Professional Documents
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Queueing Models
Calling population
System
y Customers Server
Reception desk People Receptionist
Hospital Patients Nurses
Ai
Airport
t Ai l
Airplanes R
Runway
Production line Cases Case-packer
Road network Cars Traffic light
Grocery Shoppers Checkout station
Computer Jobs CPU, disk, CD
N t
Network
k P k t
Packets R t
Router
n nn-11
• Infinite
I fi it population
l ti model:
d l if arrival
i l rate
t iis nott affected
ff t d bby the
th
number of customers being served and waiting, e.g., systems with
large population of potential customers.
Assumption:Allways
sufficient supply of
raw material.
Number of
customers in the
system
y
Time
Number of
customers in the
system
y
Time
where W1, W2, …, WN are the individual times that each of the N
customers spend in the system during [0,T].
N
1
wQ =
ˆ
N
∑ i ⎯N⎯→⎯∞ → wQ
W Q
i =1
A4 D2
A3 D3
A1 D1 A2 D4 A5 D5
Average # in
Lˆ = λˆwˆ Average
system System time
A i l rate
Arrival
L = λw as T → ∞ and N → ∞
Lˆs = ρˆ ⎯T⎯
⎯→ Ls = ρ
→∞
λ
and ρ = λ ⋅ E (s) =
μ
λ
• For a single-server stable queue: ρ= <1
μ
Ls λ
ρ= = , where λ < cμ for stable systems
c cμ
• In
I general, l variability
i bilit off iinterarrival
t i l and
d service
i titimes causes
lines to fluctuate in length.
A1 = A2 = … = λ-11 = 10
• Services are stochastic
• E(Si) = 99.3
3 min
• V(S0) = 0.81 min2
• σ = 0.9 min
• The occurrence of a
relatively long service time
• On average, the physician's (S2 = 12) causes a waiting line
utilization is
to form temporarily.
ρ = λ/μ
μ = 0.93 < 1
• If λ̂ customers per hour arrive (on average), the average cost per
hour is:
⎛ ˆ customer ⎞⎛ $10 ⋅ wˆ Q ⎞ $ 10 ⋅ ˆ
L
⎜λ ⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = $10 ⋅ λˆ ⋅ wˆ Q = Q
P ( L(t ) = n) = Pn (t ) = Pn
• Apply Little’s
Little s equation L=λ w, to the whole system and to the
equation, L
queue alone:
L 1
w= , wQ = w − , LQ = λwQ
λ μ
• G/G/c/∞/∞ example: to have a statistical equilibrium, a
necessary and sufficient condition is:
λ
ρ= <1
cμ
Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ▪ Ch. 8 Queueing Models 8.43
M/G/1 Queues
• Single-server queues with Poisson arrivals and unlimited capacity.
• Suppose service times have mean 1/μ and variance σ 2 and ρ = λ / μ < 1,
the steady-state parameters of M/G/1 queue:
λ
ρ=
μ
P0 = 1 − ρ
ρ 2 (1 + σ 2 μ 2 ) The particular
L=ρ+ distribution is not
2(1 − ρ ) known!
λ (1 / μ 2 + σ 2 )
1
w= +
μ 2(1 − ρ )
ρ 2 (1 + σ 2 μ 2 ) ρ server utilization
LQ = P0 probability of empty system
2(1 − ρ ) L long-run time-average number of customers in system
λ (1 / μ 2 + σ 2 ) w long-run average time spent in system per customer
wQ = LQ long-run time-average number of customers in queue
2(1 − ρ ) wQ long-run average time spent in queue per customer
ρ2 λ2σ 2
LQ = +
2(1 − ρ ) 2(1 − ρ )
• The proportion of arrivals who find Able idle and thus experience no delay is
P0 = 1-ρ = 1/5 = 20%.
Pn = (1 − ρ )ρ n
0,15
P0 = 1 − ρ 0,10
λ ρ 0,05
L= =
μ −λ1− ρ 0 00
0,00
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
1 1
w= =
μ − λ μ (1 − ρ ) ρ server utilization
λ2 ρ2 P0 probability of empty system
LQ = = L long-run time-average number of customers in system
μ (μ − λ ) 1 − ρ w long-run average time spent in system per customer
λ ρ LQ long-run time-average number of customers in queue
wQ = = wQ long-run average time spent in queue per customer
μ (μ − λ ) μ (1 − ρ )
16
of Customers
continually grow in length 12
10
Number o
8
i system
in t (L) is
i highly
hi hl 2
nonlinear as a function of ρ. 0
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
rho
• For almost all queues, if lines are too long, they can be
reduced by decreasing server utilization (ρ) or by decreasing
the service time variability (σ2).
• A measure of the variability of a distribution:
• coefficient
ff off variation (cv):
V (X )
(cv) 2 =
[E ( X )]2
• The larger cv is, the more variable is the distribution relative to its
expected value
• For exponential service times with rate µ
• E(X) = 1/µ
• V(X) = 1/µ2
¨ cv = 1
ρ 2 (1 + σ 2 μ 2 )
LQ =
2(1 − ρ )
⎛ ρ 2 ⎞⎛ 1 + (cv) 2 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1 − ρ ⎟⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
Calling population
λ 1
Waiting line
2
λ
ρ=
cμ
−1
⎧⎪⎡ c −1 (λ / μ ) n ⎤ ⎡⎛ λ ⎞ c ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ cμ ⎞⎤ ⎫⎪
P0 = ⎨⎢∑ ⎥ + ⎢⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎥ ⎬
Probability that ⎪⎩⎣ n =0 n! ⎦ ⎢⎣⎝ μ ⎠ ⎝ c! ⎠⎝ cμ − λ ⎠⎥⎦ ⎪⎭
all servers are (cρ ) c P0
P ( L (∞ ) ≥ c ) =
busy c!(1 − ρ )
(cρ ) c +1 P0 ρ ⋅ P ( L (∞ ) ≥ c )
L = cρ + = cρ +
c(c!)(1 − ρ ) 2
1− ρ
L
w=
λ
ρ ⋅ P (L (∞ ) ≥ c )
LQ =
1− ρ
L − LQ = cρ
− λμ ( λμ ) n
Pn = e , n = 0,1, K
n!
− λμ
P0 = e
1
w=
μ
wQ = 0
λ
L=
μ
LQ = 0
λ
L = = 500 ⋅ 3 = 1500
μ
• To ensure providing adequate capacity 95% of the time, the number
of parallel users c has to be restricted
c c
e −1500 (1500) n
P ( L(∞) ≤ c) = ∑ Pn = ∑ ≥ 0.95
n =0 n =0 n!
λ ⎡ c
a n a c N n −c ⎤
−1
a= P0 = ⎢1 + ∑ + ∑ ρ ⎥
μ ⎣ n =1 n ! c! n = c +1 ⎦
λ aN
ρ= PN =
c!c N −c
P0
cμ
P0 a c ρ
LQ =
c!(1 − ρ )
( 1 − ρ N −c − ( N − c) ρ N −c (1 − ρ ) )
λe = λ (1 − PN )
LQ
wQ =
λe (1 - PN) probability
b bilit that
th t a
customer will find a
1
w = wQ + space and be able to
μ enter the system
L = λe w
K Customers
Mean runtime 1
1/λ
Waiting line with capacity K-c
2
where λe is the long run effective arrival rate of customers to queue (or entering/exiting service)
K
λe = ∑ ( K − n)λPn
n =0
• Then, we can obtain the other Pn, and can compute the
expected number of machines in system:
10
L= ∑ nP
n =0
n = 3.17 machines
Out Out
In In
• The following
g results assume a stable system
y with infinite
calling population and no limit on system capacity:
• Provided that no customers are created or destroyed in the queue,
then the departure rate out of a queue is the same as the arrival rate
into the queue, over the long run.
• If customers arrive to queue i at rate λi, and a fraction 0 ≤ pij ≤ 1 of
them are routed to queue j upon departure, then the arrival rate
f
from queue i to i λj =λi pij over the
t queue j is th long
l run.
λj = aj + ∑λ p
all i
i ij
• If arrivals from outside the network form a Poisson process with rate
aj for each queue j, and if there are cj identical servers delivering
exponentially
i ll di
distributed
ib d service
i times
i i h mean 1//μj, then,
with h in
i
steady state, queue j behaves likes an M/M/cj queue with arrival rate
λj = aj + ∑λ p
all i
i ijj
• Hence:
• Arrival rate to service center 1 is λ1 = 80(0.4) = 32 per hour
• Arrival rate to service center 2 is λ2 = 80(0.6)
( ) = 48 p per hour.
• c2 = 3 clerks and μ2 = 20 customers per hour.
• The long-run utilization of the clerks is:
ρ2 = 48/(3×20)
( ) = 0.8
• All customers must see the cashier at service center 3, the overall rate to
service center 3 is λ3 = λ1 + λ2 = 80 per hour.
• If μ3 = 90 per hour, then the utilization of the cashier is:
ρ3 = 80/90 = 0.89