y.
(iv)Bot hs ubs tanceshavehi ghmel ti
ngpoi nt s.
– Thi sisbecaus et heybot hcons istofgi ants t
ructuresofat oms .
3.(a)Expl ainwhati smeantbyt het erm‘ Is
ot opy’andl istthreei sotopesofcar bon.
– I sotopyi st heexi s tenceofat omsoft hes ameel ementwi tht hes ameat omi c
numberbutdi ffer entmas snumber .
Isotopesofcar bonar e; Car bon 1 21 2C andCar bon 1 3 1 3C and
6 6

Car
bon 1
4 1
4C
6

(
b)Stat
et heus
eofcar
bon 14(C–14).
– Carbon–14isusedf
orcar
bondat
ingexer
cis
esi
nwhi
cht
heageofmat
eri
als

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orMor
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manythous andsofyear sol
dcanbeaccuratel
ydat
ed.
(
c)Carbonhast womai nIsotopes13Cand12C,wit
habundanci
esof1
.1
1%and98.
89%
6 6
respecti
vely.Calculat
ei tsrel
ati
veatomicmass.
Relat
iveatomicmas s=Mas sdueto
1
3C+Mas sduet o1 2C
6 6
=13x1 .1
1+ 1 2x98. 89 =12.
01
100 100

(
d) Whatnameoft hei nstrumentus edt omeas ur
et heatomicmas sesofelements.
Masss pectromet er
– I tseparatest heisotopesofanel ementandt hedeterminat
ionoft heirr
especti
ve
mas ses
.
4.Listfourdif
fer
entf uelsofcar bonandbr iefl
yexplainhoweachi sfor med.
(i
)Wood–Occur snaturallyand50%ofi tiscarbon.
(i
i)Coalgas–obt ainedfrom t hedes tructivedis
tillat
ionofcoal
– I ti
sami xtureofmet hane,car bonmonoxi deandhydr ogen.
(
ii
i)Producergas–Obt ai
nedbypas singai roverr ed-hotcokeinaf urnace.Thereact
ion
isexothermic .
(a) C(s)+O2(g) CO2(g)

(
b) CO2(g)+C(s) 2CO(g)

NB–Themixt
ureof1/
3carbonmonoxidebyvol
umeandt
heunchangedni
tr
ogenf
rom
t
heai
rformstheproducergas.

(
iv)Watergas–i
sproducedbypassi
ngst
eam overwhit
ehotcoke( 0000C)i
above1 na
f
urnace.Ami
xtur
eofequalvol
umesofcarbonmonoxideandhydrogeni
sformed.
5.(
a)Descri
behowyouwouldprepar
eandcolectc
l o2i
nthelab.

Di
lut
ehydr
ochl
ori
caci
d.

Car
d

CO2(g)

Di
sti
ll
edwat
er
Mar
blechi
ps

– Di
lut
ehydr
ochl
ori
caci
disaddedt
omar
blechi
ps.Thegasgi
venof
fispas
sed

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thr
oughwatert oremoveacids pr
ays( HCl
(
g))andist
hencol
lect
edbydownwar
d
del
iveryasshownabove.
(
b)Givetheequati
onf orthereact
ion.
CaCO3(s)+2Hcl
(
aq) CaCl
2(aq)+C O2(g)+H2O(l)

(c)St atet wowaysi nwhi cht her at eofr eact i

oncoul dbei ncr eas ed.
(i) Ther at ecoul dbei ncr eas edbyus ingmor econcent ratedaci dors mal lerpi ecesof
mar ble.
(d)(i) Whatdoyouobs er vei fcar bondi oxi dei spas sed int ol imewat erf ors ever al
mi nut es?
– Thel i
mewat ert ur nsmi l
kyi .e.awhi tepr ecipitatei sfor medandt henacl ear
s olut i
oni sf ormed.
(ii)Byus eofchemi calequat ionsexpl aint hes eobs ervations .
– Whi tepr eci pitat ei sf or medwhi chi scal cium car bonat e.
CO2(g)+Ca( OH) 2(aq) CaCO3(s)+H2O(l)
– Whi tepr eci pitat edi s appear sandacl ears olutioni sformed.
CaCO3(s)+H2O(l)+CO2(g) Ca( HCO3) 2(aq)
Clear
(e)Ther ewoul dhavebeenl ittler eact i
oni fs ulphur icaci dhadbeenaddedt omar ble
chi ps .Expl ain.
‘Cal cium s ulphat eispr oducedandast hisi si nsol ubleitf ormsal ayerar oundt he
mar blechi psands topst her eact ion.
6.(i)St ates ixus esofcar bondi oxi de.
(i) F ir
eext i
ngui s her s–f orCO2 i sdens ert hanai randdoes n’ts uppor tcombus t
ion.
(ii
) Us edi naer at edorf i
zzydr inkse. g.mi ner alwat er.
(iii
) Us edi nr efriger at ion–s olidcar bondi oxideor‘ dr yi ce’isus edasa
refriger ant .Iti sus edf orkeepi ngi ce-cr eam col dandt opdeepf reezef ood.
(iv) Baki ng–Baki ngpowder scons is tofami xt ureof2, 3–di hydr oxybut anedi oic
acidands odium hydr ogencar bonat e.I npr es enceofwat ert heyr eactt of orm
car bondi oxide,whi chc aus et hedought or ise.
(vi) Sol vaypr oces s–i nt hemanuf act ur eofs odium car bonat e.
(
ii
)Gi vet wowaysi nwhi chcar bondi oxidei saddedt ot heai r.
– Car bondi oxi dei saddedt hr oughcombus t
ionofs ubst ancess uchascoaland
pet r ol
eum andt hr oughr es pi ration.
(
ii
i)Gi vet wowaysi nwhi chcar bondi oxidei sr emovedf rom t heai r.
– Phot os ynt hes isandt hedi s solvi ngofcar bondi oxidei nwat err emovet hegasf r
om
theat mos pher e.
7.Explaint hef ol l
owi ngobs er vat i
ons .
(a)Whyi sdr yi ceabet terr ef r
iger antt hanor dinaryi ce?
– Thes olids ubl i
meswhenwar ml eavi ngnor es idue.
(b)Whenal ight eds plinti spl ungedi ntoagasj arcont ainingcar bondi oxi degas ,itgoes
off.
– Car bondi oxi dedoesnots uppor tcombus ti
onhencei text ingui shesabur ning
s plint.
(c)Whenapi eceofbur ni ngmagnes ium i sl ower edi ntocar bondi oxidei nagasj ar ,it
cont i
nuesbur ni ngwi thas plut t
er ingf lameandbl acks pecksar ef ormedont hes ides
oft hegasj arandwhi tedepos i
ti ss eeni nt hej ar.
– Magnes i
um hasahi ghaf fini tyf oroxygeni ts plit
scar bondi oxidei ntooxygenand

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combineswit
hitt
ofor
m MgO,t hewhit
esol
idobs
erved)andcar
bon,abl
acks
oli
d
wil
lbedeposit
ed.
Mg(s)+CO2 MgO(s)+C(s)

(
d)Stat et heus esoft hef ol
lowing;
(i
)Di amond–Us edasagems tonesowi ngtoi tssparkl
ingnatureandduet oits
har dnes s,i nmaki ngofcut tingtoolsandr ockborers.
(i
i)Gr aphite–Us edasal ubricantduet oit
ss li
pperynature,asmoder atortheat omi
c
react ors,asanel ect r
icalconduct or(becaus eeachcarbonat om ingraphitehasa
del ocali
s edel ectronthatcanmor eandconductt heelectr
iccurrent)andi nmaking
penci lleads .
(
ii
i)Us edasar educingagentass hownbel ow.
2PbO+C(s) Pb(s)+CO2(g)
2CuO+C(s) Cu(s)+CO2(g)
2ZuO+C(s) Zn(s)+CO2(g)
(iv)Car bonmonoxi de–Us edi nthemanuf actureofethanolandasar educingagent
i
nt heext racti
onofmet alss uchasI ron,copper,leadet cf
rom’theiroxides .
2F e2O3(g)+3CO(g) 4Fe(s)+3CO2(g)
CuO+CO(g) Cu(s)+CO2(g)
PbO(s)+CO(g) Pb(s)+CO2(g)
8.Whenpur ecar bondi oxidei spas sedoverheat eds ol
idY,carbonmonoxi deisf ormedas
t
heonl ypr oduct .Studyt hedi agram belowandans wertheques t
ionsthatfoll
ow.

CO2(g) CO(g)

Sol
idY

Sodi
um hydr
oxi
des
olut
ion wat
er

(
a)Names oli
dY.
Carbon
(
b)Whyi ss odium hydroxideus edi nt heexper iment?
– Toabs or
bcar bondi oxi
de.
(
c)Namet wor eagentsthatcoul dbeus edtopr eparecar bondioxi
de.
Calci
um car bonateanddi l
ut ehydr ochlor
icacid.
(
d)Namet wopai rsofreagent st hatcoul dbeus edi npreparingcarbonmonoxide,wr
it
ing
theequat ionforther eacti
ont hatoccur .
– Concent rat
eds ulphuricaci dandoxal icacid( N.
Bt hisreacti
oninvol
ves
dehydr ati
onofoxal i
caci d) .
ConC.H2SO4(
l)
H2C2O4(g) CO(g)+H2O(l)+CO2(g)
– Concent rat
eds ulphuricaci dands odi
um et hanoate.
H2SO4(l)+HCOONa(s) CO(g)+H2O(l)+NaHSO4(aq)

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(a) Woul dyouexpectt hecompoundf ormedbet weens il
iconandchl orinet oconduct
theel ectriccurrent ?
– No,i tisnotani oni ccompound.
(b)Wr i
tet hef ormulaoft heoxi des ili
con.–Si O2
(c)Howcanyouobt ai nt heel ements il
iconf rom i tsoxi de?Gi veanequat ionf orthe
reacti
on.
– Byheat ingsil
icondi oxi
dei nanel ect r
icf urnacewi t
hcar bon.
CuO(s)+CO(g) Cu(s)+CO2(g)
(d)Theoxi deofs i
li
coni sf oundi nthebl astf urnacedur i
ngt hepr oductionofi ron.What
i
st hes our ceofthi soxi deandhowi si tremoved.
– Sour ce:asanear thl yimpurity.Itisr emovedbyf us i
ngwi ths i
li
condi oxide:
SiO2(s)+CaO(s) CaSiO3(l)
(e)Howi st her eacti
onoft hesil
iconcompound( Na2SiO3)s hownbel owdi ff
erentf r
om its
equivalentcar boncompound? .
Na2SiO3(aq)+2HCl (aq) 2Nacl aq)+H
( 2S i
O3(aq)
– Aci dr eactwi t
hcar bonatest of orm as alt,wat erandcar bondi oxide.The
compoundabover eactswi t
hanaci dt of orm anot heraci dandas alt
.
(f)Whati st het estforcar bonmonoxi de?
– Car bonmonox i debur nsinai rwi thabl uef lamef ormi ngacol ourles sgast hat
turnsl i
mewat ercl oudy( carbondi oxide).
9.Twogasj ars,onecont ainingcar bonmonoxi deandanot hercont aini
ngcar bondi oxide
werebot hi nver t
edoverwat erandt her esultss hownbel owwer eobt ained.

CO(g) CO2(g)

wat
er

(a)Whatcanyouconcl udefrom t heaboveobs ervati

ons.
– Car bonmonox i
deisins olubl
ei nwat erwher everascarbondi oxi
dei sspari
ngly
solubl
ei nwat er.
(b)Whatobs ervationswoul dyouhavemadei fwat erwasreplacedbys odi
um hydroxi
de?
Noobs er
vabl echangeoccur si nAwher easi nB,t helevelofsodium hydroxide
solut
ionr oseevent oamuchhi gherl evelt hans hown.Thisisbecaus ecarbon
monox idedoesnotdi ss
ol vei nsodium hydr oxidebutcarbondi oxide,anacidicoxi
de,
readil
ydis solvesi nit
.
1
0.Sil
iconisanel ementbel owcar boni ngroupI Voft heperi
odictableandhasaval encyof
4i nalli
tscompounds .Useyourknowl edgeoft hechemi st
ryofcar bont oanswerthe
f
ollowingques tions .
1
1.Carbonmonoxi degasi spas sedoveraheat edmet aloxi
deandanexces sofcarbon
dioxideisabs orbedi nas uitableabs orbings oluti
onY.

Met
alOxi
de

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Heat

Abs
orbi
ngagentY

(a)Namet hemet aloxidest hatcanbeus edasX.

LeadI IOxi de,CopperI IOxi deandI ronI IIOxi de.
(b)Namet heappr opri
at es olut i
ont hatcanbeus edasY.
– Ammoni acalc opperIchl or ide.
1
2.Trona,anat ur al l
yoccur r
ings ubs tancei nal kalinel akess uchasLakeMagadii sus edi n
productionofs odi um car bonat e.
(a)Howi stronaf ormed?
– Tr onai sf ormedasar es ul tofs pr ings ,flowi ngf r
om vol cani car eaL.Magadij oining
tof orms treamsandr i
ver st hatf l
owi ntot heLakewi thnoout let.Heatf rom the
sunt oget herwi tht hegener al lyhi ght emper at ureatt heLakecaus est hewat erin
thel aket oevapor atel eavi ngbehi ndt het rona.
(b)Whati st hecompos it
ionoft rona?
Tronai sdoubl es altofs odi um car bonat eands odi um hydr ogenat ecarbonat e,
Na2CO3. NaHCO3. 2H2O,mi xedwi ths omes odium chl or ide.
(c)Whati st hemai nsour ceofpowert hati sus edatL.Magadi ?Ment iont hepr oblems
associatedwi t
ht hi
ss our ceofpower .
Themai ns our ceofpowert hati sus edatL.Magadii sl i
quidf uel.Thecombus ti
onof
thi
sf uelpr oducespol lutant ss uchass ulphurdi oxidegast hatar e
rel
eas ed………………. .
L.Magadii sabout1 30km awayf rom Nai robis ot rans por t
ationofl iqui
df ueli s
expens ive.
(d)Discus st hechemi calr eact ionsandcondi ti
onsi nvol vedi nt hepr oductionofs odium
carbonat ef rom t r
ona.
– Thet ronai sdugf rom t heLakeus ingabucketdr edger ,crus hed,mi xedwi thwat er
andt henpumpedt ot hef act or y.Att hef act ory,s lur ryt ronai st henwas hedi na
was her y.Thes lurryt ronat henf edi ntot hecent rifugeswher emoi sturecont ent
reducedt oabout3%f rom t hecent rif
ugest het r
onai sfedi ntocont ainerwher eit
iscal cifiedatat emper at ur eof5000Candt ronai sconver tedi ntocr udes oda.
Wat er ,car bondi oxi de( ands omeor gani ci mpur ities )ar eremoved.Themai n
react iont hatoccur si nt hecont ai nercanber epres entedbyt heequat ion.
2Na2CO3. NaHCO3. 2H2O(s) 3Na2CO3(s)+CO2(g)+H2O(g)
– Thes odi um carbonat ei st hencool ed,di ss olvedi nwat erandf il
teredt or emove
impur i
ties .Thef iltratei spas s edt hr oughact ivatedcar bont or emoves oluble
organi ci mpur it
ies.Thef iltrat ei sevapor atedunderpr es suret ocaus e
crys t
al l
is ationofs odi um car bonat emonohydr ate.Themonohydr atecr ys talsare
0
was hedandcal ci f
iedat1 50 Ct opr oduceanhydr ouss odium car bonat e.
2NaHCO3. 2H2O(g) Na2CO3(s) +H2O(g)+CO2(g)
Thewat erus edf orwas hingi st akent hroughas er iesofs hallowpondswher et he

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wat eri sevapor atedbyt hes un,s odium chlorideobt ai
nedf rom thewaterint he
pondsbyf ractionalcr ys tallisation.
1
3.Howi scar bondi oxideobt ainedi ndus tri
ally.
– Onal ar ges calec arbondi oxi dei sobt ainedby;
(
i)Bur ningcokei nai r.
(
ii)Asaby- producti nt hepr epar ationofet hanol .
1
4.(i
)Statet headvant aget hatgr aphi tehasoverot herl ubricants.
– Gr aphitehasahi ghmel tingpoi nthencecanbeus edasal ubricantatahigh
temper ature.
(i
i)Graphi tehasal owerdens itycompar edt odiamondandi smor er eacti
vethan
diamond.
– Gr aphitehasamor es truct urecompar edt odi amond.
(i
ii
)Expl ainhowcar bonmonoxi dei sl ethalwhenonei nhales?
– Car bonmonoxi dewi thhaemogl obi ntoform cher ry–r edcarboxyhaemogl obin.
Thi si smuchmor es tabl et hanoxyhaemogl obi nandt hust hebl oodcannol onger
actasanoxygencar ri
er .Cons equent l
yt heor gani sm diesofs uff
ocati
ons i
nce
oxygencar rieri nt hebl oods tream hasbeeni ncapaciated.
1
5.(i
)Whathappenst oal lins ol
ubl ecar bonat eswhenheat ed?
– Al li nsolublemet alli
ccar bonat esdecompos esonheat ing,e.g.calci
um,Zinc,
Coppercar bonat esgi vecar bondi oxideandt hei rcorrespondingmet all
icoxides.
CaCO3(s) CaO(s)+CO2(g)
ZnCO3(s) ZnO(s)+CO2(g)
CuCO3(s) CuO(s)+CO2(g)
(
ii
)Commentont heeffectofheatons olublemet all
iccarbonat
es.
– Noobs ervablechangenomat terhows tronghowl ongthes
ecarbonat
esare
(K2CO3)t oNa2CO.
(
ii
i)Whatist het estforallcarbonates?
– Allcar bonateswi l
lreactwithdi l
ut eaci
dst oliberat
ecarbondioxi
degasthatt
urns
Limewat ermilky.
CO32-(s)+2H+(aq) H2O(l)+CO2(g)
CO2(g)+Ca(
OH)
2(
aq) CaCO3(s)+H2O(l)
Whi t
eppt .
(i
v)Listt heus esoff ivenamedcar bonat es.
1. Sodi um carbonat e–us edt os oft
enhaswat er
.
2.Cal ci
um car bonat e–us edf ormaki ngcement.
3.Bas icLead( II)carbonat ePb( OH)2.2PbCO3)–us edint hemanuf act
ureofsome
paints.
4.Sodi um hydr ogencarbonat ei sus edforbuil
dings,decor ati
onsandmonument sas
wel lasincementpr oduct i
on.
5.Pot assi
um car bonat e–i nmaki ngofhar dglass.
1
6.a) Whencar bondi oxidei sbubbl edt hroughwat erthepr oductt ur
nsbluelit
must or
ed.
Explai
nt hisobs ervation.
Answer
Carbondi oxideisanaci dicgasi tdi s
s olvesinwat ertoform aweakl yaci
di csol
uti
on
CO2(g)+H2O(l) H2CO3(aq)(
Car bonicacid)

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(b)Burni
ngmagnes i
um wer el ower edint
oagasj arof
carbondi
oxide.
(i
) Whatwoul dyous ee?Expl ain.
(i
i) Wr it
eanequat i
onfort her eacti
on.
Answer
(i
) Bl ackspecksofcarbonandagr eywhi t
er esidue.Thei nt
enseheatofburning
magnes i
um decompos escar bondioxi
detocar bon( blackspecksandoxygen).The
oxygenreleasedkeepst hemagnes i
um burningtopr oducemagnes i
um oxi
de( whi
te
powder)
(i
i) Mg(s)+CO2(g) C(s)+MgO(s)

1
7.(
i)Bel
owi
sadi
agr
am ofal
umi
nousf
lamef
rom buns
enbur
ner
.Labeldi
agr
am f
ull
y.

Bur
nert
ube

Col
lar
gas j
et. NB/Jeti
sjustapi
pe

Bas
e
(i
i)St
ateatl
easttwodiffer
encesbet
weenal
umi
nousandanon-l
umi
nousf
lame.
Answer
(i
) I . Al
mos tcol
our l
essmant
le
II
. Br ightyell
owzone
II
I. Dar kCentralzone
IV. BlueZone.

(
ii
) Lumi
nousflame Non-Luminousfl
ame
- Coolsootyfl
ame -Muchhotterandcleanerfl
ame
- Largepartoffl
ameis
yell
ow -Largepartoffl
amei san
al
mos tcolour
lesszone
- Bluezoneisverysmall-Bl
uezonei smuchbi gger

1
8( a)(
i)Carbonmonoxi debur nsinai r.Wr i
teequat ionofreacti
on.
(i
i)Ther eaction;
C2H2O4.5H2O+H2SO4( conc) CO2(g)+CO(g)+CO(g)+6H2O(l) +H2SO4(aq)
I. Howi st hecarbonmonoxi def ormeds eparatedandcollectedfrom
t
hisreact i
on.
II
. Statetwoproperti
esofcar bonmonoxi de.
Answer
(i
) 2CO(g)+O2(g) 2CO2(g)
(i
i) I . Pas sthegaseouspr oductst hroughs odium hydroxi
des oluti
onand col l
ect
Carbonmonoxi deoverwat er .
II
. Car bonmonoxi deisneut raltolitmuspaperandonl yslightl
ys ol
uble

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inwat er .
-Car bonmonoxi deispoisonous .
(b)Inanexper imentgasYwaspas s edoverheat edcharcoalandproductpassedover
heat edI ron( II
I)Oxide.Gas eswer ethenpas sedthroughli
mewat erwhichformedawhite
precipitate.Gasl eftburnedwi t
habl uef l
ameataj et.
(i) I dent if
ygasY
(ii
) Wr i
tet heequat i
onofr eacti
onbet ween
I
. GasYandchar coal
I
I. Ir
onandpr oductfr
om r eactionwithcharcoal
(ii
i) Thec har coalandi r
onwer eins eparat
epor cel
ainboats.Whatwass eenineachcase.
Answer
(i) GasYi sCar bondi oxide
(ii
) I . CO2(g)+C(s) 2CO(g)
I
I.F e2O3 +3CO(g) 2F e(s)+CO2(g)
(ii
i)Thechar coaldi sappearedasi tfor medgasandt hebrowni r
on(I
II
)Oxideformedashiny
greyishs ol
id.
(c)Bel owi sadi agram ofacokef i
re.St udyitandans werthequesti
onsthatfoll
ow.

Chi
mney

Z
Ai
r
Y
Ai
r X

(i
) Wr iteanequat i
onf orr eactioni neachoft her egi
onsX,YandZ.
(i
i) Whati ss eenatZ?
(i
ii
) Whyi si tnotadvi sabl etol i
ghtachar coal“jiko”inapoor l
yventil
atedroom.
Answer
(i
) C(s)+O2(g) CO2(g) ( X)
CO2+C CO(g) ( Y)
2CO(g)+O2 2CO2(g) ( Z)
(i
i) Abl uef l
ame
(i
ii
)Suchaf ir
ewi llpr oducecar bonmonoxi dewhi chi spoisonousandmayl eadtodeat
hina
poor l
yvent ilatedr oom.
(d)Carboncanbeus edt or educeoxi desofl eadandcopper
(i
) Wr itet heequat i
onsofr eaction
(i
i) Whatwoul dbes eeni neachcas e.
Answer
(i
) C(s)+2CuO(s) 2Cu(s)+CO2(g)
2PbO(s)+C(s) 2Pb(s)+CO2(g)
(i
i) Thebl ackcopperoxi dechangest oar edbr owns hi
nysolid.
andt heyel lows oli
dchangest oagr eys hi
nys oli
d.
4.Bel owisaf lowdi agr am oft hes tagesformanuf act ur
ingsodium car
bonateinSol
vay
process.
Brine

wat
er

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NH3

ChamberC

Pr
oductY wat
er

Pr
oductZ

NH4Cl
F
il
tr
ati
on

St
eam to
pr
ovideenergy
f
orreact
ion NH4Cl Cal
ciner
C pr
oductW
CO2 +H2O

Li
mes
tone

Storageand
packingof
Na2CO3 Pr
oductX

(a)(i)StatetheproductsW,X,YandZ.
(ii
)St at
ewhathappensi nchamber sA,BandCf ull
y.
Ans wer
(i) W =CaCl2 ,X=C arbondi oxi
de
Y=ammoni a,Z=mi xtureofNaHCO3 andNH4Cl
(ii
) I nA,CaCO3 isdecompos edbyheat ingtopr oduceCaOandCO2.
InB,ammoni um chlori
der eact swithCaOt opr oduceNH3 andCaCl2
InC,Br i
neismi xedwi t
hot herr eagentstoproduceNaHCO3 andNH4Cl .Alotofheati
s
producedandhencet heneedt ocir
culat
ec ol
dwat erroundthechamber
.
(b)(i
) Expl ai
nwhathappensi nt hecalci
nerus i
nganequat ion.
(i
i) Namet hecompoundsr ecycled.
Ans wer
(i) Sodium hydrogencarbonateisdecompos edbyheat ing.
2NaHCO3 Na2CO3(s)+CO2(g)+H2O(l)
(ii
)Ammoni a,Carbondioxideandwat er.

(
c)(
i)Whatpr
oper
tyofSodi
um hydr
ogencar
bonat
eenabl
esi
tss
epar
ati
on f
rom

ammoni
um c
hlor
ide?

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(
ii
) Whatproper
tyofr
eact
ioni
nchamberCmakesi
tneces
sar
ytoci
rcul
atecol
d wat
er
roundi
t?
(i
ii
)I dentif
yt hr eeexot her
micandt hr eeendot her micreact
ionsint
heSolvay pr
oces
s.
Answer
(i
) Sodi um hydr ogencar bonat ehasal owsolubi
l i
tytheref
oreitpr
eci
pit
ates
.
(i
i) React ioni sexot her mi
c
(i
ii
) Exot her micr eactions
NH3(g)+H2O(l) NH4OH(aq)
CaO(s)+H2O(l) Ca(OH) 2(aq)
2NH4OH(aq)+CO2(g) ( NH4) 2CO3(aq)+H2O(l)
Endother micReact ions
heat
CaCO3(s) CaO(s)+CO2(g)
2NH4Cl(aq)+C a(OH) 2(
aq) 2NH3(g)+CaCl 2(aq)+2H2O(l)

2NaHCO3 heat Na2CO3(s)+CO2(g)+H2O(l)

(d)(i
)Wr i
tetheequat i
onofr eact ioni nchamberC.
(ii
)Cons i
deringt her eact ant s,circulatedby- productsandt hef inalproducts.
I. Wr i
tet heover al lequat i
onofr eactioni nt heSolvaypr oces s.
II
. Whyi st her eact ionnotdonedi rectly.
Answer
(
i) NH3(g)+NaCl aq)+C
( O2(g)+H2O NH4Cl aq)+N
( aHCO3(aq)
(i
i)I.CaCO3(s)+2NaCl Na2CO3 +CaCl 2
I
I.Insolubl eCal c ium car bonatecannotr eactwi thSodium Chl or
ide.
(e)From 1.50t onnesofs altmi xedwi thot herr eact ant
s,1tonneofi mpur esodaas hwas
produced.
(i
) I ft hes odaas hi s58%pur ecal culatet hemas sofpure,s odi um carbonat
e.
(i
i) Whati st heper cent ageconver si
onofs odi um chlori
det os odaas h.
(i
ii
) Gi veoner easonwhyyi eldmaybel ow.
Answer
(i
) I mpur es odaas hi s1 .
0t onne
Pur esodaas h= 58x1 .00
1
00
=0. 58t onne
(i
i) 2NaCl =1Na2 CO3
i
.e.s eed( ii)orot herr el evantequat ion.
Na2CO3 =23x2+1 2+48=1 06
NaCl=23+35. 5=58. 5
2NaCl=( 58. 5x2)=1 17
Mas sofNa2CO3 expect edf rom 1 .
5t onnes
=106x1 .
5t onnes
117
=1.36t onnes
Butact ualyi eld=0. 58t onnes
Ther ef
or eper cent ageyi eld =0. 58x1 00%=42. 6%
1.36
(i
ii
) Notal ltheSodi um hydr ogenc arbonat er emai nsaspr ecipitate.Somedi ssol
ves
.

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5.Thefol
lowi
ngi
sanout
li
neoft
heCar
boncycl
e.St
udyi
tandans
wert
heques
tionst
hat
fol
low.
Pl
ant
s
F
ood

Pr
oces
sA
Breat
hing
Woodcoal anddec a
Ay
ni
mal
s

pr
oces
sE Car
bondi
oxi Breat
hing,Decay
de i n
at
mospher
ProcessC
Pr
oces
sB e Pr
oductX
Carboni
c
aci
d
Pr
oces
sD Pr
ess
ureandheat
Har
dwat
er
Ani s Shel
mal ls

(a)Statepr oc ess esA,B,C,DandE

Ans wer
(a)Ai sphot os ynt hes
is
Bi sdiss olutionofCO2 inwat er
Ci sHeat ing
Di sar eact iont oform ahydr ogencar bonat
ewi thcar
boni
caci
d.
CaCO3(s)+H2O(l)+CO2(g) Ca(HCO3)2(
aq)
Ei sbur ningofwoodorcoal .
(b)(i
)Namepr oductX
(i
i)Explainhowpr oductXpr oducescar bondioxide
Answer
(i) Li mes t
one,chal kormarbl e
(ii
) I tisdecompos edbyheat
CaCO3(s) HeatCaO(s)+CO2(g)

(c)Stat
etwowaysi nwhi chbreathingisr
elat
edtoproces
sC.
Answer
- BothuseOxygenandr el
easeCO2
- Bothprocessesproduceener gy.
(d)Stat
esixelementsincoal
Answer
Carbon,hydrogen,Oxygen,nit
rogen,Phosphorusandsul
phur
.

(e) Us ethecor r
ecttermst odes cri
be:
(i
) Twopr ocessesthatremovecar bondioxidefr
om theair
(i
i) Thr eeproces s
esthataddcar bondioxideint
ot heatmospher
e.
Answer
(i
) Phot osynthesi
sanddi ssolut
ionofCO2 i ntot
hes ea
(i
i) Bur ningofwoodandcoal
Heatingofcarbonaterockst odecompos e

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Br
eat
hinganddecay
PRACTI
CEQUESTI
ONS
1
. a)Thearr
angementbel
owwasus edt
os t
udyt
her
educi
ngact
ionofgasX.

CopperI
IOxi
de
LeadI
IOxi
de

GasX ExcessgasX
heat heat burni
ngwith
bl
uef
lame
Combusti
on
Anhydr
ousCal
cium chl
ori
de

Por
cel
ainboat
Li
mewat
er

(
i) Li
mewat erinconi
calflaskfor
medawhi tepreci
pitat
e.Whatist
heidenti
tyofgasX.
(
ii) Whatisobservedoneachoxi dei ncombusti
ont ube
(
iii
) Writ
eequati
onsofr eacti
onsbet weengasXandheat edoxi
desinboat
s ?
(
iv) Whatisthepurposeofanhydr ouscalci
um chlor
ide.
(
v) Nameanothergasthatbur nswi t
habl uefl
ameandwr i
teanequat
ionforit
s
combust
ion.

(
b)Tablebelowi
sarecordofi
ncompl
eteobs
ervat
ionsonheat
ingcar
bonat
eandhydr
ogen
carbonat
esinat
esttube.

Car
bonate Obs
ervat
ion
Magnes
ium car
bonat
e

Zi
nccar
bonat
e

Leadcar
bonat
e Crackl
ingsound,gasforms
whitepreci
pit
atewit
h
l
imewat er
.Yell
owresidue
butbrownwhenhot .
Coppercar
bonat
e

(
i) Compl etet
hetable
(
ii
) Wr i
teequati
onofr eacti
onf ortheeff
ectofheatoneachofthet
hreecarbonat
es.
(
c)Thearrangementbelowi sani ncomplet
etabl
eoft es
tsonresi
dueobtai
ned onheating
car
bonatesandhydrogencar bonates.

Carbonat
e/ Residuein Residue Addi
ngdi l
ute
Hydrogen crucibl
e addedto Hydrochl
ori
c
car
bonate waterand aci
dt oresi
due

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s
tir
redand
t
estedwit
h
l
it
mus
Cal
cium Whi
te
car
bonate r
esi
due

Sodium Ef
fer
ves
cence
carbonat
e
Lit
hium Whi
te Soluti
on No
carbonat
e r
esi
due turnsred ef
fer
ves
cence
l
itmusblue
Sodium
hydrogen
carbonat
e

Calci
um
hydrogen
carbonat
e
(i
) Compl etethetable
(i
i) Wr i
teequati
onofr eact
ion(i
fany)foreachofcar
bonat
eorhydr
ogencar
bonat
e.
(i
ii
) Whati sthecommonnamef or
I
. Sodium carbonate
I
I. Sodi um hydrogencarbonate
I
II
. Cal ci
um carbonate
I
V. Cal ci
um oxide
V. Cal ci
um hydr oxi
desolut
ion
VI
. Cal ci
um hydr oxi
de

(
iv)Tocar
ryouttheheati
ngofcal
cium car
bonat
e,ast
rongopenf
lamewasus
edi
nthe
f
oll
owi
ngarrangement.
Ir
onr
od

Li
mes
tone
Heat
(
Hotfl
ame)
Cr
uci
ble

Res
idue

Whydoweneedas trongopenfl
amet oheatcal
cium car
bonat
e?
(
d) Stat
etwousesof
(i
) Sodi um carbonat
e
(i
i) Sodium hydrogencarbonat
e.

(
Q2)Bel
owisapas sagedescr
ibi
nghowSodium chlor
ideisobtai
nedf
rom LakeMagadii
n
theRi
ftVal
ley.Studyi
tandanswerques
tionsthatfol
low.

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orMor
eERes
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Lake Magadi cons i
sts of mas sive depos i
ts of t rona ( Na2CO3. NaHCO3. 2H2O) a
crystall
ines oli
d.Thi ss oli
dmat er ialhasf ormedasar es ultoft hehi ghr ateofevapor at i
on
ont hiswat ermas swi thhi ghs altcont ent.Bel owt het ronai samot herl iquorofSodi um
chlorideandSodi um car bonat ewi thadens i
tyof1 .26x1 03kgm-3.
The l es ss olubl es altcr ys talli
s es outf i
rst.Thi s knowl edge i s made us e ofi n
separ ati
on ofdi ss olved s ol i
ds ;a pr oces sknown asf ract i
onalcr ystall
is ati
on.Sodi um
0
chlorideands odi um car bonat ehavet hes ames olubilityat36. 1 Cbuts odium chlori
dei s
mor es olubl ebel owt hist emper at urewhi l
es odium car bonat ei smor es olubleabovet his
temper at ure.
Dur ingt hepr oces sofobt aini ngs odi um chl oridemot herl iquori smadet ofl
ow int o
channel sand t hen pumped i ntos altf iel
dswher ei nitialevapor ation bys ol
arener gy
occur s.Thes ear et hepr e- concent rati
onpondswher et hel iquorf l
owsf rom onepondt o
anotherbygr avi t
y.Pr eci pitationoft ronaands odi um car bonat emonohydr at eoccurs
.
Event ual lyt heconcent rati
onofcommons altequal st hatofs odi um car bonat eandt he
twof orm1 6% oft hemot herl iquor .Thel i
quori spumpedi ntos altmaki ngpondswher e
furt
herev apor ationoccur s.
Dur inghotmont hsoft heyeart hedai l
yt emper aturesoft hisl i
quorcanbeashi ghas
400Cbutgener 0
allybel ow 36. 1 C.Dur ingni ghtt emper atur esaver age200C.Becaus eof
thedi ff
er encei ns olubi l
ityofs altandcar bonat eandt hehi ghvar iationoft emperatur es
betweendayandni ght ,t het wodepos i
tatdi f
ferentt i
mes .I mpur es altisobt ai
nedwhi ch
ispur if
iedbywas hingwi ths at ur ateds odium chl or i
des ol uti
on.Thepur i
fieds al
tist hen
iodisedt opr oducecoar ses alt.Someoft hecoar ses altwi l
lbet reatedbyaddi ngr ed
oxide( Iron( II
)Oxi def orcat tl
e.
Coar s es altcont ains99. 5%NaCl ,0. 03%NaF ,
0.4%s odi um car bonat eand0. 0037%i odi ne.

(a)Whati st hemas sofwat eri n1 000kgofmot herliquorwi t

hdens it
yof1 .26x103kgm-3?
(b)Whatdoest hepr eci pitationoft r onaands odi um carbonatemonohydr ateint hepre-
concent r
at i
onpondst el lyouaboutt her elativeconcent rat
ionofs odium car bonate
compar edt os odi
um chl or i
dei nt hel ake?
(c)Whati st hemas sofs odi um chl or idei n1 000kgofmot herli
quorwhenconcent rat
ionof
saltequal sconcent rationofs odi um car bonat e?
(d)Whi choft het woispr ecipitateddur ingday,s odium chlori
deors odium car bonate?
(e)Wr i
tef ormul aof;
(i
) Sodi um car bonat emonohydr at e
(i
i) Sodi um hydr ogencar bonat e
(i
ii
) Sodi um f l
uor i
de
(i
v) I odine
(f)Tomake1 000kgofcoar ses althowmuch
(i
) Sodi um chl ori
des odi um f luor ideands odi um car
bonat ewouldbewei ghed?
(i
i)I odinewoul dbewei ghed?
(g)Statet woot herus esofs odium chl or i
de?
(h)Sket chs olubi li
tycur vesf ors odi um chl orideands odium carbonateagai ns
tt emper at
ure
usingt het ablegivenont hegr idsbel ow;
0
Temper at ure ( C) 0 1 0 20 30 40
Solubil
ityi ngr amsof
solut
ei n1 00g
(i)Sodi um car bonat e 7. 0 1 2.5 21.
5 40. 1 48

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(
ii
)Sodi
um chl
ori
de 35. 35.
8 36. 36.
2 36.
7 0 5

Q3.( a)(i
)Whati sall
otr
opy
(
ii
)Expl
ainhowcar bonisabletomakemarksonpaperandatthes
amet imescrat
ch
mar ksonglas s
.
(b)Cokei saform ofcarbonobtai
nedwhencoali
sheat
eds t
rongl
yinabsenceofai
r
(carboni
zed).Studythereacti
onschemebel
owandanswerthequest
ionsthatf
oll
ow.

O2,heat gasY

Coke Sil
ica30000C Si
li
concar
bide+car
bonmonoxi
de
sul
phur
10000C
Li
qui
dZ,Cl
2,Cat
alys
t Liqui
dM +S2Cl
2(
l)

Metal
li
cOxides
0000C–1
1 5000C) qui
ckl
ime
20000C
Met
al CaC2 +CO(g)+H2O

C2H2 +SolidX
(
i) NamegasY,l iqui
dZ,li
quidM ands ol
idX.
(
ii) Writ
eabalancedequationofreacti
onbetweens i
li
ca( abinarycompoundofs i
li
con)
andcoke.
(
iii
) Whatmethodwoul dyouus etoseparat
ethet woli
quidsM anddi sul
phurdichl
ori
de
(
iv) Writ
eabalancedequationofreacti
onbetweencalcium carbi
deandwat er.
(
v) Whati squickl
ime?
(
vi) Whatpropertyofcar
bonisill
ustr
atedbyitsreact
ionwi t
hmet all
icoxi
des.
(
vii)Choosearelevantexampleofmetall
icoxi
deandwr iteit
sr eact
ionwithcarbon(coke)

(c)(i
)Wr itethreechar act eri
sti
csofwoodchar coalandt hreeforgr aphi
te.
(i
i)Howwoul dyoui l
lus t
ratethatthetwoar eallotropesofoneanot her.
?
4(a)Atomi cnumberandr el
ativeatomicmas sofcar bonar e6and1 2
r
espectively
(
i) Drawat omics truct ur
eofcar bon
(
ii
)Nameanycoval ent l
ybondedc ompoundofcar bonanddr awi t
selectroni
cdi agr
am.
(b) Howar etheatoms
(
i) Arrangedi ngraphi te?
(
ii
)Ar rangedi ndiamond?
(
c)Useyourknowl edgeoft hes t
ructur
eofgr aphit
eanddi amondt oexplainatleastthr
ee
oftheirphys i
calpr oper ti
es.
(
d)Diamondandgr aphi tebot hhavegiantstructurewhi l
eiodinecr yst
alshasi odine
mol ecules;
(i
)Explainthes tat ement
(i
i)Showhowt hephys icalpropert
iescanber elat
edt ostructure

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(
e) I
nwhi
chgr
oupandper
iodi
scar
bonf
oundi
nper
iodi
cTabl
e.

Q5.(
a)Bel
owisadi
agram ofar
rangementofapparatusus
edt
ost
udypr
oduct
sofabur
ning
candl
e.Usei
ttoanswerthequesti
onsthatfoll
ow.

beaker
Tof
il
terpump
I
cecl
ods
Li
mewat
er
F
il
tert
unnel

(
i) Comparetheflameswhent hef i
lterpumpi sonandwheni
tisof
f.
(
ii)Whatwasobs ervedinthelimewat er
?
(
iii
)Whatwasobs ervedintheU- t
ube.
(
iv)WhatisthetestforproductX?
(
v)Explai
nyourobs ervati
onin(ii
)and( ii
i)above?
(
vi)Whatdoyourobs ervati
onstellyouaboutcandlewax?

b)224cm3 ofmet
( hane,CH4and112cm3 ofethane,C2H6 mi
xturewereburnti
noxygen.
Allvol
umeswer emeas ur
edats .t
.p.
(
i) Writeequati
onofreact
ions
(
ii
)Calcul
atethevolumeofoxygenr equiredtobur nthemixtureofgas
esats .
t.
p.condi
ti
ons
.
(
H=1 ,C=1 2,O=1 6,1mol
eofgasats .
t.
p.is22.4cm3)

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NI
TROGENANDI
TSDERI
VATI
VES
1. Wri
tedownt heelecr
iai
cconfi
gurationofnit
rogenandstat
eit
sper
iodandgr
oupi
nthe
per
iodictabl
e.
N=7el ect
rons 2:5
Peri
od=2
Group=5
2.HowNi t
rogengasisobtai
nedinal argescal
e.
– Itisobtai
nedbythroughfr
actionaldi
sti
ll
ati
onofair
.

3.(
i)Takingtheas
sumpti
onthatai
risami
xtureofni
tr
ogen,oxygenandcar
bondioxi
de,
descri
beanexper
imenttoshowhowni
trogencanbeisol
atedfr
om t
hemixt
ure.

C Coppert
urni
ngs
wat
er Ai
r

Ni
tr
ogen

Heat

Wat
er

Wat
eri
nas
pir
atorA B Concent rated
Potas si
um hydroxidesolut
ion
– Theaspir
atoractsasas uc ti
onpumpt os uckwat erintodi s
placeair.
– Theheatedcoppermet alc ombi neschemi cal
lywithoxygent oform copperoxi
de.
Consequentlyoxygeninthemi xtureisirr
adicated.
– Concentr
atedpot as
sium hydroxi deabsorbsthecar bondioxideinthemi xt
ure.
– Theremaining78%byvol umeoft heair,Nitr
ogengascol lectsint
hej ar.

(
ii
) Wri
tedownt hechemic
alequat
ionst or
epr
esentt
her
eact
ionst
aki
ngpl
acei
n
bot
hBandC.
B–KOH(aq)+CO2(g) KHCO3(aq)
C–2Cu(s)+O2(g) 2CuO(s)
(
ii
i) Li
stthreeproperti
esofnitrogen.
– Nitrogenisacolourl
ess,odour les
sgas
– Itisal i
tt
lelessdensethanai r
.
– Itisalmostinsol
ubleinwat er.
– Nitrogenisgenerall
yunr eact
ive.

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(
iv) Statethreeus esofnitr
ogen.
– Inthemanuf actur
eofammoni a
– Topr ovideani nertatmospher e
– Asar ef
rigerant
– Inlightbul bs.
(
v)St
atehowpur eni tr
ogenmaybeobt ai
ned.
(a)Pureni t
r ogencanbeobt ai nedbyheat ingammoni
um ni
tr
it
e,NH4NO2.
NH4NO2(s) Heat 2H2O(g)+N2(g)
(b)Pureni t
r ogencanbeobt ai nedbyoxi dati
onofammoni
abyheatedcopperI
I
Oxi
de.
2NH3(g)+3CuO(s) Cu(s)+3H2O(l)+N2(g)

4.(
i) Lis
tt hreeoxidesnitr
ogenands t
atethei
rus eofeach.
(a)Nitrogendioxide–NO2 –for
mat i
onofnitr
icacid
(b)Dinitrogenoxide–N2O–asananaes t
heticbydentist
sandi
nhos
pit
alsf
ormi
nor
surgicaloperati
ons.
(c)Nitrogenmonoxi de–NO–Yi eldsNO2 onoxidat
ion.

5.Thediagr am bel ows howst hearrangementoft heappar atusus edtopr epar

eammoni a
gasint hel aborator y.
(i
)Whyi st hef l
as kc ontai
ningthemi xturear
rangedi nas tar
tingpositi
on?.
– Topr eventt hewat erwhichcondens esont hecool erpar tsoftheapparat
usf rom
runningbacki ntotheflask
.
(i
i)Howwoul dyout ellwhenat esttubeoragasj ari
sf ullofammoni a?
– Ammoni ai fpr esentwouldturnwetr edlitmuspaperbl ueforitistheonlyalkali
ne
gas.
(
ii
i)Whyar et heus ualdr yi
ngagent s,calci
um chlor
ideandconcent ratedSulphur
icaci d
notus edt odr yammoni a?
– Ammoni ar eact swiththeus ualdryi
ng,concentrateds ulphuri
caci dandcalci
um
chloride.

CaCl
2(
s)+4NH3(g) CaCl
2.
4NH3(s)
H2SO4(l)+2NH3(g) (
NH4)
2SO4(aq)
– Cal cium oxi dedoes n’treactwi t
hammoni aandt hereforeas ui
tabl
edryingagent
.
(
iv)Wr it
eequat i
onsf ort her eact
ionsbet ween.
(a)Ammoni um chl orideandcal ci
um hydr oxi
de.
Ca( OH) 2()+2
s NH4Cl (
s) CaCl2(
s)+2 H2O(l)+2NH3(g)
(
b)Ahydr ochlor icaci dandammoni a.
HCl(aq)+N H3(g) NH4Cl(aq)
(
c)Ammoni aandwat er .
NH3(g)+H2O(l) NH4OH(aq)
(v)Whatwer et heobs ervationsmadewhen;
(a)At es ttubef ullofammoni agaswasi nvertedi nwater?
– Ammoni awoul ddi ssol
vei nwat ersuddenl yandt hes pacetakenoverbythe
ammoni as olution.
(b)Agl assr oddi ppedi nconcent ratedhydr ochloricaci
dwasbr oughtnearthemouth
ofat estt ubef ullofammoni a?

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– Whi t
ef umesofammoni um chl
oridear eformed.
NH3(g)+HCl (g) NH4Cl(
s)
6.Studythefol
lowingdi agr am andans wertheques t
ionsthatfol
low.
(a) Whatnamei sgi ventot heexperiment
– Fountainexper i
ment
(
b) Whati situs edfor.
– Todemons trat
edt hesolubili
tyofverys ol
ublegas es
.
(
c) Namet wous esofammoni a.
– Inlaundr ywor k
– Inmanuf actureofNitr
icacid
– Liqui
dammoni ai susedinl argerscal
er ef
ri
gerationplantssuchasi
n
shi
psand War ehouses.
7.(i
)Whyi stheappar atusi nt hefi
gurebelowpr efer
redwhenmaki ngas oluti
onofahi
ghl
y
sol
ubl
egas ?

NH3(g) ANS:Toprevent‘s
ucki
ngback’ofwat
eri
nto
t
het ube

(
ii
) Inanexperi
ment,acol
our
les
sgasW waspas
sedoverheatedCopper(
II
)Oxi
de
andtheproduct
scol
lec
tedasshownbel
owCopper(
II
)Oxide.

Copper(
II
)Oxi
de

GasZ
Dr
ygasW

Heat

Wat
er

I
cecubes

(
a)NamegasW andZ.
W –isammoni a
Z–Nitrogen
(
b)Whatproperti
esofthetwodemons
trat
edi
ntheaboves
et–up?
W –isar educi
ngagent.
Z–Insolubleinwat
er.

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(
c)Stat
et heobs ervablechangesi nthecombus ti
ontube.
CopperI IOxidewhi chi
sbl ackafterr educt
ionchangestobr
ownwhi
chi
s
thecol ourofcoppermet al.
NH3(
g)
CuO(s) Cu(s)+H2O(g)

8.(
i)Inthepr eparati
onofnitri
cacidfrom sodium ni
t r
ateconcentr
atedsul
phur
icaci
dis
usedrathert hanconcentrat
edhydrochloricacid.Expl
ainwhyt hi
sist
hecase.
– Concent ratedSulphuri
cislessvolati
lehencel awdispl
aceni t
ri
caci
d,amore
vol
ati
leaci d,f
rom it
ssalt,whereashydr ochlori
cacidcannot.

(
ii
)Moni
cah as
tudenthadt
hef
oll
owi
ngappar
atuss
et-
upf
ort
hepr
epar
ati
onofgasX.

GasX

Wat
er

Heat Sand+concent
rat
ed ni
tr
icaci
d

(
a)Whatist her ol
eofs andi
nt hisexperiment?
– Topr eventthe‘bumbing’oft heconcentratednit
ri
cacid.
(
b)Giveanequat i
onforthereact i
ontaki
ngplacei nt
hetest
-tube.
4HNO3(aq)  2H2O(l)+4NO2(g)+O2(g)

9.Thefoll
owingequat
ionrepr
esent
sther
eact
ionwhi
cht
akespl
acedur
ingt
hei
ndus
tri
al
manufactur
eofammonia.

N2(g)+3H2(g) 2NH3(g)H=-
92KJ

(
i)Explai
nwhyapr essur eof250at mos pher esandat emper atureof4500Ci snor mal l
y
usedf ortheabovepr oces s.
– Ahi ghpr essurefavourst heforwar dr eact i
on( producti
onofammoni a)s i
ncet he
reacti
ont akesplacewi thdecreas eint henumberofmol es.Sincether eactioni s
exothermi c,l
owt emper atur
ewoul df avourt hepr oductionofammoni abutatl ow
temper aturether ateofr eacti
oni st oos lows oahi ght emperatureisus ed.
(
ii
)Nameas uit
ablecatalystwhi chisempl oyedi ntheabovepr ocessands tateitsr ole.
– Thecat alystisfi
nelydi videdIron.Itsr oleist ospeedupt herateofr eacti
on.
(
ii
i)Theper centageconver s
at i
onofni tr
ogenandhydr ogent oammoni ainthispr oces sis
about8%.Expl ainhowammoni acoul dbes eparatedf rom theunr eact
edgas es.

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– Ammoni aobt
ainedisliquefi
edbyr efr
iger
ati
on.
(
iv)Ammoni acanbecatalyt
icall
yconvertedintonitricaci
d.Wr
it
eequat
iont
oshowhow
t
hisconvers
ati
onisdone.
(
I) 4NH3(g)+5O2(g) 4NO(g)+6H2O(l)
(
II
) 2NO(g)+O2(g) 2NO2(g)
(
II
I) 4NO2(g)+2H2O(l)+O2(g) 4HNO3(aq)

1
0.Ammoni aismanuf acturedonl ar
ges calebyt heHaberpr ocess .
(a)Namet her awmat erial
sr equiredforthemanuf actureofammoni aands tatetheir
sources .
– Ther awmat eri
alsarehydr ogenandni trogen.Hydr ogencanbeobt ainedfrom the
electrol
ys i
sofwat erorf rom met hane.Nitrogeni sobt ainedfrom fr
act i
onal
disti
ll
ationofliquidair.
(b)Discusst hechemi calreact i
onsandcondi t
ionsi nvolvedi ntheHaberpr ocess,
i
ncludingr elevantchemi calequations.
– Ni trogenandhydr ogen,mi xedi nther ati
onof1 :
3ar er eactedtogetherathi gh
pres s
ureof250at mos pheresoverf i
nelydi videdIronasacat alys
tata
temper atureof5000C.Thegas esr eacttof orm ammoni a.
250at
m,5000C
3H2(g)+N2(g) 2NH3(g) H=-
92KJ
fi
nel ydi videdI ron
(
c)Accor di
ngt ot heLe- chet alier’spr inciple,whatcondi tionss houldbeadopt edi nt he
Haberpr oces si nor dert oobt aint hemaxi mum yi el dofammoni a?
– F ourvol umesofr eact ant sf or mt wovol umesofpr oduct s.Incr easei npr essur ewil
l
favourt hef orwar dr eact ions incet hisr eactioni saccompani edbyadecr eas ein
volume.Hencehi ghpr es sur es houl dincr easet heyi eldofammoni aandal so
increas et her at eofr eact i
on;s i
ncecol lisi
onf requencybet weent her eact antswi l
l
increas e.Thef or war dr eac tioni sexot her michenceondecr eas eint emper at
ure
willfavourt hef or war dr eact ion( i
.e.conver sionofni trogenandhydr ogent o
ammoni a).
(
d)Fr
om yourans wert opar t( b)and( c)above,i sLe- chat elier
’spr incipl
ef ullyobeyed?
Whyorwhynot ,ifnot ,whatar et hecons equences ?
– Thehi ghpr essur et hatwoul df avourahi ghyi eldofammoni aisnotus edbecaus e
withi ncr eas i
ngpr es sur e,t hecos toft hei ndus trialpl antbecomesmor eexpens i
ve
forexampl e,pi peshavet obet hickert owi t
hs tandt hepr es sure.The
cons equencesofus ingal owerpr essur ei sal oweryi eld( butatal owercos t
).
– Accor dingt oLe- chat elier ’
spr inciple,t heyi eldofammoni awi llbegr eat es tatlow
temper ature.However ,atl owt emper ature,t her ateofat tainmentofequi l
ibrium i
s
slow,henceahi ght emper at urei sus edandt hecons equenceoft hisi sl oweryi el
d
(buti nas hor tert i
me) .
– At5000Ct emper atur eand250at mos pher epl uscat alystus ed,onl ya1 5%yi eldof
ammoni aisachi eved.
(
e)Howi sammoni agasi s olat edf ors torage?
– Theammoni aisr emovedasanaqueouss olutionbywas hingwi thwat eror
0
condens edasl iqui dbyr efriger ationat–20 C.
(
f)Whathappenst ot hegas est hatr emai nunr eactedatt heendoft her eact ion?

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– Theunreact
edhydrogenandni tr
ogenanduncondens edammoni aar erecycl
ed.
(
g)St
atet
heus edofammonia.
I
. Liqui
dammoni aisusedasar efr
igerant
I
I. Ammoni aisusedinthemanuf actureofnitr
ogenousfert
ilizer
s.
I
II
. Ammoni aisusedinthemanuf actureofnitr
icaci
dandur ea.
I
V. Ammoni aisusedtos oft
enwat erandasadomes ti
ccleans ersinceitremoves
grease.
V. I tisusedintheSolvayprocessforthemanuf act
ureofs odium carbonate.
VI
. I susedintheproductionofsyntheti
cf i
bressuchasnylon–6, 6.

1
1.(i
)Listfourammoni um saltsands t
atet heus esofeach.
(
a)Ammoni um chl ori
de–us edasanel ectr ol
yteinthemanuf actur
eofdr ybatter
ies
andasaf luxi ns olderi
ng.
(
b)Ammoni um s ulphate–us edasaf ert
il
iser.
(
c)Ammoni um ni tr
ate–us edasaf erti
li
serandasanexpl osive.
(
d)Ammoni um car bonat e–usedi ns mell
ings alt
s,whichareus edtos t
imulate
breathi
ng.
(
ii
)Whati sthetes tforammoni um sal
ts?
– Allammoni um s alt
swhenheat edwi t
hanal kal
igiveoffammoni agaswhi chcanbe
recogni
sedbyi t
spungents mel landbyt ur
ningwetr edli
t muspaperblue.

NH3(g)+H2O(l) NH+4(aq)+OH-(aq)
1
2.Thegasesmet hylami ne( CH5N)andammoni aarecl os elyrelatedcompoundsandhave
verysi
mi l
arpr oper t
ies.Eachcanber epres ent
edbyt hef ormul a
R–NH2
(i
)StatewhatRwi llbei ncas eof( 1
)ammoni aand( 2)met hylamine.
(
i)(1
) R=H
(2) Met hlaminehast hef ormulaCH3NH2
R=CH3
(
ii
) Predictt heef fectofmet hyl
amineon( 1)wat ercol ouredpur plewi
thli
tmus
sol
ution,and( 2)hydr ogenchl ori
degas .
(i
ii
)(1)Thel i
tmuss ol
utionwi l
lturnbl uesincemet hylaminei sanal
kal
inegas
.
(2)Met hylaminewi llreactwithhydr ogenchl or
idet ogivewhit
efumes,
similartoammoni um chlor
ide.
CH3NH3+Cl -
CH3NH2(g)+HCl (
g) (s)

NH4+Cl
-
C.
f.NH3(g)+HCl
(
g) (s)

(i
ii
)AJetofammoni aiss ponteneousl
yinflammabl ei nchl orineproducingni
tr
ogen
andhydr ogenchl oride.Wr i
teanequati onf orthisr eacti
on.
2NH3(g)+3Cl 2(
g) N2(g)+6HCl (g)
(i
v)Whatat mos phericconditionsareneededf oratmos phereni tr
ogent obe
convertedint onitr
ogencompounds .
Al i
ghtningflash.
1
3.(
i)Wr i
tetheequat ionfort heformationofNitrogen( I
I)Oxi defrom diluteaci
dand
Copperturnings.
3Cu(s)+8HNO3(aq) 3Cu(NO3)2(aq)+4 H2O(l)+2NO(g)
(
ii
)Whatwasobs erv edwhenni t
rogenIIOxidewasexpos edt oair?
– Thegasi sreadi l
yoxi di
sedbyoxygen,i nt heai rtof or
m br ownf umesofni
tr
ogen

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IVOxide–NO2(g).
2NO(g)+O2(g) 2NO2(g)( brown)
(
ii
i)Whathappenst oabur ningmagnes ium wheni tisinvert
edi ntoat es
ttubecont ai
ning
ni
tr
ogenI IOxide.
– Nitr
ogenI IOxideoxi diseshotel ementsandi sitsel
freducedt onitr
ogen.
2Mg(s)+2NO(g) 2MgO(s)+N2(g)
(i
v) Whatwasobs ervedwhent hegaswaspas sedi nt
oas olut
ionofIron(II
)
Sul
phate?Explaintheobs ervati
on.
– Ir
on( I
I)Sulphatet urnsdar kbr ownwhenni t
rogenI IOxideisbubbledt hroughi t
duet ot heformationoff err
ouss ul
phat
e–ni tr
ogenoxi de( Nit
rosoIronIisulphate)
complex,F eSO4.NO.
FeSO4(aq)+NO(g) F eSO4.NO(aq)(
darkbr own)

N/B.F
erroussulphate-nitr
ogenoxide–usedi nbr ownri
ngt estf
ornit
rat
es.
1
4.(i
)Whatwasobs er
vedwhenconcent r
atedni t
ri
cwasaddedt ocoppert
urnings
?
– Brownf umesar eobser
vedofnit
r ogendioxide.
Cu(s)+4HNO3(l) Cu(NO3)aq)+2
2( NO2(g)+2H2O(l)

(ii
)Whatwasobs erv edwhent hegaswas
(a)Cooled?
– Oncool ingt hebr ownchangest oliquidwhi chispal eyellowcall
eddi ni
tr
ogentet
ra
oxide
(b)Heated? 2NO2(g) N2O4(l)
– Onheat i
ng,t hisgasdi ssoci
atesint oNitrogen(I
I)Oxi deandOxygen.
2NO2(g) 2NO(g)+O2(g)
(darkbr own) (col
ourless)
(
iii
)Listsomeoft heus esofthegas .
– Manuf act ureofni tr
icacid;
– Asani nt ermedi ar
yint hemanuf actur eofexplosive,nylonandpl as
tics.
(
iv)Whydoesni tr
icaci dappearyellowbr own?
– Thi sisduet ot hedissolvednitrogenI VOxi dewhi chisbr ownincolour.
(
v)Whydoes n’tdilutenitri
cliberatehydrogenwi t
hcoppermet al?
– I tisas trongoxi disi
ngagent .Soanyhydr ogeniniti
all
ypr oducedbyt heact
ionof
theacidandt hemet alisatonceoxi dis
edbymor eoftheaci dtowat er
.

1
5.(
i)Whatdoyouunder standbycat al
yticoxidati
onofammoni a?
– Thisist heoxidationofammoni abyoxygenwhi chtakesplaceonthesurf
aceofa
met al
li
ccatalyste. g.Pl
ati
num wi t
ht heevol
utionofheat.
– Theoxi dati
oni sat winprocess.
(i
)4NH3(g)+5NO2(g) 4NO(g)+6H2O(g)
(i
i)2NO(g)+O2(g) 2NO2(g)
(
ii)
Howdoest heeas eofdecompos iti
onoft hemetalnit
ratesrel
atetotheact
ivi
tyseries
ofmet als?
– Theeas ewi t
hwhi chthemet alnit
ratesdecomposei ncr
easesdowntheac t
ivi
ty
seriesofthemet al s.
2NaNO3(s) 2NaNO2(s)+O2(g)
2KNO3(s) 2KNO2(s)+O2(g)

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2Cu(
NO3)
2(
s) 2CuO(s)+4NO2(g)+O(g)
2Pb(
NO3)
2(
s) 2PbO(s)+4NO2(g)+O2(g)
2AgNO3(s) 2Ag(g)+2NO2(g)+O2(g)
(
ii
i)Explai
nwhyLeadni tr
atedecrepitat
esonheat i
ng.
– WhenLeadni tr
ateisheated,itdecomposesri
ghtfrom i
nsi
dethecrys t
al
rel
easi
ngal otofgas (NO2 andO2)whichexpandsonheati
ngexer t
ingpressur
e
onthewal l
softhecrystal
sunt i
lthecr
ystal
sburst
s.Hencethecrackingsoundof
theburst
ingcryst
alsisheard.

SULPHURANDI
TSDERI
VATI
VES
1
.(a)Nameones ubst
anceus edforvulcani
sat
ionofrubber.
Sul
phur
(
b)Whyisitnecessar
ytovulcanisenatur
alrubberbeforeuse?
– Tomakei tharderandstrongerandmor edurable.About50%addi
ti
onofSul
phur
producesaveryhardvulcanit
eoreboni t
e.

2.Thedi
agr
am bel
owr
epr
esent
stheext
ract
ionofSul
phurbyF
ras
chPr
oces
s.

Hotcompr
ess
edai
r

Tube1

TubeI
I

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Sul
phur

(
a)Namet hesubs t
ancethatpas sesthroughtube;
I
. –Mol t
enSul phur
I
I. –Super heatedwat er.
(
b)Whatisthepur poseoft hehotcompr essedairi
nthi
sprocess?
– Itproducesal i
ghtfr ot
hofmol t
enSul phurwhi
chisf
orcedupthemiddl
epi
pe.
(
c)I
nwhatf ormsdoesSul phuroccurinnature?
– Sulphuroccursi nthecombi neds t
ateasPbS,FeS,H2S,Sul
phat
esandasf
ree
el
ement.
(
d)Drawthemol eculeofSul phur
.

S S
S
S
S S

(
e)Explai
nwhyi tisonlys ol
ubleinorganics olventsandnotinwat er.
– Ithascoval entbondsi nit
ss t
ructureandhencei tcanonlydissol
veinacoval
ent
bond–s olventnotinapol arsolvents i
ncei thasnopolari
ti
esatall.
(
f)Namet hetwoal l
otr
opesofs ul
phur.
– Rhombi candmonocl ini
c.
(
g)Whichal l
otropesofs ulphurismores tableatr oom temper
ature?
0
– Rhombi cs ulphurisstabl
ebelow96 C.I tisabr i
ghtyel
lowcr yst
all
ines
oli
dwit
han
octahedrals hape.

3.St
udyt
hef
lowchar
tbel
owandans
wert
heques
tionst
hatf
oll
ow.

I
ron
Heat HCl
(
aq)
Compound GasU+
T FeCl
2(
aq)

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Sul
phur

(
a)Name( i)CompoundT
FeS–I r
on( I
I)Sul
phide.
(i
i)
H2S–Hydr ogenSulphide.
(
b)Giveachemi caltestthatyoucouldus etoidenti
fygasU.
HydrogenSulphidet urnsmoistLead(II
)acetatepaperbl
ack,f
ormi
ngLeadI
ISul
phi
de.
(CH3COO)2 Pb(
aq)+H S
2 (g) 2HOOCH3(
aq)+Pb S(
s)

4.(
i)Lis
tdowndi ff
er entt ypesofamorphouss ulphide.
– Pl asticSulphur
– Col loidalSul phur
(
ii)Statet hreeot herus esofsul
phurinindus tr
ies.
– Manuf actureofSul phur
icacid
– I nthemanuf actureofmatchesandgunpowder s.
– I nthepr oduct ionofi mport
antchemicalss uchascarbondi
sul
phi
de(CS2)and
calcium hydr ogenSul phi
te(Ca(HSO3) 2.Thelatt
erisusedi
nthepaperi
ndust
ry.

(
ii
i) Whenasampl
es ulphuri
sheat
ed,t
hechangesr
epr
esent
edi
nthef
low
diagr
am bel
owareobserved.

Sul
phur P Q
Yel
low Amber dar
kr ed,highl
y
0
Sol
idat l
iqui
dver
y vi
scousat116C
300C Mobil
eat
1
130C

R
dar
kredl
iqui
d
ver
ymobi
leat
4000C

(
a)ExplainwhyPandRar ever ymobi lewhi l
eQi svis
cous .
– Becaus ePandRhaveS8,S6 andS4 r i
ngswhileQhasl ongchai nsofSulphur
atoms.
(
b)Whatwoul dbeobs ervedifthebl ackl i
quidat4000Cwaspour edinat hi
n
continuosstr
eam intoabeakercont ainingcoldwat er?
– Long,el asti
c,li
ghtyellowr ibbonsofpl ast
icsul
phurar eformed.
(
c)Whens ol
idsulphurisheat ed,itmelt sandbecomesmobi l
e,t henviscousthen
mobi l
eagainonf urtherheat i
ng.Explaint hisobservati
onint ermsoft hestruct
ures
ofsulphur.
– TheS8 Sul phurmol eculesbecomei ndivi
dualS8 Sul
phurmol ecul
esduring

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mel t
ingmaki ngt heliquidmobi le.Themol eculesbr eakopen,joi
ntoforml ong
chainswhi chgetent angl ed,maki ngtheliqui
dvi scous.Thechainsbreak,and
str
aightenout .Themol ecul esbr eakintoindivi
duals ul
phuratomsdur i
ng
boili
ngmaki ngt heliquidmobi l
eagai n.
(
d)Whatchangeswoul dyouobs ervewhenpowder edr ollsul
phurisheatedinat est
tubetoj ustbelowi tsboi l
ingpoi nt?
– Sul phurmel t sat1 30Ct
1 ogi veamobi l
e( r
unny)amberl i
quid.Asthe
temper at
ur er i
sest hel iqui ddar kensandatabout1 800Citbecomesver y
vis
cous( thick).Ifthet emper at
ur eisincreaseds ti
llfur
thertheli
quidonce
mor ebecomesmobi le.
(
e)Describehowyouwoul dpr epar et woal l
otropicformsofSul phur.Makesketches
toshowt hedifferencei ncr ystalstruc t
ure.

Rhombi
c(al
phaoroct
ahedr
al)s
ulphur

– Dissolves omepowder eds ul

phurincarbondi sul
phide( CS2)
.Fil
teranyexcess
sulphurus ingadr yfi
lterpaperandcollectthef i
lt
rateinawat erglassand
placei tinaf umecupboar d.Carbondis
ulphidewi llevaporat
eandcr ystal
sof
rhombi cs ulphurarefor med.Carbondisulphidevapour sarehighlyinf
lammable
andpoi s
onous .
– Afterthec arbondisulphidehasevaporatedbr i
ghtyel l
owcr yst
alsofrhombic
sulphurf orm.Thr oughoutnoheat i
ngisr equir
ed.

Monocl
ini
c(bet
aorpr
ismat
ic)s
ulphur

– Somepowder edsulphurisaddedto20cm3 methylbenzene(toluene)or

dimet hyl
benzene( xylene)i
nas mal
lbeaker.Themi xtur
eiswar meds lowl
yina
0
wat erbat hat31
3k( 40 C)heatedwit
has mallfl
ame.
– Mor epowder eds ulphurisaddedi
fnecessaryunti
lnomor edi s
s ol
ves.The
soluti
oni ss l
owlycooledandmonoclini
ccrystal
swhi charepaleyellowand
needl e-l
ikeareformed.

Monocl
ini
csul
phur

5.Thef
lowchar
tbel
owshowshows
urphes
icaci
dsi
spr
oducedonal
arges
cal
e.
GasA GasA

Sol
idB GasC Mi
x SO3 Ol
eum
er

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Bur
ner React
ion E
chamber

Pr
oduct

Li
qui
dD
(
a)I
dentif
y
(
i)GasB–Sul phur
(
ii)GasC–Sul phurdioxi de,SO2
(
iii
) Li quidD–Wat er
(
iv) Subs tanceE–H2SO4
(
v)GasA–Ai r( oxygen)
(
b)(
i) Whatcat alysti
sus edint her eact i
onchamber ?
Vanadium ( I
V)Oxi de
(
ii) Wr i
teanequat ionf orther eactiont akingpl aceinthi
schamber .
2SO2(g)+O2(g) 2SO3(g)
(
c)Whatwoul dyouobs ervei fconcent r
at eds ulphuricaci
disaddedt o.
(
i)Canes ugar
– Sugarwi l
lgetdehydr atedandabl ackcarbonremains,as mell
ingof
sulphurdi oxidei salsonot iced.
– Thehydr ogenandoxygenar er emovedbyt heconcentrat
es ul
phuri
caci
d.
-
11
H2O
C12H22O11 1
2C+heat
– Heati sal s ogener at edandt husr educess omes ul
phuri
cacidtosulphur
dioxide.
(i
i)Coppers ulphat ecr ystals.
– Thebl uecoppers ulphatecr ystal
sgr adual
lyt urnwhiteastheybecome
anhydr ous ,loos ingt heirwaterofcr ystal
li
sation.
CuSO4. 5H2O -5H2O CuSO4
Bl ue White
(d)Stat
eoneus eofs ulphur i
caci d.
– InLead/aci dbat ter i
es
– Manuf act ureoff ertili
zer s
– Manuf act ureofdet ergent sands oaps.
– Us edinpi ckings teel.
6.Sulphur
icacidi smanuf act uredonl arges calebyt hecont actprocess.
(a)Whatfactor ss houldbecons ider edwhens iti
ngapl antt omanufactur
esulphuri
cacid?
– Avai l
abilityandcos tofr awmat eri
als.
– Avai l
abilityoft rans port.
– Envi r
onment alf act ors.
– Avai l
abilityofmar ket .
(b)Namet her awmat er i
al sr equi red.
– Oxygen
– Sulphur
(c)Stat
et hecondi t
ionsi nt hecont actproces s.
– Cat al
ys tvanadi um pent oxi de

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– Temper at
ureof4000 –5000C
(d)(i
)Howconcent rateds ulphur i
caci dpr epar ed?
– Bydi luti
ngt heOl eum wi thwat er
H2S2O7(l)+H2O(l) 2H2SO4(l)
(i
i)Howi stheunchangeds ul
phurdi oxider emovedf rom t hes yst
em.
– Byabs orbingi tus i
ngcal cium hydr oxides olut
ion.
(e)AccordingtoLe- chat eli
er ’
spr incipl
e,whatcondi t
ionss houl dbeadopt edinthe
contactprocessinor dert oobt ainthemaxi mum yi eldofs ulphurtrioxide?
– Theconver si
onofs ulphurdi oxi
det os ulphurt r
ioxideisanexot her micpr
ocess
henceayi eldofs ulphurt rioxideisf avour edbyar easonablylowt emperatur
e.
Alsothereact i
onpr oceedsbyadecr eas ei nvolume.Henceani ncreasein
pressureshouldi ncreas etheyi eldofs ulphurdioxide.
7.Belowi sas etupoft heappar atust hatisus edt oprepares ulphurt r
ioxide.

Dr
ygasN

Cat
alys 450–5000C)
tX( dr
yingagents
oli
d
Y

Sul
phurt
ri
oxi
de F
reezi
ngmi
xtur
e

(
a)Name
I
. –GasN–Sul phurdi oxide
I
I. –GasM –Oxygen
I
II. –Cat al
yst–Vanadi um IVOxi de/Pl ati
num
I
V. –Sol i
dY–Anhydr ouscal ci
um chl ori
de.
(
b)Whyi si tneces saryt ous edr yingagents ol
idY? .
– Topr eventat mos phericmoi stur
ef r
om comi ngintocont actwi t
ht hesul
phur
tri
oxides i
ncemoi sturewoul dcombi newi t
hi ttoforms ulphuricacidass hownby
theequat i
on.
H2O(l)+SO3(g) H2SO4
(
c)Nameas uitabl
el iquiddryi ngagentt hatcanbeus edindr yinggasM andN.
Concent rateds ulphur i
caci d.
(
d)Des cri
bebr i
efl
yas implel abor atorytestyouus etodi f
ferentiatebetweens ulphit
e,
sulphateandt hiosulphategi vent hefoll
owi ng;
2M Bar i
um chl orides oluti
on,di l
utehydr ochlori
caci d,f
ilt
erpaperdi ppedinpot assi
um
dichromat eandt heneces saryappar atus .
– Tot hes oluti
onunder -tes t,addbar ium chlorides ol
uti
onf ol
lowedbyaf ewdr ops
ofdilutehydr ochl ori
caci d,t estandgaspr oducedus i
ngf ilt
erpaperdippedi n

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acidifi
edpot assium dichromat e.Ifas ulphat ei spresent,t herewi llbeaf ai
ntwhi t
e
precipi t
ateonaddi ngBar i
um chl or i
des olutionandonaddi ngdi lutehydrochloric
acid,f umesofapungentgaswhi cht urnsaf il
terdippedi naci difi
edpot assium
dichromat es ol
ut i
onf rom yellowor anget ogr eenispr oduced( SO2) .Noprecipitate
ofs ulphuri sformed.
– Ifsulphat eispr es ent,onaddi ngbar ium chl orides olut
ionf ollowedbyhydr ochlori
c
acid,at hi
ckwhi teprecipitatet hati sins olubleindi l
utehydr ochl ori
cacidisf ormed
(BaSO4)
– Ifat hiosulphatei spr esent( S2O32-)onaddi ngbarium chl orides oluti
on,awhi te
precipi t
ate( BaS2O3)i sformedandonaddi ngdi l
utehydr ochl or i
c,awhi t
eorcr eam
precipi t
ateofs ul phurisfor medandacol our l
essgaswi t
hapungents melland
whicht urnsacidi fi
edpot assium di chromat epaperf r
om yel lowor anget ogr eeni s
formed( SO2) .

8.Whyconcent
ratedsulphur
icacidusedasadryingagent
.
– I
thasawat erlovi
ngacidowi ngtoit
sdehydrat
ingpr
oper
ti
eshencei
tisus
edt
odr
y
t
hosegaseswhi chdon’treactwit
hit.

9.Whydoesaburningmagnesium ri
bbonconti
nuebur ni
nginsulphurdioxi
degas.
– Whenburni
ngmagnes ium i
sloweredinaj arofsul
phurdi
oxidetheheatfr
om the
magnes
ium decomposesthes ul
phurdi
oxideintoayell
ows pecks.

*
SIMPLI FI
EDHI GHSCHOOLNOTES&REVI
SIONKI
TS*(
MrI
saboke)
Mat hsform1 -
4
Englishform1-4
ki
s wahil
iform1 -
4
chemi st
ryform1 --
4
Biologyform1 -
4
Phys i
csform1 --
4
Agricult
ureform1 --
4
Bus i
nessform1 --
4

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