, & FRENCH NATIONAL RESEARCH E i oe Oy * PROJECT CLOUTERRE y ue : ss , 2 RENN ON CLOUTERRE anon Raee Ns cesar een oT For Designing, Calculating, Constructing Per Ee acne y as eens BNcriats e of farsporation Federal Highway ‘AdministrationNOTICE ‘This publication is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation 4n the interest of information exchange. The report does not constute a standard, specification, or regulation. ‘The United States Government docs not endorse products or manufacturers, Trade or manufcures” names appear the putin only beats they conse seal 0 the object of this document. u ™ “echnical Report Documentation T Reaan ie 7 Government Aacnion Na Recipes Celso Ne FHWASA99-006 ie aed Saito Reron Dae ‘ates 5 AzCOMBMANDATIONS CLOUTERRE 1991 FncLisH TRANSLATION Sornting Racommensatons—1951 1 Parorning Oxganzaton Coe 5 araring Organon Fp No 7 Altos) See iraaicton fr orherntrmation on auors ‘sia French verson and ansiton of he Engishvrelon 3 Perming rgaiaton Name and Aacrass To Wom Urn. AAS) Soe tnosucton TS Type) Papon ana Porcd Coed TE Sporernghgaray Nae and na cnoieh Traneaon snes by fedora Highway Aamisteton ‘o9 Seven Sreeum SW, 1. Spars Aaoey Come ‘Wasrrfon 0.20599 pane TE Suppiemeran Noor ‘See ntoguton fo utharniormatn on autos ol final French veson ar ransaton al he Engish version ry “The Recorindatons CLOUTERRE 1991 - consve he clinton ofthe Fench Nana Projet CLOUTEARE, which ‘has const am 1268 o 1950 wih fot busget st 2 millon Perch aren, hase “Sollg Nang Reeonmendatons ‘tra cruaton eeprom roca ec eevee ean en ‘han te French expatena hs contued to progtess the por a ‘te bit on Nghvayfalwey, end buling caravan reject. Ts ‘SSenager of sllnaing te tran competverass compared ola eat sepa str ads Speedo! Consvucton. However, one mus also cel ibe Nazena Project CLOUTERRE tat has rely eased the dsserinafon of ‘Retecinaogy to Natona! eninrnatana audiences ‘Sol rang techniques have been used snc the 10708 ad ere papers have been published at gorse ororances atound tha wot sce fs ncepuon. However ate as 1922 no document hat summatzes the Wrele Segn ‘ory sar pubaton by he Press dao Nationale des Ponts t Chaustees (ENP), lingua engineers recognizes Iovabe et pocuang or Engish varaston ofthe document. This documents aaa tana the orgs book pubtsnos the Pessor of ENPC. hws ropes urd to geneflsupenision tM. Franae Schone a Sounsle Bretrat he Fron Natonl Pree! CLOUTERAE and Presson! Terracalin Pars 17. Koy Warde Ta Darien Satan NN reeicions. Ts goeumertieavalsta oho pub Hom ‘ho Naoral Toca! tomaton Sure, Sorta, Vega zateh ale ot nals, eo naling orale walt anchored wal ‘coed oath, ground maior, etaring wat, French Natonal Prec Ceuurre Ta: Seciy Goo (ol open) 70 Sey las. (a Hp nels fi. no of Pages] 22 Pew Uncles 1 72) Reproduction af camped page auhoizedPROJECT CLOUTERRE FRENCH NATIONAL RESEARCH Soil Nailing Recommendations — 1991 For Designing, Calculating, Constructing n Z g S Qa iz w 5 S O O 2 CLOUTERRE and Inspecting Earth Support Systems Using Soil Nailing ss3u15 10 3ungeaua puE zOuOS ‘ssaulS 1 3unGSIUA PIF BuO OLRM (pare) Suni vsaWaL 000 (amen monies sew mwa a oo om . 7 Et a ot jeauls puso A@AGain —mownoA wou —Toauns [fieauke _puyeL Aa Adare AOuNOA Woum YRS SUINN IS WOU SNOIS'IANGO SLYWIKOUAIY STF M EMULE ESS “SLINM IS O1 SNOISUAANOD SLYRIXOUdAYDresses de YENPC, 28 Rue des Saits-Peres 75543 Paris Cedex 07, France Tel. 33 (1) 44 5828 0 (Original Document: Recommandations CLOUTERRE — 1991 ISBN 2 85978-1706 English Language Translation: Sol Nailing Recommendations — 1991 Ped by the Feder Highway Adminisatin (FHWA) with he pain fhe Press de TEND: Al apts tare reproduction nnd bythe Pens de TENPC: Nether te FEA nor Relea! Teckel ton Sve (TI) wil hers expen Pe any ihr pay ts dete copa oth ecument in a PREFACE (TO THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION) ‘The French National Research Project CLOUTERRE and the resulting manual _Recommandations CLOUTERRE — 1991 are important contributions to the engineering ‘community interested in the cost effective earth excavation support system known as Soil Nailing. Soil nailing techniques have been used since the 1970s and technical papers have been Published at geotechnical conferences around the world since its inception. However, there is at this time (1992) no document that summarizes the whole design and construction process, from geotechnical investigation to field quality contro, as this one does ‘Shortly after publication by the Presses de Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées (ENPC), Paris, France, bilingual engineers recognized the value of producing an English translation of the document Tris document is a faithful translation of the original book published by the Presses of LENPC. It was also prepared under the general supervision of Mr. Francois Schlosser, the Scientific Director ofthe French National Projeet CLOUTERRE, Professor at the ENPC, ant President of Torrasol, Geotechnical Consultants, Pars. In this book, the reader will find many references to French publications and to agencies that produce documents in France relevant to the subject. Titles of French publications are listed as originally referenced, along with an English translation of the ttle. French abbreviations for the various agencies involves have been maintained in the text. A list of abbreviations 15 included showing both the proper title and a translation. This isto provide the reader with a reasonably good indication of what organization in his or her own country would produce similar publications, guidelines, specifications, or regulations The translators also found the need to develop a list ofthe agreed translations of various terms and expressions. These are presented in the Lexicon. This isnot a tre dictionary in the technical sense, but represents the translators’ experience in dealing with soil nailing terms in common use in the US.A. Some additional comments are in order about the translation, which has been a truly international team effort. ‘The first translation ofthe document was made by Mr. Bernard Myles and associates at Soil Nailing Limited, Cardiff, UK, together with contributions from the Transport Research Laboratories ofthe UK Department of Transport. ‘Various chapters from that document were then distributed to Messrs. Claude Plumelle, Professor (CNAM), Consultant at the CEBTP; Daniel Raynoudl, Engineer at the CEBIP: Philippe Unterreiner, Assistant Professor (ENPC), Research Engineer (CERMES); and John‘Soll Nailing Recommendations—1991 Walkinshaw, P-E, GEE, Regional Geotechnical Engineer forthe Federal Highway ‘Administration (FHWA) in San Francisco, California. These corsected chapters were rtyped land redistributed for final review and further corrections. In this process, all chapters received atleast a double review by Messrs. Unterreiner and Walkinshaw for technical accuracy of the translation. In the process some minor typographical errors in the original document were corrected. The final document was then submitted to an American editor prior to printing. The whole effort would not have been possible without the patient and tireless assistance of ‘Ms. Pat Thoburn (Soil Nailing Limited, Cardiff, UK) and Mr. Philippe Unterreiner (CERMES- ENPC/LCTC, Peri, France), who coordinated the effort and kept the translators on schedule Financial support for redafting the figures (done at Terrasol using the originals) and publication of the manual was given by Mr. Douglas Bernard, Director of the FHWA Office Of Technology Applications, Washington, D.C, under the guidance of Mr. John Hooks, Chief ofthe Structures and Soils Application Branch In France, the translation was sponsored by the Direction des Affaires Economiques et Internationales (DAE, Ministere de Equipment, du Logement, des Transports et de Espace (MELT). In the United Kingdom, Soil Neiling Limited has received financial support from its parent company, Ryan Group Limited, for the preparation of the prepublication document. Participants were sponsored by their respective companies or agencies with much time donated by each individual. PREFACE, (TO THE ORIGINAL FRENCH DOCUMENT) ‘The Soil Nailing Recommandations 81 constitute the culmination of the French National Project CCLOUTERRE, which was conducted from 1986 to 1990 with a total budget of 22 million French francs. Nailing, a recent technique of reinforcing in-place soil started in France with the first wall built in Versailles in 1972. ince then, the French experience has continued to progress to the poiat that in 1980 more than 10,000 square meters of walls were built on highway, railway, find building construction projects. ‘This remarkable development is due tothe two principal advantages of soll nailing: its financial competitiveness compared to other earth Support systems and its speed of construction. However, ne must also credit the National Project CLOUTERRE that has Breatly eased the dissemination of this technology to National and Intemational audiences, The Soil Naling Recommandatons 91 are the result of an important team effort of reflections and synthesis and represent well the five years of research, studies, and tests oF the National Project. They should allow for a large development of soil nailing and, notably, its use in permanent structures in Geotechnical Engineering; this i the second application of limit state oncepts to ground reinforcement, after the Reconimandations sur la Terre Armée (Reinforced Farth Recommendations) published by the Direction des Routes (French Highway Administration) in 1978. The present stage of knowledge has allowed us to develop only Sesign concepts for dimensioning at ultimate limit state; the design at service limit state is at the prosent time an area of research and study for Future years.‘Soil Nalting Recommendations—1991 Please allow me to thank all the participants of the French National Project CLOUTERRE and particularly those who have participated in the preparation and editing ofthese recommendations. ©. MARTINAND Directeur des Affaires Economiques et Intemationales Ministere de lEquipement, du Logement ‘des Transports et de !Espace INTRODUCTION ‘These recommendations have been compiled from studies ofthe French National Project "CLOUTERRE" (clou = nail terre = soil) carried out from 1986 to 1990 by a group of contracting authorities, prime contractors, research centers anc laboratories, consulting, firms, and construction companies under the auspices of The Economic and International Affairs Division (DAEI — Ditection des Affaires Economiques et Internationales) of The Ministry of Public Works, Housing, Transport and Space (MELTE Ministre de I/Equipement, duu Logement, des Transports et de Espace), and the National Federation of Public Works (NTP — Federation Nationale des Travaux Public)‘This study and research program has beon financed by members ofthe National Project: Bachy, Ballot, Bouygues, CEBTP, ENPC-CERMES, Cofiroute and Socaso, DDE de la Moselle et de Savoie, DDST de Ia Martinique, EMCC, FNTP, Fougerolle, Gie Semed Dumez, IMG, Intrafor, Forézienne d’Entreprises, LCFC, Laboratoires Régionau de VVEst Parisien, de Lorraine et du Rhéne, Ministere des Transport du Québec, Sade, Sestauroute, Sei, SEMATY, SETRA, Société du Métro de Marseille, Solétanche, Spie- Batignolles, Terasol, with the support ofthe DAEL ‘The French Notional Project CLOUTERRE included a management committee presced over by R. Solas and a scientific committee presided over by F. Schlosser. ‘The running of the Project was guaranteed by R. Soulas, R Aris, F. Schlosser, and C. Plumelle, “These recommendations comprise seven chapters compiled by six working groups under the direction of the scientific comumittoe and finalized by the citing committee. ‘The following have taken part in drawing up and editing these recommendations: ‘Scientific Committe of the French National Project CLOUTERRE. President: F. Schlosser Members M. Boucherie Socotee) P. de Buhan (LMS) JM. Forestier (DAED N. Goulesco (Bouygues) G. Haiun (SETRA) M. Lenoire (FNTP) (G. Maraficaud (Intrafor) P. Unterreiner (CERMES-ENPC/LCPC) ‘Members of the Editing Committee D. Allagnat (Scétauroute) . Blondeau (Terrasol anc ‘Blondeat: Consultants) G. Bolle (pie-Batignolles) JR. Brulois Bachy) J-P. Clautour (Se) . de Buhan (LMS) B, Giequel (Bouygues) N. Goulesco (Bouygues) Y. Guerpillon (Scétauroute) C. Heurtebis (SETRA) M. Khizardjian (LRR) _-Y- Matichard (LRU) ‘A. Morbois (Scétauroute) ‘A. Raharinaivo (CPC) B. Simon (Terrasol) ‘Spokesmen M. Boucherie Socotec) A. Guilloux (Terrasol) C Plumelle (CEBTP) Editing Committee J.P. Magnan (LCPC) J. Salengon (LMS) . Unterreiner (CERMES-ENPC/LCPC) IR. Blois (Bachy) . Delage (CERMES-ENPC/LCPC) JP Gigan (LREP) , Goutvenct Soltanche) 1, Hurpin Bouygues) JP. Magnan (LPC) ©. Plumelle (CEBTP) . Vere (Foréaiene d'Entereprises) M. Besson (ltfor) M. Boucherie (Soctes) 5. Buzet (Bouygues) P. Clement (Bach) P. Delmas (LCPC) JP. Gigan (LREP) D, Gouvenot(Slétanche) G Haiun (SETRA) 1 Burpin Bouygues) J. Marchal (LR) G. Mercieca (CEBTP) Punelle (CEBTP) M, Salomon (CEBTF) JeP. Gigan (LREP) G. Haun (SETRA) F Schlosser (Terral) . Plumelle (CEBTP) F Schlosser (Terrasol)Soll Nating Recommendations —1991 List of Symbols and Detinitions LIST OF SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS GEOMETRY Symbols [Unit Definition H m_| Height of nated wall L m | Length of nas S m__| Vertical spacing of nals Ss | Horizontal spacing of nails L m_ | Anchor length of nails iy m | Grouted length of nails D. m | Drill hole diameter (grouted bars) D m_ | Diametor of bar e degree | Inclination of nails on the horizontal B degree | Angle of inclination of the talus on the horizontal 1 degree | Batter of facing i degree | Angle of incidence of nails on the normal tothe failure surface A am | Section of metallic bar a mm _| Grouted section FORCES — MOMENTS Symbol | Unit Definition KN Shear force in the nall KN _| Axial force (o tension) inthe nail kN m | Bending moment in the nail KN” | Axial force or tension) inthe nail atthe facing Ty, | KN | Maximum axial force (or tension) in the nail, | ex | Cuitical creep force (exal) T, | kN | Ultimate skin fiction force 1 1 _| Elastic limit ofthe reinforcement iSoil Nailing Recommendations - 1991 ‘STRESSES Symbol | Unit ° iePa | Normal stress kPa | Tangential stress > kepa | Pressure on the nail o kPa | Initial normal stress on the nail 86 | kPa | Increase in normal stress due to dilatancy & kPa__| Vertical normal stress inthe soil ‘AXIS, DISPLACEMENTS, DEFORMATIONS Unit Definition Horizontal axis parallel to the soil nailed wall Horizontal axis perpendicular to the soil nailed wall Vertical axis Longitudinal axis along the nail Transverse axes tothe nail Relative soil-nail displacements Horizontal displacements st top of wall facing Vertical displacements at top of wall facing BeeS38a8 without | Linear deformation tensor VELOCITY Symbol Unit Definition m/s___| Viscosity of grout List of Symbols and Deftntions ACCELERATIONS Symbot_| Unit Defi % ‘m/s | Horizontal acceleration = sm/st_ | Veruca acceleration = r/st_| Nominal aceleration SAFETY FACTORS Symbot_[_ Unit Definition Ty | without | Partial satety factor Ta FGF | without | Load foctorsSoll Nailing Recommendations - 1901 Lint of symbole and Detinons (CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOIL AND OF THE NAILS GROUT PASTE CHARACTERISTICS Symbot [Unit Definition © | degre: | EXectve ction angle ofthe so Symbot_[ unit Definition & | ded | Undine fcton Sng of he si | wN/me | Cement batch woah {| Sgt | Dittacy angie of nes 5 | anf | Bentonite bath weight | wit | Rel cnet of sltzall tion = | N/ar | Waterbach weight J+ | Sittout | Apparent coeticent of sonal ition che | without | Coment/weter to | ine" | Dit eatesion of the ot | Avo | Unt weight of ment & | Rte | Undramed ehesion of he si Liver [Unt eh of erento S| SS | te tm | pte tt % | Pastcty index % | Consistency index Aono % | Degree ot saturation % | Wikerconent % | Optimum water content (tandard proctor) Symbol | Unit Definition vetout | Vet rato without | Earth pressure coefficient Fe 9 emanate, without | Coefficient of earth pressure at rest Fe kN Loads due to water veltsout:| Active seth presntan cnetficient ¢ AN | Variable lods without | Passive earth pressure coefficient Fa Ld Aocidertal Woods Ta | Horzenal exh prossire between nals eN/ot | Total unt weigh of sol Ei/me | Eecve unit weit tivo | Dep nat aig MISCELLANEOUS, EN/me | Unteweige sf water Ev/m | Speci unt weight ofthe solids mt | Nail moment of iestia Symbol Definition tra | Young's modulus “ Density of nas Era | Young's modulus of he bar Zl Ton nome of rails Era | Youngs modulus of the gout N Mian suber of prliicary tess Era | reestremeter modula othe soi c Gaston indo of the racers Kha | Morutu of sobpadereacton a ‘Global corrosion index in, | Transfer length ofthe nal i Gab cnstcation index ofthe strctres rm | Cote of subgrade reaction z esitace mengured (Wenner method) EN/me | ttl slope of seal sha ction mobilization law 6 | em | Apparent pec reatnce Tes | tint peat emae ft | thou | Opposite tu of te logarithm ofthe value exprsting Kea | Unt chin icion tc hydropeion concent in olen/tee IN| Tension resistance ofthe nai IN| Shearretane ofthe mall Nim | Plastic moment af he mal n simple bending EN | Plast moment of the nan compost bending rn" | ste ess mit Pa_| Tension ses at alr ofthe grout x‘Soi Naling Recommendations - 1991 Contents SIGN CONVENTION CONTENTS. Forces T, | Positive in tension Page ‘Stresses ©. | Positive in compression ref ‘the English Translation) 0 v Displacements 1X | Oriented from the nail head to its Gp. ee Cae a ae (inside the reinforced mass) reface | e ic ment peter eneeee vii Angles 8 | Positive below the horizontal Se ea - a 1 | Positive below the normal to the failure surface Intredkitin i Positive above the horizontal 11_| Postve fora facing inclined inward st of symbols and definitions xi Chapter THE TECHNIQUE USED FOR SOIL NAILED STRUCTURES: DESCRIPTION AND DEVELOPMENTS : 1 ‘Chapter 2: SOIL NAILING IN RETAINING STRUCTURES MECHANISMS AND BEHAVIOR 0c. +00 5 ‘Chapter | CONCEPTION AND DESIGN n ‘Ghapter INVESTIGATION AND TESTS .....0000000c0e+ 167 (Chapter 5: WALL STRUCTURES CONSTRUCTION 203 (Chapter & DURABILITY OF STRUCTURES... 000+ ccsessessesseesseees 27 (Chapter?! SPECIFICATIONS AND INSPECTIONS «02.2. 000 251 ABBREVIATIONS : m “LEXICON as FRENCH STANDARDS WITH CORRESPONDING ISO /ASTM/BSI/DIN 289 ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS 23Soll Nailing Recommendations—1801 ‘Soll Naling Recommendations—190 CHAPTER 1 THE TECHNIQUE USED FOR SOIL NAILED STRUCTURES: DESCRIPTION AND DEVELOPMENTS 1. DESCRIPTION OF THE TECHNIQUE 1.4. Definition of a soil nailed wall Constructing a sol nailed wall involves reinforcing the soil as work progresses inthe azea being excavated by the intreduction of passive bars, which essentially work in tension. These are usually parallel to one another and slighily inclined downward, These bars can alsa work partially in bending and by shear. The skin fiction between the soil and the nails puts the latter in tension Using this method, and working from the top downward, a mass of reinforced soil is ‘gradually built up. In order to keep the soll from caving in between the bars, some sort of facing needs to be installed. This is generally made with some shotcrete reinforced by a ‘Welded wire mesh. Tis facing can be vertical, battered to a wide variety of angles, or made [gp ofa series of benches (Fig 1) The passive bars are often referred to as “ails and the sol reinforcing technique is known 8 "soi nailing” ‘Once it has been constructed, a soil nailed wall shows a certain similarity with a Reinforced arth wall. Hovsever, the fat that 2 sol nailed wall will have been built downweard with the soil being reinforced in situ, while a Reinforced Earth wall is constructed by building an tembankment that is then strengthened as the work progresses, constitutes an essential alifference, By its very definition, a soil nailed wall is dificult to build under a water table. In these circumstances, special procedures will need to be introduced, such as pumping operations to lower groundvvater levels, drainage, etcEe Chapter 1: The Technique Used for Soil Nailed Structures 41.2. Building phases A soil nailed wall is constructed in successive phases from the top to the bottom, comprising (Gee figure 2): 1) Excavation, generally limited to 1 or 2 meters deep and possibly limited in length depending on the type of ground being stabilized. 2) The introduction of subhorizontal or inclined nails into the in situ sil 3). Building a facing wall on site (shoterete over a welded wire mesh or fibrous concrete) or installation of precast clements (or panels) that ean be architecturally treated in various (or prefabricated facing ponele) Figure 2. Conrcton phases of si ied wa During the excavation phase, the soil must remain stable. This calls for some degree of oe short-term cohesion in the sei although it does not need to be highly cohesive. About 4 KPa ASO Freemoy Koutonge (1987) kyon subay Cohesion in Fontainbleau sand was sufficient to assure stability of one meter excavation [phases in the fist CEBTP experimental wall ofthe Project CLOUTERRE. Ifthe soil shows litte sign of cohesion, it is possible to carry out the excavation in slots; phases 2 and 3 are Figure 1. Evample sna wallsSoll Nailing Recommendations—1991 carried out in that order, although these can be reversed, Le, the shotcrete can be applied before the nails are introduced, [Nails can be installed in two principal ways: — Hither by drilling and then grouting with cement grout or mortar in a predrilled hole, — Or by either percussive methods or vibro-iling. {In 1989, soil nailing with grouted nails accounted for just over half the total number of square meters ofthe sol nailed in France. ‘Other techniques are currently being developed. These combine vibration driving with injection processes. In the United Kingdom and France, certain techniques have appeared recently that involve driving nails by a compressed air launcher or a pyrotechnic launcher. ‘The nals are generally made of steel, although other materials have been used, in particular glessibers. In the case of reinforced shotcrete, the facing wall is constructed to a calculated. thickness that depends, mainly, on the grid layout of the nails, but the actual volume of shotcrete, because of over excavation of the planned cross section used, is often higher. Unlike other techniques, sich as Reinforced Earth, the building of a soil nailed wall involves 2 critical phase with respect to local or overall stability. The latter can be lower during the ‘building phase than when the wall is finally built. Local excavation stability during the ‘earthwork phase depends directly on the height of soil excavated, as was shown in the tests ‘and experiments conducted for the CEBTP No2 experimental wall of the Project CLOUTERRE (figure 3). Fonteinebloos sand (1P=38%, €=4KPo } |e cure Io Setace ‘stable be A satay tit ‘igure 2. Subiy of excavaon phases in CEBTP No.2 experiments wall (French Natal Proje CLOUTERRE, 1869), (Chapter 1: The Technique Used for Soll Nailed Structures ‘Weepholes must always be provided through the facing so that any water infiltrating the structure can drain away. In areas subject to internal hytiaulic flows of water, itis appropriate to install drainage measures, stich as — Subhorizontal drains. — Drainage details, such as geceomposit installed before the facing wall is constructed 2. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT 2.1. Origins of soil nailing The origins of sol nailing come, in pat, from techniques developed for rock bolting and rmultianchorage systems, and also ftom Reinforced Earth techniques, which in practical terms show close similarities tothe Soil nailed technique. “Among those structures or reinforcing techniques for in situ soil that are reasonably close to ‘soil nailed walls, the following should be given special mention: — Retaining walls using anchored bars and faced with reinforeed concrete constructed in schists in 1961 (Bonazsi and Colombet, 1988) (figure 4) — The Austrian method for supporting galleries and tunnels as developed by Rabecwriz (1964). This method is now often used in place of traditional earth supports, Attio Figure 4. eto stay of Nowe Oame-de-Commers, 1961 (Bones and Caemt 184) This latter technique involves reinforcing the ground using anchored bars (bolts) all around, the gallery immediately after the face has been excavated, thus allowing an appreciableSoll Naling Recommendations—1691 reduction in the amount of final lining required (figure 5). The nals used are usually between 3 and 6 meters long. TRADITIONAL METHOD AUSTRIAN. METHOD Eon dassccement Unoases aren ~/ ~*~ i (© continig pressure j= init pressure glen: prnople and behav. 2.2. Developments in the use of soil nailing for earth support systems ‘The development ofthe soil nailed wall has progressed as follows: 1) First wall built at Versailles in 1972/73 by the companies Bouygues and Solétanche during work on adding, SNCF railroad tracks (Rabe et Toudic, 1974) This involved a temporary wall being buil in Fontainebleau sand, using a high density of short nails anchored with grout (figure 6) This was the first me the soil nailing technique was used ‘on a wall in France. 2) First experiment on a full-scale structure in Germany (Stocker et al, 1979) The wall was ‘built using grouted nails and was loaded to failure with a surcharge atthe op. [Chapter 1: The Technique Used for Soll Nailed Structures 3) First attompt at "industrialization”™ with the development ofthe frst prefabricated facing components In France (Louis, 1881), Sy SOL, MAILING, 4) National research project for soil nailing (French National Project CLOUTERRE 1986-1990) commissioned by the DAET (Ministry of Public Works) with the support of the National Fortonabieos Federation of Publie Works and the Ministry of Research. she Sapa bers edie aire ca eu eneet ieee sare ria ecncera Figure 6. Sot nate wa at Vorsallos (Patejec and Tous, 1973). — The root pile technique (in France referred to a5 “micropiles"), which thas been developed in Italy by Lizzi (1979), and which is also use! for the construction of ‘earth support structures. This falls midway between the stabilization of slopes and reinforced sail walls (figure 7) Figure 7. Sloped ot ned wal win mops (Lz, 1977),Soll Naling Recommendations—1291 ‘The technique with multiple prestressed anchors: — Commonly called “anchored of tie back walls" where the structure is again builtin phases and from the top down (figure 8) (Blondeau et a, 1987). The main difference witha soil ‘nailed wall i in the use of prestressed anchors instead of ails. This technique reduces the magnitude of horizantal displacement during excavation. Anchored wa, 5 metre igh and ied cl rae wal (Bondeau a, 1987) At present, the highest vertical facing wall constructed using the soll nailing technique isthe ‘teenporary wall built in connection with the excavations for the Opera at Montpellier, This, ‘wall, which surrounds the excavation, is 21 meters high and was constructed using the [percussive technique (method of Hurpin in fine cemented sand (figure 9). [Chapter 1: The Technique Used for Soll Nailed Structures ‘Sopeete foes ‘4 RF Eel Bice 52mm Sol: clayey. gravel ~ Grose eis Steet bore $40 mm nce sol rales wal, 28 meters igh (Soutnem entance of Bombs Tunra FanesApes TOV ine, 1990) Figure 9 het sl nal was built n France (as of 1990)‘Sol Naling Recommendations—1991 Itis, in fact, a combined wall, since at its top it uses a row of prestressed anchors. The highest sol nailed wall built fo date without using active anchors i tobe found at the southem end of the Dombes tunnel, built for the TGV as part of the east Lyon by-pass. Some 238 meters in height, it has a batter of 17° (figure 9). Although data collection has not been easy, in France, during 1988, iis believed a minimum. ‘of 50,000 square meters of soil nailed walls were constructed. For example, cut and cover Sections built as part of the TGV Atlantique line as i exits Paris, involved nearly 40,000 mi of Soil nailed walls built over a two-year period. Outside France the technique has also seen evelopments in Germany and Austria, and its beginning to be used in the USA. Hovvever, in overall terms, worldwide development i stil in its infancy. By far the majority of structures being built are stil temporary, although 1988 and 1989 saw the construction in France of more short, medium., and long-term structures. ‘More rapid development of the technique would need — Soil nailing t9 be used for permanent structures. This was one of the aims of the National Project CLOUTERRE; itis this lck of experience of how long and how well soil nailed structures will last (corrosion of the nails) that has, until now, limited the technique to temporary structures only — An improved, more aesthetic facing by the implementation of new techniques, (prefabricated concrete components, etc). 2.3. Soll nailing and patents ‘The concept of soll nailing has not been patented, nor is it patentable, given the large number ‘of precedents that exis in this Bld ‘Hovwever, numerous technology patents have been, and can be, taken out. These relate ‘mainly to the nails and the facings (prefabricated components). In addition, several patents deal with systems for protecting the nails against corrosion. 2.4, Advantages and drawbacks ‘The main advantages of sil nailing for excavation support systems are: — Reduced construction equipment/ material. — Rapid construction. — Readily adaptable to diferent sites. — Readily adaptable to heterogeneous soils = Competitive cos. chapter The Technique Used for Soil Nailed Structures To construct a soil nailed wall requires only a limited amount of light equipment: an earth working machine for the excavation, a drilling machine and groutinjection equipment or & ‘mechanical hammer for installing the nails, and a pump for spraying the concrete ifthe facing comprises reinforced shotcrete ‘The work is completed rapidly because itis being done at the same time as the excavation. Even though the technique is simple, the construction of a soil nailed wall requires both care and skill on the part of the company in charge. Soil nailing is readily adaptable to otherwise dificult sites as long as no prior excavation ‘work is needed and light equipment can be used. In particular, it allows structures to be built fn slopes where access is difficult. Itcan also be builtin segments and, ifnecessary, on a ‘curve or with benches. Although the majority of soil nailing research and studies undertaken to date have been limited to homogeneous coils, this technique also adapts well to heterogeneous soils insofar asthe density of nails can be adapted to the type and the resistance of soils found. Grouted pails can pass easily through locally heterogeneous soils with occasional boulders; i s also possible, i space allows, to locally modify the orientation, length, or density ofthe nails. ‘The soil nailing technique represents a most competitive cost solution in tha it combines speed, simplicity and the use of light equipment However, soil nailing does have certain drawbacks, for example = Lateral and vertical movements inherent to the very nature ofthe technique itself. = Use limited to soils that have no water table or that are protected by a reduction in the water table level. Use can be difficult or delicate in certain soil conditions — cohesionless sands, caving sands, soils containing pockets of water, sols containing a high quantity of clay where the moisture content might increase after construction, and frostsusceptible soil With regard to both short- and long-term structure, particular attention should be paid at all times to the durability of any nails used in corrosive soils and to long-term movements, particularly those eaused by creep in clays. Lateral and vertical displacements constitute a limitation that is particularly important on, turban sites because of the presence of olher structures inthe vicinity. Infact, as will be Shown in paragraph 24. of chapter 2, the upper part ofthe facing ofa soll nailed wall displaces both laterally and vertically during the course of construction. The extent of these displacements can vary from between one and four thousandth of the height ofthe wall (igure 10). These displacements affect the surface of the neighboring soil, but reduce with distance from the facing, Itis also important to check that the existing structure is able to tolerate, without any damage, a horizontal deformation ofthe soil e, in extension, togetherSoll Nang Recommendations—1991 with a differential vertical movement (distortion y) over a distanceh from the facing (See the values given in paragraph 3.42. of chapter 2). Exising site wale = | Bho L ; omeece Lal ° 3 "4 ‘Figure 10, Use of sl mang tectnigue on an un se with existing sntres nea, Generally speaking the attention ofthe displacements away from the facing no linear (Peck 1965 and can sometimes be concenraed at» fissure that forms at thee of the oper nal Where the existing structure is unable to tolerate these distortions, the design may have to Include prestressed anchors and whalers a the top of the nal. Even with these measures Iti important to check again during construction that displacements are kept within a tolerable level forthe existing structures, ‘The building of soil nailed walls below a water table should not be undertaken without prior Permanent lowering of the water table to protect the structure against pore water pressutes, ‘These precautions are taken in order to resolve the problems associated with building the structure, as wel asthe problems ofits long-term stability. ‘The limitations posed by the type of soil found impose several constraints. In cohsionless sands, it s not possible to ensure the stability of a near-vertical excavation, even one that is limited in both length and height. Caving sands and water pockets may lead to instability of the structure and have serious repercussions. In order to try to avoid this situation, the sol ‘ill ned to be drained as the excavation werk progresses. Certain procautions must be taken where clay soils are found to prevent the ingress of water, that will lead to a loss of strength in the soil and consequently a significant reduction inthe soil/nail friction. Finally, recent [Chapter 1: The Technique Used for Soll Nalled Structures experiences with soil nailed walls built in mountainous districts have shown that frost- susceptible coils create problems as a result of the swelling that occurs under the influence of frost and its effect on the soil nailed. Appropriate measures should therefore be taken, either by increasing the size and number of nails to absorb the effects of the pressure caused by this swelling or by installing an insulating structure next to the facing (2 Texsol ws prefabricated wall panels) to prevent the freezing front from penetrating the soll 3, THE FRENCH NATIONAL PROJECT "CLOUTERRE” 3.1. General background ‘The technique of reinforcing soil by the use of "halls" relatively recent, a8 was noted in the provious section. From the very beginning, France has lea in this feld, both practically and theoretically. However, following the initial spurt of using soil nailing for short-term earth support structures atthe beginning ofthe cightis, developments for medium. or long-term structures were still boing held up by the lack of recommendations and regulations. ‘To respond to this need, the Project CLOUTERRE (Memorandum of Presentation - April 1986) was set up in 1985 atthe initiative of the DAET and the FNTP. This national project conform with the structure of all other national projects. Thanks to its original financing, ‘more than 21 organizations from differen backgrounds have been able to participate together in a research project that resulted in 1991 withthe writing of the recommendations that are presented here. 8.2, The participants and financing of the project Besides the DAEI, which initiated the project and which financed approximately 18 percent fof the 21 million francs budget, 21 other participants from widely varying backgrounds also _Avok part. These have included public and semi-public organizations (7), public and private contracting authorities (3), and building contractors (11), who, among them, have financed ‘more than 85 percent of the Project CLOUTERRE either by direct contributions or by supplying materials and manpower. 3.3. The research program ‘The aim was to promote the use of sil nailing, both for short, medium, and long-term. structures, based on the recommendations issued. The areas of application needed to be well- defined and the level of knowledge improved. It was on this bass that the research program. twas laurched in 1986 and finished in 1991. The Project CLOUTERRE did not set out to develop or esearch new construction techniques, which are the responsibility of the contractors it sought only to conduct research targeted at improving understanding of the behavior and design of the structures built. 13Soll Naling Recommendations —1991 Four central areas of research wore therefore defined and studied: 41) To better understand the behavior of soil nailed walls. 2) To define the limitations of the process. 3) To improve methods for designing structures. 4) How to use soil nailing for long-term structures, ‘The first area involved not only the overall behavior ofa soil nailed wall when it fails (internal and external stability) and under service loads (deformations and movements of the soil nailed mass}, but also the local behavior wiser soil and nail interac, whichis vital ‘element for the internal stability of any soil nailed structure. Studies into the internal stability ‘of a soll nailed wall during the excavation phase were carried out with the full-scale ‘experimental soil nailed wall CEBTP No2 (CLOUTERRE, CEBTP, December 1989) and using, centrifuge models of walls under construction (French National Project CLOUTERRE, LCPC, ctober 1987 and December 1989). The deformations and movements of soil nailed walls under service loads have themselves been studied with measurements taken on several in- service structures together with numerical analysis French National Project CLOUTERRE, CCERMES, October 1986, October 1988, and December 1989} In addition to the fll sale soll nailed wall ofthe CEBTP Experiment No.1, which was instrumented and monitored from the time ofits construction unt it filed (French National Project CLOUTERRE, CEBTP, May 1986), fve other soil nailed structures built by different owners in France have been instrumented within the Project CLOUTERRE”: The A 71 Vierzon-Bourges Highway (French National Project CLOUTERRE, CEBTP, October 1987 and December 1963); the RN 90 by-pass of Aigueblanche, Esserts cut section (French National Project CLOUTERRE, CETE Rhdne-Alpes, March 1988 and French National Project, ‘CLOUTERRE, LRPC, December 1989); the 30, Knutange-Hayange highway section, Bois des Chénes Tunnel (French National Project CLOUTERRE, CETE de IEst, November 1987 ‘and March 1988); cut section ofthe terminus for Line D of the Metro-Lyon, Venissicux (French National Project CLOUTERRE, INSA Lyon, October 1983); sloping val at the A6-A40 {oplit) at Macon (French National Project CLOUTERRE, Seetauroute, March 1988). {A far as soil/nail interaction is concemed, a principal input in the soil nailing design, it has ‘been possible to significantly extend our knowledge of the factors involved, thanks fo the ‘numerous experimental, numerical, and theoretical studies conducted as part of the Project (CLOUTERKE. ‘The experimental studies comprised not only original aboratory research, development of a local normal pressure gauge on a bar 20 mm in diameter and housed in a sample tested in 2 {wiaxial testing chamber (French National Project CLOUTERRE, CERMES, December 1989); the shearing of sand samples reinforced by rods or metal plates (French National Project CCLOUTERRE, CERMES, September 1987, june 1988, and December 1989); dinect shear tests ‘between sand and steel with a normal stifiness imposed (French National Project CCLOUTERRE, IMG, October 1989); pull-out tests on nails in a calibrated chamber (French National Project CLOUTERRE, IMG, May 1987) but also full scale tests condicted by the CEBTP; pull-out tests on several types of nails (French National Project CLOUTERRE, “ Chapter 1: The Technique Used for Soll Nolled Structures CEBTP, June 1987, June 1988, and December 1988) and shearing of a sand mass reinforced ‘with vertical nails (French National Projet CLOUTERRE, CEBTP, June 1988). Data have also been compiled on more than 450 pullout fests caried out by contractors and this has made it possible to set up the only data bank that exists in this field (CLOUTERRE, CEBTP, Decernber 1987). This data bank makes it possible to estimate forthe preliminary design the sil/nail interaction parameters by using charts (chapter 3, appendix 1). ‘The theoretical and numerical aspects ofthe sol/nall interaction were developed in two directions: 1) Development ofthe interface behavior law of skin fiction from pull-out tests results (Grench Netional Project CLOUTERRE, CEBTP, June 1988 and December 1989) 2) Development and use of interface elements in computer modelling of soil nailed walls (French National Project CLOUTERRE, CERMES, December 1989, and French National Project CLOUTERRE, IMG, May 1988 andl March 1989), For the second! direction ofthe research, the objective was to determine the limitations of the soil nailing technique by bringing together all the participants with their experionces. This has allowed the definition of the soils for which nailing is well-suited, those presenting some risk, and those to exclude. ‘The third direction ofthe research—improved design methods—consisted of comparing the various design methods sed in France, studying the influence of the various parameters, notably the soil/nail interaction, and calibrating the design methods against real cases. ‘The fourth direction of the research was to study the corrosion and durability of nails (French [National Project CLOUTERRE, TERRASOL, December 1989). 4.4. Full-seale tests on soil nailed walls at the CEBTP The originality of the Project CLOUTERRE lies in the fact that three fully instrumented experimental sil nailed walls were built by the CEBTP and monitored from construction to failure. Each of these experimental walls was conceived to study a different failure mode. The CEBTP No.1 experimental wall failed through breakage ofthe nails after partial saturation of the soil from the top of the wall (French National Project CLOUTERRE, CEBTP, May 1986). ‘The CEBTP No2 experimental soil nailed wall, on the other hand, filed by increasing the height of the excavation phase (French National Project CLOUTERRE, CEBTP, December 1989). The CEBTP No.3 experimental soil nailed wall was failed through progressive shortening of the lengths of the nails (French National Project CLOUTERRE, CEBIP, ‘December 1988). 5Soil Nalling Recommendations 1991 ‘To provide the best experimental conditions, each of the three walls was builtin Fontainebleau sand, which had been excavated, replaced, and compacted uncle strict ‘compaction control. Like many natural sands, it contained a small percentage of fines, which ‘when combined withthe water used with compaction, possessed sufficient apparent cohesion to ensure the stability ofthe various excavation phases during the course of construction ‘+ First experiment CLOUTERRE at the CEBTP (1986) ‘The soil nailed wall built as part of this experiment was constructed in excavation phases of ‘one meter in height, and used grouted nails 6 to 8 meters long, Its total height was ? meters. The structure had been designed with a sufficiently low safety factor for lailure by breakage ‘of the nals (F = 1.1) so that it would be possible to break it easly by gradually saturating the sil, starting at the top of the wall. The effect of saturation was to reduce the apparent ‘cohesion and to increase the overall weight. Te total failure ofthe structure was prevented ‘because the shotcrete embedded itself in the foundation sol. Thanks to the instrumentation developed, it has been possible to carry out a number of measurements (tensions inthe nails, displacements ofthe facing and distortion of the soll nailed mass ete) both during and after construction and up to the point of failure. Moreover, the excavation of the soil nailed wel, once collapsed, allowed a detailed and more fruitful investigation to be conducted into the behavior of the structure at failure (igure 1) si ote: fled beso (Observed cracks Figure 1. Posture obaatons othe frat abacle experiential (GEBTP-Fronch Natonal Project LOUTERAE 1280 Chapter 4: The Technique Used for Sol Nailed Structures ‘+ Second experiment CLOUTERRE at the CEBTP (1359) The aim of the second CEBTP experimental wall was to Took into the stability, both local and flobal ofthe sil nalled mass during the excavation phase. For this, sol nailed wall 6 Fheters high was built then brought fo faire point trough extending the height of tccavation atthe fot ofthe wall from Ifo 3 meters. During the frst excavation phase (1 tneter high excavation), the excavation —like the wall was stable. During the second ‘rcavaign phase @ meters high), local failure occurred and stabilized self rough arching {In overall terms, the wall remained stable. During the third pass (3 meters high), the cficctiveness ofthe arch was destroyed and local failure propagated to the surface level. This, fn turn led to overall and internal failure ofthe wall (figure 12) bm 1.20 outes nae Foie exfoce ! ‘Loyers of locke send Figure 12. Postaiureoteanaton oe second ft scale onposinerta ol nad ‘nll (CEBTP- Foren Nana Projet CLOUTERRE, 1080) ‘+ Third experiment CLOUTERRE at the CEBTP (1989) ‘The third CEBTP experiment with sol ale wall sought to study the typeof alae aus bythe nas Feng foo shor A sll nalled wall 6 meters igh was therlore ‘Snotrucled and brought to allure post by gradually reducing the lngih a he elescople 16‘Soil Naling Recommendations—1891 nails (Comprising nails slid into tubes). After reducing the length of the nalls to a minimum, the whole of the soll nailed mass sank 0.27 cm and slid along a well-defined failure surface, Which was demarcated by the nails (igure 13) “The uniform lengths of the nails used atthe outset of the tial were gradually reduced during the course of the experiment until finally very short nails were used! atthe base of the wall (0150 m), increasing, as a function of height, up to 2.30 meters atthe tp. ‘This layout imposed the shape ofthe failure surface which corresponded to a failure limit between a faite due to lack of adherence and the external folure mode. Evtrocted pars of escape noi Fenteble, ond Pee, o'= 410 Figure 13. Poe stue servations onthe td M-scale experiment ol naled wall (CEBTP-Frencn Rasonl rect CLOUTERRE, 1965). 8 Chapter 1: The Technique Used for Sol Nailed Structures BIBLIOGRAPHY Internal Reports of the French National Project CLOUTERRE. ‘Mémoire de présentation du Projet National "CLOUTERRE,” Avril 1986, ‘Memorandum of Presentation of the National Project CLOUTERRE. CCEBTP (1986). Compte rendu de Vexpérimentation on vraie grandeue de la paroi clouée No 1 Rupture d'une paroi clouée par cassure des armatures, Mai 1996. Report om the experiment No.1 of a full-scale soil nailed wal. Failure of soil nailed wall asa result of breakage ofthe nal (CERMES (1986), Modélisation numérique du clouage, Octobre 1986, ‘Numerical modeling of sil nang. (CERMES (1986). Etude du clouage en modéle réiit, Octobre 1986. ‘Study of sal nailing using smal scale models. IMG (1987), Essai de laboratoireréalsés en chambre de calibration (pré-rapport), Mai 1987. Laboratory tests caried out in a calibration chamber (initial report). SETRA (1987). Le renforcement des ouvrages en Terre Armée, AoGt 1987, Reinforced earth structures CCEBTP (1967). Essais de traction sur différents types de clous dans du sable de Fontainebleau (prérapport, Juin 1987 all-out tests on wrious types of raisin Fontainebleau sand (initial report. CCERMES (1987), Rapports d'avancement, Juillet 1987 1 — Etude du fuage des sables Tl — Essais d/arrachement au triaxial IL — Influence de la mise en place des barres sur le frottement en laboratoire Progress report: 1 Study of creep in sands ML — Diallout tests in triaxial chamber ML = Infuence of instalation methad of the nails om skin friction im the laboratory 0Sol Naling Recommendations—1891 CCERMES (1987) Essai de sable renforcé par des plaques @ la boite de cisillement (‘apport d’avancoment), Septembre 1987. Shear box tests on sand reinforced by plates (progress report. [LCP — CERMES (1987). Premiers essas en centrifugation, Octobre 1987 First centrifuge tess CCEBIP (1987), Projet ‘instrumentation du mur cloué Md de Vautoroute A 71.8 Vierzon, Octobre 1987. Instrumeniation project for the sol nailed wall (M1) section ofthe 7 Verzonhightoay. CCETE DE L/EST (1988. Projet instrumentation des poois clones dt tunel Bois des Cnes,sutoroute A 30,1967. Insertion project for he sol nailed walls tthe tunel — Boi des Che, 30 Highecy ‘CEBTP (1987). Banque de données des esais d'arrachement de clous et autres Inclusions rigides, doc. No.1, Décembre 1987. Data bank containing resus ofpultout tests on nails and other rigid inclusions. (CETE RHONE ALPES (1988). Project «instrumentation de Ta paroi cloude de la tranchée des Esserts RN 90, Mars 1588 Instrumentation project for the sol nailed wall — Esserts cut section of the RN 90 higher. CCETE DE L'EST (1988). Compte rendu instrumentation et de mesures des parois clouges du tunnel du Bois des Chénes, autoroute 30, Mars 1988, ‘Report on instrumentation system and measurements for the sol nailed wall — tunnel at Bots des Chines, Higany A 30. IMG (1988) La méthode des équations intégales aux frontires appliquée au renforce- ‘ment ces sols, Mai 1988 Boundary element method applied to the reinforcing of soils ‘CEBTP (1988) Banque de données des essais d'arrachement de clous et autres Inclusions cigides, doc. No.2, Juin 1988. Data bank containing results of pullout fests on nails and other rigid inclusions ‘CEBIP (1988). Essais de traction de tubes battus dans du sable de Fontainebleay, Juin 1988. Pull-out fests on tubes driven into Fontainebleau sand CCEBTP (1988). Fssais de traction en vraie grandeur de differénts types de clous dans ‘du sable de Fontainebleas, Juin 1988. Full scale pull-out test of oarious nail types in Fontainelenu sand, CCEBIP (1988), Essai de cisaillement in situ sur sol renforeé, Juin 1988, Tn situ shear tes on reinforced sol, 20 [Chapter 1: The Technique Used for Soll Nailed Structures ‘CEBTP (1988). Rapport fina interaction so-clou, Juin 1988, Final report on sili interaction. ‘CERMES (1988). Huage des sabes, Juillet 1988. Creep of sands ‘SEMALY —INSA DE LYON (1988), Instrumentation d’une paroi cloude & Vénisiew, Octobre 1988. Instrumentation ofa soi nailed wall — Vénissicux CCERMES (1988). Modélisation numérique du mur de Saint-Rémy, Octobre 1988, ‘Nuoerical modeling of the wal at Sent Rémy. (CEBTP (1989). Banque de données des essais d'arrachement de clous et autres inclusions rigides, doc. No.3, Janvier 1983 Data bank containing details of pull-out tests on nals and ater rigid inclusions IMG (1989). La méthode des équations intégales aux frontiéres applique au ‘enforcement des sos, Mars 1989. Boundary elements, method applied tothe reinforcement of sol. CCEBTP (1989), Banque de données des essais 'arrachement de clous et autres {inclusions rigides (comparaison avec DTU 132 et SETRA 1985), doc. No. 3 bis), Mars 1989, Data bank containing details of pull-out tests on nails and other rigid inclusions comparisons with DTU 13.2 and SETRA 1985) IMG (1988). Essais de cisallement direct rigidité normale impose sur matériaux fins, Octobre 1989. Direct shear fess with controlled narmal stifnesson fie soils CCEBIP (1985). Mur Ma, Autoroute A 71 Vierzon-Bourges, Décembre 1989. Wall Mg, A 71 Vierzon-Bowrges Freeway. CCEBTP (1988), Compte rendu de I'expérimentation en vraie grandeur dela paroi clouée No. 2. Rupture du massif de sol cloue en cours de terrassement, ‘Décembre 1989, ‘Report om the experiment No. 2 ofa fll sale soil nailed wall. Failure ofthe sit nailed mass during course of excrcaton. (CERMES (1985), Interaction sol-lou, tude en laboratoire, Décembre 1989. Soifail interaction, laboratory tests (CERMES (1986), Modélisation non linéaire des murs cloués: cas dis mur de Saint- ‘Rémy, Décembre 1989, [Nonlinear modeling ofthe zal at Saint-Rémy, aSoil Nailing Recommendations—1991 ‘TERRASOL (1989), Synthése des études de corrosion pour des ouvrages métalliques: enterrés, Décembre 1989. ‘Synopsis of corrosion studies carried out om burried metal structures CCEBTP (1985). Détermination du mode opératoire de Fessai de traction sur clou, Test sur deux types de clous suivant un essai vitesse constante ot un estai par palier de luage, Décembre 1989. Determining the working method for conducting pull-out tests om ail. Tests on too types of nail witha constant spoot test and incremental loading. (CERMES (1989). Interaction sol-clou. Etude & la boite de cssilloment, Décembre 1989. Soilnail interaction. Shear box tests LLCPC (1989). Expérimentation en centrifugeuse sur massifs en sols clouds, Décembre 1988. Centrifuge experiments on sol nailed wal CCEBTP (1985). Compte rendu de lexpérimentation en vraie grandeur de la paroi clouge No.3, Rupture di massif de sol cloué par raccourissement des clous, Décembre 1989, Report om the experiment No3 ofa full-scale soil nailed wal failure of the soil nailed mass caused by shortening ofthe nals. (CETE RHONE ALPS (1989). Compte rendu de Vinstrumentation de la parol clouée de la tranchée des Fsserts, Décembre 1989. Report on instrumentation sytem forthe soil nile wll — Eset cut section 2 Chapter 1: The Technique Used for Soll Nailed Structures PUBLICATIONS BLONDEAU, F. and LUCAS, E (1987). Soutémement dune foulle de grande hauteur (36m) par un mur A anorages multiples et environement sensible (Monaco). Actes 200 KX). These are of longer length and more widely spaced (S, 6, > 1m), and the ‘overall behavior is considered t be similar to that ofthe previous method as long a 5.5, s6m ‘The two main differences between the two methods concern — The stresses taken up by the facing (tension, atthe head ofthe nails, local pressure p of the sll; those stresses are much lower inthe method called “metho of Hurpin,” which makes possible the use of thinner fcing — The forces and bending moment mobilized in the nals in the “method of Hurpin,” neither shear force nor bonding moments are mobilized in the nails Because of their small, ‘moments of inertia. 2. SOILINAIL INTERACTION ‘Two types of interaction develop in nailing used in retaining structures: — The most important interaction isthe shear stress {skin fiction) applied by the soil along ‘the nail, whieh induces tension in the nails. = A second, less important interaction i the passive pressure ofthe earth along the nait luring the displacement ofthe latter. The passive earth pressure mobilized makes possible the bending moment and shear force to be snobilize in the nals this oblizstion occurs only ifa shear zane develops in the soil nile! mass 2. Soil/nail friction 2.1.4. Similarity between skin fiction in afl and an in situ sol -with Reinforced Earth has shown that friction along a linear reinforcement placed within a soil and subject to tension was affected by the three-dimensional nature of the contact surfaces. In dense granular sol, under the effet of shear stresses t applied by the reinforcement, the tendency’ of the zone of s0i surrounding the reinforcement to increase is Volume is restrained by the low compressblity ofthe neighhoring sol this results in an increase Ao ofthe normal initial stress 6, applied to the surface ofthe rzorcement. This is 28 2‘Soll Nailing Recommendations—1991 the phenomenon of restrained dilatancy (Schlosser and Elias, 1978) that, in the case of Reinforced Earth, ld to the definition ofan apparent cofiient of friction y defined by: wed z. hich can be significantly higher than the real coefficient of fiction: aie » ‘This phenomenon was measured in situ forthe first time by Phumelle (1978) at the CEBTP during pull-out tess of passive ground anchors that had been buried in an embankment consisting of Fontainebleau sand. Figure 4 shows tha, inthe immediate vicinity of the {ground anchor, the increase Ao can reach four times the value ofthe initial normal stress 6 2 (KPa) sano £) a0 7 mnessure ces \d 1 @— crouno Ancor ee Disence_ d (am) rae % ® 20 Figure 4 incrase of nomal sas du to etna lata soured an cui that toner ‘Within the framework of the Project CLOUTERRE (French National Project CLOUTERRE, (CERMES, December 1989), this phenomenon was also observed during the pullout tests of ssallscale nails in a minicalibration chamber, while the adaitional normal siress generated ‘was measured locally Figure 5 shows, inthe case of a smooth nal, the variations of yin function of the initial stress and the density ofthe sand Chapter 2: Sol Neiling in Retaining Structures: Mechanisms and Behavior Concerning soil nailing and in situ soils, the same phenomenon of restrained dilatancy for fiction on nails was observed by Cartier and Gigan, 1983. It was also shown by Schlosser (1983), that the soi nal unt skin fiction 4, was practically independent ofthe depth: the decrease of the apparent friction coefficient» with depth, due fo the decrease of eiatancy, is ‘compensated by the increase ofthe normal vertical stress ¢, = =; that i to say: 4, =w (2) yz = constant o| ecg” FSS Ne t inane (Low density sand, es Ty = 8%! pe #5% 1 com oe r, Figure Vien t y= 18 apa incon st, (GEMES, LOLTERNE, 180 Figure 6, taken from observations on the A86 freeway experimental sol nailed wall with lsven steel angles (Carter and Gigan, 1983), illustrates this point. ‘There is therefore a certain similarity between friction in piles and in nals that justifies the use of correlations between the results of in stu tests and the soil nal unt skin fiction g, along the nails at