BASICS OF AC TRANSMISSION

A transmission line connecting a generating station (modeled as bus with voltage V1 and bus
angle θ1 to load center (modeled as infinite bus with bus voltage v2 and bus angle θ 2 )

Assumptions:
Lossless line
No line charging

Direction of active power flow: determined by the bus angle, flows from the bus with higher bus
angle.
Direction of reactive power flow: Determined by magnitude of bus voltage, flows from the bus
with higher voltage.
Maximum power transmitted over a line takes the form as shown below.

In the above equation, δ = θ1 − θ 2 , δ max = 30 − 40 selected depending on stability margin and

stiffness of the terminal buses to which the line is connected. This is mainly determined by
thermal loading limit of the line.
Reliability of power availability at load bus can be improved by as shown in Fig. 1.2.

1. Actual power flow in the three lines forming a mess is determined by KVL.
2. Addition of an extra line although increases reliability of power availability at the load
centre, but at the same time it causes increase in power flow in one line and decrease in
the oother line.
 Two power systems, each with single power station meeting its own local load
interconnected by a tie line as shown below. At steady state power flow in the tie line is
determined by the mismatch between generation and load in individual areas.

Under dynamic condition, power flow is determined by the equivalent circuit as shown below.
Thus, maximum power transfer can be doubled just by providing dynamic reactive power
support at the receiving end of transmission line. This is in addition with the voltage support at
the sending end..To be noted, although steady state voltage support can be provided by
mechanically switched capacitors, dynamic voltage support needs interference of SVC,
STATCOM