Mechanisms:​ ​ROS​ ​Signal​ ​Transduction

electron​ ​sometimes​ ​get​ ​diverted​ ​to​ ​complex​ ​1​ ​and​ ​complex​ ​2​ ​to
form​ ​super​ ​anion​ ​oxide​ ​radicals
ROS​ ​is​ ​a​ ​stun​ ​gun​ ​in​ ​regular​ ​time,​ ​thats​ ​why​ ​so​ ​many
ligands​ ​induce​ ​a​ ​burst​ ​of​ ​ROS,​ ​appears​ ​to​ ​stun​ ​the
inactivation​ ​of​ ​the​ ​receptor

phosphatase​ ​with​ ​thiol​ ​residue,​ ​cycle​ ​of​ ​phosphatase

being​ ​inactivated​ ​and​ ​reconstituted​ ​wth
thiols…sulfenic​ ​acid...but​ ​with​ ​increasing​ ​ROS,​ ​then
you​ ​get​ ​inactivated​ ​form​ ​of​ ​phosphatase,​ ​and​ ​the
phosphatase​ ​is​ ​out​ ​of​ ​the​ ​picture…​ ​and​ ​thus​ ​we​ ​lost
our​ ​ability​ ​to​ ​regulate.

KEAP​ ​complex​ ​is​ ​ROS​ ​sensor..​ ​sequestered​ ​in

cytoplasm​ ​by​ ​KEAP1​ ​sequesters​ ​NRF2,​ ​Full​ ​of
THIOL​ ​groups​ ​so​ ​its​ ​a​ ​redox​ ​sensor,​ ​controls​ ​Nrf2
levels​ ​and​ ​location…​ ​if​ ​no​ ​ROS​ ​its​ ​sequestered​ ​in​ ​the
cytoplasm…. Increase​ ​in​ ​ROS,​ ​Nrf2​ ​migrates​ ​to​ ​nucleus​ ​where​ ​its
phosphorylated, interact​ ​with​ ​other​ ​protective​ ​and​ ​binds​ ​to​ ​the​ ​ARE
(antioxidative response​ ​element),​ ​expression​ ​of​ ​antioxidative
enzyme​ ​genes….