13 Reinforced Concrete Design

Analysis and Design for Torsion 1

Torsional effects in reinforced concrete

Torsion in plain concrete members

Torsion in reinforced concrete members

Combined shear and torsion

ACI code provisions for torsion design

Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Torsional effects in reinforced concrete

mt

Torsion at a cantilever slab

T
 T

mt

A B
T

Torsion at an edge beam

A B A B

Stiff edge beam Flexible edge beam

Torsion in plain concrete members
T

T
τmax
y
T
Rectangular section: τ max =
α x2y

y/x 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 5.0 ∞

α 0.208 0.219 0.246 0.267 0.290 1/3

Cracking Strength
Plain concrete rectangular sections in torsion
T

Torsion cracks

τ ft max at 45o
45o
T τ τ
τ

Tt
T Bending: Tb = T cos45o
T
Tb Torsion: Tt = T cos45o
45o
 ft max at 45o
a
Concrete crack occurs when τ
τ

T
ft ,max = 0.80fr = 0.80 × 2.0 fc′ = 1.6 fc′
Tb
Tt
fr = Modulus of rupture
45o
a
1 y  32 x 2y
Sectional Modulus: Sa −a = Ia −a /( x / 2) =  x  x  = 6cos 45o
12  cos 45o   
o
Tb,cr o 6 cos 45 3Tcr
ft ,max = = Tcr cos 45 2
= 2 = 1.6 fc′
Sa −a x y x y

x2y
Tcr =
3
(
1.6 fc′ )
Strength of Reinforced Concrete
Rectangular sections in torsion

ACI 1995: Solid section is analysed as a hollow-box section.

Tn

Solid Hollow
Tcr solid section

Tcr hollow section

0
0 1 2 3
Percent of torsional reinforcement
Shear Stress in Thin-walled Tube
T
Shear flow: q= kg/cm
t 2 A0

A0 Shear stress: τ = q kg/cm 2

t
T
=
2 A0t
Cracking Torque ( Tcr ):
Tcr
τ cr = = 1.1 f c′
2 A0t

Tcr = 1.1 f c′ ( 2 A0t )

 2 Acp 3 Acp
ACI318-95: A0 = , t=
3 4 pcp
pcp : outside perimeter of concrete cross-section
Acp : area enclosed by pcp

1.1 f c′ Acp2
Tcr = kg-cm
pcp

Neglect torsion when: Tu ≤ φTcr / 4

0.85 for torsion


 7.1 
  
  3        15 ".
$%&'()*%+,*
%-**.

*/   fc = 240 ./".2

3 ton


15 cm
(5*
   pcp = 2(60+30) = 180 ".

$   Acp = (60)(30) = 1,800 ".2

60 cm 6(
%.' Tcr = 1.1 2
240 (1,800) /(180
1,000)

= 307  -". = 3.07  -.

30 cm
, 6(
% φTcr/4 = 0.85(3.07)/4 = 0.65  -(

6(
% Tu = (3)(0.15) = 0.45  -( < 0.65  -( OK


 
Torsion in Reinforced Concrete Members

Gross area Aoh = x0 y0

Shear perimeter ph = 2(x0 + y0)
y0 h
x0 , y0 = Distance from center to
center of stirrup

x0
b
Space Truss Analogy Torsional crack

Torsional resistance = 45o

sum of contribution from
shear in each four walls T
xo T
Stirrup
Crack
yo

V1 θ Longitudinal bar
V2
V4
Concrete compression struts
V3
 xo
s

V4 yo V
4 Atfyv
Atfyv

Vx Atfyv
T4 = 4 o
2 yo cot θ
V4 = n At fyv At = Area of one leg stirrup

n = y o cot 45o / s = y o / s fyv = Yield strength of transverse

At fyv y o reinforcement
V4 =
s
n = Number of cracks intercept
At fyv xo y o
T4 = = T1 = T2 = T3 stirrup
2s
 2 At fyv xo y o 2 At fyv Aoh xoyo
Tn = T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 = =
s s
2 At fyv A0
ACI318-95: Tn = where A0 = 0.85 Aoh
s

Diagonal compression struts

∆N4/2 θ
n
/4 si
V V4
yo
V4
θ
θ
∆N4/2 V4 cot θ

Axial force due to torsion:

At fyv y o
∆N4 = V4 cot θ =
s
 Summing over all four sides,

∆N = ∆N1 + ∆N2 + ∆N3 + ∆N4

Longitudinal At fyv
reinforcement = 2( xo + y o )
s
At fyv ph perimeter of stirrup
Al fyl =
s
At fyv
Al = ph
s fyl

Al = Total area of longitudinal reinforcement to resist torsion

fyl = Yield strength of longitudinal reinforcement

Combined Shear and Torsion

Shear stress: τv = V / bwd

Torsional stress: τt = T / (2A0t)

for cracked section: A0 = 0.85Aoh , t = Aoh / ph

Hollow section Solid section

Torsional Shear Torsional Shear

stresses stresses stresses stresses

2 2
V T ph  V   T ph 
τ = τv +τt = + τ=   + 2 
bw d 1.7 Aoh2 b d
 w   1.7 Aoh 
ACI Provisions for Torsion Design

Strength requirement: Tu ≤ φTn

where Tu = required torsional strength at factored load

Tn = nominal torsional strength of member
φ = 0.85 strength reduction factor for torsion
2 At fyv A0
ACI318-95: Tn = where A0 = 0.85 Aoh
s

Aoh = shaded area

Minimal Torsion

Neglect torsion when Tu ≤ φTcr / 4

1.1 f c′ Acp2
where Tcr = kg-cm
pcp
 Vc 
Limitation on shear stress τ max ≤φ  + 2.1 f c′ 
 bw d 

Vu Tu ph  Vc 
Hollow section: + 2
≤ φ + 2.1 f c′ 
bw d 1.7 Aoh  bw d 
2 2
 Vu   Tu ph   Vc 
Solid section:   + 2 
≤ φ + 2.1 f c′ 
 bw d   1.7 Aoh   bw d 
Reinforcement for torsion

2 Ao At f yv
Tu / φ = , Ao = 0.85 Aoh
s
Tu s
At = , f yv ≤ 4, 000 kg/cm 2
2 φ Ao f yv

Combined shear and torsion stirrup

(for closed loop stirrup)

Av +t Av 2 At Av
= +
sv +t sv st At
Max. spacing to control spiral cracking smax ≤ ph / 8 ≤ 30 cm

bw s
Min. area of close stirrup ( Av + 2 At ) ≥ 3.5
f yv

1.3 f c′ Acp A  f yv
Min. area of longitudinal steel Al ,min = − t p
 h
f yv  s  f yl

At 1.8 bw
where ≥
s f yv
- Spacing of Al ≤ 30 cm
- Distributed around perimeter
- Bar size ≥ 10 mm ≥ 1/24 stirrup spacing
- At least one bar on each corner