STIFFNESS MATRIX METHOD

by
D.MANOJ
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
KAMALA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
KARIMNAGAR, TELANGANA.
 Session Outcome
After the end of this session you will be able to,Understand
1.)Why Matrix method

2.)Classification of Matrix method

3.)What is Flexibility Matrix method

4.)Stiffness Matrix method

5.)Stiffness Matrix
6.)Analysis of Continous beam and Frames using Stiffness Matrix Method
 Why Matrix Method?
• The analysis of indeterminate structures is the major field in Structural Engineering.

• There are several method of the analysis.

• For hand calculations the best among all method is Kani's Method. But this method will not

be convenient for the analysis of present day multistorey buildings.

• The need for the analysis of high degree indeterminate structures and development of

computers have given rise to the new method called the matrix method.
Classification of Matrix Method
Matrix Method

Flexibiity matrix method Stiffness matrix method

 What is Flexibility Matrix Method
• The systematic development of consistent deformation method in the matrix form has lead to

flexibility matrix method

• In this method basic unknowns are redundant forces.

• Hence,the analyst has to first identify basic determinate structures and thereby identify

redundant forces.

• It's an force method which is also known as Flexibility method (or) compatibility method.
 Introduction to Stiffness Matrix Method
• The systematic development of slope deflection method in the matrix form has given rise to

stiffness matrix method.

• In this method the basic unknowns are displacements of joints.

• The equations of equilibrium are formed and solved to get slopes and deflections at the

joints.

• Using these, moments and shear forces are calculated.

• This method is known as stiffness matrix, in other words also known as Displacement (or)

Equilibrium method.
 Stiffness Matrix
• If a structure is having n coordinates, its force response to the displacement is represented
by
 K 11 K 12 .... K 1n 
 K 21 K 22 .... K 2 n 

[K] =  .... .... .... .... 
 
 Kn1 Kn 2 .... Knn 
and this matrix is known as stiffness matrix.
• The element of stiffness matrix Kij is the force at coordinate i due to a unit displacement at
coordinte j.

• Hence Kii ∆i is the force developed at coordinate i due to displacement ∆i at i.

• Similarly, Kij ∆j is the force developed at coordinate i due to displacement ∆j at j.

• Hence, inorder to generate jth column of the stiffness matrix, unit displacement should be

given in coordinate j and the force developed at all other coordinate directions are

determined.

• Thus, to develop the stiffness matrix, unit displacement should be given successively in

coordinates 1,2,3,.......,n and the forces developed at all the coordinates are computed.

• From Maxwell's theorem, Kij=Kji

 Stiffness Matrix Method
• In this method, the basic unknowns to be determined in the analysis are the displacement
components of various joints.

• Hence, the degree of kinematic indeterminancy (degree of freedom) is identified first.

• Coordinate number is assigned to each one of the unknown displacement component.

• Thus, the basic unknowns are ∆1,∆2,∆3,.......,∆n the displacements in coordinate direction
1,2,3,.....,n respectively.

• To start with, the joint displacement in all direction are restrained. In other words, we start the
analysis with a restrained structure.
• Let the forces developed due to applied loads in the restrained structure in the coordinate
directions be P1,P2,P3,.........Pn.

• Determine the stiffness matrix of the structure by applying unit diplacement in each of the
coordinate direction and find the forces developed.

• Let [K] be the stiffness matrix and [∆] be the displacement vector.
• Let the final forces develped be [P].

• Then, form the principal of superposition and equilibrium condition, the forces developed in
the coordinate directions are
P1= P1L + K11∆1 + K12∆2 + ....... + K1n∆n

P2= P2L + K21∆1 + K22∆2 + ....... + K2n∆n

... .... ...... ....... ........

Pn=PnL + Kn1∆1 + Kn2∆2 + ........ + Knn∆n

 i.e, [P]= [PL] + [K] [∆]
(or) [K] [∆] = [P] -[PL] = [P - PL ]

• Solving this stiffness equation, the displacement in all the coordinate directions can be found
n
using the equilibrium equation Pi = PiL +  K  all the required forces can be found.
j =1
ij i

• This method also known as

I. Stiffness matrix method: Since, stiffness matrix is used

II. Displacement Method: Since, displacement are basic unknowns

III. Equilibrium method: Since, Equilibrium are formed and solved.

 Step by Step procedure of Stiffness Matrix method

Step 1: Determine the degree of kinematic indeterminancy, n.

Step 2: Assign the coordinate number to the unknown displacements.

Step 3: Impose restraints in all coordinate directions to get a fully restrained structure.

Step 4: Determine the forces developed in each of the coordinate direction of a fully restrained

structure. It is called as [PL].

Step 5: Determine the stiffness matrix [K] by giving unit displacement to the restrained structure

in each of the coordinate directions and find the forces developed in all the coordinate

directions.
Step 6: Observing all the final forces in various coordinate directions, note the final forces [P].

Step 7: From and solve the stiffness equation [K] [∆] = [P - PL ] to get the displacement D in the

coordinate directions.

Step 8: Calculate the member forces using these joint displacements.

PROBLEM 1:
Analyse the continuous beam shown in figure below by displacement method. Take EI constant
throughout.

SOLUTION:
Step 1: Degree of kinematic Indeterminancy: 0+1+1=2

Step 2: Assign coordinates number to unknown displacement shown in fig 1(a)

Step 3: Impose restraints structure to get fully restrained structure

Step 4: Forces developed in each of the coordinate direction of a fully restrained structure

 60 X 4 2  100X 3  = - 37.5 KN.m

MFAB = -   = - 80KN.m ; M FBC= -
 8 
 12 

 60 X 4 2  100X 3 
MFBA =   = 80KN.m ; M FCB=  8  = 37.5 KN.m
 12 
 The forces(moments in this case) developed in the coordinate directions due to the given loads
are
P1L = MFBA + MFBC = 80 - 37.5 = 42.5
P2L= MFCB = 37.5

Step 5: Determination of Stiffness Matrix

It is assembled by using the slope deflection equations
(a) Unit displacement in coordinate direction 1:

One radian rotation is given to support B in coordinate direction 1. then forces developed in
coordinate direction 1 and 2 are found (using slope deflection equation)
 2EI 2EI
K11 = ( 2θB + θA – 0) + ( 2θB + θC - 0) Since, θA= 0 , θB = 1 , θC = 0
4 3

7EI
= 4EI + 4EI =
4 3 3

K21= 2EI ( 2 θ + θ – 0) = 2EI

C B 3
3
(b) Unit displacement in coordinate direction 2:

One radian rotation is given to support C in the coordinate direction 2 [fig 1(d)] and the
forces(moments) developed in the coordinate direction are found.
 2EI 2EI
K12 = (2θB + θC - 0) =
3 3
K22 = 2EI
(2θC + θB- 0) = 4EI
3 3
Step 6: Final Forces in all coordinate direction are Zero

0 
P= 0 
 

Step 7: Solving stiffness equation

Stiffness equation is [K] [∆] = [P – PL ]

 [K] [∆] = [P – PL ]
 7 EI
 3
2 EI 
3 
 1  0 − 42.5
 2 EI 4 EI   2  = 0 − 37.5

 3 3 

  

 EI  7 2  1   − 42.5
  =
 3  2
  
4   2   − 37.5

−1
 1  3 7 2 − 42.5
 2  = EI 2   
4  − 37.5
  

 3  1   4 − 2 − 42.5
      
 EI  (7 X 4) − (2 X 2)  − 2 7   − 37.5
=
 1  − 11.875 
=
− 22.188
EI  

 11.875 
θB = -  
 EI 
θC = -  22.188 
 EI 
θA = 0
Step 8: Calculating member forces using joint displacements.

MAB = MFAB + 2 EI (2θA + θB - 3Δ/L)

L
2EI  − 11.875 
= - 80 + 4  EI  = - 85.938 KN-m
 2 EI  − 2 X 11.875 
MBA = 80+   = 68.130 KN-m
4 EI 

2 EI  − 2 X 11.875 22.188 
MBC= - 37.5 +  −  = - 68.125 KN-m
3  EI EI 

2 EI  − 11.875 2 X 22.188 
MCB= 37.5 +  −  =0
3  EI EI 
Problem 2: Using stiffness matrix method analyze the frame shown in fig 2(a). Take EI constant
throughout.

Solution:
Step 1: Degree of freedom of given structure = 3

Step 2: Assign coordinate number to given structure

.
Step 3: Making Structure fully restrained structure

Step 4: Forces developed in each of the coordinate direction of a fully restrained structure

MFAB=MFBA=MFCD=MFDC=MFCE=MFEC=0

 
2  40 X 60 2 
MFBC= -  40 X 60  = - 120 KN-m ; MFCB=   = 120 KN-m
 12   12 
 − 120
 120 
PL=  
 0 

Step 5: Determination of Stiffness Matrix

It is assembled by using the slope deflection equations
(a) Unit displacement in coordinate direction 1:
 2 EI 2 EI
K11 = L
(2θB+ θA) + L
(2θB+ θC)

= 4EI + 4EI
6 6
4EI
=
3
2 EI 2 EI 2 EI
K21= K12 = (2θC+θB) + (2 θC+ θD) + (2 θC+ θE)
L L L

2EI EI
= =
6 3

K31= K13=0
(b) Unit displacement in coordinate direction 2:

4EI 4EI 20EI

K22= + 4EI + =
6 6 4.5 9
2EI 4EI
K32=K23= =
4.5 9
(c) Unit displacement in coordinate direction 3:

4 EI 8 EI
K33 = =
4.5 9
Step 6: Final Forces
0 
0 
P=  
0

Step 7: Solving Stiffness equation

Stiffness equation is [K] [∆] = [P – PL ]

12 3 0  1  0 − − 120
 EI      
   3 20 4  2  = 0 − 120 
 9 
 0 4 8   3  0 − 0 
−1
 1  12 3 0  120 
 2  =  9   3 20 4 − 120
   EI     
  3   0 4 8   0 
  1   144 − 24 12   120 
 2  =  9   1 
− −  − 120
 
   EI  12(160 − 16) − 3(24 − 0) + 0(12 − 0)   24 96 48  
  3     12 − 48 231   0 

B   109.565 
C  = 1 − 78.261
  EI  
E   39.130 

Step 8: Calculating member forces using joint displacements.

2 EI 109.565
MAB = X = 36.522 KN .m
6 EI

2 EI  2 X 109.565 
MBA = − MBC =   = 73.043KN .m
6  EI 
 2 EI  109.565 2 X 78.261 
MCB = 120 +  −  = 104.348KN .m
6  EI EI 

2 EI  2 X − 78.261 39.130 
MCE =  +  = −52.174 KN .m
4.5 EI EI 

2 EI  − 78.261 2 X 39.130 
MEC =  +  =0
4.5  EI EI 

2 EI  2 X − 78.261
MCD =   = −52.174 KN .m
6  EI 
2 EI  − 78.261
MDC =   = −26.087 KN .m
6  EI 
Problem 3: Analyse the continuous beam shown in figure below. If the support B sinks by 10mm
using displacement method. Take EI=6000 KNm2

Solution:
Step 1: Degree of kinematic Indeterminancy: 0+1+1+0=2
Step 2: Assign coordinate number to given structure
Step 3: Making Structure fully restrained

Step 4: Forces developed in each of the coordinate direction of a fully restrained structure
 6 EI 6 E ( 2 I )0.01
MFAB= − 2
= − 2
= −80 KN .m
L 3

6 EI 6 E ( 2 I )0.01
MFBA= − 2
= − 2
= −80 KN .m
L 3

MFBC= 6 EI 6 E ( 2.5 I )0.01

= = 56.25 KN .m
L2 42

6 EI 6 E (2.5 I )0.01

MFCB=
2
= 2
= 56.25 KN .m
L 4

− 80 + 56.25 − 23.75
PL=  56.25  =  56.25 
   
Step 5: Stiffness Matrix
(a) Unit displacement in coordinate direction 1:
 4 E (2 I ) 4 E (2.5 I )
K11= + = 5.167 EI
3 4

2 E (2.5 I )
K21 = = 1.25 EI
4
(b) Unit displacement in coordinate direction 2:

2 E (2.5I )
K12 = = 1.25EI
4
Step 6: Final Forces in all coordinate direction
K22 = 4 E (2.5I ) + 4 E (2.5I ) = 5EI
4 4 0 
P=
0 
 
Step 7: Stiffness equation
[K] [∆] = [P - PL ]

5.167 1.25  1  0 − (−23.75)

EI  =
 1.25 5   2   0 − (56.25) 
  

−1
 1  1 5.167 1.25  23.75 
 2  = EI  1.25  − 56.25
   5   

1  1  5 − 1.25  23.75 
=  
EI  24.2725  − 1.25 5.167  − 56.25

B  1  7.79 
C  = EI − 13.198
   
7.79 − 13.198
B = & C =
EI EI
Step 8: Calculating member forces using joint displacements

2 E (2 I )  7.79 
MAB = −80 + 0 + − 0  = −69.613KN .m
3  EI 
2 E (2 I )  2 X 7.79 
MBA = −80 +  0 + − 0  = −59.227 KN .m
3  EI 

2 E (2.5I )  2 X 7.79 − 13.198 

MBC = 56.25 +   = 59.227 KN .m
4  EI 

2 E (2.5I )  7.79 − 2 X 13.198 

MCB = 56.25 +   = 33KN .m
4  EI 
 2 E (2.5I )  2 X − 13.198 
MCD = 0 +   = −32.995KN .m
4  EI 

2 E (2.5 I )  − 13.198 
MDC = 0 +   = −16.50 KN .m
4  EI 
Problem 4: Analyze the frame shown in fig 4(a) by Stiffness matrix method.

Solution:
Step 1:Degree of freedom for the given structure: 1+1+1=3
Step 2: Selection of coordinates and restrained structure as shown in fig 4(b)
Step 3: Forces developed in each of the coordinate direction of a fully restrained structure

 30 X 4 2 
MFBC= −   = −40 KN .m
 12 

 30 X 4 2 
MFCB=   = 40 KN .m
 12 
Other fixed end moments are Zero.
  0 
− 40
PL =  
 40 

Step 4: Stiffness Matrix

(a) Unit displacement in coordinate direction 1:
12 EI 12 EI
K11 = 3
+ 3 = 1.6875EI
4 2
6 EI
K21=K12= − 2
= −0.375EI
4
6 EI
K31=K13= − 2
= −1.5EI
2
(b) Unit displacement in coordinate direction 2:

4 EI 4 EI
K22= + = 2 EI
4 4
2 EI
K32=K23= = 0.5 EI
4
(c) Unit displacement in coordinate direction 3:
4 EI 4 EI
K33 = + = 3EI
4 2

Step 5: Final Forces in all coordinate direction

50
Step 6: Stiffness Equation  
P=  0 
[K] [Δ] = [P – PL]  0 
  1.6875 − 0.375 − 1.5  1   50 
− 0.375 2 0.5   2  =  40 
EI     
 − 1.5 0.5 3    3  − 40

−1
 1   1.6875 − 0.375 − 1.5  50 
 2 = 1 − 0.375 2 0.5   40 
  EI    
 3  − 1.5 0.5 3  − 40

 5.75 0.375 2.8125   50 

=
1  0.375 2 .8125 − 0 .28125  40 
EI [1.6875(6 − 0.25) + 0.375(−1.125 + 0.75) − 1.5(−0.1875 + 3)]   
2.8125 − 0.28125 3.2344  − 40

 1 35.556 
B  = 1 26.667 
  EI  
C 
  
 0 

Step 7: Calculating member forces using joint displacements

2 EI  26.667 3 X 35.556 
MAB = 0 + EI −  =0
4 4 EI 

2 EI 1  3 X 35.556 
MBA = X  0 + 2 X 26.667 −  = 13.333KN .m
4 EI  4 
2 EI  2 X 26.667 + 0 
MBC =   − 40 = −13.333KN .m
4  EI 
2 EI  26.667 
MCB =  EI  + 40 = 53.333KN .m
L
2 EI  3 X 35.556 
MCD =  0−  = −53.333KN .m
2  2 EI 

2 EI  3 X 35.556 
MDC = 0 − 2 EI  = −53.333KN .m
2
THANK YOU