The Problem of Dasa levenwill 1 Pretace Slave; in the second the Century that separated tie., was one of extraordinary 1, economic and social px and their descendants. All of thes, Hm—are the interrelated subjecs, Over the course of that century Afro-Jamaicans a nin Santon balance between peasen, farming and labor on the aig Porcreniatss, then created a vital econn based on the fruit trade buteventually were reduced toe a “The Matrix of Reform: Povidenc’sInmunent De ‘Adam Smith’ Invisible Hand TT Spasithe larger contest of progressive riorm whence h spine Tee iste oe rans ray Peting Parinrnent ha enaced the Great Reform Act 82 mat {hangs ol its system of clectral representation and stage. Thay ees secscie isan vascccre Be ete ie pled pce ed net Ree eel pte acca oe not te cece I etary race Pacis pagent Peed eed tac vy are Acon Bl pe a tases cnc ls ar nbs grrenng Deer vere cose ta dove xa opin eas ee poke tn oer sod tv welded ee lege an ants, ontenpoen were lye asas Stenger ot Reem Tadeo ious ser ut Colo Srey Ewa aay was eleing when ew ence ute Aton Grete" Wer sed humane pth ag” ven at ae ic pcoiny mart Wot nn pe sd a oy tea pop shorn On Sa ray ce wy dnp” Tse cn aa on ee moral emanel nend ey SRST rag ier snd teion o amgay ere indian ecooric Power both as 3 ides ine ternal weahs : Ton by 4 ono ladies ere ess overproduction. The dcsone a ate evs an the sae sar a cies in the exponinon of capa en Tog Tet proponent cman ergs an extension ofthe movement tat ag ae the har many of the leading eMANCIPatoniss ae ent ereliblity to Williams's inthe has Been undermined By r : ea Rage Atay ad Seymour Drescher. expel te abolitionists used economic arguments ned objections to the slave trade rather Mound. Both Anstey and Drescher citicze fe olin aseesaie eoogy to any sp: gros rho might have been mobilized 0 spr Pipe aave trade Infact. it appears to them much eas voponte inka, tat is that the nev British ns (Bethe inthe United States, were more likely to opp © tenia than to support them. Moreover, rather than de ive empire was booming atthe turn ofthe nineteenth uading to Drescher, whether viewed fr00 the pers sshareo Beith trade or of the pretuctive caps ea ne Willams 5 empl monopol general py thet ta mart. Having been cay “Tee Meaning of Freedom | 23 a aa cto se Bat ton of he Fo apm Ths jag | etic ncn Goeemstameansnorens Cnn ete hat ractormation wes oon, es. Perera responsiblity? Was that capitaiom stained ees tees tien ont atom oamof which wasan intense empathy forslwver Or athecrneasns File economic order could be reconciled? c eet es cnt nn cee se a on aes pans oa ae £70 me SS ca Rei et. Vinarcnor casos ae paced vores ieseectiy yest Scserer ase te eres coerce lr heer eaahaanpatanened ieee mscoontces acces | egeleheowperpbeblaelans crc oat oes “Ie harcton Sesion nsec tnt ns SE ae language tot the meses could understand. They tips pctretes etn yes hte ere ofanmanel al hppa atone at pan rome teen cbs pening ‘lene that Willams devoted his efforts His agument des no rest Secictaonan genet vos ore ana he clearly thought some were), nor even thatthe capitalists seat rowed slo, tr, hen em ‘tobe that British aptalts were an esti rp 1 the auelement ort en ition wee ey Dav argues tat iat wt i prac hy spac cn aver. Byte lt her ecg tat cont lghtened” people had come roves eee ee meegrnnive on Pot reocs svanacivoniat ares withthe dual revolutions” ofthe ea ry tastonal justifications ot ster —as bib i erretre—exne trder nc taney. The ac of secular philosophies and evangeic a Pe nay ey elope een Mech et eee rcedip canes as epehenne aa ae a Bray Adu Sith could condemn savy a pore expensive than a fee labor system. I was more Was also mon for scdety asa whole because it inhibited the growth ot industry, and national wealth. On the other hand, ir Protestants, slavery inhibited the master's moral progre tine that it brutalized the slave. The masters godike Aanather human being and the denial of moral agency 1. thnlled oanother's will were inevitable sources of sin sot ‘Thesystem stymied the progressive transformation of has {and was contrary to God'simmanent historical design. Thos ‘Sf beth its economic and its religious defenses, slavery bors. ‘another pecuniary interest vulnerable to competing intence ‘ompeting interests generally arose among the bourgeois cas femergad from the ongoing capitalist revolution. But eually ‘The Meaning of Freedom | A See pr cic ect nee _enpspr eee seen ties the older, external, overt mecharisn - ae or the emerging “iree” wage labor system teat a Miotictogan cycles = ing srry ars cag eae Hike those made against Williams's, actully hu cone then set a rect ane ee aa Ahatinformed both. Its chet virtue shat by covery he an bec primary roposticlriemenne we eke Seep we ery tof encase ae Be penete cic tween csore an ely Eemendeimens tut meautn ovens ne. Fetesertjcinenerpeonon cf tegen Secs Kee tugh which height of opesens pce Wak Famer that lends and ese mesang pen (Retr tand,experence—w ayes yes ae re Gta tare hy generate cs deanna fester porto ne crprceso one ens re ie Peete cnet vaste caging ptt src sa SRR tip icstions for aman reluicn. How was one tc {Spin freedom in socey here ec ean aor wet Tepid chanpngtPieetet eran cca conape uuu drier Sisters Gregory: rer ered: nr. ite ed, bag eet cd oncew, ons oc ‘symbolize “all the forces that threatened the true destiny of man." Ith way sve peda he ar as eda antithesis of freedom. If slavery meant subordination to theBal ne mtr 1 the gap Det jes to social action. When widely sh aple whe ate oriae seymour Drescher argues, withthe yon “hash was the tion, It was not the bow of British abo artisans, who provided the troup sn eae errr ey bool “diplaced workers responded with empathy fo se “The movement sprang up in these areas because the FeMinique combination of psychological and politcal ls dhvery as social system, yet expenienced Close in ive tates through commercial relations. Similars, ea na Iralzaton patterns created a clas of worke dans recently freed of traditional paternal Ibo ela pois class, but hss. cengy ofthe at lity. Th ‘The Meaning of Freedom | atten Ripe re mergers owatonna aks Femate of opinion” and exerting politcal presure ey enn '* 7 Pieter ncenirgy sary remee Ppirenaboct a undies ptisone earn aes abolition of the slave trae: by 183 te ston ey footed Pariament with fie thousand pits easeeen nt {5 milion people demanding the atcltonseaacagse 2 But should we characterize a movement by her i orby how tsleadership defined ts oyectoes srry much on the question one wants to adem Wane can Gamine abolionism asa scl owen, the apes cts important. The supporters that stinced ved oe ta ne the ment ofthat movement. I ne is concerned sth sheers Teucomes, however then the content of ilesogy sumed ne ‘ssders maybe its mos salient featireAboltonsm exitedon seen devel twas an aspect of humanitarian sentiment which ces yee ions about the sources ofthis new empathy. Why os Dashes shea “did men suddenly deine as immoral an insiton ta ha een a lccepted part of Western cle and moray for cemure? Iw focal and political mass movement, which raises questons of whe and Wwhy, and what the mechanism was for ther maton, land how did people collectively attack avery an force their perceptions onto the larger pubic andthe goverment? Bat “ely oe st deal withthe bsteof abolition os puic poy, “Which in turn raises question of ster of he maton amo forces, of politcal jadgment, ofthe pnp fe implementation, In short tw queso of governance and Phow those who governed. gen ther ow internal dynamics of land mobilization, were moved t particular actions. The tehy men of one dss would ead an antsavery campaign oe separable rom why others would low and partite ope atracted neanswer depend, ‘the question why the governing clase—the Ministry and -ser anatagous Mean planers tee experierng open ea, at och marae iin i fn ent esc os gs reac pe See tnd lower pron ss re ic . ee eae nn eae climcring voc en ined Pg he meter con eee mein 1835 tha i would ho ion oan capital was already beginning ere Scolar eee ne eo ete Saari of erry’ dence, ty wou et imme te ne, Sal co ha ~~ mos cavaer ade wend West gar ne Wit nan ess sor i Bieter cg pa pone Spee portance The Wert ind news Meee tar lies among the Tory ndorest Ae fone sharing their concer vith preening sec eee x apical predic, heater, her nonin ee Serre pote poe of tus contin cf sugar andcore a He eae rlappaciones Howe of Commire vice tee, Seron rtentrwb operate a was # major casual of the 162 Parlay Re BM ieticied «toate decor bac wre co ee ilendhetpelnelel gandete and dntenting regs groups a ut pape even moe ipo ane Roving ano enemy, sugar and corn MP's found ewer my. Tieer within the Whig minty ceed under Une new sce a For esample, Herc George Grey, sone aan Mine Heretic, wingesid tat the saves deserved arcu compere flonasmuchasthe planters di. Meanie one fis Cohn Oc ‘ssesing potential opposton to emancipation om the ‘West india interests contempticusy diamine oem resent os fnsigificant. They wer, after all, most atormeys and Brersers who feared the oss of employment plantations were aba {Boned after emancipation. The actual owner the land and slaves find the merchant morigageholers sere readers ot England and would probably welome any plan that tered to minimise the Tonos. Plantations were es an investment than a amie Camber should be prepared to take lowes ® “The Whig ministry's hostity tthe slaveholders mas used more con ideology and partisan allegiances than on any specie economic interest it sought fo loser or destroy Thus its minsersdemonstate the impact ofthe new iology gute apart rom econo nee. For the most part these officals were either nee nds nor ‘members ofthe rising bourgeoisie nor evangelicals or Dissenters, The Whig party was stl controled by wealthy ned agate, on his ‘was elected inthe composition ofthe Grey ministry. Bu they were ‘receptive tothe prevailing liberal ideology of the new bourgecsie and -seen ea Me commuty was ihe site we rem ds 4 $00, bythe ethical bo oy ‘i har grou bevicr Llu, had ae Bah problems of soil ora Siriaas ten whore eo te Mee etrs tec wordy val nonanatave uncover! i9 the dary BERET esa patern vhercrsySs Farin perc One Oe evoted the Fest ol tei ic Ferree tel cg lm 9 prs, hn Siac nee et te antavey Al he tion, aed Pe To cple and objective: 10 free individ Kr pysicaldomunion, onthe one han peril, ant nes i Ecipline. individual rep imps int the melting ofr! — within society at large. By the - my reinforced the conne obeachieved by appea t. Thus the Quake teva dere tment of the intimate cone reform and self-reform.”” Perhaps als bbe hard pressed to separate: ages v ews lnc sense — oes Sealeadertn the radical oneph Starge wingot ie sao? Seance en Shama Foe Beaton Fry wo oud of Jug ass Sexterera london cemica wont organised ei Ae Setatcaresed ner oceans acne ices sean te nines nap re Resta etc gre acess ome te eat remem ut ececsenn or ieterecrerecnen ies rte — eihiragsralagt tent yeaa ences aes oo NE etic Cen seis designed to teach workers self-control and the pleasures of more tern Dieter cn cece ers os tects cn celery enna __omraalelen paige fn dn ge ca rca atone sone dena asters ates tacteceres oes Sep fr potyocins photic vc nd pe Rt acy cctes tasters crs se reepebirlee eeprighertaeriainrerlon Po kr, nee ates psp fcny Seta seperate patel sponte aeed ere Sieur pan wit ele Aion he a Bites bocncnaevhcectect.n pos enna See pce ny see tebe oc “Henry Taylor, who wrote so many of the key policy decisions at the Colonial Office during the emancipation er, aso enjoyed cose ‘social ties to a number of reformers, especially Benthamse ges Eseries ities" Indeed, he recalled te Sreiachisdctae withJohn Stans lain to problems of social action Spica radicals” of his day. Ax Seip pies for erancipsr eeMlathusian demographic prin, Pera spizations, and thei intelectual ce Meireomnmon pliosophical roots = ‘comes With us fom Ie tl we G0 into Ue BAVC Was not mere eaves omy: it was a fundamental maxim tors of fand the human condition. By the» human nature c asratnad become merely the givens of ordinary in) Sh derpomas Malthus's “scientific” political « feathers utilitarian philosophy commanded the «ten pertnngiance of policymakers as well asintlictal. ied Bentham, “has placed mankind unde iSrign masters, pin and plsure Its for then Shar we ought to do, as well as to determine wha Thos the values of Adam Smith's selfseeking es the norms for moral and social behavior generally In sum, fundamental tenets of capitalise ‘among intellectuals, Bureaucrats, and the pobticize Was as an ideological and political force rather than an iur ‘nomic interest that Williams's rising bourgevise ma. fortant contribution to the destruction of slavery. nh gricular classes have mach to do with » wee = eee ree me re a 0 wh ven sey arene may not provide a complete explanation x nt tvs caper on ot dimers snstonsn ac iil con ti seatiteta the rane ot wien prone ne, acceso vn cen ee Drescher describes, especially when it threstened te spl ao So ieee nce Peers So a ‘tein Eaendn hermes essa etiam piee sce oes Sher toy res noct oes er cnc ene eerie es — iaifatie saat larefeawtar policy thereafter and the problems encountered by both oneal eran bg ae ch res cnt vc score ei apts cos sc encore ety Boe thee cet. vht opts ve not Be tea oy oe reed re yas on eel tae poe dasas aking son oe nt eS a esc aw ny tate een ey ors ie cen cgreion str fen ins ie ier nce ecioeaie Geen fen eso ate ‘The Problem of Free Labor For British policymakers the problem of bit was a it 0, Inbor problem: how safely to tanform a dependent labore ntgf Freedom | 35 ee veneers cenery empayes, winning a ee _ ermine Sime tems Meee ema we ty raft the Nat hat OY 297 ony semi ens whdermined the raonale or owercins di draoapreiati Peipation would remind ey wren gel. at hw a Steaetedomnsc sors erica clear e n ee peren ye we sccpcc nan stm ee minnate dente for mate, > fan seltsoveteignty, where does one dae whats ett testi Betctiscn! Gorn Blasi. Saat ese ee wt ek mocha isco” OE umm earn es Sees essere gover his Mind is elevated, Ine ily Aspe: 2 a tle of Delight. Ris Desires and ees Wishes. which i fore i, adorn his Body, and pron vi ‘ Hews an inately lay and ambitions Th SfinetFuniermoce, fas ot nnn thee days 7 hems week* Ts se eireepele, ates tes days wo days pay would beep thems week Tas iS es ary poli economists never aly acpted thei exorbitant Appetite of Men, wien a eee ‘Bal premises, because they were unable to resolve the seemingly Dailey tend so be disposed to wor eee eanradicon between the ethic of bral andthe lak ie a el elves frends of capitalist economy, between individual freedom and sa Sait have a poor World."® iver ya.” Necestrc, the role of government in the ¢ ches 1 mne men ofthe Reform Era thought they had learned the answers oman oat im ‘ ratty rece a... heir objective, a¢ David Brion Davis summarizes wast nculate “a us materialist paychology and laissez-faire dy the lower classes with various moral and economic vies, 0 that ety tens os Retirees. tetris tore yore, Englishmen saw danger in embracing "ine eta of catitrested cance” Steet teres, cxcinnc ise teccoetey sec buted the new laissez-faire doctrine, but industraists and Berets tected tin ovr of nersnc ite ow cfcocty wher coro thus subordinated to the ideal of the national interes: © SII tetas then, terion borer ioe I eey andthe wh had wo Workers would want to do sehat the emerging economy requred (Or, as William Wordsworth the representative oe! ofthe Reform Fra, put it, they sought to replace the discipline of slavery with “the ‘discipline of virtue.” But since the poor, all greed, vere not yet vir {uous and certainly not disipined, their education in market values ‘ould not beef to chance. Given the lower clas seconomic erator ity the problem was “to train them up to habits of work” They had ‘obe taught to calculate advantage and to allocate tine and resources ‘by the unitary principle ofthe likelihood of gain. What was required ‘aba thorough cultural reconstruction ofthe working as. "T train “nising society in the right way, isa proces of comparatively ite ‘Gitfculty,” declared a government offical in 1850, “but to change 2 _great uneducated mass requires a wel directed effort of many years” ‘This reference was not to West Indian exslaves but o English mine: _workers.*)hme mcr taper rod. Krein by oink errs sey taunt sire. punctuality 6 stcare ana clean is objective a8 to reales h hee ae prs he 8 oe er his em seine ati Pee eae oasis men om sendy emorelen ch machines of the Mer as can at comprehensive and universal system of ilps Ray, who became the government ch fame aaa om eet «bo Been inglass wou and prominent radia “he Meaning of Freedom | a... Hie rom public eucaton: a Ofer them or wera t ee sande sturdy Pour popolation +m ire See Beraoe tan ee eee ee tat the wio printed ins [Obviously diferent modes of sai! con were required fr the deviants and incor erate cs i nd ee Ds ere re re Sa Sy Speers for met ard he pce Thor se Be ieries in the povernance and dscpine tat they Sonus ‘mental hospitals, workhouses, schools andreomats Pere te factories on whch hey were mode hn easy, puny wey and uc imien to machines, they sought to instil behavioral n ind secon The managers of hese ttn {iso to be rational, uniformed, and seltcontoled. Dscipne ws a gale cayoficrs and ried ry men sere prison guards and even techs Be te ses the ene type crs were se ote We Tatests stipend o opel aghies to sper rh feton ofthe ny emancipated ves int loa Grasorpaniaedinjaracacven oe oes dsp nce: Tilnottct rsbehaving English worker Schl nd pss Teetionseform principles, were promoted in te ces snot “Butancouly with ter development n Egan. And hoph bth nd Bc Jamaicans rested many othe nena, Mfc adopted hers enhssastialy. Fe eal Ne forathorongly impersonal and hushanane emt "ye mode! pon soem jeremy Beta M wehpping machne tht made ponent “kee ) \sybase wh te uncon maraze simi era Neer atin ety cn en" a nore esa ray er sine nd Sicerinrinng ome oe espero Gaversrernned arsious ane cece a ‘pcm emate enero Iman 1843 report = fenEmglsh achool inspector iretied sbocr tren ce eer arene see letthe sping of public opinion, te cements ee, i lect cee Geen a ft once as constituting Out oven socal ie inal ie i y gets tiamend ntrarce nie tire eccrine mn | $e ner surprve atthe slave revolt of 91: “There may Ke hen rare eres tn ey rg nha they ae going 10 do." setae revit ed cee rectal Seperated stain es MnTie Wag perenne Serpe eo I ee cc tecrs tino arbor traceceeecrar ea, es een git comrade eps oman, Seimei By oe ony sitet coy acc icicle ace wer Ree anos socnryass bat nytt Peres ct cc Ts ture ete Pe se yr end verity be ei esas no const cer 86 Nap Iie ewere engi ling pce oer sap sd cae Pe ange ae So tks cng tnt et Seger an tral bo ee. san weed Teton ope he pats pce eyo tpn as fitogtc Goong yen as cn depo ts © (Soothe wash oy etreealng ym ly ew lnces. Under postwar conditions this wellare system was ovebut- ¥neby tspeviment Sept a i eerie ss saa, emsehenae manistraion of fo is Reet enteccs ss ee hd aloe cs... England. Perches through theit parishes. ana sentthesten: eet otter wes iin dren os taken to Uy Peete deren taete Mebamnsand storehouses. Historians have estinyen aie es rom arson and wrecked frm machinery sone cx wundred thousand pounds." ‘marough the major thrust ofthe uprising had spent a Pere ectiertconttedepradcy Deer Cecyaihign wha hod taken cen Novo ther Torypreiecessors in their stern repression of the unrest So, Reet red tors pain en SNE Melby a Special Conia: 7 Sentence was ordered for 252, of whom 19 were executed. those whee Rie tative enorg 1 steep tralia. These penalties were far more severe than any imposed Peet tert ert the inordinate ex sr Beet repemion wns vot croueh. hover os ering concern ves 3 ‘spread ofthis rural revolt to the industrial workers in the n aaa te ee a - “The Meaning of Freedom 4) Fearing ee connections betes esi ete wve atic cy Kg us spokesmen article angie, We sare wetiy Pail Register were wested tocar he eee — ee Serer cian ec en Pesca s 4o Methodism is suggestive evidence of nec en’! asrnccons being forged. * ned nies reformers I provided a lnyuage tat erounr og a ded Perera te an Mists canpars toh ns covet oven es doer cnn a i a te onder poi decouse err teres ce sponses see seen, Slavens en BM paps ice open scene Bo tcnntend tate ene that promoted prtamenay rsh es epee esgregethopip al jaded sy” When iy bcd et te tte os We te tac sey Sari aeelllredler pplicymakers drew on perspectives and precedents from the centuries-okd proces of “berating” thei own rural uty vl try ave be cv a a re tng wt pode ne and power. On 6 May 1833, litle over a week before he Aon emer er a.Somes ler by te ors. Ty i Pot avery wi se any ace ground eines Abe pore sn tee Iter anos mediate by the e designed to tansien Aa hee ere considered Bul 0 ine mee omar ea Cour Grey ate Pe Bef Henn, Got apingemancpaion and the dificuls ny Implementation. Their plans were rcountered i ied ceuly speciving their assumptions and rea. jr meter plan was adopted in toa tether the cy aaa tt egatn ad aes the problems al cir Teqally important for Our Purposes, re, had to adress peta would play predominant roles in shaping ty demancipation i ater yea. sincteatwees Henry Taylor was stil relatively you 30 but he had already been a clerk at the Colorial Oy Jain He woul remain there for almost forty more. re Prring that period he would play a key role in deccions 2° ery nse related to emancipation, and he provided an Prottsiona! memory for a suecession of colonial secret Ue teats the diverse intuences of the postwar riers dsinterested mind. His family’s roots were inthe Novthuns gentry, but his father, being the youngest son, had had enway: managing fam during the Napoleonic Wars anc fn various other occupations afterwards, including seovs PoorLave Commission of 1834. Henry Taylor was aryely but developed some talent fr poetry. In 1824, he went consist ddon seeking to establish himself as a writer It wa tought him some modest contemporary tame, but he “rae Meaning of Freedom | 3 lspci Nene For mich ees Gis Bee erat Southey» and Wordsworth: and scsgn Oncor tee hie poo work Tayor combined te pe iinet tes derane ond cscs, eee ete gates an wet ase ees He caitenamone the Wg ors these Sana an ita andthe Londen icra he ler Tos Cri Daring son o ut Oe “Taylor had ample opportunities for prom, Herts gereroestiy ot Upp: Canada os ay Bee ary in t0cr— ut Scined att toe paren ge a patie Wray arc ow sd rg Sending pr ged cree oer ca elena thee welt ators of al ons ard oe Frayed garden plots eer onthe plantation se er on and Ue es By castor, slaves had come to we! ten w> Ieee grounds wo thie private property, They vd cr preter itn retained te profs fr theiscve. Tylor noted that stinon the House of Commons had shorn concisely that eet would beable car ther accustomed subsistence nets by Wie tek own provision grounds for ite tter than one day ST ley question, therefore, was "Wht, exept cnpuluon make them work fr si” taylor brushed side abolitionist testimony that thes nds eyo their provision grounds showed hat they woul! cote 0 ‘work on plantations after emancipation. The slaves who worked one Gero dys to purchase cceetis would ot reves work ve train more days for superuous lacs. They could be ep 10 their wrk week afl oly i their needs nd wants were expanded, which was an “extremely improbubl occurence Torcsecable future. “Ks tue tat the mans and dese of tare indefinitely expansive,” wrote Tye, ching.» bac of Adam Sth» Wath of Nts, “bt when the ait“1 Te mii Experts ey is place a Ded bor cx colgnccrial ca Mediated by the market” considered, Dut t0—Hene especially useful ine natin and ation. Their plan ‘assumptions an fee Soci arte pe enema rot ee age y, but his father, being the youngest son, had had fh various other occupations afterwards, including seretsn Poor Law Commission of 1834. Henry Taylor was but developed some talent for poetry. In 1824, he went dow don seeking to establish himself as a writer. It was a ps Fought him some modest contemporary tame, but — — as ratio seer “ene” Fr mach Fectahe weal purse ol crc pc ond toc Be eet Southey sand Wonder’ seh eerie eT loan whe oy se sn ee - Sere iy raat amon oe sat roe his circle of acquaintances iets Beart land Thomas Care: Dong Ni ca oe Office, Taylor had ample opportnities tor promo. ‘ofthe governorship of Upper Canada Instead undersecretary in I847—but declined all of them, poeion rin ie ey — the Cabinet in naar 61, The frend, he noted, was how Woceatea ee ey former slaves. The problem was partcaany sateen Jamaica, where population density was low and large Interior had not been engrossed by plantation sgh, Panter had encourage theses gr ods os to supplement ther wel rations of Sat fan and coe ed garden plots either on the plnttion scl oon ond thers By st, ive hd wm et the rounds as thie private propery They sd tr inthe weekend rks ary vlog an os tained the profs fr themes. ayo ted tht stinany the House of Commons ha shown conclasiely that feed would beable 1 ean theiacusomed subsistence ees Py gion nr ea uesbon thereon Wha. cep compan, Ieltiete Bee work foe ar” ee "Taylor brushed sie abitonst testimony the ves no try on thei provision grounds showed tha they wou come © ‘workon plantations ater emancipation. The saves who worked ene {eto days to purchase neces would not pcesurih work five ‘or six more days for superfluous kiuries. They could be expected their work week sid ony ther neds and wants wee wise expanded, which was an “extremely improbable’ occurrence the foreseeable future, “It ste thatthe wan and dees of are indetintly expansive.” wrote ol, eing premise of Adam Smiths Wath Nato, “but when he ait te E on itsvhote population ae concerned, the exp ral Their habits cannot be st st expect thatthe feeen fo, those enjoyed by pe one ld strive they were accustomed stots that s, the pronable to assume that "it will only be in a End progress of society that their wants wil cn Jimuge and be characterized by that exigency tk those desires] which might suffice 0 anima labours." black hesdmen and estate art ‘Obviously, the dangers of the present momen society wou not permit such delay. It was neve Fatitsbeinculcated in some manner: work ds ined by the freedmen without the normal spur The problem was to overcome the legac slavery fit implies much injustice. emplies ‘want of moral cultivation,” Taylor concluded. Be tute of moral cultivation, and... habituated ee eed on one that under “int - ee tual ine sting cura prox et eserves seprengent sac 8 popie”O ite ayn rejected one witness's test Soahaewd’ he might uve sat sn mental cara mightier be des nt soma slow “he wt. ch of min 1d mater dscipline nor cuvaton an = wi to enlighten ther.” mat thelr character and the absence of m sean, feenen were ikl) t0 rela wettcay or completely emancipated pyc Maton density sow, people have "a song popetalves” and vein the wild 3x ner to be civilized: otherwise fe veondensed son devel Re eetiatins bal shorn of tne prot by tne wart IRIE those who should eatourer uring sqater and fdlers, and living ike beasts inthe woods.” In lvnh deta 1 eaeed fotue Jamaican villages, which would become "cere Sirage sloth, unstimulated by the motes of human nature inal Gated slate, unactuated by opin, the great regu Se ties, and perhaps interrupted only by such bros ana leneas and the ardour the Negro temperament with ” ‘The government's objective then, should b ef dell government” that would redeem West Indian com fom barbarism. An emancipation measure must te drated “which hal preserve the frame-work of the present system of sac inthe ‘West indies, whist it calls into immediate o ‘alc lated to place that system substantially no sa ‘Taylor's plan, consciously modeled afer the Spansh sytem of ave rehoase,curlacn, was designed to achieve this end, “On this fan he recalled years ater,“ conceived tat oe he sao Fomdage come, he would have acquired habs of elt commndand olunry industry to take with ham into freedom, by, wich haioes cl te agency and responsibilty, by ma ora moral fete own conduct snd etenented values. Iwas the laboring ar that defined one’s status 2 fee sae See eaten pooner than others but such ines rr Some eee aa dnauatiy “amongst men at alltmes and der every < tite able and worthy slaves would quickly per, Raving only an idle and spendihsit residue. wives ire, atvtray control would be duly retarded.” Like Bertin Taylor believed that those who refused or were unctia =” Values ofa capitalist economy ought to remain sian ea eer apataaea {ied to resign should it ever be adopted. The heis ot Na ay wil hace coves sc eee yenwc tary of state forthe Colonial Otfice in 1833. Over ieee RID: Wats clporerines oes so ‘being colonial secretary during the crisis years of Isic 5 png ea eed lpaeaarta emancipation policy. SF set, Gry ctqoedToyers ‘mpe Meaning of Freedom | (7 ens Vi Fee atvoaiy pain, & appears tome tha tp ye fone as wd act liek” Seng wags yt ue t fat ncentves taking the whip trom the mescr sh hie he Etarte removed the second” . ie planters insistence that Hacks would ory work under Desi prever, Grey saW NO reason to suppose that asace people Berea reopord Ao raional incentives. i they acted ake Spot Because they ifr others in chariot ‘Greumstances are diferent and jst in proputon ss thin the reach of those maives by which Eusope powered, wil thee conduct resemble thatthe nat Mee rtional” stimulus to labor wos institutionalize in the wage strc, hich summed up the vial diference between reer and todas: iqiit nt i eeetyepstng mnt be mater of seen ever the Hees ee epeye, anbx rpanlby derand or Heer tela of at wich rood ity Se Sy ser er te rer gure ocep Setar ces ephge oe ard pry ay Ieee rtecr onl rate oh egineaee,Cab gee tap be ges ecch mete ding bow repiin rt ndeet om 8 ter ton te gyn Be betta renner coed to ie nto grentohim in money iste tin spies chang whch mr Sotway with te al exten savery han he ct em Staged conver thee whose v0 pints saves” Both plans, however, were grounded in the same basic premises bout market relations and human nature. Uabke Grey te pragmatic ‘Tiplr was not an ecg of poll economy, bu he ngage ard conceps of liberal cology came to him naturally and ust anscioul lee he was abt put olf by Grey’ song condemns on of his attempt to square politcal economy with the praca di {allies involved nan orery transition om saver. Tashe wasespe ‘Glly resentful when Grey asked to make selective use of the presented nTelos memorandum in oppor ot his own distinguishing fstre of Greys emancpton heme Gameshania oy Kenran fo pail eco in ofthe chet Seieerneian ral Norn pir iince” he wrote a cousin in 1829, “andl altnowes 1.2 Si tori fecas fr te 60 do, and thar Meectsacqted from ll further solitude onthe st Sy away fom England a very he Ander any degre of doubt.” Four y Inlend and coworker Henty Taylor: hikien of Ham, I shall never do ‘Staney had promised to der 0 forestall a competing abolitionist intative ove Stephen bis asignment on a Saturday mornin feportback by Monday noon. According to Stephens formidable ask of drafting sixty-six sections oie tight hours subsequently broke his health. Given tne Stephen's proposal must have been basically cls plans and discussions-—largely, it appears, Taylors ‘Onthe evening of 14 May 1853, mons to present the emancipation scheme that Stephe y heart if ie A later, he w ‘he Meaning of Freedom | 3 a ieee ects ves ence Seer tes rm raring ara eon al dee cece eee ee ay howe eck, however, would be reserved ino ved for Ihe pe ime” they were expected ne tientaesge Srcncg eer ect Si ened et tas Mego mearraon ts pubic workouse en opal Bee test peomied science ety Gos wesc ocho ped cscs een eget cee ee tetera tie co. Spel af lie plained Bf i encrsion Sass ee Bresent the pln Grey flowed him witha two-hour cbal ek Se cietecrctetncsetee eet Efe nen croton oa enn enya aaed seed teen RN rairet idee tn ess atc ii on car ee by Bechet ne vate cisin ep from fear of punishment and for the benefit of ther eee semetuten ve red ecu MES Mech ore vsocaicdcoares ts yoras BE bee nats chores no mer ort ropeais pein cote pre ive ore srk ret elt comunedoeiys teen pre eed IEE Kabor when compared with pices pd fr staves hired I the eres. sion Gry contd, Ot en cm By be tapi nny tt aor early re homo. of gun The proposed apprencripstem ed tah hese Ss abe oul course penne and eons mart value. Ths the apni wud sl [at “a task unjustly imposed upon him by superioe power.” Echo- ng Taylor's memorandum Grey pated ot atthe mao prion olineapprensc’s “wages” atm te sutstence ren edaves mii, ith “the most vi RE Nata upon the other apr ether teetren rho wen Fe cause tis woul! be th mimes: A group of work ‘peur to ead thet eaptves awa Pree he eld ands, divers, 0 principal tr rating out Eventual), to men were Mefetort and piven 3 sentence of death, whic wa I fe banishment by the island’ chief ust. Mort ofthe violence that dl occur was directed, a 5 at property rather than at persons and involved soup ctv grievances rather than individuals exacting re Gy, One exception was James Ellis’s murder of bovis Folens Pen, Augustus Jones, who was strangle! and ts futhing in a river on a Sunday morning. Elis s act however, Not ony was the crime rate amon appre thatamong ffee persons (Lin 3.802 as compared with most apprentices offenses were against propery. wh fpemons were personal assaults. Furthermore, th Incrminal behavior among apprentices was depts ‘an Aporemceshin or Ex Staves wh een manag eres nF geal oh covers wn a es — ees eat on fran the wor golden Grove Estate int Thomas tet wen 2 special magi = Speyer realy ered 10 work ot fo soe hi hs er st wberenpon “the people dedared they would hen near they rescued ht nd ck er a P Onder was reiored nly after 3 decree fp and alle ost, eight men were ogg andi pope wer inthe house of correction, However, the Ree! Rand the local chaplain, reported th hi pu people, put them in « seeder Grove rurned 9 wok a atemos,nihe Pay ocr he oveses an exrarinay' mena ci To leave the plantation innately, Beda Milne fo peat esc fi“GLb The Mighty Experiment 3 — een oe icon. so Maines thereupon sent these sever to jin th rie ieee arr ay Huse & Corsini yo in solitary confinement nm Se nom ie ray tothe probationary “cede” fares i Seni ay ere iene of the New ex, a8 uNnaened Besesccie Sister torres a (Mba falar leant the ation law dalle them, James Sp ia ected. ut oh eld cnn 2 Maite eens” erating varecton pe z epi cheno ery piven to seeaned slave cvldren But flected th at hat "hey ot expec to anil rena however, did ot aralt events Win, Ta peBntay give him her side ofthe story fst. Although aaeerom the magistrate’ specific response to this stutign estified that the officer never came out to Pusey f. oe deserved.” 29 hat mont depts could be wae #9 th ea Maorhers that they were being costed heh be wy Sa ry 28 at whe npn hse ~ i thw emaetin lw creed of vse 08 ofinivia—and led a tts Ais ay have ee ein prt isn Sear Tring the harvest season of 1896, speci maps ape tents ony tie ate to Leith Hal because to women, Cats terest protect an deen oro as he tains ane Clare, refused @ work "on 3 por ss Fat agaist the spa tinge wel Soe oP fer dered Stanford and Chath Lo eur he Sra fat as saves hd rn ay bk hon eencame torward decaring that "they would notat stackrsinst ohn Parishes ute Tharthey would die on the treadmill fis.” Bane Tencouragng ranavay apprentices. Most appenich ame to work under conaton they ound Fcotthem and send them to jail for ten days they dh sn respect cornng. he was itencing 0 es lan wha ppsesate ince {Eaty disappointed, The following morning, “they alin 4 a mortnglorwageson some say while Fang tothe endl" Brnes sent ive fo the Moe ‘ cope magnets Gene ta De {Gained seven inthe plantation dincvn casper eng cnn, orteteiachment of pce. The next ay a trogen ating to are brought before him ut showed the eb vim thm rceste sap ator fore by tupplemensing fat of sal ish nd con with increased iy of planers ike hone in Vere Pris esp ropa with supervised alae aber, but most foeslaves to talse thee own food on their oun huthada smal plo flan attache tot hat ou Foot exops and sometimes gous. In oon! nea proced a surplus above a family’s subistence prompted rationing css by cut of farens fut tees, chickens, and pgs In Irasassigneda more substantial lot, generally located away on estate backlands, cn which to race plastics” besold at market fora profit tothe atore nee. re oten bough ter slaves in exchange for handirts, ‘lets for cash ie anil of one's own subsistence involved Potion, and the rest was bartered. day markets to small tradesmen in exchange lor oo seasons when {ps failed or were destroyed: but it ‘measure of autonomy that was paradoxical, given the les satus ofthe slave. Although slaves could his aw Aporetcstip for ExSlnes 1 err pen ee on won fet xs Ee rng Nu ta ese int tne fore a ‘sree anes ar eas te wins cate Meter wom eee yahnt nto sown ese ‘ne hein sey soins str ny Hite treed people went convert hes or other oun sa ion piso stor snr Toe BN ee ettceney for Golden Grove Estate, reported tha nok noch an 501 wort prc er eyngto he wart rant yw Scatter Kington. rr sp on BS ated tat proton pounds cod evn Iago sirgperyene cher apse Batten sarc weet 4 py tt ton Peesite amount by rating protons "Senne tory tepid y ese ncn acre Ft ere pracpate n the poisoning nd mating Gh brat equa vom he Inked ome wri = ie {Betetcer ses deepest tabs cane te ce Pe expat dss itretiston* Drops cen Wit chee noua cater, moreover cul ip ct een 2 Seeetlepeetie’inenod in ony gen yx Sct Heting of provisions require proximity to cies and wnt and ihe Tapdoe water ranoport ded, C.D. Greg, spec mags {Ge David Parish, ciopute the den tat rowing proviso Tnunractve alternative tl provided escoble wage tert, by the planterspa rorencoi fr ne w cet sets teectenen cee egestas ac Seater en tance mn Sere tagein Orembr toe n A es omen so steers eee Biiicccresnerreycscuneniay mt Persson pee ects had we I cay tn tse pen atest rps ma a cauty fy aoe ats ee ren ees Dee en ine Sr opr rd esac iy move ar 1 ee ry Wa a Se arg tae) rat ten a Pardes te ci: Th nn ering ety sen ry Ponti et Pa aa ts, ma ce ten Hokcepyet cy esc do rere os Nate dse nus iy nin aaa ne sae Ss og regrow namo eal oeo= 1 ~ i My ‘ q im aca a fo oy pe a sults, Dyhis calculations working ten hours per day and 250. = : ‘employers, As James Spedding observed, “any pi : tnder the new system, its only Because he has nt os Judicously.” As an example of fudicious use of capuat Inset Hieary Ebley, 6 former aboenive proprcis’ wnt I riadite Stirtey used coe oes jobbers during slavery, which was also the standard San Fe es aged tt tts wih eng atin Ses onan ha eo she uy Se Fe Freae epee tones wind sn ban Se et er ere emo no Fa, nee een ting cr he eaeteericetyiy icine eo ee rer ced he cos gearmrae Pe UT Nt Bete tetising sce ss Sere catrcmenarr ae Bieaay he hind received. Testifying before the Jan saci Aon ie eogcty fhe at Sembly in the fal of 1834, Shel reported that his apprentice ve ede Pr eh depends pen a ipetormig fairiand reasonable labor “and in a cheerul and vox seis ound unprosabe i he long way”?Biithencat several decals "ach they ere no eat Be ree cee id ope on tcc at ao ie con screay in IA, side ofan insrutable Negro characte "rons Fae nout any penonal payment ra ‘pt othe we ep eta bet ern mie role aS Reese eine pes tin Palio the same footing, wil discharge as well Petre ot hs contin.” award 0, Bynes a rete moml progres of the cx-laves Aherattgosandcetous,” Nonetheless, be pn agpretcsi fr Sen ae Beet Soe ee cee oes strate pointed = ete = hacer aeetht ae ae Gary Se peg oom mitra bebe res rs och Drape cringe ihr Benga eoncmy as, of course, psy ete Si tom had teen foie. The es apse hated ier culd be rciin ssc a Uatetnadulnony by ang oxi He q Hoch eaprnsn, Ba the pbiem ot ping 7 Seat pleco oe tein con Berean the aenon oD oyna dng Having succeded in hit ol rein state of eid trast.” ten ting « more pecee defines of the etn tht ee edo apprenicsin and bow i right be eden on The with sacl order and wnt ‘Defining Freedom for a Mathusian Wort ‘Daring the ast fl year of apprentices. a West nian clon kh on So, king pss te erate dinnctons ofthe wast vine Bears end thee Sceins 2 0 Ta cog Net ea Hae tate, bt 2 “og i Cet arises. wigan te Perho had converted 0 WhiTee eed taal Parkument for very housend pours ling. rldngsand support education: Rather than csabisy sroothnmun hod, the grants would sippor and expand hy Fring nagius sities. The Roverament wi, owes Sema schol each of the colonics norer tan compe eer An inspector of schools would be a : ieee balherstale Be rettioega erp dro terete tctomge occas” eee recipe vcore tetera were thy where “the grea! mass of the people have js emerged tien However, Ftck Dunne, special agate or 3 Ds rates ceectne pei reas were ‘coercion with slavery, to resist compulsory education. Orher oe ‘ers, however, felt that the freed children should be remoy io Pete lflvence, if not control, of their parents, Even Jt Daugiteywho was usually supportive ofthe apprentices and oo _mistic about their moral progress, was convinced that freed ch : Bin ety ew principles an new is” ad — i Sa sr re to dey inser ea oe weet er recpry crc i % ak wy vy aay a ut yon of ga ad cots wee fo cn ae mess and apareninteres ofthe nes te arinbour incase eos appchen Me do tne, repeating the nO faa es pater o fore sears metres land enough Ses an abun nm i he ten proper vim Eve rae shed by tesnenre swe Pe eteel ener, bt te alone cul mt fo! te prey a NY : Y Wl range te et ort cue br nah Bee craton ore ro, oa oi esr Sn ot tet wo Snes Axon se a maha ate sn a es pe cnr he poe sat Satire anc epnsnsn wih aoe 8 P Hepantesesncn ch —_ Di conte heed pope's rr: Pe edition 2 So the means cd ne tse tl py whch the goer eaves be vest a iy ei Sat tne oxen ey Sa ee was uncertain now 1 Pe me ay in pe ic tre i i)‘he Apprenticeship tor Stans | pacha manner hat ay sivas con Sind nat enn rt esa ccs aici aa ree Bestelcepensnnsey Scns sires aera ieee an seh et ment Breen sacs eens RI cr tinclow cercsh orcas, : feisgthe poss ti Fiat, he perecen labor supPAY a deren alae aed tah cmd on ser ee eee ry pare tens ree re ere amd ster ae Win, tis prose era ats, batty a ee : L/S planters in Trelawny requested governed wn Hojamalc, The plan wes sele wher shes pe fing to ste, hee te ora oe i he bimini pcy foe : Sea fale to catate od land well thant purchase J Bitrpeans might grove cies ginger, prowsons, oi ther ance am Orta goal of these exonamic Maer, wo {Batic Some of the nian old enue pe ee teeediinn. choses. eet enya ce bytes ams eed ie and a Hobbesian jungle rebound Pipepopeate t= good ample 0 the apprentices” a te oo aepeaeer eet om keener rr tet ‘ems iin Me etects vt open srs inden eck ee tiperana’, ce Sc ncion ss Pesce arte entre community. Ste, being ta Br Mulgrave and his uccessr, the marquis go hom Se egies asthe hosters to oye arr a er eerapeabetna ins comer Nate sete Coal Oc Se Re a eng which dered ome flan for establishing» temporary pole rc. The plan ll Icubour and ahogether ens sound wate, moral. pos Tprentyatx police stations to be dsinuted thoaghoat the clin Be meth prnctorenes oe ery ets 7 meh pc ato lp ore setlers forthe eventual clnizatn oftheir else the pl thes, ‘Cele prone (ht Sgn proposed ta ee Gels poy wo inter to prevent vations sch Kiterthat same yor Cover Sha Hany Tayo ad wonjred up it Ns 188) mero fing ha the Conia Oe ru iaopecimne Tibeldesncccencccs gaan cite ere gute ; el ed ative employment "but merely to condense and keep 05 was nents Pt “be formed.”" The Colonial tcctiectineen nie Salis tee cow 0 ccs ome banc mee ation ecomy second, Yo erat a Ee would ter role model oan mar of vnigrants who actually ar Pee ceases, coming Irom “benighted” Acs ao ed neler of these estera. They eee Astcmaias vast intro, an rater than bing, seseinemaetves required inoctrination into We tree Thus they simply provide planters Te Give labor fore, alteitone restrained by tp rary ideas about disciplining a fee labor fore, and immys Se oe oad MRE te ter cctoed estes oo, Bering he plantation economy per se than with fostering sp. Jar ideal of a civilized political economy. Glenelg’s land police ee pt fd propio te csc ‘because this was the best means of bringing them under i influences. Of course, these British authorities defined « leat Set ccriegto tc owe vee sce Uta fstcary Donne oped rd eeu Bet ecrety Cheetah ard nomen oe INN sak ate wee wt’ ond incon ae Sep pcs repr sh, ty en tesa an oy Bete shaped vest many cl the special mags Bip raney reported, ard ve they insed Senna tere ih i hs nT ped ps th Bates tact stapes Bebe gcdudjomncinin ntl hn a ed cpanel ens eccrine ceiy, he sand andthe te Ter foreign rations wold be determined by her Mt prove "hat black men ates suscep he ae = meaner Sat So oe 7 Yea are mt ging wb ree swith the fh and rote retin ane, cs es il you be Bees, rae rere react teen i nd neces Srna nos cto es eco DP eoitenloet yoni otter nee ra er yu cn mer ey you mnt 2 Meee rcs onan a ced me resin amas gst ink mec eeperce etme ; Ie ee ea ce ence ee yes | cra testes, Sct ogee ct sspears ne a oe orcign nations would be determined by hi con Sales ee yang nt pe Breech cnr tc wont ear ee ing noid Bees Ss mee mina fect iat ne anh Ae 0 Sareea ell as white—who would offer role models for Jamaican freea n. Serer etimnenco yes const tere cng teen “berignnee Avice ee Pee esltatcawa ts oe Gplensiatsvtineror, and rather than being modes 2! ee eat ctecrnatonintc Were can” Port atae Tas they sep provided planters with sone” Mosca heres sane ys haven ce porte he tn Init tel png ier Greco ee ‘vides a testing point for differences between British poveram., thors and Jamaican planers on the nature of» ice ccs, iy government seems to have been concerned at this time lens tho Aerving the plantation economy per se than with fostering ie pees Peiialofs celine paltal roy: Guneys re Firat dened inp the ed Pop on he cscr ea Be ee ech bcting non an ie obese te tc ance ccincd ruse their own terms and according to their own value system, 3 system a increase ane ex Phra centr a betons shaped aoc wee scr =" nan ge REMMIR Battal econenry. Civilized men and women aspect, mee a wd be neo ~ material goods; their aspirations were unlimited and indefinite. thus ‘accidental; one boon of ad expensivewore potemal dependence un the propertiod chasse ther 2 Aten that men without masters mut sll deer to es tegen ‘were now “ts few atthe Queen,” and nother” tut sili was necessary “forthe purposes of ites ‘ty, that there should be gradations of rank nll communities“ must be Gl expect, an obedient, not only to tir mens {all authority over them, This did the clams o authority extend fom the iesde othe public sphere CChamberlaine urged the feed people not jst to bey thei masters but "to foie, and i posable fo forget.” the presen from slavery. They ust remember that savery-~"the monstes "hg thing “the curse”—corrupted the masters a8 wells the snes, ‘ause “civilization and slavery are incompatible.” Chamneraine int choose to press this line of reasoning, but his colleague Riche Hil id. Both White and black freemen in Jamaica oer sey jo ‘examples to the apprentices, Hil lamented, “Liberty. has sown ‘corruptions, and, unfortunately for the example ofthe nese, Wet Indian freedom has too much been associated with beentsis ness. The cock pit and the gambling table, which have them ‘merous votares in the upper lasses of society, work withapernicius a ae, seen oat pound Fats Ya an Averatec or Sines | one emg one if icra fe son wie Pct ya nnachna SO catretcc ee wah goa Bee al parr rin) pee tent withthe evlvng ber! dence esp Ses stin fom ta chan oc roe hey mir sh pac eg Beeson ct eet tra cece wn esd eo over hon ee edt percpoe toon ea aerate pence vert wirrotonet ered ton or yvent i moyen eada ese erotic che. towe ig ea chr of Joan se sn persed BY Toe ‘hh cu vol New England, the rad ho establish 2 New fen, Du to ee etre ee so aT Thema Patensrs hays wes or Brey tran inoving sel Them ene cpries maak wt have certo any sgt lkeonsuring "pasion natural Yt a energie attorney cooperation withthe new sye et enjeyments =. ave 1 The most nian attorneys managed betveen tents on and creo weal tt membered that many absentees never visited their properties or did Bugeanns Erenchinar. the oe entirely & ‘$0 infrequently; the only information they received cam: os enon tion, Cleary, then, the strategy Henry Taylor recommend fof her spar eon sp eS en Hegre desieatam” Nios pass of Jamaican a er coce soc. Above Be of tonersseries fall ccfarmi unparalled prosperity abandoned the nat Jam the lean in fate rather than in triumph who more 2° Ao epuir thei ferunes rather than enjoy them Foren! ee a eaaeetereseetionieestc tres ‘and third decades of the nineteenth century than earlier The gan tous decline of the sugar industry during those decades maa, the height of the island's prosperity. By 1740 it wessigniicortene ro eras: historian Ricard Shes — : wn 9 erento a Jarsican proper Mie unis sp an race Te eta wie caret pte the west Sete mor ta rept = rca een a eo ecaetermeregeamniar nada Ie teee bs cpanel St crs rect cs senses es va nec xm ownership was ore fon mn the great proprietors reside in Gres Bris I seawg the etates tthe ae at rao ae omays,e they ae bere called” The trey Ms gspercent commission on al sas of on ere Fag afew esate managers were puto fd sires aeeneya,” een representing wey TNE Might thousand and ten thos pounds ing» ee cnc Gerona ante Se neater = ‘of the day, that the migration Ot ted See ret ihe nerd oe ltl eet eadership and lowers , 7 thre eden i ssn; mes " Ha he com ae ene ec tore stip for Former Masters | 31 Me wing overs Neto he Sr ho sine nca seco pv! hs nes tat wt amen a oe, that they dl ndced ve aves stare hse st Mrs ers ana 79%, apparent th vey fr ing ne Pe ete was groin apc, wate de Fae Ma wich anienprenve any fret us Pand manuents were rested Mach ie Bsancs of Br and the American South, the Mdstincve accra sles, caine modes pe gen of personal honor at were rede tear eee ne ug con and atte wh tay a Bee cay arses rato ecient Revs severe jc Seagrove He dependence on Ba Beaty ss tine whee nds cnr aereedadence aed calgon ‘sine Be coe 1 crt the as ana lta Sip ged dvey nt veng oc ve Maple ence eee ea Bish Bete cht mien Tea ogc tense Sr ercloednatpt ert aen ocd es ne ne ni This is ss in part what Spedding had reference | Se alo ne prt ftom fs Bh Mae deen ane avg a tne ui, aul Pa Te ot apprentice et en rode racformation and orl proee ‘ecu tor neem hc a pry intl and matric ote West Indes. depc ists words Yas « monstrous stron‘ hase yon ie tortion of human the problem, its apued, was th rain ‘ot interested in ing permanent sl Feet en teatro bony waned Fer Ein, hy coe Galante Yet hee “ome” wa for teat frolgueion. As fchrd Shan pits te penn ipowsirey melon gop the 17x att a rp apiten wer oftantngih rn Ish mmo wee See estate consi ame tothe snd in ange numbers ater iDance Sneha mantra 1710 an erp eit Seca ppares asso eto proprietorship was tobexin as eroein aap ge nd Os Seco no Rua repealed many bet g e Pest nase Yt sn. Forest, he iio 80m wos te i 60 88 He Fo retour hous M0 fete ec a si old relative to that confinement The Assembly had at eigve mate Iproition against oping women. 09 wel eee ren css aay eens Serie centr Seer y Taos describe i bo a ir ority tat had esl power Five mons bor heme and whohaabeen very orale npw Mrs extremely disappointed ith the Meet yo find noone beter quale 0 sued fi Hrestmote to Holland, I (snot clear exc why Lad Poa Sigs pod, volte, impulse tempeh or executing oo sraive an pen ver ise wart ps he he oe oe Fe escputtion ac wonething oa ase in Beperns tno in -12 chaste set Fos private skp inthe Mediterranean He fot eaution or tt.” a ie hat Ship's appointment owed sone ued to sep peal gangs on plantations. towed estoy te ha as, on ates aaa incites meregren thoes eases at theme the enw ade alg uesee et in puting oes arson ‘Absence govern te tod ae es dsaowed In Aberdcens ew te intent oh ‘et the imperil act bt thr author ino oa hands. He ce cond ati ha been tent of his ae was not oimpie upersede by placing to mach ‘sion giving the Jamaica Court of on he ga te the apprentice, it, Court of Quarter Sessions jurisiction over ice, then the colonial ary, bute epi by te sey ass cat authoniy of hich he was Assembly. Lord] fe Ac” He felt thatthe amg of ment on the plantation ase the pelos Fdgment bt ound un zeus oe me ofthe provisions fr contin ro busines." JamesN i” ere sean eesti ao pe pa Bea fe toes becn spores re Fear ian gc rc eo nat te cron oth eet most herent opponents: Fo vam ad ae oar slot 15 Shgo was forced o emo Ean Past of the ria, and ohn Edw Pst, ing the 183 heating he no Eee of er cfs support oman Soa platter ara Fe te ops tat Conn ites ay cen a awe uc heenty yen ee wi ee oye tes ges a yen poo raltniyers inthe Assembly Bat ce Blin planters temacves, Uh sons of plate a Mee entates for thie pate incre they b> wt mike consistent opponent ofthe per css Potcy wos implemented and ten yet cased prea propos of government peso een. Even that flor rd, igo 00 marty lal tothe goverment ht weld se 2 Ra the planter ineest tion al became cleat to Sho, 0 had 3 aarp, tht he Jamaican os ya 1 the Bh re te recbor colored people. Foro decades rit my very tn Jomoics Ase ha reali ing he economic and pti ight oot a rrcenplee ot and psc eqaty 01. hen SM eer tw multoes—fobn Mando a ‘sembly SHB soit St der es fg mypoeneiste btm pln wing w conn cosa ioc hana Andon Sen Inger a fen fa ecco the Po Tad un to app ee bomce re ta | ee anh sn a era ar nae noon RSet «res amples peo wa en Ow andy Toe ede Ptic wealth te neritic en qulcatione fo wing and beg, Mot pir tte cored pola tateng, te cach of them Bow aa cer {yn af whom ur were net ments The ent ay ‘tt hinge tl was rough wx ast are {cin The Kno Chee the alge ay td reottnay facto Dung the compu i Ace Speke ret prenad hime na ia a cams oe ea ahs rm cya tee clr pops We sates, that nos as mena ae a Seenallowed to spe a as aii ae il hn mens ita cheng 85 ppl onde {0 thesen its traldestrcon: Eeen ofthe tases eee {ured the 1857 eketon were new mem thee of ease fermen, ing th tl mers woh otra ng was no longer confined Yo cites sach as Kaan se Spr Town tt emer imp inh ey Hetone ter oligach: JS. Brown and Charles Lake wer led {spree Westnorsend Ricard Hill amarsed the higher tee ce ny cndate nthe Trelawny eecion. The sims weal oad SRLRES Stn was sada bekng othe rasan {Chromeo lament that “the mo” coiled the parish begetreer, bao have at nal ncome ry worth E10 Hap ae ts lepton wos a pod See (She Assembly 20 he approved deste Ha te Coloma fic oto approve tance ss Betistecoendingti este ia ring vey Seep cae cies Am see vhs Patt oon ores tengo pane Mtg a wouldnt vo nd te ces wan pr Barston, rin’ pee etn eo Peter wh po oto, co Troan, create” ol te ra pothcrere he ced oa Be ech nse rns sr sie Severe ps por meron oe wo 8 PE Mariott eta Se a ren med een Sa a ln ed pope ans aoe al vae whic hep eae a et The at a Me en ermal tvs or £50 anv et, The be allowed to continue f0 vo grandfather clave.” Members te ore ha registered under the previo ea, iad VWethene han ant Covemor Sg an he Casal Ona oe ie ah Sgn alee et {tt hsm wan ogc wi tis free ae & step a dsolution, Glee’ olfcaldgptch of 13 Cee ahs Simone 6 pue epimand. Witing ns dary sans Fe Ln Hdd pay ere ny 4 ut hoping ttt wld notte pee ean eh Sel woa be vy untnncThas ses oy swallow his pride and stay. pied mot nn he a 1, ey pty cee fete elections lowing the dissolution had vindeated Ns acon Init dah amano te eta, hon tenet ting about ay sutra cane se spelt Asn Ths once had conse erie ey 4th Catia its tat nas pg ees ens 4 ep hen at ie hope af ere By at Novae omee Sige was estan af the cangs hat ha ed ice me Nts | eerie Soke eal Bim he sand ele and by no mers smal Baral Otis. Stes ncn gre ve rath anon et poe pe Patera een one et sey feta eer rere fess horsgton vente Mam ise urea to his strug withthe ae Ne te ape te margus s oa a Sa ean ra a arta firs Tetsu Le ey sy cpl fers became evident th Wwrr es Gene Sh poy Ukerhernd” he wrote io Cheney." strait anna fine nck Like Sige am ond te con rent sytem Hewes amaredatthe wetness lt ‘ite Hehad head of plots tocallout the mts without ease on and rumors that he would be sscrnated "Its peste ‘ny one fo answer or the conduc ofthe ou of Averett se Seti wh wl pup an ane Aon forthe pleasure of destroying the negroes and miniseries ae inact mad . 7 Actual tas natllhe Assembly's out. sift enough fo govern a saciety inthe mist of the momentous tannin fey very to reson bt the division of suthonty teen Bran snk the salma essemiies exacerbated that difculy The lamas Ae emily was aeratly reactant and temporary compliant {ai es constr and ret orl an dtr seme that they were the proverbial wo ships posing nthe ‘ght Thus on 19 March 188, Glenelg asked Parlament to omen ‘hoJamaian Aobtion Act recy Meanie the Assembly, having ——- Wh setlciccomlans hasnt Rime cr os ae aren aha eteer ee itn the meey desc! ond Berens creneiat alien in jue 1538 the Asem ei ering pris) asthe train on whi de He Was ‘The Jamaican Panoption ne dee etme 2 ible and competing snl eer i a emty wos theater reance span Frsman behavior. the ew of Engh ftir atonal chic di notea wh E ptr Former Maser Rete tate no ar en es esata ins SSeing coe eo ved what he ences ren ate ve coyt item ect ee mana ne enn epi elconcans rnd. Aa Henry Ty lees coma es romeerned by 21 te pass a eee ge ncencr ys ance _aaharstremeretteras Sesto el ae fer oa se a Sou hve rows Pl eet rte nw he Nom he etsy may othe con rl nd Semele perth err er) ane wn Te ata Ae a Fae ais and nt dors unease i en aan nd Seve Se a gvenmet had el» oon a oe hana ce an a eter fe tay coy ae a cen na mee ee Se en Gent ce, a gud ort ott tc ey bmi esos MANE Saris Fe ea ron ih a anew tn teen a open emda cere Se rc eget et ae ty SE pry mes AT only sch ns a A pole as ery telecine mss that had eae ot thoy the Anko prereset ya penn er Toor sere * Pe er fh poly re 1 1 on Sarena ‘Bets ihe ages ol he Cnr sb sing i ps te cnet ona steers ene eo lms Srp op hm en ey td Seating cay nd copy an thet mn contol be by ning a one aed ‘Seely wer hich shal ere a pono an ste Three months ltr, ae mnths heron January 1898, the Clo OiCnet eet sees in conse coe te et opm pc Bitten the Cabinet. Secretary of War Henry Cevee BU Rak whe Grey, known for his rashness, might he erm vey Cn which to the existing privy councls would be insted. Judges would Re ‘ment and abolishing the Asemby a Be. Ifthe gowtnoeey Wate, however, changes in he pail stunion of Jars moat Ike fate acon more problematic There wns ample vider owing politi mobiation aman the bck fsedinen Very sac, the situation might be reversed, therfore, anda Wack sgacte JRoul b oppening the white manent. The home goers The government's ppt nck majo over an a in hie minority had resid onlin the empty prays colonia goverment. A future sutton in whic te government show te {ale upon wo suppor he white minority agaist» Nak majo jovi control o sate power “would betty dierent in ok {ars fa those we hae Ben acusomed tan ss noe dangerous character.” Taylor predicted political ules in Bran ifthe government ever ted mobilize support for suppression crs ack mjonty, especialy when tha suppression would son es estes ft Whig vert can yr ase Mae id proces Gy in it Met ste vgs oa lant Corners Se fon st i ne Rasp Artord Raed dsc nao erehety shader the tert ie ge He seiea n Rao na, A hl Tres between Yo Te at ae Mae thar grerames, pote Tice i mttaer oe wear the wig iy. We Soe texpeiensyrohng er” Rehr Ba Bae inc permet hp nth bf a Ming Howse of Camonn They et 8, in tht Howe tht yea th etait NS pis tsi be a mary characte“ athe presen moment ese analy forte sono ie fever, thatthe Assembly can be got eid == 7 to make the ill suppresing the anak Anema Hi ssa vey. On 6 May the measure passed Fer the second ine ink yas Henry Tar ha atid tld crime Whey. On) ° iPart Two e Free Labor Economyga hae Fine qoeson ht res taped psc net Sone cone Ee Ante hy an Aan hha it prance teen hy Eibach ibe Cooma Oc cere ero Hr. tla ey Ba eal prse 01 te cy cose ue Seetet arate diet. Ini ter tat srs Ct enya ot aco finns fe ih ty as fy the facts th 177 sites tl et eral eat terete de alate ad ects ween re hance cocoa eeu oe might sso have eres es f coven inthe ny stain ‘spl thr worn ws Selly snot cea curt ttn 187 cena of essing te ndty tn “Sal wag oe Prieta pte” Coes cneryer sed oath Exc Coal pying ay servos expense tan Fp tage body of sve the supyy of lakr had be lex —"tat sy, Ie nen es erg and Teen rch ws courte ugar erat wold have Buhl war wren, course: fama Fropeny tough nro demand would become a major sug eects uty these images of ght wos te Felerences othe amin garni he governor turing the std soe tof als parade: "In every dncton wee Gee wit hcremainsa nde terrain numer set ney sins an des anges Se Men cei he inn tine he cae i ein no Nimes gvcnment thebest poi inn Bana anas mistons staid the probie Ee 3 Teputation of Jamaicon backs. AS oe Buide emancipason and is atermath sof liberal democratic conception of tions Involved therefore, inthe apparent friable ateremanpation adobe rep ad tr th ey without rang wages Psonssubsstence te” Ba fn, ahore was ely an ecllt pts poe hen the Made thei st report in 18; the stop sus a8 ibe increase, gall sxc were proms ito augment he productvenes ofthe sur ulate well a hope ing predated, and thea present wee chee encore rte promises of the nrg ono shop ne finan and en eee saps Das By pay en a op coal re ta ee Staples ino diet competion with the swe ae Brae The increased aviabiy ofthe prtae Tact ore ete ic corti a te Tiered tne vorrei 2 Ma pruction er ere! Mite eater, ly ares eae endowed sco were bing sindana! veneer lio, epson worked heato nectar aea ea Sugar sector in amas and We lng absence our conta ae {rons Most mains nnd te ‘cated weather he storms of aon and ine tae mae bee ‘nas calleted frm the area betwen amouth and Noncye fay, At {time when production fc hea a le wash a Amos 60 percent these of prablioncargce Pe ‘The eponal patter of decning experts conistent with, but sete propriate, the tem tanlonen ates Between 186 and 18 35 pee of then ; percent of the sg enates in the slants ‘gprs (Mise) 4 percent the west (Cal) and ert inthe est (Sure) stopped peduton* ete Sc {in output doesnot appear have teen proportionate tothe stn in numbers of esate, suggesting tht larger beter tated ete took up the slack. For example the ports at Movant Bay snd Por Narn hp ihr prop th ds aa 1960(11.9 percent than in 183411 percent) despite the dsc dene in the umber of contiguous estes 'W appears likly, then, that changes in the workd markct for Sear—that fling prices andthe los of precio combined ith thes of contol ver lbor to push marginal and smaller estates aanaging Free Labor tenia | pert ee ec nth ew torgrtors pects eran es een Costing Out Shvery and Freedom Seeing te prtaviy ond su arco at te at ad nes ol cenncng eas ta conven ern tare cod te opt vie et cteten ntes owe econ ere Berasi vorin ee ote ane at opt Be tnt surey sone ees vee sees len eeereaieen Neri pntrancntn por ae mh Se fr ale tary coats oa! nie Ma tse or) pre oe Cal Obie merge ld foe bent Mine ates tres saps en i ate meets hun wo ssn the mee ot 8 we ee casa ra een ae nN eecpaton yey, hin ey yo aed pte ou atone tren) re Rter an pment dene ha Be tie snang ove ter Be iyo ans ct re tt a prec ea Te = ly el Pane oti ee eon ee ne were ws vere papers for save maiam op fats yor contd teers rare tty edt the elatv lack of coment the socal» is atv uy th Uh Fane” esptnc lo ms Invoneresctonayttempts eta featur he tells a repiveres to innovaton. tt Appear to have been coined more narrowly to iar (ates ater than socal relations general, Tora renter sear ‘ne finds in the American South for exam Paget £18093 Tppsa erent by esha De tpi that bythe m1 fe shrinking * Nevertheless, yh ne of response to the icles ol he pot ugar stl remained the main source of po, how ie greet demand orlaer. Any rove ba rer ied tein be nthe fields nbs poring rhe me ans reste cane ble png alt arog an es et Fn the facoy, te objective wn nese the Yili 0 em of canes, Seam per was commended ft ase an et Thus planer responded tothe depressed price inthe sugar Aetduring the decades falowingemancpation witha varity ts {ger techolkal and entrepreneura innovations, One Invalved experients withthe ratio rum to supa ‘ple © eonsslerabe manipulation. When prices forthe were high and those fr the ater low, many planes espera ty Increasing thei rum production Indeed, this stratey) for tesponinaman an are otha iene pat en tie to destruction y high winde and ies toth of which nese Irequnt~and thei occupants suscep to expowure dng cod and damp weather. Furishings mere spuse sorted castes Pots and gourds a lable and chars bes made up of boas omen ‘vith homemade mating. Bat they were home thes aurora, yards provided both kitchen gardens and burial plots fr family sn) 4in.On many plantains they clstred in Afncan sve compoun With common yard shared by knspeope I was no! uncom or slaves to secure their houses with homemade lack or ols wnt Hincngracus symbols of possesion and autonomy = Rates than explitthe eed people's atahnent fo hese hoo, Planter chose to sk alienating them by cling rents Norco eseimentat this wsurpation was deepened by the fact that ern shar were so variable and collet so arbizarly. tn som cove ent was changed tothe family, in others to each member o! the ‘oe bets nowes and rounds seas da Base vented repack repo 10 tom Pot Ges cv crs entrance rare rotons th job tn nd sve Heres were wegen mca welt ep en Fr oj in hs cos ta paper wer or muricien ns ewe an Beate opt rr tomes nd he en a nis and on me vd tw es whet Meenchared, wages re ed PP red sentra irtrcis s atorney MeN Mee octagon rc ay Sa sr Senet ect pr Wak Sarre or cir peri Tchuragelaborer to stay onthe se ci Seana ano he oan a Le rc AiNel ad tenet oe mt aes even ny pec et are and noe han refuse Toren the cages en nd care“lone for 4s, The total rents at Fort George n ‘costs, n 1843, sixty-four laborers paid rent, which amounted ‘o'r ‘It was clear that these rent char ied ina copmcrsiiccaeteiccenpicc enact ierartan Seriado cab Se dae ior Ia ancy ee renting Mees freee cu Fates putes beeen work ra eres =e es ees iy pense fnny ac ee toycs Bevwcen Ape 186 and onary it he pre os Bebe 61 tet £171, tat 51-7 peer en pl by Bepyees Howard se Walico strated seven peak weer were ised ns sar acay wee to boron he ett. The al waste deny a rick rt Se eee eva ie Be Sone cg ty ec cone” err evar sin hss noes ing on hee Pea eceamen wee sept petal Be renter avn ch ees ae Wictoh sot mses ingen eee 2 mea Tet nies Hee erro ee ince ma eda oben ee Fateaher is kapoor a cay tres coats hata Meals th pune’ crc ve bes Sr ss ged Mach 10a angst mae heyresent te ds led a wil ul a The planters son turned fo the authori cde in th 3 Pety Debts Act, aimed at recovering rents or wane eset arrears, and a Summary Bectment Law The iter nee ee ‘fom Baptist missionaries Knibh and Chik Seause i plned fea ants in danger of losing ther crop. To Metals arenes a fenant ould reap the crop bloe leaving, they cored tar te sles to harvest a cop that as nyt pe Lond Jokes Re ‘agred with these objections, and he Clonal Otic inated oe Biveor toask or amendments The governor ported in jonny 182 however, thatthe Assemyhad refed oamend the Event {iw to satisfy Colonial Otfice objections, But he claimed that nso ‘rent ony one case had teen prosceted under it In te ercury esion of wheter alow the ae he Cteial Oecd tthe borers now had the upper hindi amaica al wel oct the dissociation of rent fom iabor contracts without adtonal = sisticefom Whitchall. It decided, therefore, to eave te la to pean” a) que ane Slonaing Fee abo Economy 18 Fy te 1805 wp my pe een eet Beri eect nate ta Seto se ee reel re ege RU reed icine teesctcoanr or racial ese accr carcae SS esau Scopes a wl gbandonest rent charges because ofthe weekly collisions eee Bs eceipts of the various esate. In August 180, for example, Barre nst Janes oastnget nes panne esc cae errs ers pce, by he alwig yr ay 12 Sy on stein their attempts to use rent I ocee= Fe at he was demanding sit months! es ee oc are wea ese pinay 0 pevent a accumula Lined, Demanding and calecing ne tim of area” he lime pete however: some ol cel aiferent mater an a Prete, ches refused. Apparent those who di it Gay ce muragd 0 work it ont om the property, Wa Be nee lee ay he one oa tine, Ut Toate pen pl regulary, and almost roo pliinetinm entice ng restrain ofthe fleming emanation In 1 ta at than ven ers were tee By TB te mi 20724, wich might tare Iropl vena cnsenatw estat S2penanspertanhy i youl! mean tht jst seven year ater fll ear 2 percent othe apprene population of 8 tn peasant reco raaton of Ea bon As aly a 840, jst eo years afer the end of wale tall apprenticeship, ‘omy of Jamaica was in “4 fe Cale Otis sn vile, whch served ox mareing center forte ste Tre E= eee Reps puree 20a cg ree baught ae oR pees 3 acres 2 ahs ‘Cane roy pene sect ae ate Te a i a tet arc mck rg i ay toma St tat Tae ss i ce (banks. By the 1850s, peasant propeetors and tne{2 pr aes con poventand 8 percent Explaining the Growth of th Siiveenshilepcesrsi Roriencntneraarmestgt ere ier ommend Hinson domeatcnne ar ohne na wc te ngs St : “ Pt ese es tena etal mgr” ota pe mo Saco sg eb Sees shang nachna ee and bending supply curve of labor exslavee nerd ih esa Peasantry of he working one inhi ‘prenceshp e's way of nd ther amore onset an scp sR ope neo rent ntefs ‘Fee wa onan wlan row been tng ied or se ok ate ee fa i arin soon sen ne ern sn ene, macen ae Bistrot etn ser crt i cope een scar an nese contrporarcs and str, ve dis ara ad epnasaca neocons nd eect gran Accrington ed sae con," oY cet, any spc 8 feat apy expanding portant we WS st ey ne Po a Sa Bere inthe anges’ t ooh a emai a fremcos netomat Sie aime Sn Senet araonae fox that eons en it hat they and therefore wou Mater aerets ofone's labor. Otivier rejected the nen Neca of academic! foenare brought up the words Fat fran empiner at mages used o ar sting to ees Ase bah in ths county and the ‘preening that they did mo work ati Bese ofthis peel, cultural determined defi fae wrk. Olver srg, obscrers had miseprce es Beer ert side wo "sh 3 Seatac. == ee ees Be rca erceras Daf westernization and an act of x Ser acy fey sn ee cosy Speers eter: Beatin tom bor iets ee Sonam sucess and ol eteriation oy cmp ot cans oe Fe topes to, and suggest dilere hua eon ate enn eaty epesare ten on = pep beh mp oy Mesh copii recnen ele tame tora Bt ne, ee ‘Der pay Ph egunators ey and ete eatin of fsbo he | ithe ed pole wee ikpeasant cl The two he interpretation freed people’ provision grounds, Thon wh ans generally desee between plnters and fiat exes tom incon eek OVE ets, which sparked the 1846, Which undermined wages by denying them a seer en monopuly price setae ith he unin suas ts aves fo deine the tra and ae py ela, ye mls iw othe word thy conti ea re tee ncn hoe el pple arg transon period ae te contre the planters’ ability to pay compectve thee sugar Nether 18 necesany incon rs sent with the sca atone ‘demands of the plant cone oles were ot predetermined by sm ents aca bse ots hse nh De anes oo ieee | Bement orien reece iecina bee See cae fret ah porn Be ct tity crn (or ouning tama a es Fegan ona nyheter Se ey ent abe hen aay ne expending © SoSH Cock, ome the perme omens Peroni ciedtoregsne fing ot cen tote esate BS der cise hls threes nan abe peer arn to eran bt sco ae ai Se rrcTctesin rt reel eats, pets al sen Selena tobe formes sear Beg one an cre hal hur con per aS Berea tors aseing Me OMe wl Meme ne Tomine Viewer ese PPS Fa Et oy suse auoraned pevnors nbc he na = a xc parents: only 2 of 88 99 ee nin reco i ‘in 1835, apprentices in St: Weide ced cudren actualy wend Bare dan ete! abn he fel es ag Ma a acm when ne duct nd owas wr Inexchange eo, ofierng ection appt ae ben the lythan on pens in prt Thus when women sud ly disappeared rom estate lab they Fett serial love. In Trelawny thei 88 epee wer Silempoyedby ioe Silay ap or sche example, Baptist minonare Eight percent tho eaing Percent—mostyemalee™ hada Sha win for re gt ed Bere aire ics a mee no Sea SS eee i no ee in br did monte cat years, necesariy ental with me nd sea sl at pn an wen ma Zt ee er en bY ieee ei Me rune no, 1 8 5 pps ce 1a adn dug ya ney Pacha tem on ace, oe Sane lh te nem a ws ier hn ac a tn Tenge degrade nts onthe Soper cee eter rennin mean den enh ences around the ened pS a‘le 5.1. Changes in ning ete peat and Werer:big re Sty 1158 terry en St roen nic peo ort oe ber Bae lor there cops monbere hou 1508 precio surge th sos seagate ere archer $Gat placement 28.000 revo Mabel esr dang ue apres who recom wtre 18 on wth ped mane Seated ters Hi open eens were tendon tnd Om He nena Saran csteed she tan sce coun Bo a er a Tama ene Carendon, ad St lah ei 5.2). OF cae Fe vealed alos pret ofthe ns sae shee Pa el compre re ca! ws dee a8 Se ihe sand pvt ce ter oe pe sre sor Sop Fee tat noerer paren se aster nt bates Te ces cee, nue 2, the prose angel Ineresing Pa row of hp ropes DRE Set Amo the pares whee punt uel a ee yt carson or more tan bal a Se mee reage povth te was more un ro an on a ai wise en yo te cee fe ats ce pre) nd a at a ae neh pe ten pare aes (5) aRice tons yea oe ea coe ~ ee Sec akon ma Bn oe sc | Mah ete cose eae fore om properties th mi Se etn cons of A pce ay berets nel Hoa nd beeen Tan 15 Hoe thsi sacs ic dcine o popes an he 1 siya ethene lad Mee Herc cner cco ropes Bete or tan 1 pret eer 185 hm ee Berar ret and exon coum coun nT PS tuners nd El ty mens ie De eed ren Heat a Sey ce te Smee nit Meccan oa farmers asl smal posto. dence usage abs te le tt yd ee othe deine lie wher the ry cou comb Second, that pessan proprictnt moveaeena ei, tat esas proprio moved qu mothe odors eer an ee ern oc oe, eset na nn en poplaon et O Sete eS Sas ee mec mag sates spn opportunites or working on functioning esate with sma gua tet mor shipping prs (Montego ay, ort Mar 1 oxtets noel el mtorr ese interregional ade, On Si central parishes, here Se atc red tng nt ecb sa ty hr ee le hve bee aly, a Tn wl oo a ‘an sch a ant pon Pm| oe ae ponvurcesscseses¥? ve pipet iy nae ends of sat seers, One cher udp he a a geienin gay 0 arb Ce ann yok nee eM Sear Ere cc ht al a Bay Me oe hn). me nl, sy. rein te Fr a ds Eas Ere a mk Sa he Na ea are Fonstashed that he peasant holdings Seer oo —_ Si Hlzabeth and St. Thomasin-the Vel) appear to have ate Settlers from outside their boundaries.® Its Hkely, then, that most the catiet peasant setdesexaised ther ech win ne res where they had tved as slaves. Signianty porhens, as wo sgt parishes—St Thomus-inthe Vale and St Mary tat ‘experienced the lrgest iv migrations between 198 and 184” These Mesh. Bihan ne Searcy Sng ant Cahn, pe Fa gage pepe halen. deve pial 1 cis hat net rodrian sang ve) (apn Oc, eM hoe ee pase tl 7 nt rps appacenty sup outs parca ind he and ol 1 ecamen, yt he olen an A sre re prt ancapale ering coal Pa, tent th thers Fes Foy ania tn oa ac te ty sv hy seed ake sen hin hee Ps te prs ono a Nan ns upon ih x A betwee eo PSE ave ict ee mance fhe pes oa as a son fevered the eed people's OT en dando eve, wan ened ytewe 4. ck Worker Migration, 144-1861. ‘ire 184 aa ote[Nevertheless the conviction abo sion persed, despite all evidence tothe ste, Enee Knowing that low wages Independent css of people to work Ut blacks were somehow at ful *h Ee eed itsceain inheritances. We knox Relies overor Barly, writing in 185 in anguage remanent ot Hey langugesemiicento Heny ty wrt acca races an ote fc apelin a thle enaape bythe aon Inet Suing a “ese ged ace mes ion Fete nese. sone gen Cae at, eta topos he Fst) era a ae 7 emo them ste, bt ed ae, ee Ma be ponent Eng cre They work for no prospective or moral fst the penta yea They ae pode che erento te tno aed Thy af psc for day aces, and whist hey we roms tance they rade 2 ling for he mee wh Iprren Sore antec a we mea The mu ck to tora seen spe and aces" he mayest sient te ere renee that nen ene most symptete ote reed people omen hurd orem hough es poe sepa Inne tnereace a ot ure and set forms an decency con tat Sgpeace” butted nanetsess t they seed maa ‘Mhcton to awaken her cnacence as wal a thi tle sate t on cargo edwin wos uve saa esa ‘fava shold sepa om hegre: inant coal Meat ms get ve the stacks orp showght and con Tee Scotan measures ange by the mos Mera element of tne mapetagy, suggest at the feed people were up aps OF (stein ia of euating blacks or re abr of eloing sl sea Mave care of inelating new vals ad Ses BE ‘Eee'hought*was at the heart of the ona emanation BS Sa waste pray ol of he abe saan year ae sbolton hed oul ‘ide ge Alter al Taya orginal plan ad ress inthe pone vues asad wth he lave prensa ended marketing sem. Schnorr by the mi, Not only was there houghlation in wage labor dsiptinc il he bisa forthe ve pct ssn arsioacoenae ee lnmedated rex response tothe aeaabity of neuter Just as oxsaves moved nett ong the pr sea mothe intersiilarets among the son father than into the vacant Jamaican ue Sought to combine provision gardening th eat be depend excel on cher ah chokes vlad ont work-view tha ist emerged during slavery bas tok sp! form nthe srg lowing emancipation, The save pean and murketng system was embedded in a network of cone fan, and gender relations that constituted a sematononen and social order. The choice to maximize thee autonomy are thetncome provoked a struggle wth the planters Outer, 1 the Jamaican peasantry emerged, bectue of that sen Sumed particular forms of practice and consciousness, Colonial oficial, misionar ies, and planters correctly an aterative work-view and morality among ted peop thigh they torte and misinterpret Amagistate WA. Blo St Dorothy was em Forexampl, spec ec prised and perplexed by the eniness with which the Aswan iigers ako te ei Steance owen pre creeps ven Me aOR. aah tought penal revel. "Tey re ec ‘fetrncunty, though slow, seldom make ‘Sand thes igh pers He iho vag ould nti on one a0 rants and unde rt ie ft ha 1a ears dpa amongst hemo. Bagore seed r rng rm Oa aera he reed mere contr an ick Ba Iepenencoscty ound mone hn, Toad a THE, bos era prc it nighbour wi take under noah (Stns The Negroes 0 inerurry oe the ter hat beach trettoe conc wd, peaps enue nevesg pte bee the familar mat none sale ne sea Bnprovs observation tema "her linge hs tes thine planta commana sogests the oc asso te mae fda bseved et coteary the on oes ing sc 08 ; , among wich cer tudes deserve diverse household src, AOE ‘clear and extended pate were the most “finan. the d= ese rat meditly preceding dali, the eave all Sin iternalave trades te hr below in dees of amiestules women tom treatin ‘er monogamy. nich he alle Although such men were te ua by rng octane ry tay tee mathe thee apparel contin a tae ay ne timing lean ates The eal Prt nara eatnep ui estates ony wher dy the mie ot hse cyl oth peed an re testes er ot wean, her amen ae emmen wrkng fo wage te the ome” Whether made oe eater, hgsehols wee ered vith lager network Knapp an commis, Contemp i eds seis mart ope eit compe 1 Ecce genealogist, more than twice a ar 0 ‘Riese ha the fy aan tte Areca nkrman Ts ‘Sapte the uncer amy and mating ations snd tree “enmeshed complex and rang eto of hime, Tends an nightoury and enjoyed "dense and supportive nodal Iritonshipa™ Orher sds suggest that these networ amon Kinsmen especialy, re snglary tong an crac sti Ingecoramicie anon rr populations ad tat abr sharing and ‘change weve smn among agar vllgers™ These tweneth-century ebmereations provide cies fo interpret Ing nineteenth century even they suggest a ink betveen the ‘ives economic ces and thei octal srangements and aie ‘hnthrpoloyal fikiwork has revealed the sue and symbole ‘rennin he fa Jamaican house and yard and Ube dierent‘Serj keen cay ie are tl st prvi a mata scuy ee Inga alfrmian thet ee edestod, then, a primary supp Besson descr Porat existence the group, Nras, oon spatial dimension of corporate esate, wrepeemancpation era, but actualy even rece eer and areing soem er manana Poe eee hag wana ee ae 2 kee gan oe ay ety oe ‘hh lr ss ng eh hein pepe ome that dng he APP fe mat Pare cotnces odo during deci low pan sep xe wrk comin © D¢ 2 {cot repre sate or mang nda el WS Sep! mee nye mn a Ty ren ecoring relearn neem Te poe tele yeare—yoas fd of hal and ee fang pices_tougt thee er Paar Te dependatity ofthe patations or earing a Mele Se ot a oul ret meet the payrolls on tne, there Sod. Many Pugh every epporunity—tvough ren he curs Sea ad reuiremetie—o seers their workers a Tae Ran hake profi. Whatever atocon for mark set ng te sveyespesence ef them wih was oily ae ais and uncertainties ofthe postemancipion ‘info cn was, however, merely acalclton of he aE, ‘SE iy at pemanetarming ver esate work A more reset ‘elton of te eoponsesto postemanciationconaons thi Collective struggle withthe planer class Pe ae ght toca and define thei eedom inthe oy sera ney ee They valued snost the very things peste ‘Sot uom slaves home and contro of thee fam’ iabor, The etannthe other hand, warued wo directs abor when, whe ed er conditions they dictated. As Richard il had plese it ihey wanted labor to be "le when ie was enough and abundanttener eat eres wee eit ibe Pri' cond {ered have dcr: Wht ind oe hs? Ti a man can pul up with i SRK nrc we 2, ad Brg pede he cont of sree ma yoann wan et et yc nn ed at tore, Seep, Ov ia at by sly dig yet oe them cording me ee ee rachaeeprsetorpratian Wee! forma ta undo poeta we pee ne ey wee Pa al cis marvel TH ee seme estate abr mate ace devote themeetvs eared pensar curators complet divans Sone enidng crow satence and ein oe tae, Athee mes they 9 Atlases in export as well as al ma a en ata ptt, tng al the oe of rn enn str, wow, and sabotage 1 ‘abo ater pry and working conditions from he eae ce rics probly wok on erent rls, 0 We Dieer ry cen oe enteric cenure, when Youn id ate ord estas ving eign abo games he me a ended 10 gardens and marketing * Over 4 60 te de ee vidual probably tiled many diferent role role 10wen recs rh inses against the presumption ofa gradual and inexorable, etic bore ae nh ‘otherwise would have remained unarticulated. sameeren hc in on an integrated perception of man : fan What ec etnal~ wrote John Stuart Mill’ Freedom meant lite sino oeiherodn eo e hrm enone Erin rv merece eri id ef wo fenarrninciple, however, that would soon become mote a comvenicn, fction than an actual basis of political and economic proctnn en ‘the reality of activist government was. fg ale Mi Rl Toned, such “eck spain” might be" logue mae one ned he mer ine att tae seat SEmtinerenedasdecareytyistacion etic ee Peenemaves po cron ces ane Beet manpsieceas ear Re peeteapieernirer een ee ee ee eg ec ead opens =) Soret ra Sic oleae eno ee any eee ee ‘SS a eter aceon oa er clan iseragn eaten ampere Seo eee ‘d such fing, was by See Sa a cnc oa a ee en meedgnee eee csr ee po ad enn al Se yates sc genet 10? Cte Saat ee pecan tercarat opemmn tae] eee ce ictacony ano gal pe parecermmperpencartd rare) ioc Meee bt dct of en io A ies dnc te Nex nd ce i es ead need an bet it ee ee oc meee erent atic wnlac ee he gemed ae atn or atieings seed his ee ee eer ple ha pe a Pe aro the erm! sgl ofthe second decade of feedom,nal wisdom. To most analysts, Janes nn, be Democracy beyond the Line Formuch the Brits Empire the 1810s were economically expansive and policy talent. The economic dacs of te so clos ph ‘ropa ras were ascendant, the promulgation of re ade ty ‘utente Tory and Whig government signaling te ces toy Mesmetl, the pots adicals of the day the Charts nase ed ‘waned before finally being rote in 1848 Faamentary pine nog sharacterized by shitinglactona alignments an weak conta byte ‘governing allnce But the domuruting presence of Sir Reber Pee sn Lon John Russel eta cipine fo these {on ideology orn the eetoval constituencies. Approching the e's problems from radially diferent perspectives, ee and Rens met fn the common ground of continued Whig style relorms in the na ton’seconomicand soa ie, thats, moderate reforms that appealed to the mide asses, Thus, above the partisan wrangling appeared an emerging literal consensus; party confit took place within the eat Boundaries of Heal democrat ess {Although this iberal consensus often broke down over specific odes the ideas or atleast the language in which they were ex Dressed, were consistent almost all paris aimed as thelr own “Progress and “progressive” principles, The themes ofthe ue were decidedly bourgeois: innovation, enterprise, practical ection, sell ces not founded “enh dt pin Sasa the Try fy hea ie et iy My hee umapings of sacl acon were pervs aang clo Ad "thus Kihei and hen tea of te apecal magitraiey cpr, manned the dough feds in Jaman pronperty 2 ch or Worl 39 Ke 4s economic consequences, "Acive rowpery gives the mane of sopping wal recom: ad splot fo siring Unused ato an find new and varie wants We ha opened up the eral cect pla pnd tur. by varying the wane offer animal are, and extending tha ral acre” Hee prunes wae afer ony ‘widom” As Hill eontemplted the ein of he and Tk be Treen Kingston and St, Toman the Vale, his inguae became ‘mon pangyic He was fst by the rales "rapid commun ‘iton,” “unting veloc,” “cesles energy.” “eacnes and “pat” “tering punctuality.” The moral impact of tse ech selogy was persve an wands 1 ld “Aled theses ati the role mhatever bhi Unege or ompesion exchanged for methexcl energy in conducting ilercourse withthe business ‘ni propa met oo a eon is Tance and self dependent atv” More special al his way a ‘object lesson onthe benefits to be expected fom the propose in tral schools, "fort vonly through he sstamentaiy of education rendered practally wet by beng applied to the purposes of ie, that we an Hope to change hab, the growth of vious freedom ‘of over two hundred years Bougeos freedom, then, would not ‘have an immaculate conception the sate must plant and mutate sed, Cru est ofthe onal tate’s maturing role emerged a itnil Office ite meres doer pc ho ey ne ace Cems on, mete mea ev ened thar Tae were s onions oye ‘thee cinta chargs ad teen peered apes number pe Pe monly or esp om proper to dior the Osim pce whee Tevreseupresiy bared andor ant on pope supposedly Monae carces ted suppres eat by expeling mens Seed fhe pace Pater, however, eres nce sont ‘Sigs device than they were abou hes bor Feil {het ess had been completely dees, "he aborts 3 body {ndoning ther woot and devting thems emit he ee ratio f the mals ites." Th eps fo the Colonial Ofc, Fg apposed to ink the resurgence of maton, which wes confined othe nord side of he ‘Sand in elawny nt amc, hein of Aa indented tworkers there Obeah vets sully present among, Asan he “hom and ths sorked tate, mya ut he at that he ‘nya oubreskoraned bore any gneant fan nrgrtion {nd thatthe few Alcan indenture hen Jamaica were often ere ‘hide suggest tha hey probly were not the primary case of these development. Father, aod to Ela, the ims of thse seals were almost nese and women lng res ‘dent on the sand never Europeans or ney imported Aan ‘On he other hand the Alan contetof myalien was unmisak te. The Back population was overwhelmingly era by 140, bul included eden Alcan, and African traditions remained strong in Jamaican culture. "lt would appear, moreover, hat terms and expe ons borowed from Christan rere in the presen cave engaed ‘pon the onginl rican superstition” Ein wrote hs superior "The ears professed to beating unde the authority and iced ence othe command of fsus Crs. The allance with paeado-Chs~ "ant, or rather he adoption of a Chestian phraseology did notin any degeee mitigate the barbarism af their ies" Those ites consisted, ‘imption of immigration costs by the imperial goverment was an “appropiate quid pro quo forthe imposition of fe trade. At he very least loan guarantee to cover publ experaitures on immigration scerned iting, Although Secretary Grey hd offered sch oan i> ‘ifn SH, the colonies had declined such supportatthe time, feling that pla changes in Englind offered a btter chance fr rebel By 150! Guiana and Trinidad had received immigration loons, Bat theer erties ae seats sn = Progessve Theory. Regressive Taxation, and Pots) c Iukan planters therfore, the bolo ine come tee i “They were prepared to spend public money on immig,o. Povstnion Andi tse they evga ‘burden generally onto the black majority. Here again thers. Reema atc esa ee Reena singe teers ane eee eee so: ‘the general optimism and relative prosperity of the early ts). Ci ede lwgthe Ser Das ht hired teal pti ecomny cay Bovey oc _ ote Elna te burn Thesbeton sf apy ints posed majo fl pte, ‘sing clo revenue, Dating slavery a pllax of fine os lings levied on slaves and ee forms of personal proper, ssi lvetok, dogs, and camages, had raised the bul of lors! rues. But once lacks eased fo be table chattels ter soe ‘sal innovations drew immediate ops tx burn man ne Cols ice flowing ames Stephen's end Na icine say aoa he sal sat anced Cove tno amin Nae sr ee Bese ae te Wet nen” Spier O see ahere might be "passe arsine fr

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