HOMOGENIZATION

it is the process of size reduction to

produce suspension, emulsions,
solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes/
niosomes, phytosomes & ethosomes,
microencapsulation, tablet coating
dispersions and cell disruption
processes.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF
HOMOGENIZATION
1. IMPACTION
2. SHEAR
3. TURBULANCE
4. CAVITATION
EQUIPMENT
SIMPLE HOMOGENIZER
PUMP (500-5000 psi)
ORIFICE
VALVE & VALVE SEAT
SPRING
MILLING MECHANISM
TURBULANCE/HYDRAULIC SHEAR
1. Emulsion such as milk at a flow rate of 20,000 l/hr.
2. HPH 500 to 5000 psi and if <2000 psi UHPH
3. [UNITS MPa, psi, and bar.
4. As it first enters the valve, liquid velocity is about 4 to 6
m/s.
5. It then moves into the gap between the valve and the
valve seat and its velocity is increased to 120 m/sec.
6. The homogenization phenomena is completed before the
fluid leaves the area between the valve and the seat,
7. The product may then pass through a second stage valve
similar to the first stage.
8. While most of the fat globule reduction takes place in the
first stage, there is a tendency for clustering of the
reduced fat globules.
9. The second stage valve permits the separation of those
clusters into individual fat globules.
SILVERSON HOMOGENIZER
PARTS: ROTOR (IMPELLER), STATOR
(STATIONARY HOUSING), TEETH/BLADE
HOUSING MESH
ROTOR/STATOR GAP---AIM IS TO BRING
FLUID IN TURBULANCE ZONE
CLOSE WIDE
INC SHEAR FORCE DEC SH. F
OPEN DESIGN & CLOSED DESIGN
MILLING MECHANISM
SHEAR FORCE, TURBULANCE
Production of Pharmaceutical
Creams and Ointments
Mixing of Sterile Ingredients
Solid-liquid mixing
Production of Cough Mixtures and
Pharmaceutical Syrups

Production of Pharmaceutical
Creams and Ointments
 HPH
50-500 Mpa
MICROFLUIDIZER
Micromeritics is science of small particles
and the study of particle size distribution.
Micromeritics is the study of a number of
characteristics, including
 particle size distribution,
 shape
 angle of repose
 porosity
 true volume
 bulk volume
 apparent density
Particle size and size Distribution
Monodisperse vs Polydisperse
For characterization two properties are important
1. Shape and surface area of the individual particles
2. Size range (based on diameter)
Surface diameter, ds : Is the diameter of a sphere having the same surface area as
that of the asymmetric particle.
Volume diameter, dv: Is the diameter of a sphere having same volume as that of the
asymmetric particle
Stokes'diameter, dst : Is the diameter of an equivalent sphere undergoing
sedimentation at the same rate as the asymmetric particle
Sieve diameter, d sieve: Is the diameter of a sphere that will just pass through the
same square or sieve aperture as the particle.
Volume-surface diameter; dvs : Is the diameter of a sphere that has the same volume
to surface area ratio as the asymmetric particle.
 The resolution (resolving power) of a microscope means its
ability to distinguish two items at its highest magnification.
When the diameter of a particle is below or
near the wavelength of visible light, the
particle cannot be seen in a light microscope
Optical microscope 400nm-150 micron
UV microscope as below as 100nm

An ultra-microscope is a microscope with a system

that lights the object in a way that allows viewing
of tiny particles via light scattering (colloids)
10-200 nm
625
Photomicrographs
Projections
Automatic scanners
Sieving Coarse mesh
50 micron
US std (3.5-400)
Fine mesh
vs
Micro mesh
Tyler std (3.5-200)
10 micron
Factors influencing sieving
Type of motion
Time of sieving
Types of sieving motion
Vibratory
Side-tap
Bottom tap
Rotary motion
(with tap & without tap)
 200 MESH

Carry charges
500 g
Sieve 4
500 ml
 Dynamic Light Scattering (sometimes referred to as Photon Correlation Spectroscopy or Quasi-
Elastic Light Scattering) is a technique for measuring the size of particles typically in the sub
micron region.
DLS measures Brownian motion and relates this to the size of the particles.

Brownian motion is the random movement of particles due to the bombardment by the solvent
molecules that surround them.
An accurately known temperature is necessary for
DLS because knowledge of the viscosity is required

The velocity of the Brownian motion is defined by a property known as the translational
diffusion coefficient . hydrodynamic diameter: how a particle diffuses within a fluid
The ions in the medium and the total ionic concentration can affect the
particle diffusion speed by changing the thickness of the electric double
layer called the Debye length (K-1). Thus a low conductivity medium will
produce an extended double layer of ions around the particle reducing
the diffusion speed and resulting in a larger, apparent hydrodynamic
diameter. Conversely, higher conductivity media will suppress the
electrical double layer and the measured hydrodynamic diameter. The
performance of a DLS instrument is normally verified by measurement
of a suitable polystyrene latex standard. Dilution of any polystyrene
standard should be made in 10mM NaCl.
How DLS Works
In dynamic light scattering, the speed at which the particles are
diffusing due to Brownian motion is measured. This is done by
measuring the rate at which the intensity of the scattered
light fluctuates when detected using a suitable optical arrangement.
digital auto
correlator.