Chemistry Book Grade 7

CHEMISTRY
Grade 7 Workbook
Thermometer
Water out
Condenser
Flask
Wire gauze
Water in Reservier
Bunsen burner
FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
CHEMISTRY
Grade 7 Workbook

How to Use This Book?
This workbook was developed for Ethiopian Grade 7 students to use. It is based on the
official syllabus and the textbook. It is designed to help you understand the textbook
better. Therefore, you can use it along with your textbook.
As you will see, this Workbook is organized as follows: One topic is explained in
two pages (one spread). In one spread, there are "Explanations" or "Introduction" or
"Definition", and then some simple "Examples". After "Examples", you will have few
exercises. "Let's Exercise" gives you basic questions you have to answer to master
that topic. Then comes "Let's Go Further" section where you will face some advanced
problems. On some pages, you will also find "Hint!" or "Do You Know?" that helps you
do the exercises or learn something new.
[Example of one spread]
8 Chemistry Grade 7 Workbook Unit 2: Substances 9

2.1 ProPerties of substances Let’s Exercise
Properties of substances are grouped into two. Physical and Chemical Properties. 1. Given the following physical properties:
Colour, odour, texture, hardness, melting point, boiling point,
2.1.1 Physical ProPerties and chemical ProPerties
solubility, and electric conductivity
Physical Properties: Characteristics of a substance observed without changing its composition. a) Which physical properties can be recognized by sense organ?
Chemical Properties: Characteristics of a substance to make a specific chemical change. _____________________________
Example b) Which properties are measured by instruments?
Physical Properties Chemical Properties

_____________________________
Density Burning. 2. The three physical states of matter are __________, __________ and
Boiling Point Rusting __________. (They are not “ice”, “liquid water”, and “vapour”)
Solubility Fermentation
Colour Decaying
Let's Go Further
Let’s Exercise 1. Complete the following explanation for the reason why odour is classified as a
physical property.
1. Explain the difference between physical and chemical properties.
Because “Odour“ of a substance is ________________________________
__________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________.
__________________________________________________.
2. A group of Grade 7 Students measured
2. List at least three physical properties. 100 mL of water using measuring Hint!
i) _____________________________ cylinder and added 160 g iron into it. mass
density = volume
After the addition of iron the volume
ii) _____________________________
changed to 120 mL. Calculate the
iii) _____________________________ density of iron?
_____________________________
3. List at least three chemical properties.
i) _____________________________ 3. Complete the following table by filling with appropriate physical properties at
ii) _____________________________ room temperature.
iii) _____________________________
Substance State Colour Odour Taste
2.1.2 tyPes of Physical ProPerties of substance Water
i) Physical States – ice, liquid, vapour (in case of “water”). Gold
ii) Measurable Physical Properties – density, freezing point. Table Salt
iii) Physical Properties detected by sense organ – colour, hardness.
Though this is called "Workbook", you should not write your answers directly into
this Workbook. Rather you should have a separate notebook at hand and write your
answers in the notebook. For this reason, this Workbook does not provide enough
space for your answers. Please write down your answers in you notebook.
In the last section of this Workbook, you will find answers to the exercises. After your
work, you can check your answers by yourself.
Contents
Unit 1 Chemistry and Its Importance 1
1.1 Chemistry and Other Natural Sciences 2
1.2 Chemistry in Production and Society 4
1.3 Unit Summary 6
Unit 2 Substances 7
2.1 Properties of Substances 8
2.2 Grouping Substances - Elements 10
2.3 Grouping Substances - Compounds 12
2.4 Grouping Substances - Mixtures 14
2.5 Grouping Substances - Identification of Elements, Compounds and Mixtures 16
2.6 Changes Around Us - Physical Changes and Chemical Changes 18
2.7 Separation of Mixtures - Magnetic Separation, Decantation and Filtraion 20
2.8 Separation of Mixtures - Evaporation and Distillation 22
2.9 Unit Summary 24
Unit 3 Language of Chemistry 25

3.1 Symbols of Elements 26
3.2 Chemical Formulas - Molecules of Elements 28
3.3 Chemical Formulas - Binary Compounds 30
3.4 Chemical Formulas - Polyatomic Ions and Their Compounds 32
3.5 Qualitative and Quantitative Significance - Coefficient and Subscript 34
3.6 Chemical Equations - Word and Chemical Equations 36
3.7 Chemical Equations - Balancing Chemical Equations 38
3.8 Unit Summary 40
Unit 4 Structure of Substances 43

4.1 Atomic Theory 42
4.2 The Structure of the Atom - Subatomic Particles and Isotopes 44
4.3 The Structure of the Atom - Electronic Configuration 46
4.4 The Structure of the Atom - Valence Electrons and Ions 48
4.5 Molecules of Elements and Compounds 50
4.6 Unit Summary 52
Unit 5 Periodic Classification of the Elements 53

5.1 Periodic Classification of the Elements 54
5.2 Modern Periodic Table - Periods and Groups 56
5.3 Modern Periodic Table - Some Periodic Properties 58
5.4 Modern Periodic Table - Importance of Periodic Table 60
5.5 Unit Summary 62
Workbook Answers 63
Unit 1
Chemistry and Its Importance
Main Content
1.1 Chemistry and Other Natural Sciences 2
1.2 Chemistry in Production and Society 4
1.3 Unit Summary 6
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2 Chemistry Grade 7 Workbook
1.1 Chemistry and Other Natural Sciences

1.1.1 How Do You Define Chemistry?
Chemistry is the study of the structure, composition, properties and transformation
of substances.
Structure – the arrangement of the particles inside a substance.
Composition – the way a substance is made up from different elements.

Properties – the quality or characteristics of a substance like colour, odour,
physical states.
Transformation – change in nature, form or appearance of a substance.
Let’s Exercise
Put A, B, C, or D (column Q) in ( ) to match with the descriptions (column P).
Column P Column Q
1. Colour, odour, physical state. ( ) A. Structure
2. Change of substance. ( ) B. Properties
3. Arrangement of particles in a C. Transformation
substance. ( ) D. Composition
4. The way a substance is made up from
different elements. ( )
1.1.2 Essence of Chemistry

What comes to your mind when we say “Chemistry is related to everyday life”?
RR The knowledge of chemistry touches everything we use in out daily life.
RR The knowledge of chemistry is essential to our daily life.
RR Chemistry is strongly related to the activities in industries.
RR Chemistry is an experimental science which is based on scientific laws,
observation and measurement.
Example
Note the following examples of essence of chemistry.
RR Chemistry relies on experimentally proved facts.
RR Chemistry searches solutions to the problems of mankind.
Unit 1: Chemistry and Its Importance 3
RR Chemistry satisfies social needs by producing new materials.
RR Chemistry minimizes and controls environmental pollution.
Let’s Exercise
1. Fill the blanks with the proper terms:
Chemistry is an experimental science which is based on
__________, __________ and __________.
2. Write down one of the essences of chemistry.

__________________________________________________
1.1.3 Relationship of Chemistry with other Natural Sciences

Natural science is the study of nature and natural lows.
RR Chemistry, Biology, Physics and Geology are Physics
the branches of natural science. Physical
Chemistry
RR Each branch of natural science overlaps with
Chemistry
tr y
the other.
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m is
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Biology, Physics and Geology. Ge

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Let’s Exercise
Fill the blanks with the proper terms.
a) __________ is the study of nature and natural law.
b) The three main branches of natural science except chemistry are:
__________, __________ and __________.
c) The three overlapping areas between chemistry and the three branches
of natural science in question (b) above are: __________, __________
and __________.
Let's Go Further
When “the study of the composition of rocks” is considered to be in an overlapping
area of two branches of natural science, what are these two?
__________, __________
1.2 Chemistry in Production and Society

1.2.1 Chemistry in Production
Chemistry is a study which deals with the properties, composition, structure and
transformation of substances.
It is applied in the fields of agriculture, medicine, construction, petroleum, cosmetics,

textile, soaps, detergents, metals, non-metals, batteries and many others.
Example
Relations between Industry and Chemicals.
Industry Chemicals Produced or Used
Agriculture Fertilizers, Pesticides, Herbicides, Fuels.
Medicine Drugs, Materials for Medical devices.
Construction Cement, Steel, Aluminium, Copper, Glass.
Petroleum Gasoline, Kerosene, Bitumen, Butane.
Food processing Preservatives, Common Salt, Vinegar.
Water purification Chlorine, Aluminium sulphate.
Others Soaps, Batteries, Plastics, Rubber.
Let’s Exercise
1. List any two chemical products used in the construction industry.
_______________ and _______________.
2. List any two chemical products produced in the petroleum industry.

___________________ and ___________________
3. List any two industries where steel is used.

___________________ and ___________________
4. Tell one of the roles of chemistry in agriculture?

__________________________________________________
Unit 1: Chemistry and Its Importance 5
1.2.2 Chemistry in Society
Chemistry bring both positive and negative factors to society.
1. Positive Factors
►► Provides useful materials for households and industries.
►► Provides economical utilization of natural resources or alternative products
in place of scarce natural resources.
►► Discovers the causes and effects of environmental pollutions.
2. Negative Factors
►► Regardless of willingness, produces harmful chemicals to human beings
and environment.
Example
Positive and negative factors.
Positive Factor Chemicals Materials
Useful materials for household Ceramics, Glass, Plastics, Paper, Soap.
Utilization of natural resources Iron, Aluminium, Plastics, Clean water.
Alternative products of natural resources Synthetic rubber, Plastics, Artificial diamond.

Discovers the causes and effects Negative effects of some chemicals on health
(Mercury, Sulphur dioxide, Excess oily food)
Negative Factor Chemicals Materials
Pollutants scattered in environment Air: SO 2, CO, NO, NO 2 , Particulates.
Water: Insecticides, Fertilizers, Detergents.
Soil: Harmful metallic compounds, Herbicides.
Dangerous chemicals Negative effects of some chemicals on health
(Mercury, Sulphur dioxide, Excess oily food)
Let’s Exercise
1. List any two household chemical products.
_________________________, _________________________
2. List any two chemical products produced as an alternative of a natural

resource.
_________________________, _________________________
3. Write an example of a peaceful use of a dangerous chemical.

__________________________________________________
1.3 Unit Summary

I Choose One Correct Answer from A, B, C and D.
1. Which field of natural science is included in physical science?

A. Biology and chemistry
B. Chemistry and physics
C. Geology and physics
D. Physics and science
2. Which of the following disciplines is placed in the overlapping area of chemistry

and biology?
A. Biochemistry
B. Geochemistry
C. Physical science
D. Physical chemistry
3. Which of the following products is used as a painkiller?

A. Sodium chloride C. Sugar
B. Paracetamol D. Soap
4. Which one of the following is a good example of a chemical industry?

A. Manufacturing of cement
B. Mobile phone assembly
C. Production of wooden articles
D. Car body building
II Give Short Answer.
5. Which branch of natural science deals with composition and transformation of

matter?
6. What is the name of the chemical product used to increase crop yields?
7. List three chemical industries found in Ethiopia?

i) _______________
ii) _______________
iii) _______________
Unit 2
Substances
Main Content
2.1 Properties of Substances 8
2.2 Grouping Substances - Elements 10
2.3 Grouping Substances - Compounds 12
2.4 Grouping Substances - Mixtures 14
2.5 Grouping Substances - Identification of Elements, Compounds and
Mixtures 16
2.6 Changes Around Us - Physical Changes and Chemical Changes 18
2.7 Separation of Mixtures - Magnetic Separation, Decantation
and Filtraion 20
2.8 Separation of Mixtures - Evaporation and Distillation 22
2.9 Unit Summary 24
7
2.1 Properties of Substances

Properties of substances are grouped into two. Physical and Chemical Properties.
2.1.1 Physical Properties and Chemical Properties

Physical Properties: Characteristics of a substance observed without changing its composition.
Chemical Properties: Characteristics of a substance to make a specific chemical change.
Example
Physical Properties Chemical Properties
Density Burning.
Boiling Point Rusting
Solubility Fermentation
Colour Decaying
Let’s Exercise
1. Explain the difference between physical and chemical properties.
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________.
2. List at least three physical properties.

i) _____________________________
ii) _____________________________
iii) _____________________________
3. List at least three chemical properties.

i) _____________________________
ii) _____________________________
iii) _____________________________
2.1.2 Types of Physical Properties of Substance

i) Physical States – ice, liquid, vapour (in case of “water”).
ii) Measurable Physical Properties – density, freezing point.

iii) Physical Properties detected by sense organ – colour, hardness.
Unit 2: Substances 9
Let’s Exercise
1. Given the following physical properties:
Colour, odour, texture, hardness, melting point, boiling point,
solubility, and electric conductivity
a) Which physical properties can be recognized by sense organ?
_____________________________
b) Which properties are measured by instruments?
_____________________________
2. The three physical states of matter are __________, __________ and

__________. (They are not “ice”, “liquid water”, and “vapour”)
Let's Go Further
1. Complete the following explanation for the reason why odour is classified as a
physical property.
Because “Odour“ of a substance is ________________________________
_________________________________________________________.
2. A group of Grade 7 Students measured
100 mL of water using measuring Hint!
cylinder and added 160 g iron into it. mass
density = volume
After the addition of iron the volume
changed to 120 mL. Calculate the
density of iron?
_____________________________
3. Complete the following table by filling with appropriate physical properties at

room temperature.
Substance State Colour Odour Taste
Water
Gold
Table Salt
2.2 Grouping Substances - Elements

2.2.1 Elements
An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
by ordinary chemical means. It contains only one kind of atom.
See the modern periodic table at the end of this workbook. There over 100 elements
are tabulated.
Example
Elements in a solid, a liquid and a gaseous state at room temperature (I)
Solid Liquid Gas
Lithium, Boron, Diamond Bromine, Mercury Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen,
(Carbon), Sodium, Magnesium, Fluorine, Chlorine, Helium,
Aluminium, Silicon, Sulphur, Neon, Argon, Krypton
Potassium, Iron, Copper, Silver,
Gold, Tin, Arsenic
Let’s Exercise
1. Select the proper substances to the questions from the box.
Lithium, Diamond, Sodium, Sulphur, Iron, Silver, Gold, Bromine, Mercury,
Hydrogen, Water, Nitrogen, Kerosene, Helium, Carbon dioxide, Neon
a) Select three substances that are not elements.

__________________________________________________
b) Select two elements that are liquids at room temperature.

__________________________________________________
c) Select two elements that are gases at room temperature.

__________________________________________________
2. Write down any two substances that are not elements and not found in
the box above.
______________________________________________________
3. Explain why sodium chloride is not an element.

Because it _____________________________________________
2.2.2 Metals, Non-metals and Metalloids
Properties
Shiny, Malleable, Ductile, Sonorous, High conductivities of heat and electricity, High
Metals
melting point and boiling point
Not shiny, Low or no conductivities of heat and electricity, Non-malleable,

Non-Metals
Non-ductile, Low melting point and boiling point
Metalloids Intermediate properties between metals and non-metals
Example
Elements in a solid, a liquid and a gaseous state at room temperature (II)
Solid Liquid Gaseous
Lithium, Sodium, Magnesium,
Metals
Aluminium, Potassium, Iron, Mercury

Copper, Silver, Gold
Non-Metals
Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen,

Diamond (Carbon), Sulphur Bromine Fluorine, Chlorine, Helium, Neon,
Argon, Krypton
Metalloids
Boron, Silicon, Arsenic
Let’s Exercise
1. What is the difference in appearance between metals and non-metals?
_____________________________________________________
2. To which group of elements gaseous elements belong to? Metals,

non-metals or metalloids?
_____________________________________________________
Let's Go Further
Which is higher, the melting point of mercury or room temperature? Give the reason.
____________________________________________________________.
2.3 Grouping Substances – Compounds

2.3.1 Definition
A compound is a pure substance composed of two or more elements that are
combined chemically in a definite proportion by mass.
Example
RR Calcium sulphide
RR Magnesium nitride
RR Sodium sulphide
RR Barium oxide
Let’s Exercise
1. Identify the compounds from the following lists below and explain why
the remaining are not a compound?
a) Mercury : __________________________________.
b) Calcium chloride : __________________________________.

c) Nitrogen gas : __________________________________.
d) Copper oxide : __________________________________.
2. Write the elements that form the following compounds.

a) Sulphur trioxide : __________________________________.
b) Iron (II) sulphate : __________________________________.
c) Barium sulphate : __________________________________.
2.3.2 Classification of Compounds

Compounds can be classified as: oxides, acids, bases and salts based on their
composition and their chemical properties.
Oxides
RR They are binary compounds containing oxygen.
RR Not all elements react with oxygen to form compounds. For example, gold,
platinum, and noble gases do not react with oxygen to form oxides.
Example
i) Most metals react with oxygen to form metallic oxides.
2Ca + O2 $ 2CaO (Calcium oxide)
ii) Most non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metallic oxides.
S + O2 $ SO2 (Sulphur dioxide)
Acids
RR are substances which release hydrogen ion (H+) in water solution.
RR change the colour of indicators. They turn blue litmus red, phenolphthalein
colourless and methyl orange red.
Example
Hydrochloric acid, Sulphuric acid, Carbonic acid . . . etc.
Bases
RR are substance which release hydroxide ion (OH–) in water solution.
RR can neutralize acid.
RR change the colour of indicators. They turn red litmus blue, phenolphthalein red
and methyl orange yellow.
Salts
RR are compounds that are formed by the reaction of acids with bases.
Example
Sodium chloride, Calcium carbonate, etc.
Let’s Exercise
Write at least four examples for each group of compounds.
(Refer to your Chemistry Textbook)
1. Oxide : __________, __________, __________, and __________.
2. Acid : __________, __________, __________, and __________.
3. Base : __________, __________, __________, and __________.
4. Salt : __________, __________, __________, and __________.
2.4 Grouping Substances – Mixtures

2.4.1 What is a Mixture?
A mixture is material which contains two or more substances. Most things in
nature are mixtures. For example, rocks, river water, or even the atmosphere are
all mixtures. Rocks contain different types of minerals while river water contains
dissolved salts and other solid particles. Components of mixtures do not have
constant compositions and do not change their identities as a result of mixing.
Let’s Exercise
1. If a single sphere represents an atom of an element and linkage of two or
more spheres shows a molecule of an element or a compound, which of
the following diagrams (A, B, or C) represents a mixture, a compound or
an element?
A B C
A ______________ B ______________ C ______________
2. Write down two properties of a mixture.

i) __________________________________________________.
ii) __________________________________________________.
3. What are the differences between mixture and pure substances (elements
and compounds)?
i) __________________________________________________.
ii) __________________________________________________.
4. Classify the substances into mixture and pure substance in the table
below. Give reason for your classification. Two examples are given.
Substance Class Reason
Air Mixture Air contains different gases
Table salt Pure substance It is a compound of sodium and chlorine
Carbondioxide
Tap water
Iron
2.4.2 Types of Mixtures
Mixtures are classified into two as homogeneous and heterogeneous.
Homogeneous mixture is a mixture that is uniform

throughout. Its components cannot be seen by naked
eye or magnifying lenses.
Heterogeneous mixture is not uniform and its components

can be seen by naked eye or magnifying lenses.
Let’s Exercise
1. Classify the following mixtures into homogeneous and heterogeneous:
Solution of Sugar, Milk, Blood, Air, Tea, Shiro-wot, Rock salt,
Kerosene, Solution of Alcohol, River water and Water
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Hint!
Tea River water
The prefix ‘Homo-’ shows
being the same while ‘Hetero-’
shows difference.
2. Compare and contrast homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.

a) Similarity ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________.
b) Difference __________________________________________
__________________________________________________.
Let's Go Further
Write down the missing terms represented
by A, B, C, D, and E in the concept map. Concept map is
A. ____________ used to summarize
Substances what you studied.
B. ____________
C. ____________ A Mixture
D. ____________ Made up of
same atoms
Componets can
can be detected
E. ____________ B C D E
2.5 Grouping Substances – Identification of Elements,

Compounds and Mixtures
2.5.1 Pure Substance and Mixture
Let us review pure substance and mixture in the table below.
A pure substance A mixture
RR is made up of only one single substance. RR is made up of two or more substances.
RR is either an element or a compound. RR contains two or more elements, compounds or both.
RR has fixed properties RR properties depend on the mixing ratio.
RR is impure.
Examples Examples
Elements: Sodium, Iron, Oxygen Air (containing Nitrogen, Oxygen & Others)
Compounds: Sodium chloride, Water Sea water (Containing water, salts and others)
Stone (Containing many kinds of minerals)
Let’s Exercise
Find out five mixtures in your textbook and write down below.
__________________________________________________________
2.5.2 Elements and Compounds

Let us compare elements and compounds in the table below.
An element A compound
RR is made up of only one kind of atoms. RR is made up of two or more substances.
RR is not broken into simpler substances. RR is broken into two or more elements.
Examples Examples
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Gold, Zinc Water, Carbon dioxide, Sodium chloride
H H H
O O O O O C O
Let’s Exercise
1. Find out five elements in the textbook and write them down below.
______________________________________________________
2. Find out five compounds in the textbook and write them down below.
______________________________________________________
2.5.3 Compounds and Mixtures
Let us compare compounds and mixtures in the table below.
A compound A mixture
RR is made up of two or more elements. RR components (elements or compounds) not
combined each other.
RR has a fixed composition. RR has a variable composition.
RR has fixed properties. RR properties depend on the mixing ratio
components retain their properties.
Examples Examples
Sodium chloride (common salt), Water, Salt water (containing water and salt),
Carbon dioxide. Milk (containing water, protein and others)
Let’s Exercise
Choose mixtures from the following and write down their names and major
components in the table.
Orange juice, Water, River water, Vegetable soup,
Carbon dioxide, Air, Oxygen
Mixture Major components
Let's Go Further
1. Classify the following substances into elements, compounds and mixtures.
Sodium, Sodium chloride, Salt water, Bottled water, Hydrogen, Blood,
Magnesium, Sea water, Cooking oil, Sulphur dioxide
Elements: _______________________________________________
Compounds: _______________________________________________
Mixtures: _______________________________________________
2. Rain water is a mixture. Write down the components besides water.

_________________________________________________________
3. Only carbon dioxide was formed when Substance A burned while carbon
dioxide and water were formed when Substance B burned. If one of the two
substances is an element, which one is it? Answer A or B and write down the
reason you chose it.
_________________________________________________________
2.6 Changes Around Us – Physical Changes and Chemical

Changes
Most of the changes in substances are grouped into physical and chemical changes.
2.6.1 Physical Changes
Physical changes are changes in which the composition of a substance does not change.
Three types of physical changes:
i) Change of State: Solid cool Liquid
heat heat
cool
Gas
ii) Dissolving: Substance dissolves in water to form solution.
iii) Mechanical Changes: Changes brought about by changing size and shape of a
substance.
Example
a) Ice melts into liquid water.
b) Sugar dissolves in water to form sugar solution.
c) Copper changes its shape when hammered.
Let’s Exercise
1. Physical changes can be classified as _________, _________ and
_________.
2. Why is breaking a glass a physical changes?
_____________________________________________________.
2.6.2 Chemical Changes

Chemical changes are changes in which new substances are formed.
Example
Kerosene burns to form carbon dioxide and water.
Let’s Exercise
Classify the following changes as physical or chemical.
1. Souring of milk _______________________
2. Condensation of steam _______________________
3. Dissolving sugar in water _______________________
4. Conversion of charcoal to carbon dioxide _______________________
5. Grinding table salt into powder _______________________
2.6.3 Differences between Physical Changes and Chemical
Changes
In physical changes, the original substance can easily be reversed. But, in chemical
changes, the changes cannot easily be reversed and the newly formed substance has
different properties and composition from the original material. Energy change is
involved in chemical change but not necessary so in physical change.
Let’s Exercise
Complete the following table.
Difference between physical and chemical changes.

Physical Change Chemical Change
Formation of new substance
Composition
Reversibility
Energy change
Let's Go Further
Fill the blank spaces with appropriate words.
1. When ice is heated, it melts to __________, and on further heating, it changes
to __________.
2. Mechanical changes involve changes in the __________ and __________ of

a substance.
3. If a piece of wood is burned in air, the expected products are __________,

__________ and ash.
4. Photosynthesis is a __________ change.
5. Drying wet clothes is a __________ change.
6. Fermentation is a __________ change.
7. What are chemical changes? Are they easily reversible or irreversible?
_________________________________________________________.
8. Is the expansion of copper on heating a physical or a chemical change? Give reason.
_________________________________________________________.
2.7 Separation of Mixtures – Magnetic Separation,

Decantation and Filtration
2.7.1 Magnetic Separation
Magnetic separation is a method to separate a mixture of magnetic and non-
magnetic substances. In this method, the magnetic components are attracted by the
magnet and easily attached to it.
Example
Mixture of iron filings and sand is separated using magnetic separation.
Iron filings are attracted by the magnet, while the sand is not.
Let’s Exercise
Fill in the blanks.
1. ____________ is used to separate the mixture of iron and sulphur.
2. The component of the mixture of iron filings and sands that is attracted by
the magnet is ____________.
2.7.2 Decantation
Decantation is a method to separate a mixture when one component is a liquid
and the other one is an insoluble solid denser than the liquid. It is also a method to
separate two immiscible liquids.
Example
RR A mixture of sand and water can
be separated using decantation.
RR A mixture of oil and water
as immiscible liquid can be
separated using a separatory
funnel. Solid
Liquid
Decantation of solids from a solid-liquid mixture

Let’s Exercise
Fill in the blanks.
1. A cup of clear coffee is poured from a coffee pot applying ___________.
2. An apparatus that is used to separate two immiscible liquids is a

____________.
2.7.3 Filtration
Filtration is a method to separate the components of a mixture containing an
insoluble solid and a liquid.
In a laboratory, a filtration method is performed by pouring the mixture into a funnel

fitted with a filter paper. The liquid that passes through this filter paper is called the
filtrate and the solid that remains on the filter paper is the residue.
Example
RR Mixture of sand and water can be separated by filtration.
RR Filtration is a key step in purification of the tap water we drink.
Beaker
Filter paper
Funnel
Mixture Residue
Filtrate
Filtration
Let’s Exercise
Fill in the blanks.
1. A mixture of chalk and water can be separated by ____________.
2. Liquid that passes through filter paper during filtration is called
____________.
2.8 Separation of Mixtures – Evaporation and Distillation

2.8.1 Evaporation Only water evaporates
Salt solution
Evaporation is a type of vaporization of Evaporating dish
a liquid that occurs from the surface of Gauze

a liquid into a gaseous phase. The other
Bunson burner
type of vaporization is boiling, which
occurs in the liquid phase forming
bubbles.
The rate of evaporation increases if

Only salt remains
►► the temperature of the liquid is increased.
►► the surface area of the liquid is increased
►► air is moving over the surface of the liquid.
Evaporation is applied to separating a soluble solid

from a liquid in a solution.
Example
If a glass of sugar water is left in a warm dry air for several days, only water
will evaporate and solid sugar will remain in the glass.
Let’s Exercise
1. To separate sand from the mixture of sand and water, what is an
advantage of filtration over evaporation?
______________________________________________________
2. To obtain solid sugar from 5 mL of

sugar solution through evaporation,
with which apparatus does it take
shorter time, a test tube or an
evaporating dish? Give the reason too. Test tube Evaporating dish
______________________________________________________
2.8.2 Distillation
Distillation is a method of separating the components of a liquid mixture. It consists
of both vaporization (evaporation or boiling) and condensation.
Vaporization occurs in the Thermometer
flask while condensation

takes place in the condenser.
In the condenser, the vapour Water out
coming from the flask turns Condenser
to a liquid being cooled by Flask
water running in the outer Wire gauze

tube. The liquid is collected in
Water in Receiver
the receiver.
Bunsen
burner
Let’s Exercise
1. To obtain salt from a salt solution, which method do you use, evaporation
or distillation? Give the reason.
______________________________________________________
2. To obtain water from a salt solution, which method do you use,

evaporation or distillation? Give the reason.
______________________________________________________
3. During distillation, what is the function of the water passing in the outer
tube of the condenser?
______________________________________________________
4. To obtain ethanol (B.P. 78 ºC) from the mixture of ethanol and water by a
simple distillation, the temperature in the flask should not be much higher
than 78 ºC. What is the reason?
______________________________________________________
Let's Go Further
Write down the necessary steps for obtaining salt and sand separately from their
mixture step by step.
i) _________________________________________________________
ii) _________________________________________________________
iii) _________________________________________________________
2.9 Unit Summary

1. Physical properties of a substance are properties that
A. are used to distinguish substances.
B. cannot be recognized by observation.
C. are the same for the all kinds of substances.
D. change as time passes.
2. Which one of the following physical properties of a substance is measurable?
A. Colour
B. Density
C. Odour
D. Taste
3. Which of the following elements is a metal?
A. Hydrogen
B. Mercury
C. Oxygen
D. Sulphur
4. Why milk is classified into mixture?

_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
5. Why does an alloy can be classified as homogeneous mixture?

_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
6. A mixture of iron and sulphur in a test tube was heated and then cooled. What
do you think has happened?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Unit 3
Language of Chemistry
Main Content
3.1 Symbols of Elements 26
3.2 Chemical Formulas - Molecules of Elements 28
3.3 Chemical Formulas - Binary Compounds 30
3.4 Chemical Formulas - Polyatomic Ions and Their Compounds 32
3.5 Qualitative and Quantitative Significance -
Coefficient and Subscript 34
3.6 Chemical Equations - Word and Chemical Equations 36
3.7 Chemical Equations - Balancing Chemical Equations 38
3.8 Unit Summary 40
S S
S S S
S
25
S S
3.1 Symbols of Elements

3.1.1 Symbols of Some Common Elements
Symbol: is a short hand notation for the chemical names of an elements.
Example
Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Carbon (C),
Potassium (K – Kalium in Latin), Sodium (Na – Natrium in Latin)
The name of some elements such as Calcium, Carbon, Chlorine and Copper begins
with the same letter ‘C’ but the letter ‘C‘ is used only for Carbon and for the other
two letters are used.
Example
Carbon (C), Calcium (Ca), Chlorine (Cl), Copper (Cu), Cobalt (Co), and similarly
the symbols of Nitrogen (N), Nickel (Ni), Neon (Ne).
Let’s Exercise
1. Define chemical symbol of elements.
_____________________________________________________.
2. Write the chemical symbols of (Refer to your textbook)

a) Sulphur _____________ c) Nitrogen _____________
b) Neon _____________ d) Chlorine _____________
3.1.2 Symbols of Some Common Elements Derived from English

Names
Names of Elements Symbols of Element
Beryllium Be
Boron B
Bromine Br
Carbon C
Calcium Ca
Aluminium Al
Magnesium Mg
Argon Ar
Fluorine F
Unit 3: Language of Chemistry 27
Let’s Exercise
Write the chemical symbol of the following elements. (Refer to the Periodic Table.)
a) Helium _____________ f) Iodine _____________
b) Phosphorus _____________ g) Silicon _____________
c) Aluminium _____________ h) Magnesium _____________
d) Chlorine _____________ i) Neon _____________
e) Sulphur _____________ j) Xenon _____________
3.1.3 Symbols of Latin Names of Some Elements

English Names Latin Names Symbols of Element
Sodium Natrium Na
Iron Ferrum Fe
Lead Plumbum Pb
Silver Argentum Ag
Potassium Kalium K
Gold Aurum Au
Tin Stanum Sn
Let’s Exercise
1. Write the chemical symbol of the following elements:
a) Lead _______________ c) Potassium _____________
b) Gold _______________ d) Sodium _____________
2. Write the chemical symbol of the following Latin names of elements:

a) Aurum _______________ d) Natrium ______________
b) Ferrum _______________ e) Plumbum ______________
c) Kalium _______________
3. Write the names of the following chemical symbols: (Refer to the Periodic
Table.)
a) Ba _______________ d) Ag _______________
b) B _______________ e) Zn _______________
c) Sn _______________ f) Hg _______________
3.2 Chemical Formulas – Molecules of Elements

3.2.1 Mono Atomic and Diatomic Molecules
A molecule of an element is an atom or a group of atoms that exists freely in nature.
It exists as a mono atomic, a diatomic or a poly atomic molecule.
Mono Atomic Molecule Diatomic Molecule

Contains a single atom per molecule atom. The Contains two atoms of the same element per
formula of the molecule is the same as that of molecule.
the atom.
Example: Example:
He: He , Ne: Ne , Ar: Ar H2: H H , O2: O O , Cl2: Cl Cl
An atom of He forms a molecule of He. Two atoms of H form a molecule of H2.
Let’s Exercise
1. List of certain elements are given below. Put tick ( P ) for mono atomic
molecule.
a) Neon ( )
b) Chlorine ( )
c) Nitrogen ( )
d) Helium ( )
e) Kripton ( )
f) Iodine ( )
2. Write down the molecular formulas of the following molecules.

a) Hydrogen _______________
b) Oxygen _______________
c) Argon _______________
d) Bromine _______________
e) Iodine _______________
f) Helium _______________
3.2.2 Poly Atomic Molecules of Elements
Poly Atomic Molecule: contains three or more atoms of the same element per molecule.
Example
RR Ozone contains three similar atoms per molecule. That is, (O3).
O
O O
RR Phosphorus Molecule (P4) contains four combined phosphorus atoms per

molecule.
P P
P
RR Sulphur molecule (S8) contains eight combined sulphur atom.
S
S S
S S
S
S S
Let’s Exercise
The formula of certain elements are given below. Indicate them where they
classified. Put tick ( P ) to show the type of molecules given by the formulas.
Formula Mono Atomic Diatomic Poly Atomic
P4
S8
Kr
Cl2
H2
He
3.3 Chemical Formulas – Binary Compound

3.3.1 Valance Numbers
Valance number shows the capacity of an element to combine with other elements.
In compounds containing Hydrogen, whose valance number is 1, the valance
number of the element is the number of Hydrogen atoms that combine with one
atom of the element.
Example
a) In HF one atom of Fluorine combines with one atom of
H F
Hydrogen. Therefore, the valance number of Fluorine is 1.
b) In H 2 S two atoms of Hydrogen combine with one atom of S
Sulphur. Therefore, the valance number of Sulphur is 2. H H
Valance number of some common elements.

Valance Valance Valance Valance Valance
Number 1 Number 2 Number 3 Number 4 Number 5
Na Ca Al C P
K Mg Fe (III)
Ag Zn N
Cu Cu
H Fe (II)
Cl O
Br S
Do You Know?
Some elements like Fe and Cu have more than one valance numbers.
►► Valance number of Fe is 2 in FeCl2 and 3 in FeCl3.
►► Valance number of Cu is 1 in Cu2O and 2 in CuO.
Let’s Exercise
What is the valance number of
a) Nitrogen in NH 3 ? _______ d) Calcium in CaH 2 ? _______
b) Oxygen in H 2 O ? _______ e) Magnesium in MgO ? _______
c) Phosphorus in PH 3 ? _______ f) Iron in FeCl 3 ? _______
3.3.2 Binary Compounds
Binary compounds contain atoms of two different elements.
In naming binary compounds of a metal and a non-metal, the suffix ‘-ide’ replaces
the last letters of the name of non-metal. The formulas of binary compounds are
written in a way that balances the valence numbers of the two elements.
Example
1. Names of binary compounds.
a) CaO (Calcium and Oxygen $ Calcium oxide)
b) H2S (Hydrogen and Sulphur $ Hydrogen sulphide)
2. Formula of Aluminium Chloride.

Aluminium has a valance number 3 and Chlorine has a valance number
1. To balance their combining powers, criss cross their valance numbers
as follows :
Al 5
4Cl $ 3 # 1 and 1 # 3 , thus the formula is AlCl 3
3 1
Let’s Exercise
1. Put tick (P) if it is a binary compound and put () if not.
a) Br2 ( )
b) HF ( )
c) CaCl 2 ( )
d) H 2 SO 4 ( )
2. Write the formulas for the following binary compounds.

a) Zinc Chloride _______________
b) Copper(I) Oxide _______________
c) Sodium Oxide _______________
3. Write the name of the following substances.

a) HCl _______________
b) FeS _______________
c) KI _______________
d) H 2 O _______________
3.4 Chemical formulas – Polyatomic Ions and Their

Compounds
3.4.1 Polyatomic Ions
Polyatomic ions are charged groups of atoms.
Example
Polyatomic Ions Formula Valance Number
Hydroxide ion OH - 1
Nitrate ion NO 3- 1
Ammonium ion NH 4+ 1
Hydrogen Carbonate ion HCO 3- 1
Carbonate ion CO 32- 2
Sulphate ion SO 42- 2
Phosphate ion PO 43- 3
Let’s Exercise
1. Write the formulas of the following polyatomic ions.
a) Nitrate ion _______________
b) Hydrogen carbonate ion _______________
c) Sulphate ion _______________
2. Write the names of the following ions.

a) OH - _______________ c) PO 43- _______________
b) CO 32- _______________ d) NH 4+ _______________
3. Write the valence number of the following polyatomic ions.

a) OH - _______________
b) CO 32- _______________
c) NH 4+ _______________
d) Phosphate ion _______________
e) Hydrogen carbonate ion _______________
f) Nitrate ion _______________
3.4.2 Compounds of Polyatomic Ions
Polyatomic ions form compounds with ions (mono atomic or polyatomic) in different
charges.
i) When valence number of negative ion is 1.
Positive Ions Negative Ions Compounds
-
Na +
OH NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide)
-
NH 4
+
NO 3 NH 4 NO 3 (Ammonium Nitrate)
Ca 2+ HCO 3- Ca (HCO 3) 2 (Calcium Hydrogen Carbonate)
ii) When valence number of negative ion is 2.

K+ CO 32- K 2 CO 3 (Potassium Carbonate)
Mg 2+ CO 32- MgCO 3 (Magnesium Carbonate)
Al 3+ SO 42- Al 2 (SO 4) 3 (Aluminium Sulphate)
iii) When valence number of negative ion is 3.

H +
PO 4
3-
H 3 PO 4 (Phosphoric Acid)
Na + PO 43- Na 3 PO 4 (Sodium Phosphate)
Ca 2+ PO 43- Ca 3 (PO 4) 2 (Calcium Phosphate)
Let’s Exercise
1. Name the following compounds.
a) CaSO 4 c) KNO 3
_________________ _________________
b) MgCO 3 d) NH 4 OH
_________________ _________________
2. Write down the formulas of the compounds made of the following pairs.
a) Na + and SO 42- c) Na + and NO 3-
_________________ _________________
b) NH 4+ and OH - d) Mg 2+ and PO 43-
_________________ _________________
3. Write down the formulas of the following compounds.
a) Potassium Sulphate b) Zinc Phosphate
_________________ _________________
3.5 Qualitative and Quantitative Significance – Coefficient

and Subscript
3.5.1 Qualitative Meaning of Symbol
Qualitatively symbols represent the identities of the elements.
Example
Chemical Symbol or Formula Qualitative Meanings
H2 O Hydrogen and Oxygen are present
Sodium, Nitrogen and Oxygen
NaNO 3 are present in a compound
3S 8 Sulphur is present in a molecule
Let’s Exercise
Show the qualitative measuring of the following formulas of substances.
Chemical Symbol or Formula Qualitative Meanings
Mg (OH) 2
H 2 SO 4
4Cl 2
3.5.2 Quantitative Meaning of Symbol

Quantitatively symbols accompanied with coefficient and subscript represent the
numbers of atoms of the elements.
Example
Chemical Symbol or Formula Quantitative Meanings
One hydrogen atom and one chlorine atom in
HCl one molecule
Two water molecules that contain 2 hydrogen
2H 2 O atoms and 1 oxygen atom each
Two oxygen molecules that contains 2 oxygen
2O 2 atoms each
Let’s Exercise
Fill the blank spaces in the table below.
Chemical Symbol or Formula Quantitative Meanings
4F2
5Br2
2Cl
3.5.3 Subscript
A subscript shows the number of atoms in a formula.
Symbol O2 Subscript
Let’s Exercise
Show subscripts in the following formulas.
Formula Subscript
3S 8 8
H2
7Br2
3.5.4 Coefficient
A coefficient shows the number of atoms as molecules or formula units. It is written
in front of a symbol or formula.
2 H 2 + O 2 $ 2H 2 O
A coefficient is not written
Coefficient in case of "1"
Example
RR 2H represents 2 atoms of Hydrogen.
RR H 2 represents 1 molecule of Hydrogen.
RR 6O 2 represents 6 molecules of Oxygen.
Let’s Exercise
What are the subscript and coefficient of the following?
a) 2H 2 O Subscript _____________, Coefficient _____________.
b) 3H 2 SO 4 Subscript _____________, Coefficient _____________.
c) 5Br2 Subscript _____________, Coefficient _____________.
Let's Go Further
Write the formulas with coefficients of the models in the following diagrams.
a) H H b) O
O
O c) H O O H
H H O
O O H O O H
H H O
O O H O O H
_____________ _____________ _____________

3.6 Chemical Equations – Word and Chemical

Equations
3.6.1 Chemical Reaction
A chemical reaction is a process in which a substance is changed into one or more
new substances.
Example
Hydrogen + Oxygen Water
144444444444444444424444444444444444443 144424443
Reactants written on the Product written on the
left hand side of the reaction right hand side of the reaction
Let’s Exercise
Indicate 'reactant' and 'product' in the following chemical reaction.
A + B $ AB
a) “AB” is _____________ c) “B” is _____________
b) “A” is _____________
3.6.2 Word Equation

A word equation is a chemical equation in words.
Example
a) Hydrogen + Chlorine Hydrogen chloride
H H + Cl Cl H Cl + H Cl
144424443 144424443 1444444444442444444444443
1 hydrogen molecule 1 chlorine molecule 2 hydrogen chloride molecules
b) Sulphur + Oxygen Sulphur dioxide
Let’s Exercise
Complete the blank spaces with words or models.
1. Carbon + Carbon dioxide
C + O O
2. + Oxygen Carbon monoxide

+ C O + C O
3.6.3 Chemical Equation
A chemical equation is a representation of a chemical reaction with symbols and
formulas of substances.
The law of conservation of mass in a chemical reaction the total mass of the products
always equals the total mass of the reactants.
Example
Magnesium + Oxygen Magnesiumoxide
2Mg + O2 2MgO
- - -
2 magnesium atom 2 oxygen atom 2 magnesium atom and 2 oxygen atom
14444444444444444444244444444444444444443 144444444444444444444424444444444444444444443
Reactants Products
Expressing on a balance
Mg Mg O O Mg O Mg O
T
Let’s Exercise
Change the word equation into chemical equation.
1. Hydrogen
+ Chlorine $ Hydrogen chloride
_________ + _________ $ _________
2. Sodium + Chlorine $ Sodium chloride

_________ + _________ $ _________
3. Aluminum + Oxygen $ Aluminum oxide

_________ + _________ $ _________
Let's Go Further
Fill in the blanks.
Calcium + Hydrochloric acid $ Calcium chloride + Hydrogen
_________ + _________ $ _________ + H2

3.7 Chemical Equations – Balancing Chemical

Equations
3.7.1 Inspection Method
It is a method of balancing an equation by putting coefficient before the symbol or
formula by trial and error.
Example
Balance the equation for the reaction of sodium with oxygen to produce
sodium oxide.
Solution:
Step i: Write the word equation.
Sodium + Oxygen Sodiumoxide
Step ii: Write the symbols and formulas of the word equation.
Na + O 2 Na 2 O
Step iii: Putting coefficients of reactants and products by trial and error until
the reaction is balanced.
4Na + O2 2Na 2 O
Na Na Na Na
+ O O O O
Na Na Na Na
Let’s Exercise
Balance the equation, by inspection method, for the reaction of calcium oxide and
hydrochloric acid to form calcium chloride and water.
Step i ______________________________________
Step ii ______________________________________
Step iii ______________________________________
3.7.2 Least Common Multiple (LCM) Method

It is a mathematical method of balancing chemical equation.
Steps in balancing chemical equation by the LCM method are:

Step ii: Change the word to formula in the equation.
Step iii: Write the total valence number of each element above their symbol.
Step iv: Find the LCM of the total valence.
Step v: Divide the LCM by each total valance number.
Example
Iron burns in oxygen to produce iron (III) oxide.
Solution:
Iron + Oxygen Iron (III) oxide
Step ii: Change the word equation to the formula equation.
Fe + O 2 Fe 2 O 3
Step iii: Write the total valence number of each element above their formulas.
3 4 6
Fe + O 2 Fe 2 O 3
Step iv: Find the LCM of the total valence numbers.
3 4 12 (LCM) 6
Fe + O 2 Fe 2 O 3
Step v: Divide the LCM by each total valence number.
12
4 Fe + 3 O 2 2 Fe 2 O 3
- - -
=
12 G =
12 G =
12 G
3 4 6
Let’s Exercise
Balance the following chemical equations by the LCM method.
1. Carbon burns in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide.
Step i: ______________________________________
Step ii: ______________________________________
Step iii: ______________________________________
Step iv: ______________________________________
Step v: ______________________________________
2. Magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid to form magnesium chloride and

hydrogen gas.
Step i: ______________________________________
Step ii: ______________________________________
Step iii: ______________________________________
Step iv: ______________________________________
Step v: ______________________________________
3.8 Unit Summary

1. The symbolic representation of a substance giving the ratio of different kinds
atoms in it is
A. chemical symbol C. chemical equation
B. chemical formula D. chemical change
2. Given the following elements with their respective valance numbers, which of
the following groups of formulas are correctly written?
Element H Cl O Ca Mg N Al
Valence Number I I II II II III III
A. AlCl2, CaO, Mg3N2 C. AlN2, MgCl2, N2O3

B. Al2O2, Mg2O, NH3 D. HCl, H2O, MgO
3. A subscript in a formula is a number written at the

A. bottom left of a symbol C. top left of a symbol
B. bottom right of a symbol D. top right of a symbol
4. How can you obtain magnesium oxide using magnesium ribbon?

A. By burning it. C. By freezing it.
B. By melting it. D. By dissolving it in water.

5. Define Valance number of an atom?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
6. Write at least five examples of polyatomic ions?

i) ____________________________
ii) ____________________________
iii) ____________________________
iv) ____________________________
v) ____________________________
7. Balance the following chemical equation?

KClO 3 KCl + O2
Unit 4
Structure of Substances
Main Content
4.1 Atomic Theory 42
4.2 The Structure of the Atom - Subatomic Particles and Isotopes 44
4.3 The Structure of the Atom - Electronic Configuration 46
4.4 The Structure of the Atom - Valence Electrons and Ions 48
4.5 Molecules of Elements and Compounds 50
4.6 Unit Summary 52
41
4.1 Atomic Theory

4.1.1 Historical Development of the Atomic Theory
The first atomic theory was proposed in the Greek era by Democritus with the idea
that world is made up of tiny particle called Atoms. This belief was objected by
Aristotle. He believed that matter was continuous. The argument continued until the
Dalton’s Atomic Theory was accepted.
Let’s Exercise
1. Fill the blank spaces.
a) The first atomic theory was proposed by __________ with the idea
that world is made up of tiny particle called __________.
b) Aristotle argued that matter is __________.
2. What do we mean by saying matter is discrete or continuous?

Discrete ________________________________________.
Continuous ________________________________________.
4.1.2 Atomic Theory

By the time of John Dalton, “The law of conservation of mass” and “The law of
definite composition” had been found.
The law of conservation of mass: The total mass of the reactants is equal to that of the
products.
The law of definite composition: The elements in a compound are combined in fixed
proportions.
He proposed a hypothesis that matter consists of very small particles called atoms.
This hypothesis explained these two laws above well.
Unit 4: Structure of Substances 43
Dalton’s Atomic Theory and Modern Atomic Theory
Dalton’s Atomic Theory Modern Atomic Theory
Common Points
¹¹Matter consists of very small particles called atoms.
¹¹Atoms of one element are different from atoms of other elements in mass
and other properties.
¹¹A chemical reaction involves only the separation, combination or
rearrangement of atoms.
¹¹Atoms combine in a fixed whole number ratio to form compounds.
Short Comings Improved Understandings
1. Atoms are indivisible. 1. Atoms can be divided into subatomic
particles. These are protons, neutrons and
electrons.
2. Atoms of the same element have the same 2. All atoms of the same element do not have
mass. the same mass. This is due to different
number of neutrons in them.
Let’s Exercise
a) Matter is made up of indivisible particle called __________.
b) The smallest particle of an element is called __________.
c) The short coming of Dalton’s Atomic Theory are
i) ____________________________________________.
ii) ____________________________________________.
Let's Go Further
1. What are the three subatomic particles of an atom?
__________, __________ and __________.
2. What are the atoms of the same element but with the different mass?
____________________.
4.2 The Structure of the Atom – Subatomic Particles and

Isotopes
4.2.1 The Subatomic Particles
Proton
Each element is made of atoms. Neutron
Nucleus
Electron
Atoms are built with smallest particles called Shell
subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, and

electrons). Atomic Structure
An atom has two regions: the atomic nucleus and electronic shells.
Nucleus:
►► is small central part of an atom. ►► contains protons and neutrons.
Electrons:
►► moves around the nucleus in shells.
Note That:
RR Almost all the mass of an atom is in the nucleus.
RR In an atom the number of electrons equals to the number of protons.
Fundamental Relative Actual Mass Relative Mass Location in
Particle Charge (g) (amu) the Atom
Proton +1 1.673 # 10 -24 1 Nucleus
Neutron 0 1.675 # 10 -24
1 Nucleus
Electron -1 9.09 # 10 -28 0 Shell
Let’s Exercise
I Fill in the Blank Spaces.
1. The mass of a proton is approximately equal to the mass of _________.
2. Compared to the mass of a proton, the mass of an electron is _________.
3. The two parts composing an atom are _________ and _________.

4. Almost all the mass of an atom is in the nucleus. Why?
_____________________________________________________.
5. An atom is electrically neutral. Why?
_____________________________________________________.
6. What are the three subatomic particles of an atom?
_________, _________ and _________.
4.2.2 Atomic Number, Mass Number, Isotopes, Atomic Symbol
and Atomic Mass
Atomic Number (Z) number of protons contained in the nucleus of an atom.
Mass Number (A) sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
Mass Number (A) = Number of Protons (Z) + Number of Neutrons (N)
A = Z+N
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but
different number of neutrons.
Note That:
RR Isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties but different
density.
RR Isotopes are identified by the atomic symbol notation:
Mass Number
A
Z X Symbol of the Element
Atomic Number
Atomic Mass of an element is the weighted average mass of its isotopes.

RR Isotopes of an element are found in different ratio.
Example
63
29 Cu (69%, Mass: 62.9), 6529 Cu (31%, Mass: 64.9) weighted average: 63.5 (Atomic Mass)
Let’s Exercise
1. Why isotopes of an element have different mass number?
_____________________________________________________.
2. Complete the table below with the number of particles in each box.
1 2 12 14 35 37
1 H 1 H 6 C 6 C 17 Cl 17 Cl
Proton 1 6
Neutron 1
Electron 1 1 17
3. Which one in each pair isotopes contains the greater number of neutrons?
a) 11 H or 21 H b) 105 B or 115 B c) 168 O or 188 O
4.3 The Structure of the Atom – Electronic Configuration

4.3.1 Energy Levels of the Electron Shells
Electrons around the nucleus revolve in shells or orbits with particular energy levels.
Nucleus
The shells are labelled, from the most inner shell K Shell
or the lowest level, as K, L, M and so on. K, L, M L Shell
M Shell
shells are called 1st, 2nd and 3rd shells, too. N Shell
As electrons revolve in farther shells or orbits

from the nucleus, they have greater energy.
Atomic Shell
Let’s Exercise
Fill in the Blanks.
1. Electrons in an atom revolves in the _______ or orbits around the
_______.
2. The first and third shells are called _______ shell and _______ shell
using alphabets.
3. L shell has higher energy than _______ shell.
4.3.2 Numbers of Electrons in the Shells

The maximum numbers of electrons that K, L and M shells accommodate are 2, 8
and 18 respectively. Basically, electrons fill the shells from the lower energy level.
Up to 18 electrons, they fill the shells in the order of K(2), L(8) and M(8) (19th and 20th
electrons go to N shell).
Arrangement of 18 electrons in an atom Arrangement of 11 electrons (Na)
Maximum № Arrangement of Maximum № Arrangement of
Shells of Electron 18 electrons Shells of Electron 11 electrons
M 18 M 18
L 8 L 8
K 2 K 2
– electron, – empty places to be filled with
electrons in cases of the atoms with their
atomic numbers over 20.
Let’s Exercise
How many electrons are there in M shell of Magnesium (Atomic Number: 12), and
Sulphur (Atomic Number: 16)?
a) Magnesium ______ b) Sulphur ______
4.3.3 Electronic Configuration
Electronic configuration is the arrangement of electrons in the shells of atoms. It is
represented as numbers of electrons in the shells or diagram as below.
Elements He N S
Atomic Number 2 7 16
Total Electrons 2 7 16
Electrons in K shell 2 2 2
Electrons in L shell 0 5 8
Electrons in M shell 0 0 6
Electronic Configuration in
2 2, 5 2, 8, 6
Numbers
Diagrams
Let’s Exercise
1. Convert the electronic configurations in the diagrams to those in numbers.
Diagrams
Numbers
2, 4
2. Write down the electronic configuration in numbers of the following

elements.
H ( ), Be ( ), C ( ),
Ne ( 2, 8 ), P ( ), Ar ( )
3. Complete the electric configurations of the following elements by drawing

appropriate numbers of electrons.
B: F: Cl:
4.4 The Structure of the Atom – Valence Electrons and

Ions
4.4.1 Valance Electrons
A valance shell is the outer most shell of an atom. Valance electrons are the electrons
in the outer most shell of an atom and they are involved in the formation of a
chemical bond.
Example
To determine the number of valance electrons Valance
electron
of sodium: Valance
shell
First, we write electronic configuration as

23
11 Na: 2, 8, 1 [11Na]
Since, the valance shell of sodium contains 1

electron, the number of its valence electron is 1.
Let’s Exercise
1. Tell the number of valance electrons of the atoms with the following given
diagrams.
a) b)
[Be] [F]
2. Find the valance electrons of the following atoms and complete the table
below.
Atoms Number of Electrons Number of Valence Electrons
Al 13
P 15
Cl 17
K 19
4.4.2 Ions
An ion is an atom or group of atoms that is positively or negatively charged.
RR Positive ion: Number of the electrons of an atom is less than that of the protons in
the nucleus.
RR Negative ion: Number of the electrons of an atom is more than that of the protons
in the nucleus.
Example
i) Sodium ion
Sodium atom having 11 protons and 11 electrons is neutral.
In a chemical reaction, one valance electron of sodium is removed. As

a result sodium is left with 10 electrons. The net change of protons and
electrons is (+11) + (–10) = +1 . Hence, sodium ion is positively charged.
That is, Na + or 2111 Na + .
ii) Fluoride ion
Fluorine atom becomes fluoride ion obtaining one electron.
+
F + e- F-
Let’s Exercise
1. How many electrons are there in each of the following ions?
a) Al 3+ ______ c) Li + ______ e) S 2- ______
b) H + ______ d) Cl - ______
2. Express the following models of ions with symbols.

a) +4
b)
+8
______ ______
4.5 Molecules of Elements and Compounds

A molecule is the smallest particle that can exist freely in nature. Molecules are
classified into molecules of elements and molecules of compounds.
4.5.1 Molecules of Elements

Atoms of the same element combine to form molecules of elements. In case of noble
gas elements (He, Ne, Ar, Kr), atoms do not combine with each other. They exist as
monoatomic molecules. They are also molecules of elements.
Molecules of elements are classified into monoatomic, diatomic and polyatomic

molecules. (Refer to Section 3.2 Chemical Formulas – Molecules of Elements)
Example
1. One hydrogen atom combines with another hydrogen atom to form a
hydrogen molecules.
H H H H
Chemical equation: H + H $ H 2
2. a) Helium molecule: He d) Fluorine molecule: F2
b) Nitrogen molecule: N2 e) Sulphur molecule: S8
c) Ozone molecule: O3 f) Argon molecule: Ar
Let’s Exercise
1. Express the following processes in chemical equations.
a) Hydrogen atom combines with another hydrogen atom to form a
hydrogen molecules.
Chemical equation: ( + $ )
b) Eight sulphur atoms form a sulphur molecule.
Chemical equation: ( $ S8 )
c) Three oxygen molecules form two ozone molecules.
Chemical equation: ( 3O 2 $ )
2. Write down the molecular formulas of the molecules of the elements.

a) Chlorine molecule: ( )
b) Neon molecule: ( )
3. What is the difference between H and H2?

_________________________________________________
4.5.2 Molecules of Compounds
Atoms of different elements combine to form molecules of compounds.
Compounds containing two different elements are called binary compounds. (Refer
to Section 3.3 Chemical Formulas – Valence Numbers and Binary Compounds)
Example
1. Two hydrogen atoms combine with one oxygen atom to form a water
molecule (a compound).
Chemical equation: 2H + O $ H 2 O
Or two hydrogen molecules combine with one oxygen molecule to
form two water molecules.
Chemical equation: 2H 2 + O 2 $ 2H 2 O
2. One nitrogen molecule combines with three hydrogen molecules to form

two ammonia molecules.
Chemical equation: N 2 + 3H 2 $ 2NH 3
3. a) Carbon monoxide: CO e) Ammonia: NH3

b) Nitrogen dioxide: NO2 f) Dinitrogen monoxide: N2O
c) Methane: CH4 g) Diphosphorus pentoxide: P2O5
d) Sulphur trioxide: SO3 h) Phosphine: PH3
Let’s Exercise
1. Express the following processes in chemical equations.
a) One carbon atom combines with 2 hydrogen molecules to form one
methane molecule.
Chemical equation: ( C + $ )
b) One nitrogen molecule combines with 2 oxygen molecules to form 2
nitrogen dioxide molecules.
Chemical equation: ( + $ )
2. Write down the molecular formulas of the molecules of the compounds.

a) Carbon dioxide ( ) d) Diphosphorus trioxide ( )
b) Nitrogen monoxide ( ) e) Hydrogen chloride ( )
c) Sulphur dioxide ( ) f) Carbon tetrachloride ( )
4.6 Unit Summary

1. The mass number and atomic number of an atom “X” are 31 and 15
respectively. What is the number of neutrons of this atom?
A. 15 B. 16 C. 31 D. 46
2. Which of the following is the correct diagrammatic representation of an atom of

calcium? (Z = 20)
A. C.
B. D.
3. Atomic mass is defined as

A. the average mass of isotopes of an element.
B. the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom.
C. the sum of protons and electrons in an atom.
D. the number of neutrons in an atom.
4. State at least three points of Dalton’s Atomic Theory?

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
5. List the three isotopes of hydrogen and determine the number of neutrons of
each isotopes.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
6. Write the electronic configuration of 2713 Al .
______________________________________________________
Unit
P C
5 eriodic lassification of the
Elements
Main Content
5.1 Periodic Classification of the Elements 54
5.2 Modern Periodic Table - Periods and Groups 56
5.3 Modern Periodic Table - Some Periodic Properties 58
5.4 Modern Periodic Table - Importance of Periodic Table 60
5.5 Unit Summary 62
53
5.1 Periodic Classification of the Elements

5.1.1 Law of Triads
In 1817, J.W. Dobereiner, arranged the similar elements in a group of three (triads in
increasing order of their atomic mass). Then, he observed that the atomic mass of
the middle element is nearly equal to the average of the other two elements.
5.1.2 Law of Octaves

English chemist, John Newlands in 1863, found that when elements are arranged in
increasing order of atomic masses, the eighth element from a given one has similar
properties.
Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Element H Li Be B C N O
Atomic Mass 1 7 9 11 12 14 16
Number 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Element F Na Mg Al Si P S
Atomic mass 19 23 24 27 28 31 32
But the law of octaves could be applied only for elements known at that time and
failed for elements beyond calcium.
Let’s Exercise
Fill in the blank space and give short answer.
1. The first scientist who classified elements based on his law of triads in the
19th century is _______________.
2. J.W. Dobereiner and John Newlands found that different periodicity in
increasing order of _______________ of the elements.
3. In the law of Triads by Dobereiner, how many similar elements are there in
a triad? _______________
Unit 5: Periodic Classification of the Elements 55
5.1.3 Mendeleev’s Periodic Classification
In 1869, Dimitri Mendeleev arranged elements in the increasing order of atomic
masses and found the periodic law which states that the properties of elements are
periodic function of their atomic mass. There is periodicity* of properties of elements
in the periodic table.
Periodicity*: The appearance of elements with similar properties at a regular interval.
Shortcomings of Mendeleev’s Classification

i) Wrong order of the atomic masses of some elements
Some elements did not follow the order of the atomic mass to keep the
periodicity.
ii) It did not take isotopes into consideration.
Let’s Exercise
Give short answer.
1. What are the shortcomings of Mendeleev’s classification?

__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
2. What is periodicity?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
3. Mendeleev arranged elements for his classification according to
__________________________________________________.
5.2 Modern Periodic Table – Periods and Groups

*** Refer to the periodic table at the end of this workbook for your study of this topic onward.
Modern Periodic Law states that the properties of elements are periodic functions of their
atomic number.
►► Period is the horizontal rows in the periodic table.
►► Group is the vertical column in the periodic table.
In Group A,
►► a group number (of the A-groups) is equal to the number of the valence
electrons.
►► a period number is equal to the number of main energy shells of the
element.
Example
Period numbers and group numbers of C, O and F.
Element C O F
Atomic Number 6 8 9
Electron Configuration 2, 4 2, 6 2, 7
Period Number 2 2 2
Group Number IVA (14) VIA (16) VIIA (17)
Let’s Exercise
1. What are the period and the group of sodium in the periodic table?
Period ( ), Group ( )
2. How many periods are there in modern periodic table?

_______________.
3. What is the period number of an element with atomic number 13?
_______________.
4. What are the group number of an element with atomic number 16?
_______________.
Electronic Configuration is the distribution or arrangement of electrons around the nucleus
of an atom.
Let's Go Further
1. Electronic configuration of an atom can tell us the position of an element in the
periodic table. Explain why it is so.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________.
2. Complete the following table from the electronic configuration of the elements
given below.
Element H Na Cl Mg Ca
Atomic Number 1 11 17 12 20
Electron Configuration 1 2, 8, 1 2, 8, 7 2, 8, 2 2, 8, 8, 2
Period Number
Group Number
3. Write the electronic configurations of 4 Be and 20 Ca of Group IIA and

8 O and 16 S of Group VIA.
a) 4 Be ( )
b) 20 Ca ( )
c) 8 O ( )
d) 16 S ( )
5.3 Modern Periodic Table – Some Periodic Properties

5.3.1 Nuclear Charge of an Atom
Nuclear charge of an atom is the total electrical charge of protons in the nucleus. It is
positive and balanced with the total negative charge of electrons in the atom.
The greater the atomic number, the greater the nuclear charge. So, nuclear charge
►► increases from left to right across a period.
►► increases in going down a group.
Example
G r o u p
IA II A III A IV A VA VI A VII A VIII A
1 H +1 He
P e r iod
2 Li +3 Be B C N O F Ne
3 Na +11 Mg +12 Al +13 Si +14 P +15 S +16 Cl +17 Ar +18
4 K +19 Ca
(The positive numbers to the right of some symbols shows their nuclear charges.)
RR In the third period, Cl has a greater nuclear charge (+17) than Al (+13)
due to more protons in the nucleus and is placed at the right of Al.
RR In Group IA, K has a greater nuclear charge (+19) than Li (+3) due to more
protons in the nucleus and is placed below Li.
Let’s Exercise
Which has a greater nuclear charge, Be or O? Write down the answer and the
reason for it.
________________________________________________________.
5.3.2 Atomic Size

Atomic size is the distance from the Example
nucleus to the outermost shell of an
atom. Li
►► It decreases from left to right in Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
a period due to greater nuclear

charge or greater attraction. K Ca
►► It increases in going down a

group due to additional shells.
RR In the third period in the periodic table, the atomic size of Na is larger than
that of Si due to its less attraction to the outermost electrons with less nuclear
charges.
RR In Group IA, the atomic size of K is larger than that of Na due to its more shells
keeping electrons.
Let’s Exercise
1. Which has a larger atomic size, Li or O? Write down the answer and the
reason for it.
______________________________________________________.
2. Arrange the elements of Mg, P and K in the increasing order of atomic size.
______________________________________________________.
5.3.3 Metallic and Non-metallic Characters

Among the elements in the periodic table,
►► metallic characters decrease and non-metallic characters increase from left
to right in a period.
►► metallic characters increase and non-metallic characters decrease in going
down a group.
Example
RR In the third period in the periodic table, Li is the most reactive as a metal
and placed in the leftmost.
RR In Group IA, K has greater metallic characters than Na. Na has greater
metallic characteristics than Li.
Let’s Exercise
1. Arrange Be, B and O in the increasing order of metallic characters.
______________________________________________________.
2. Arrange F, Cl and Br in the increasing order of non-metallic characters.

______________________________________________________.
5.4 Modern Periodic Table – Importance of Periodic Table

5.4.1 The Periodic Table as a Database of the Elements
RR Elements are arranged in the order of the atomic number.
RR In each box, symbol, the atomic number, the relative atomic mass and the other
information of a given element are indicated.
[Periods]
RR There are 7 rows of elements. These rows are called as periods.
RR Period 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 contains 2, 8, 8, 18 and 18 elements respectively.
RR The valence shells of the elements in each period are at the same energy level.
[Groups]
RR There are 18 columns of elements. These columns are called as groups.
RR Elements in a group have similar properties.
RR The number of the valence electrons in a group is the same.
RR Groups have other common names as below.

Group Common Name Group Common Name
IA Alkali metals VA Nitrogen family
IIA Alkaline earth metals VIA Oxygen family
IIIA Boron family VIIA Halogens
IVA Carbon family VIIIA Noble gases
Let’s Exercise
1. What is the atomic number of silicon? _______________
2. What is the name of the element with the atomic number 7? __________
3. What is the name of the element in the 16th group and in the 3rd period?
_______________
4. How many valence electrons does magnesium have? _______________
5. How many valence electrons does chlorine have? _______________
5.4.2 Importance of the Periodic Table

The periodic table provides a useful information for studying the characteristic of the
elements. The properties of an element are related with its position in the periodic
table.
Advantages of the Periodic Table

RR It is useful in predicting the properties of element. (See [Groups] in the left page.)
RR It is useful in predicting new elements, too. (Mendeleev predicted existence of
unknown elements in the empty places of his periodic table then.)
RR Basic information about a given element can be read and deduced.
Let’s Exercise
1. Element sodium reacts with water and turns into a positive ion, while
element chlorine turns into a negative ion.
How does the element with atomic number 9 behave when it reacts with
water?
______________________________________________________
2. Write down the properties and the number of the valence electrons of the
element with atomic number 10.
______________________________________________________
3. How is the chemical properties of an element deduced from its position in

the periodic table?
______________________________________________________
5.5 Unit Summary

1. A law stating that “when the element are arranged by increasing order of
atomic mass, they show periodic repetition of similar properties” is
A. Dobriner’s periodic law
B. Mendeleev’s periodic law
C. The modern periodic law
D. Newland’s periodic law
2. To which period and group does the element with atomic number 17 belong
respectively?
A. 2 and VIIIA
B. 3 and VIIA
C. 4 and VA
D. 7 and IIIA
3. Which one of the following is true about the modern periodic law?
A. The properties of elements are periodic function of their atomic mass.
B. The properties of elements are periodic function of their atomic numbers.
C. The properties of elements are periodic function of their neutron numbers.
D. The properties of elements are periodic function of their mass numbers.
4. Who is the first scientist that attempted to classify elements based on his law of
triads?
_____________________________
5. According to Mendeleev’s periodic law elements were arranged based on their

_____________________________.
6. Arrange the following elements in

a) increasing order of their atomic b) decreasing order of their
size. nuclear charge.
Li, Na, K and Cs Na, Mg, Al Si, Cl and Ar
___________________ ___________________
Periodic Table of the Elements
1 Group Number 18
IA
IA Alkali Metal Nonmetal VIIIA
1 1 Atomic Number 2
1 Alkaline Earth Halogen

H
1.008 2 13 14 15 16 17 He
4.002602
Period Symbol
Hydrogen IIA 1 Transition Metal Noble Gas III IVA VA VIA VIIA Helium
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
H
1.008 Atomic Mass Basic Metal Lanthanide
2 Li Be Hydrogen Name B C N O F Ne
6.94 9.0121831 10.81 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998403163 20.1797
Semimetal Actinide
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 Na Mg VIIIB Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.98976928 24.305 3 4 5 6 7 11 12 26.9815385 28.085 30.973761998 32.06 35.45 39.948
Sodium Magnesium IIIB VIB VB VIB VIIB 8 9 10 IB IIB Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.0983 40.078 44.955908 47.867 50.9415 51.9961 54.938044 55.845 58.933194 58.6934 63.546 65.38 69.723 72.630 74.921595 78.971 79.904 83.798
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.4678 87.62 88.90584 91.224 92.90637 95.95 98 101.07 102.90550 106.42 107.8682 112.414 114.818 118.710 121.760 127.60 126.90447 131.293
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
6 Cs Ba 57 Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.90545196 137.327 178.49 180.94788 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.217 195.084 196.966569 200.592 204.38 207.2 208.98040 209 210 222
Caesium Barium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
71
87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
7 Fr Ra 89 Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut Fl Uup Lv Uus Uuo

223 226 267 268 269 270 269 278 281 281 285 286 289 289 293 294 294
Francium Radium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium
103
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Lanthanide
Series La
138.90547
Ce
140.116
Pr
140.90766
Nd Pm Sm Eu
144.242 145 150.36 151.964
Gd157.25
Tb
158.92535
Dy
162.500
Ho
164.93033
Er
167.259
Tm Yb
168.93422 173.054
Lu
174.9668
Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Actinide
Series Ac 227
Th
232.0377
Pa
231.03588
U
238.02891
Np 237
Pu Am Cm Bk
244 243 247 247
Cf 251
Es Fm Md No
252 257 258 259
Lr266
Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
Acknowledgments
A group of Chemistry experts have worked together to develop this Workbook under the LAMS project*. Their names and
affiliations are as follows.
Alemneh Melaku . . . . . . . . . . . Benishangul-Gumuz Regional Education Bureau
Alemstsehay Dugume . . . . . . . . Oromia Regional Education Bureau
Anteneh Abebe Shiferaw . . . . . . SNNPR Regional Education Bureau
Ashenafi Tesfaye . . . . . . . . . . . National Educational Assessment and Examinations Agency
Askalu G/Egziabher G/Medihn . . . Kisanet Primary School, Hadinet, Tigray
Aynalem Aboye . . . . . . . . . . . . Dire Dawa City Education Bureau
Belete Sibhat . . . . . . . . . . . . . Somale Regional Education Bureau
Dilnesaw Getachew . . . . . . . . . Harari Regional Education Bureau
G/Egziabher Araya . . . . . . . . . . MSIC, Ministry of Education
Hailu Tafesse . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oromia Regional Education Bureau
Kibeat H/Mikael . . . . . . . . . . . Tigray Regional Education Bureau
Mekonnen Legesse . . . . . . . . . . Addis Ababa City Education Bureau
Messele Terefe . . . . . . . . . . . . Tsadileu Primary School, Gonder, Amhara
Mulugeta Mesfin . . . . . . . . . . . Amhara Regional Education Bureau
Nega Gichile . . . . . . . . . . . . . CDID, Ministry of Education
Nesibu Mengistu . . . . . . . . . . . MSIC, Ministry of Education
Peter John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gambella Regional Education Bureau
Salahadin Abdurahman . . . . . . . Harari Regional Education Bureau
Seid Abudi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Somale Regional Education Bureau
Seifu Belete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Afar Regional Education Bureau
Worku G/Michael . . . . . . . . . . . National Educational Assessment and Examinations Agency
Yidnekachew Legese . . . . . . . . . MSIC, Ministry of Education
Zelekew Teshome . . . . . . . . . . . MSIC, Ministry of Education
Shimboku Miyakawa . . . . . . . . . JICA Expert for LAMS
All these experts sincerely hope that this Workbook will help you with your Chemistry study at school and
at home.
* LAMS project is a technical cooperation project jointly implemented by the Ministry of Education of
Ethiopia and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) for three years from 2014 to 2017. This project
produced the Workbooks for Mathematics, Biology, Chemistry and Physics to be used by Grade 7 and Grade 8
students. In addition, the LAMS project developed more than 1,000 good question items each
for Grade 7 and Grade 8 to assess students’ understanding.
LAMS project’s official title is:

The Project for Capacity Development for Improving Learning Achievement in Mathematics and
Science Education.
Text Typing/Editing | Illustrations | Internal Layout & Outside Cover Design

Henok Gossaye . . . . . . . . . . . . . HeMaFi Advertisment Plc (hemafiadvert@gmail.com)
© 2017 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Education and
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
ISBN: 000-00000-0-000-0
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CHEMISTRY

FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA

FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA

[Example of one spread]

8 Chemistry Grade 7 Workbook Unit 2: Substances 9

Physical Properties Chemical Properties

2.1.2 tyPes of Physical ProPerties of substance Water

i) Physical States – ice, liquid, vapour (in case of “water”). Gold

ii) Measurable Physical Properties – density, freezing point. Table Salt

iii) Physical Properties detected by sense organ – colour, hardness.

Unit 3 Language of Chemistry 25

Unit 4 Structure of Substances 43

Unit 5 Periodic Classification of the Elements 53

1.1 Chemistry and Other Natural Sciences

Composition – the way a substance is made up from different elements.

Transformation – change in nature, form or appearance of a substance.

1.1.2 Essence of Chemistry

2. Write down one of the essences of chemistry.

1.1.3 Relationship of Chemistry with other Natural Sciences

Biology, Physics and Geology. Ge

1.2 Chemistry in Production and Society

It is applied in the fields of agriculture, medicine, construction, petroleum, cosmetics,

Industry Chemicals Produced or Used

Agriculture Fertilizers, Pesticides, Herbicides, Fuels.

Medicine Drugs, Materials for Medical devices.

Construction Cement, Steel, Aluminium, Copper, Glass.

Petroleum Gasoline, Kerosene, Bitumen, Butane.

Food processing Preservatives, Common Salt, Vinegar.

Water purification Chlorine, Aluminium sulphate.

Others Soaps, Batteries, Plastics, Rubber.

2. List any two chemical products produced in the petroleum industry.

3. List any two industries where steel is used.

4. Tell one of the roles of chemistry in agriculture?

Utilization of natural resources Iron, Aluminium, Plastics, Clean water.

Alternative products of natural resources Synthetic rubber, Plastics, Artificial diamond.

2. List any two chemical products produced as an alternative of a natural

3. Write an example of a peaceful use of a dangerous chemical.

1.3 Unit Summary

1. Which field of natural science is included in physical science?

2. Which of the following disciplines is placed in the overlapping area of chemistry

3. Which of the following products is used as a painkiller?

4. Which one of the following is a good example of a chemical industry?

II Give Short Answer.

5. Which branch of natural science deals with composition and transformation of

7. List three chemical industries found in Ethiopia?

2.1 Properties of Substances

2.1.1 Physical Properties and Chemical Properties

2. List at least three physical properties.

3. List at least three chemical properties.

2.1.2 Types of Physical Properties of Substance

ii) Measurable Physical Properties – density, freezing point.

2. The three physical states of matter are __________, __________ and

3. Complete the following table by filling with appropriate physical properties at

Substance State Colour Odour Taste

2.2 Grouping Substances - Elements

a) Select three substances that are not elements.

b) Select two elements that are liquids at room temperature.

c) Select two elements that are gases at room temperature.

3. Explain why sodium chloride is not an element.

Not shiny, Low or no conductivities of heat and electricity, Non-malleable,

Metalloids Intermediate properties between metals and non-metals

Aluminium, Potassium, Iron, Mercury

Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen,

Boron, Silicon, Arsenic

2. The three physical states of matter are , and

2. Mechanical changes involve changes in the and of

An atom of He forms a molecule of He. Two atoms of H form a molecule of H2.

b) CO 32- _ d) NH 4+ _

_______ _ _______