Republi of the Phitippines Department af Eatin, Calle and Sports NATIONAL HISTORICAL INSTITUTE ‘Manila CORAZON ¢, AQUINO President Republi ofthe Plippines ISIDRO D. CARISO ‘Scertary of Edveation, Clare and Sports SSERAFIN D. QUIASON Chairman and Execative Dirstor tt ONOFRED. coRPUZ ——_MARCELINO 0. FORONDA Member Member EMILIO AGUILAR CRUZ GABRIEL CASAL Member BeOffcio Member EDILUERTODEJESUS —_NARCISSA V. MURASQUE Member Ex Office Member FLORDELIZA K: MILITANTE Deputy Executive Director I ALICIA M. SISON AVELINAM. CASTAREDA Chief, Research and Chie, Historical Pubicition: Divison Education Divison REYNALDOA.INOVERO —EMELITA V. AMOSARA (Chie, Architactr Acting Chet, Monuments (Conservation Divison and Heraldy Division SULIETA M. DIZON AMALIA FOJAS SABLADA Administrative Officer V ‘Avtor Poblctions ofthe NATIONAL HISTORICAL INSTITUTE WRITINGS OF JOSE RIZAL Volume VI HISTORICAL EVENTS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Dr. ANTONIO DE MORGA Drought ligt nd ano vy JOSE RIZAL MANILA NATIONAL HISTORICAL INSTITUTE 1990PROLOGUE ‘My very dear Friend: I aceept your kind invitation, which so honors me and T'm going to write you a few lines instead of a prologue. I'm not afraid of the fn a language which I don’t master; I'm not afraid because I follow the impulses of my heart and the heart knows how to overeome grammatical and lexieographie obstacles, It is not the purpose of these lines to present a dish to those who relish the rich phraseology of the majestic language of Cervantes, no; my purpose is to thank you in the name of the international republic of scholars, in the name of the Philippines, in the name of Spain, for the publication of this most im- portant chronicle of the dear country in whieh you ‘were born and whose adopted son I consider myself to be. With this reprinting you have erected a monu- ‘mentum aere perennius* to the name Rizal. Morga's book always enjoyed the fame of being the best enro- nile of the “conquest” of the Philippines. Spaniards and foreigners are agreed on this opinion, on this esti- mate. No historian of the Philippines can disregard with impunity the wealth of date that sparkle in the work of the renowned justice; but neither can it satisfy his desires, because Morga’s Sueesce is a rare book, so rare @ book that the very few libraries that have it guard it with the same solieitude as if it were a treasure of the Incas. It must be supposed that the Spaniards rendered the just tribute of gratitude to the noble eom- patriot, to the upright representative of the metropolis in the Far East, to the gallant defender of the glorious Spanish flag, to the greatest chronicler of the Philip- pines, but the expectations of the scientific world were not fulfilled in the country bathed by the Tajo and TTA tament ware edasing dan brome (B.A) vii ifficulties of vviting ~ ¢ the Guadalguvir, Not one Spaniard eould be found who, following the inspiration of a noble and prudent Patriot, admired the work of the author who pos: fewed in‘bis character and soul the best virues of his maton and. whose. pen proved to. be the. precious en ofan excellent author of lofty ideas, The Spaniards Ged nothings the Spaniards who always boasted of their Daltiotism ‘ind Hispanism; thus they lose an opportune foment of renewing the glories of the globus Past In view of this regrettable indifference of Spanish Philipinologists, a foreigner (boldness) ! meddled in the ‘affairs of the country: An English lord, Lord Stanley, translated into the language of the “yes” the immortal work of the great Spaniard, applauded by the world of foreign orientalists, but did not receive an honorable mention from that nation whose duty it was not to leave the laurels of his undertaking to a foreigner. The scientific world was satisfied; every orientalist, overy Philippiniste, ought to understand English, and the nu- ‘merous notes and appendiees of the translation did not hurt the value of the “resurrection” of the Sucasos de Filipinas, ‘Thanks to that translation, we foreigners did not believe in the necessity or at least in the urgent need for the reprinting of the Spanish original. But you, my dear friend, were not in accord with this resignation and modesty of the outside world, with this indifference and apathy of Spain. In your heart, which is truly noble and generous, you have felt the extent of national ingratitude, and’ you, the elder son of the Tagalog nation, you, the martyr of a loyal and setive patriotism, you were the one who paid the debt of the nation—of the very nation whose degenerate sons mock your race and deny them intellectual endow- ments, admire this proof of patriotie nobility and generous patriotism. The parasites, the friars, and the Spanish gods of the Filipino world call you filibustero; thus you have been slandered by those who, for their’ mad- ness for greatness, for the sake of their pockets, and for the bandage of their passions, are the indefatigable ixgravediggsts of the integrity of the mother county You ‘have shown thers who knows how to fil the duties of a patriot: The Filipino scholar who renews the laurels of a greet author, statesman, and fighter ff Spain and calls the attention of the goverament to the evils of the mother country oF they who sow racial hatred in the breast of the Piipines by thelr fers and irritating expressions of contempt You know already tht you wil be stacked eruel ly by the erowed of Spaniards who consider an educated Indio ecine of lowe majete. But if an Todo has entered the world of scholars, if that ipo scholar ‘ot only falls the duties that Spaniceds fet of all ght fulGh bit alan senses the eonduce of the Eukopean eolotizers and ciilers then the Malayan ‘author can consider himoelf Icky Hf only the anathema 4nd curses of all those. who believe Uiemselves supe: ‘or beings, infalible and untouchable, should rin over hm on seeount ofthe place of is bitth and the sekly color of bis aids But you haye not written your book for them, The new edition of the Shoewos Ss dedicated to sebolare and patriots, Both. groups will be grateful to. you 1 Have lno doube tht four nots, wo seholanty and wel eho, wil i the Baran wor More han 20 years ago the just and. Corasian protes against ihe cree omiied hy the Burpean dacveros {n'the New Word tapped spreading, ie precarsr De ‘noble Spaniard, the Yenersbe plat Las Cases, Ths ‘man, tua sani, spoke in the name of Christian reli ‘Hon’ and’compasion, but be siceeeded only fn stag. 2 last century pr the savage and the uncivilized man represent the ge of innocence of humankind. Thus to the school of Rouse Seat ap wel sin various Spaniards the colored man seemed a grown-up child with the difference that the Tatter deduced from their theory the right to oppress in whe Gh French deals were in aver of als ing to the “big children” all the inexhaustible and in deka tr ie ar cee tp ig i date irs Oaks fe ee re A as Sp Pear ae edo Se Ber ais enatn toate i eoseen tt Berge a once Es So ore ara ies te ae dav soos wi os eae es te Sazas Deere anes i Homes aes fire ta ed ws eg Bat hos cnn weap Oy Te ip were preven mal a ey Ser sald ein et pees See oeiee caer pele gle Sng raed opel ary Percent een os Riga btetur amie aed i Ser Gry na se na sie be eg oul ae mre ee ieee eva pee ee Es ecient hoist seed me rom ee a peer ee ies ee ee oe ce ear is i eer Pane cee es aces a of coi sa Tas a ce sees ahr eg, ee ae Bec a a ret eh Se apie hy Grek eso of ar ae Hi of om cee ee nee se ornare Se vee ee or ed sees ge ead ces es He ent te aT ie athe Pre Fo xIn the following epoch, the cruelties committed by tus Buropeans were altacked, not for noble motives but {oe national rivalries and vain glory. Then the English seeused tho Spaniards, the Germans the Portuguese the Duteh the French, ef, of having been barbarous’ and cruel toward the ‘natives of thelr eolonles while they kept silent about the eruelies committed by themselves either for mallee or for being blinded by national love ‘The modern or, in short, with its demoeratic ide fended. by looling with oller eyes on their colored trothers. The new European generation proclaims, or rather recognizey, not only the equality of aces but alsy that of whole mankind. Tots the colored man ie fo longer a mgsteny oF a hima curiosity; the colored tae bean eae New shade fusion and advancement of geogeaptce, ehnogra: ‘hica, and hitrical knowledge, we are ashamed” of the period when we denied to those brothers the fal ‘ghis of man. Nov we tegtet the error the crimes the miseries that stain the pages ofthe bistory of the trea aceNow We Ge, wit the farhns of a repentant siiner cur gilt and as the modern genera tian not'a deluded generation but an setve genera: tion, we extend our aims to our brothers asking them to forgive the faults of ou ancestors and. we try to make tip for the evors and crimes of eentiies Patt, So then, your obsorvations. on the condust of the European conquerors and eivilizers are Jn gereral not new to the historian. The Germans specially discussed this theme abmost in the same manner as you do, and Jet no one tell me that the Germans ean talk about the eruelties committed by other nations because they have had no colones, for Emperor Charles V transferred to the bankers of Augsburg, to the Welsrs (the Bal- zaros of the Spaniards) the territory that is now called Republic of Venesnela, and though German rule lasted only a few years, German crucities were no different from those committed by other nations and the German historians rightly condemn with the greatos. harshness the crimes of their fellow nationals, So in general the ‘ceusations in your notes are not a novelty But With: xi ‘ot doubt i interest us ow the pistuo of these days a dscovery and civilization ls presented to the Geacend- nis of the maleated, to the vicums of European im. leans Narly 1 hve ound at 7ou hve Ted fom other potas of view dterent from otry Eni that you have discovered things which have eecaped Ne ateton ote Bupa Heat en th ma Siar arnong ts epild not Tonounee all the ove ‘te preoetpations of race and nationality. And these new points of wew give Sour notes an inperishable TaluePan undeniable aie even for thos, who dream SP inneale superiors of ace or neon. The Scholar wall lute with enna your orate anor {e¥ong the golonial’poulelan with gratitude and rex tee Through thee les run Food sf serious observa; ns equally interesting and importa to historians and miners of overess colonies alt. ‘My grat esteem for your notes does not hinder me from confering thet mote than goes T have chserved GP yom sues trom the error of many modern histo- fans eeu he cccrancen of otis patIh ecordance withthe cones tht eorrempond to conten porary Has, "This ought not to be, so. The historian ENE not to impute fo he men of the SVT centr {he broad horizon of ideas at stir the XIX century. The need point nih which T don't agree sor Unbosoming aginst Catholielam [elle at he origin it nameroas occurence egrettable to eeligon, to Spain, find to the good name of the European race should ‘sour i the harsh behavior and’ eboces of many rete “Uni this point 1 have refered only to your his torial tee Toelt very perusal Inspire great interett invevery man devoted tthe scenife or pllical study Of the colonial rope of the Spaniard well as of the other Europeans. This interest naturally nereases when you smal of retatdy afar, defending oar Compatrot and condemning the bad eondiion of the soutay, recomend the Pera ofthese annuttions fo all Spantards who love the Philipines and desire the premrvaion of the Archipelaga Even those Who lldeny thatthe Indo powers nara man ctelligence uh to mad thn its in hich en Tis soa a the erro and llsions of serio being T don't fey thet toe densa ca be etd fC Jace; to hem your works ike your agang novel Avene, kl pharean® nT TENE Bat — thank God — there i sutficlet number of Spaniards who do not need the operation of the cate rt or who suffer from godt and thew Will follow ‘Mteniirely your muzwstione Every evened man ass by now thatthe Pench adage apples tothe questions of tho colonial regime: Des Sour de fte ton pase? The bral explosion of the matives canna now find sufficient potent to apjeae the very snare pub noraly ofthe present generation. Nie religion er civiation nor the ory of lage and natin ow Termite the comverdon ofthe nates int crane fut rights, without betes. Even thse ser Wis Hse thelt regime on the prize of thelr tac take very great care otto offnd the felingy of fs rte beens they know well tht colonies eannot be pre. served if the mother country dove not rune how t inspire her ehidren overseas if not with affection, st leat with the respect tat one contracting pa Shows the other, to say the tah, who contests the greter Par par ofthe advantage of the contac, but Seat 3 ferves it serapulnsy in ll pints Hf mpecntle now to regard eons ata vih grantg-goun forthe a eotutes or forthe eufends perdu of Ue mother coun 47, The bet men, the best talents, them Sable harastery aug (o go oat to Sl the poslons over Seas to be ble to thu sare ts leaders nd suppoters of the intrty of the mother contr and tetra, not the prestige, ut the good name the Barents aes ‘The Philippines forme a eclony sui generis,’ inhabited by millions of men whose religion is like ours, whose civilization is the child of our own, and whose diverve peoples amalgamate with the bond of the Spanish lan ‘Runge. Those millions now aspire through the voice of their most enlightened sons to the asimilation of their country by the mother country and hope for the redemption of their country and the guarantee of the Integrity of the mother eoimtry, not from the magna nlmity and nobility of the Spanish ation but from her sense of justice and prudence. The best reforms that are introdiced into the Philippines will remai sterile f the poliey of governmental terrorism continues, Which places in danger the freedom of every Fillpino liberal and smothers brutally publie diseussion of the ill of the country. ‘The same poliey in Russia ereated nihilism and in the Philippines it will be indisputably the godmother of separatist idess. Thus the present poliey serves only to compromise Spanish rule. The mis- fortune of Spain and Uhe Philippines is that Uhe majority fof the Spaniards do not want to recognize this truth. Some cannot recognize it for their epotistic interests; bothers because they live om illsions of they regard the Solis oveess with the inated national inference, ‘To the first group belong the friars and those govern- ment employees who do not govern oF administer the ‘country but exploit its inhabitants, Bvery Hispanization br assimilation ofthe Filipinos or of the Philippines dis- tuirbs the eireles of those predominant and powerful ‘aates, To them the slogan “The Philippines for Spain!” means “Filipino gold int our pockste!” They fear the Aiscussion of their abuses in the press of the country aud in the Cora of the Wg; 2 they won with all the strength of thelr soul and of their gold to foment ‘the traditional suspicion of the rest of the Spaniards, noutishing that hapless and hysterical suspicion by ‘ean of ealumnies, denouncing every tly pro-Spanish‘movement of the Filipinos as ibusteriamo. 1 don't ber lieve that all the partisans of this anti-Fiipino league are so blinded by their passions that they cannot see the consequences of their behavior —the inevitable separation ‘of tho Philippines, or at least, s series of Uprisinge that will cost Spain much blood and much nore mone); but perhaps they trust in that “Apres ‘noua Ue doluge? for Uney know by the Holy Seriptures that the sine of the fathers are visited upon their ehilde ren until the fourth generation. The friars at least know ‘well that thelr power, thelr rule, will surely fall with ‘or without the will of Spain and so they try by all ‘means and with the help of pious frauds to postpone the ond of thelr dovenfal, If this js brought about ‘against the will of Spain, that i, by the separation of the country, f would not matter to them, Because the orders of St. Augustine, St. Dominic, and St, Francis fre international and they remain Augustinians, Domi- nicana, even if the Philippines does not remain Spa- fish territory, and in this case the friars either enter Into an agreement with the Filipinos or emigrate to the place indicated by their general who resides at Rome TE the friars consent to the assimilation of the Philip- pines, they would do x patriotic act, but a very prudent act ith respect to the interests of their busi- ness. The ideas of the friars are the following: “If we ‘agree to assimilation, the consequence will be that Fl ino deputies will ask for the expulsion of the friars from the Philippines and they will get it; so it will be suicide to agree to the parliamentary reprosenta- tion of the Philippines and to other atiriintes of assi- mlation if we take advantage of the state of ignorance fof the county. that prevails in the circles of the central government, we ean at least retard our downfall for some years to the benefit of our pockets.” Filipino radicals contributed greatly toward the development of this friar tacts, heeause they proclaim the slogan “Out ith the Fras, hun placing the firs in OH lem with ah Pre ice voli and immediately tan: ieee Senipoat in ivensy be ano al thle sot nly theo ih dua nt me en wore Xe ie ate expeane oe egy eas) or eu th the welfare of te PAD. of hae asa opal the ile vies Tha eld tent flow ee ati ‘ane of hf mean Tax rein af hex sage dei ideal wa ta, of te a ting eer te ran, and mal the Ten ik eae ter han et Sateen of Un ste Phlgynes coon 02 oe le mh me eral er be an amg a ree ep he Ol PF ine ene he ore or of Sram ay ode option, the xT ty Acorn fo ompomnng tary wile, the elena ah ey ae gare tena 7 Toate uid the advnavien of he siniition ee oo eose large mart of deluded the Pep a ae in lace are howe ho enone Aman ofthe eres oft Bar meter frm he ej out no mello th ean rage, Ere oy Te cima andthe el oun eps cm ther Heli, #80 he nants and the eolor of the skin of the Filipino Malays re oe rig yt te ue tt Met a rae of ou Burpee ace thee tani eet oe ciate nt pat beng 10 te a educied persona do bat pc aes wore il have 1 20t A humann. Thy beg in ete pce en neue gus nok a fa agrace fr Spit at RE a aiei, a ple a at ff cn nace ce coma ak 2 icing he Greed al tae le ocean ou ce met em te fea a a a eng BER rile rae ey ae St i ee peat eo i rele a fae al cis oe spice pete ute ep BO oes are oe Pa il Cer a eee ae ween hea a ade sal al eg mat re cscs [is ee os isch fis ay Ste dete aes gaa vill ties forthe welfare and integrity of the mother coun- try; buy 11 know thos gerlenen, choy will scrfce tein fe their money, and a hundred Philipines, Cu thay and Puerto Roe before they wil renounce thet ‘ational vanities, as the fafuous and ruined nobleman teerfces to his pride and vanky the few properes ‘hat remata to i from hia grandparents: Trae quem {rue sua olupte, ett pro atime vantaa It ay Sm does not want to be converted into big cildren’s prati,te Spaniards have to overcome their aversion {o the flat nomen of the Indie and sate them a8 bro- thems I thats not pomible, they shld. authorize the Filipinos to bap the war for independence. ‘The interests of Spain deaerve more stention than the ae thete eonoepte hat certain Tordlings form of the Indien. repeat: The Philippines can be preserved only ith never aasiat, the Pulnos The end eroup of ed Spariacn formed by ‘howe ho are opped to smn, Heese thy ee Hive that iti not tine to grant ft forthe following Teamne: I the enitry has numerous savage tebes Bnd, even the Coram and civilized Talon are st ina low level of education and calure. Thain tru, but it does not impede the realisation of Phiipine fsiraons The numerous savage tribes do not mater Mtause they have a stall momber of oul, andthe Filipinos donot calm the exesaton. of eonsdtatlonal Uherties to the savage tribes Yee, is tue that in {general the Blipino Indlon have Ite eduction, but the Exile of ulgara proves ‘het eonaltionl gover stent doesnot depend upon the amor of iterates Sin iterates Sil fe must be added that his Is not the time to disease the question whether of not i i better to pospane te ine for contzational emacs fon, if we do ot want to proveke the danger of Hie anda dlierente PRipinaeperorant® No ope should Toru that the presant ate ofthe Pilipines i intoles- Tha Raiser alii att cw ay xixable for any man whe has auftcient dignity in is breast and even to the last peasant, because. wherever he Tooks, he sees oppression, injustice, and offensive and injurious humiliation, and over this the impossibility of defending oneself, beeause the last Spanish erim- inal believes himself and considers himself superior even to the best and most noble son of the entry, ‘while every Filipino who does not keep quiet and says “Amen” to every despotic and corrupt set of the ruling caste receives the appelation of jilustero and runs the danger of being deported and not only he but also his friende; for in the Philippines, tis not only the criminal who i punished but also his whole family, physically and spetually, asthe vexations of your family prove. That peaceful and governable mass hears with freater pleasure what ite edueated sons tell t than what the friars proach, because naturally they have more confidence in the men of their own race than in those of another, who always boast of their superior- ity, Thus the Paiigpines will et hy foros, i they dont set them gratuitously, their parliamentary representa- tion and their righta to live free and respected, But doubt if the Fllpinos would go to Madrid as deputies Jn the fit case. Certainly the deluded ones of this ‘roup trust in the painting of the Indio by the friars and the majority of Spanish writers: The first ones disfigure it out of passion, the second because, blinded hy their pride, they do. not know that this «very unpleasant awakening awaits them, ‘The thind and last group of deluded men hold the idess of the first two groups; but their national and European pride is not exaggerated to the point of dege: nerating into folly for greatness, neither is it aggressive ‘nor injurious. Thus they are better than the first group but worse than the second, beemuse the latter st least promises to the coming generation what the present generation asis, while the third group says: “Never!” eis composed of the routinias and docitinaires who believe thet the purpose of colonies is to provide the wyment and money and that the ‘must subordinate the interests of thelr country not to the interests of Spain but to the Well-being of & handful of Spaniards, As doctrinaires, they are not satisfied with this rather bold and im- provident pretension but they demand in addition the Bratitude of the Filipinos because the superior beings permit them to be born, to live, to suffer, to pray, £0 pay, and to die ad majorem Hispange gioriam.” To be just, we must say that the doluded men of the third group are against every kind of sbuse and never will permit a violation of the laws and honor to_be ‘covered up With the prestige of the white race. But fs their very ideas are, nothing more than the eodifi- ation of the abuses of power and of the prestige of ‘our race (according ta those who believe in the innate ‘superiority of the Europeans), so they ercato finally a regime that demands from ila employees justice and ea wale iia founded onan nj and immortal Those three groupe of deluded men exist in real- ‘ty —the first is composed of many Spaniards in Ma- nila; the second is represented by a series of benevolent ‘ministers to whom the country. owes many laudable reform but reforms that, in view of despotism and terrorism, are like an exeellent yelocipede that pre- sented 10 a prisoner; the third group inchides a large suraber of Spanish senators and depoties to which we an also add General Salamanea in view of his speeches Jn the Senate of the kingdom, though unwitting agents prowoateure® of fUlbuaterismo, while the second func- tions like a good Samaritan who bandage the wounds ‘of a wounded gladiator eo that he ean come out quick ly again to the arena ad majus goudéum'* of the sove- reign people. The Hons and tigers that attack the gla- "Foes eh gee, of enn” phe tke menedistor are the friars and other Castlas, and the managor of the performance isthe third group of deluded Spo piards, ‘Though it seoms paradoxical, T believe thatthe in diferent persons among the Spaniards conetitate the hope of the county, for, at they have no ant-Flipina prejudices itis supposed that some day they may fe3- {erive with thaw from the Philippines if they are i formed of their true condition. But for this the help of the government is also needed to see to it that the Youth of the kingdom is taught the geography. and eth ography ofthe Philippines es very ead, and perbape more than sad, to nolo that the youth of countries Thich have no colonies, ke my eountry Austria, isin szoneral betor informed about the Philippines than the Spanish youth and in part even the Spanish bureau eracy. It is very sa and perhaps een more than ery sad, that Spain who reigns over 6 oF 8 milion Malays, docs not have ether & college or teademy for Malay or oronal studies th seminaries of the friars being the exclave enterprises of private or interationsl corporations. It le imprident, and perhaps even more than impradent, that tho employees in the Philippines vwork Ike apprentices, for they do not know the lan fuges and Ideas of their subject unable to graduate {fom the satus of apprentices beeause even when thele terms of office have not expired yet they retire after staying « few years in thelr post the. governors rere three gears Tt it & monstonty of transcendental onaequenes if every Pelion of Right of Ue Flipinos {is considered a filthutero act that endangers the tn tegrity of the mether country. All this only serves to nourish ftbuatoriemo and to separate the eolony from her metropolis, Al the enemies and adversaries of the ausinilation of Filipinos will get the sume thing that the counselors of King’ Charles X of France obtained in 1860. xi ‘Then observations are the frat of the poral of Mote, and it the dete of ny Soul hat your Sook f'n Spin cick of reader who will nt {het ato impecations but Rnow how to deduce fom is pera thatthe Pipins fn realy are not {ie toe in the dltguredpitare painted by He friars fn your enemies If ther they db not atend to the Flpten che Philippines wil be lot at through Bee fault Thy pretend to be noble ut they do not awe tow to be jst; they pretend to be a superior ration tea Sey do no knot how ta follow a prodent policy; they faarseperatis Seas and they compel the Piipinos tnimeck refuge in revolution May God wil that these tropes not eliza bat some thatthe gover Inonts of Spin ack tho aptitude for that of port fuer eben! ous ete non tum Ul, sed cian repna™ my, Zeer my expres of grate for the prectus git wih which you have favored your Ipod court, and the whole siviized werd 1 Hope at gou may Gontinae sour studies that honde Spain fad the Phikppines and gloly your ace end wih the name agsloe T eonelude these lines wishing justie for your work. Ferdinand Blumentitt Leiumerita, Austria 9 November 1889 Teenie Me ir orm. caer bot als Henge,CHAPTER EIGHT Narrative of the Philippine Islands and ‘het natives cheirantgulty, customs and Government, both during the gealiy (ooveonversion) aod after the Spaniards Ined conguered them) aad ther poow antes, ‘The Islands of the waters of the Oriental Ocean, adjacent to the farthest part of Asia, belong to the Crown of Spain, and are commonly ealled “The Islands of the Wes” by those who sail to them through the Castile demareation line, and the seas and lands of Ameriea, for the reason that, from the time one leaves Spain, ohe takes 2 route until one reaches said Islands from Bast to West, the same as the one travelled by the sun. For a similar reason, they are called “Oriental Islands” by those who navigate through India of Por- tagal trom Wes to East, ‘The travellers gong bth ‘ways, go around the globe through opposite routes, un- {il they come to meet on the same Islands, Those’ pro- perly éalled Philippine Islands are numerous, large and small, subject to the Crown of Castile. They lie within the tfopie of Cancer and extend from twenty-four do- grees North latitude, up to the equinoxial line, which passes through the Malaccan Islands. There are many others on the other line within the tropic of Capricorn, ‘which extend up to twelve degrees, South latitude.’ ‘The ancients have alleged that most of these Islands were deserted and uninhabitable,* but experience has or Fonte ls bli hte Gea Techn‘ Cgumate a eet Sail a st ol'hs Sesase gine ead hla already demonstrated that this belief is fallacious, a8 they enunt with good temperature, many people, foed supplies and other factors favorable to the maintenance of human life. They likewise have many mineral, ich Imola, precious stanes and pears, animals and plan, In which Natare has not sown laxity. The totality of islands of this lange Archipelago both large and small is immumerabie, Those whieh are Included in the name’ and goverment af the Philippine Islands, properly speaking, number approximately forty six large without any smaller ones. They are all exten- Sive ard the principal and hhest known ones ate Taiz, Mindoro, "Tendags,? Capul, Buriag, Mashate, Marinda: duque, Leyte, Samar, Ioshan"" Coho, Panay, ‘Bobet, Colanduanes,”Calamianes, Stindanany” and. other lest Inport ones ‘The first island whieh the Spanish conquered and settled was Cebu® where the conguest was began, and ‘continued in all the other surrounding islands which are all inhabited hy natives residing therein known as Vi- sayans, otherwise called “the tattooed ones” for the reason that the most important male residents here have ince their childhood, decorated their entire bodies by painting their skins, following a pattern therein drawn! and hy puiting certain black powder where the blood ‘oozes ont, and this ean never he removed. However, 23 the eapitel of government and the prineipal settlement 7 ARE enya now to damier he wa ha aed RemgrealEe'oste Riate feeretn Aburey ad otal Giese seuncae of he ep aies at ont wae We eae EEWAST deeumcee i “ied Santomae“dele ator) "a" fs Sensis dat san cl alo or 2 whe oat, Aa CRISS OE SET ne et Teof the Spaniards were transferred to the island of Lu zon, which is a large and nearer Tsland to the marine frontier of the great country of China and Japan, let us first discuss said Island of Luzon, for the reason that most of what can be said of the same ean likewise bbe said of the others, and the particular specialties and [peculiarities of each’ province will be mentioned in the corresponding place. ‘This island of Luzon has a length from its trip or head where one enters the Philippine Islands, from the mouth of the Capul Channel which lies on the thirteenth and one-half degroes North latitude, up to the Cape of Bajeador, in the marine frontier of China on twenty egress latitude, over two hundred Teagues away. Tn soine places the width of the island is less than in others, particularly in the middle of the same whieh is so nar: ow that it is only less than thirty leagues wide, ‘The entire island has approximately over four hundred leagues around the same, The temperature on this island is not invatible, but ghanges, in various regions and provinces thereof. In the head and beginning of the island, near the channel, the beaches* are warm while in the interior, where the City of Manila is situsted, it is mild. The site is warm because it is low and close to the sea while in its eom- ‘munities not far from the City propes, there ate locali ties and settlements which are more’ eool, where the heat does not annoy, and it is likewise thus’ at the head of the island in the marine frontier of China, named Cagayan. The seasons of the year, ic, winter and stim- mer, are the opposite of those in Europe, as the reins pnprlly falls over all these islands trom the month ‘of June up to September, bringing heavy downpour o! rain, whirl-winds and storms, both on land and sea, In summer from Oetober up to the end of May, the skies are clear and the sea is smooth, although in some pro- vinees winter or the cold scason and the heavy rains begin earlier than in others’ and in Cagayan, the winter runner, However his i eee Dea i i pian i Auguct and Buptember end therefGre wth Pete to the seksal See SiGe athe reat of he Noe Hemet 22 and summer seasons are similar to those in Spain and they last as long. The people who inhabit the Jange island of Luzon in the province of Camarines and even in the neighbor- ing provinees around Manila, both by sea and by land, are natives of the island, middle-sized, of a color similar to the quinee fruit, and’both the men and women have good features, with very black har, searce beard and Se guile ingenious in every way; Hen and quicker pred and quite resolute. They all live in the farm hy their manuel labor, fisheries and trading, sailing trom fone island to another and going from one province to another by land. ‘The natives of other provinees of this island as far North as Cagayan, are of the same kind and fortune; except that it is known by tradition that those of Manila and other neighboring communities, were not naiives of said island but immigrated therein, settled down and Beopled the samme in past times they being Malayan natives or natives of their islands and remote lands.* In some provinces of Luzon thom is likewise a num- ber of natives who ave of black emplexion, the met ad ‘women having ny aur, nt so ial in stature, although elever and with robust bodits. They are bar harlans with very lite mental eapacity, who have np fixed homes or settlements. They. live in groups af Settlements, roving through mountains nd eta, nov along according to the Weather, from place t) place, Maintaining themselves by making clearings or Ratngind find improvised paddies or terraces, Hkewse hy hunting fame with their bows and-atrowe in wach they are ite proficient, by collecting wld honey: ftont the forests and picking edible roots and tubers from the round, "They ste Silt tribes of whom one canbe Saf, a6 they’ ave inlined to kill and attack the stile ments of the natives, 0 whom they ease considerable 243€ damages; and it has been unable to devise any measures to prevent them from this conductor to defeat or pacify hem, although it has often been tried to do this by ood or violent means) as the opportunity had det ined them. ‘The provinee of Cagayan is settled by natives of She td compen hae nthe ad, mee ‘able and more brave and warlike than the Bian Thee ai i an ig and hangs down thelr oulder. ‘They had risen up and rebelled two times after they had first been pacified, and there was co fort made to defeat and pacify them agai The dress which these natives of Luzon wore before the advent of the Spaniards in the land, consisted of the following: for the men, clothes made of cangan fabric, without collar, sewn mn front, with short sleeves extending down to beyond the wait, some blue and some black, while the headmen used’ red ones which they called’ chininas’ anda colored blanker wrapped ‘guund the waist and between the legs, in order to cove? thelr private parts tn the middle of the waist they wore the bahaque! the legs being bare and the feet also bare, the head uncovered, with @ narrow Kerehief tied around it tightly over the forehead and temples, ealled potong-+ iderable ef hap the inetileasy'of the mission aces Woe ates! trem Chie. Ub Sunny by aero cee ooo Sea nike Sf china, the: Cord tna” (fi Pa) et Toes ape ene of i eat, at Sa ied ear ac me Rees Sa Miakag eh colored sloth ad qe often wit soe” anon wae i enc Bates tree SERGE TPES Site utiles Pike meee Sida ne ty ath eae ol nf ey ns ny he foe hve ied acne en Clin fk 2 ‘pees SES ce Sa ae crear 24 Amd he sc they wore ng ean of eat Sree Eero sd Sa arta ty aE Pee ep ea SE Wiadh ie cathe Sey ees Teg ae et imho RID aa Se este In eran vine ned Zale, Oey Save and gata me aed Zale ae aris el et a as ath eked i Son NST A eet epee Ea ee era a Sen Se th aoa Re Sake te Su Sig eran at a eras am cetas oe pale Sapna pl set viead tan Sones Ba She aha leat ha eric ted eg ‘bar Eat bead Ate he Speetcas iota ty nen cee ear seen ‘od eas he pe babeonen made er Selita te teeta Beihctale ietlnan near dats dase rane iMoney wie est nde aed Soe Sha Woe Se Sea ee ary =oBoth men and women, particularly the prominent people, are very clean and neat in their persons, and Gress gracefully, and are of good demeanor. They dye heir hair and pride themselves with keeping it quite black. They shampoo it with the boiled bark of a tree called gogo* and anoint it with ll of sesame, perfumed with musk and other sweet-smelling substances. ‘They area cael of thei teat, and fom her early ae, they file and even up their teeth with grinders and other implements of stone,‘ etc., and give them a permanent black color which is’ preserved until their old age, even if it be unpleasant to the eyes! ‘The young and the old ordinarily bathe their entire bodies in the rivers and. streams ‘without regard. to, whether this may be injurious to their health," heeause they find it to be one of the best remedies to be healthy: and shen a child Js bon, they immediately babes and likewise the mother. As a matter of pastime and geupation, the women work withthe needle with Whi \ey are proficient and they engage in all. kinds of aia wore hey alg eave Haghet and spn Sten and keep house Zor their husbands and parents. They pound the rice which is to be cooked for their meals: and prepare the rest of the food. They raise chickens an big and She Rouge hors whether mento engage in the work of the fields, fishing, boating an farming. "The women both manna andsehcewee, ve Ta he he bk hy a fw aha tha eb et at gop inti et We tr tne oe ot and oct eat See ih ae hag ash ae edt FT tn he fe Sed ik fm SE gre mitabon, The elas ay very ‘hie Gt 2 eaarshy when they have herpes, Se pee els mene Shera Sa ea Slur tlle Ry tetas, beeen Behr (fea the ‘things that prove the southern origia of some of ber iibabitants.” rez Eae"iintraly” tyros Tearing te the “women ie lea oes —240— ¢ not s0 ehaste, while the husbands, parents and brothers are scarcely ‘jealous or careful regarding this. matter. ‘Men and worten are covetous and money-loving, so that when there is a price, they easily yield: and shen the husband catches his wife committing infidelity, he is appeased and satisfied without difficulty, Some of those who have assoeiated with the Spaniards and who desire to appear more cultured than the others, have sometimes been known to have killed the adulterers When both men and women, especially the prominent people, 0 out for a walk along the streets of to church, they walk, with a slow measured dignified step, well accompanied bby male and female slaves who carry sill-parasols which they always carry with them for protection from the sun and rain. The ladies walk ahead followed by their female servants and slaves, their husbands, fathers and brothers walking behind them, followed in their turn by their male servants and slaves? Their regular daily food ig riee, crushed by wooden pilons or pounders, which is cooked and is then called ‘morisqueta,* and this constitutes the daily mainstay for the entire country, together with boiled fish of whieh there is an abundanee, and pork or venison, likewise ‘meat of wild buffalo or earabao, They prefer meat and. This enstom can nll by ats some glee . ‘Morsortat the Spanien, bonne the Tavalogs eal i fonfish, salt_ish which begin to decompose ana smell? They hy aia ee begin. dooms and aa Thay inary potatoes, Kidney-bean, quilts, and other vege: tale AIRES of bananas vas laeapstin eons br ewtard-apples, oranges and othe? strane, abd other aslgus Kinde of rat and vegetables which abound in the lands ‘They drink that which dvips out of the tender flo vers of the eneontrees and of the aipa-palne which te abundant and wich ave rated ike Vnsyardegrapet though with low: cate and dificult. pon takine the tuba fle trom the pally they dia the eame in thle ontainers stoves add other itenaily and when, ie fermented ie becomes. strong or light liquor which js run throughout the Islands I becomes a clear sluld like water but very song and dry. When used moe- fately i is medicinal fo the slomaeh and. good. Tor aileghs and other kinds of eum, When med wit Spanish wine, it becomes pleasant liquor Which ts ebiofal and stolesome The natives of these Ialands drink this Liquor in the day an ie who end i th meting wading eacis and eels, accompanied by singing DY a few tho reso inlined and Who come fo drink and have ood time, although this hable does mot carey. wth Eccording io thelr ectimation, any dishonor of infamy a Thy are ace 1 at be aie that the Bites have inpred n thin vege alae plane tthe eine one Tosa a SPER a Sal tey precre Proper rene and ceammaion Pea heeuaeaernn Sarre ae de Etec a bas eas ‘Bays al be Goh og preserved wth plenty of ae Pion, woos BB tht 6 sue ERS 28 — ( In some provinees the weapons of these people con- sist of bows and sorows but generally, theoughous the Tolands, the arms are medium spears’ with welbmade iron spearheads childs of light wood with thelr "coats, of-wood” whieh are smooth inside, which cover them from Read to foot and whieh they eallearasos, On thett Waist they wear a fonrnch wide dagger, with & sharps Doint a foot long, the handle being uncovered and make 8f gold or ivory with two plain double edges, and they eal st Burayaes and have two edges with wooden seat bards or of finely engraved buffato horas, they are very dextcrous when they go after their adversary, ‘by holting him by the ait and with the other hand; hey cut is head off with a single blow of the balavat, and cany i aay is Gert Hang Wn hire fo how Itoff, so thal people will consider them brave and venge. {ul of their enemies and the evildoers, al After thy had watched he Spiers Randle this sumis, many of them ‘ean handle the arquebusgt an Iusket ‘very well: Formerly they had possessed beser Inortars und other pieces of tempered steel with which they defended their forts and towers although thei gunpowder was not as refined “as that used by the Spaniards ‘Their vessels and erait are of many types. In the river and sereams inland they use one-mast large canoes or baneae made of hoards attached to the keels, There also the viceroy type and the barangay erate which are straight and light erat, with low body held together With wooden tresenails, as strong in the prow as in the em, accommodating many rowers on both sides, whieh craft, Ukewise have paddles used outside of the eralt by expert paddlers ‘who propel the same in unison, thanks to the chanting of their singers of native heroes Ue tabiarde of torn ner are they eavbeay wore, 7" 249 —find their deeds, in their native tongue; for the pure pose of quickening or slowing down the rowing of the eseel. Above the towers” seats. there ds a passape-deck nae of bamboo where as many lighting men as the zo of the eraft requires, pass to and roy without dis- turbing the rowers’ post. From there is handed the sail ‘which is square and of canvas through a lift made of two thick bamboos, which serves as mast, and when the esse is lange, it also has a foremact of the samme ind ‘with their pulleys ta Tower the sail ayhen the. wind 13 adverse; allo its helmsman at the stern to steer the ‘easel. The vessel also carries another eompartment made Gf bataboo on the same. pasage-deck on Which, when the sun 's hot, is placed a cover made of palm-leaves ‘woven together closely to make a thick roof named Cayanos, under Which is covered the entire personnel and vessel. There is also @ cagedike devise made of ite hamboos on both extremes of the vessel, which is Strongly attachd to. it and which barely touches. the ‘water But does not interfere with the rowing but serves Uo Dalanee and. prevent the eraft fiom turing over, howsoever vough'the sea may get or howsoever strong the wind may hit the saile. often happens that the luncovered vessel gets filled with water and capsizes land is destroyed yet it does not sink to the bottom in View of the bamboo halaneing devise which serves as 2 buoy, and also prevents drifting away. This Kind of Yessels' were tsed throughout vhe Islands since ancient times, likewise larger vessels known as bancas or vintas luloovered rowingecralt, lapis and. tapaker. They are ‘ed to angpor the meachandse and ave very uot wate for the Purpose because they are roomy” an fan float on shallow water and can be beached at the ‘mouth of rivers and canals on which they often navigate ‘without going oll to sea or far from the land, All nae tivus are able to handle and navigate them, Some are 0 large that they ean earry-one hundred rowers sitting ‘ont co the tent tS’ thal fosige teal wad Asta gon? tinh the Flpines could be Laven ( fon the border and thirty solders to top, but the common Sette te barangay nnd te ier type vessel wing smaller sails and fewer erew. Many of them no longes tse the wooden tveemaits but assorted metal nails, sad their rudders and bows ase fender-beums and so forth, Spansh style ‘The land is covered with shadowst everywhere from trees of various kinds and fruit-bearing ones whieh beat. tify the country throughout the year, hott along. the golaing andthe mead sad ita I all of large and small rivers giving good drinking-water which flows down to the sea and are navigable und cbound in tasteful fishes of all species. There is also ah abun dance of timber which Jr eat down and taken ‘9 the sawmills and many logs are floated down the Fivers which ate’ mostly navigable. ‘The timber is ood for Jullging houses and edifices and for making laree and shall Vessels: Many trees are straight and tek i for tse a5 masts for galleys and galleons, both light and Hlesibo, so that any vessel ean be equipped with's single ‘ast without need of dovetailing or eulting it into pieces, There is likewise an abundance of timber for hills of vestels, for their Reels, framework, toptimber ard an fuioektimbers, breasthooks, knees and. small knees, upper works and good timber for decks and sides" eee PM Mtn th ‘Sh ten Sama te ena Ae ee Boeke Tet int of perfecting 261 —‘There are many fruit-trees in the land such as sandel, mabolo, tamarind, nanca or jack-fruit, anonas, papayas, puayaba and various kinds or oranges both small and large, sweet and sour, citrus and lemons, about ten oF twelve varieties of bananas,’ very taslefal and whole~ some, many kinds of coconuts ‘with good-taste, from Which liquor and common oll is made, very useful for Wounds, and other wild palm-trees of the mountain which yield no nuts but whieh, however, give pod trunks, and from the husks of which oakum is obtained, Very useful for calling vessels. Efforts have been mad to raise olives and quinee and other European fruits hat so far, they have not suceceded excepting pomme- granates and grapes which yield excellent fruits after two years, and quite abundaiitly and three times = years kewise figs. Vegetables of all kinds thrive in abundance but they do not seed well, and it is necessary to bring seeds from Castile, China or Japan. In the Province of Cagayan there are chestnut-troes that produce nuts, and im ather places there ar Pine trees and other kids of trees whlch produce large hes rele and strong good-tasting mits which ave known iy the name of pilese There ian abundance of cedar which 1s called ealanta and als fine red timber called asar, alto ebony, 2 varity of which ie better than the rect and other fnuch esteemed woods fit for every elaborate Purpose. ‘The. meats usually eaten sre Pork whieh is abundant, tasteful and wholesome, bet Sf which there is plenty Im many ‘pais of the sland, considers breeding-statinns And ranches! where catile are raced They originated in China and New Spain, Tho cals from China are small and wery prolific and have sal and carved horns whieh they use and but with, They carry a large hump on their shoulders and are quit, tame, There isa large variety of chickens like those ut Castile and others sill Innger, the. breed having” Deer brought over from Chins, ahd they tase well and mace etn and Beas aay Wat there art mer than £7 spies (35) scales tna meta ‘Bagiinese over 0,000.." ‘nd hie Yarm tao haw many and very ce —252— ( ood eapons, Some of the hens are black in their fea- thers, skin, flesh and bones and they taste good. There are broods of geese, swans, ducks sind tame doves ot squabs brought over from China, There is an abundance of wild game such as deer and wild hoa, and insome places, purcopine, buffalos ealled earabeos which are raised in the fields and there are fieree eurabaos aside from the tame ones brought from China, of Which there are a great number, and very beautiful ones only usefal for daity purposes, thelr milk being thicker and better tasting than cow's milk Goats are algo raised although owing to the damp: nese of the land, their flesh does not taste good and they easily get sick and dio on this gecount, also because they eat certain poisonous plants. Although sheep have been imported several times from New Spain, they have never multiplied, so that they are scaree in the land now’ as i seems that both the elimate and pasture lands are not quite appropriate for them, ‘There. were no hhorses, mares or donkeys in the Islands until the Span- lards had them brought over from China and from New Spain. There are donkeys and mules but few in nember, bbut a great number of horses and mares; and some ranches are full of them, and most of these have been raised here and are half-breeda, and good specimens having fine color and are Welledeveloped and very st Ssfactory for work even if only middle-sized. Those Drought from China are small, strong and have a good pace, quile treacherous, restless and not s0 welledevelon= ed. ‘There are brought ‘rom Japan some horses with good colors, stout, heavy and bristly with large bones and feet, Ioking’ like dray horses, with lange. heads, strong mouths, are poor runners but good pacers, live ly and with good determination. Theit regular fodder throughout the year is the green etmalote,* cinhusked rie which makes them heeome f ‘There is an abundance of country-fowl, wild game of fine colors, very nice in appearance. There ane. also no singing-bitds fit to keep an cages, although from at cat iets nom, though Ute eateomed TET ete th, Saale ~ 258 —Japan there have been brought some calendar larks Which are smaller than the Spanish kind whieh sing finely and are called fontaros. "There are many turtle: doves some very geeen-colored pigeons besides ‘wild doves or pigeons, said green ones having very ned fect and bills, while some pigeons are white with & red spot an the breast like the pelican. In the place of quail there are fowl resembling them although smaller Enowe 45 ponest and some small maya bitdss "There are tke. ‘wise some wild eocks and chickens which are very stall dnd which taste like partridges, ‘They algo have royel heroas both white and brow also fiycatehers and cea: birds, ducks," lauancog, egrets, seacrows, eagles, bic fare" and other birds of prey, sithough one of them are used like faleons for himting’. Thete are jays and thrushes as in Spain, storks and eranes, They do not raise tuckeys, fabbits or hares, although they sometimes use thet too. They either eat or desteoy the wildy des: tructive animals living in she mouttains and fields sueh a3 wild eats, foxes, badgers, large and amall tats which abound, also. other land-animal, An infinite number of small and large monkeys thrive and sometimes bend the branches of the tree throughout the Islands, There ‘are likewise green and ‘white parakeets? but they are poor talkers, "also very small parrots bearing green and red colors, called hula fet whieh also'do not talk. ‘The hills and settlements Abound in snakes of different colors, the ordinary ones being larger than those in Castle. Some boa-constrictors ave bee seen the tountains which are strangely Jnnge and admirable in appearance. The most dangerous shakes are very thin and shorter, and they drop trom the trees where they usually Live, on those who pass below, ad’ sting them. Their poison fs wo active thal the vietim dies of madness within four hours Tn the rivers and streams there are very large and small scorpions anda great number of very fleree and erucl crocodiles which frequently get the natives from TBoges tm the Tyeaog poze, 4 oat Bird mit alae to alsegy or Quptng with eacoa Tae thr age Seow oti’ and Wye aa *Kidosld, Pagelog name 254 — their bancas on which thoy ride. They work a great havoe on the cattle and horses in the ranches when they go to the river to drink water. However much the people may trap, catch and kill them, these reptiles hardly seom to diminish in number, For this reasor the natives build on the border of thelr rivers an streams in their settlements where they bathe—traps and fenees with thick enclosures and hars of bamboo and timber within which they do thelr bathing and ‘washing, secure rom these monsters which they fear and respect to the degree of veneration, aa if they were somehow superior to them.' Likewise, these reptiles are involved ar mentioned in their oaths, exeerations, ete, hurled to their important hated people—even among Christians, —in the Buhayan Moro language, this: "Mey the erocodiles Kill him!” and there have been cases where God has permitted those who have sworn false- ly or broken their promise, to hecome victims of the crocodiles, in view of theit violation of the authority and purity of the truth or promise Fishing of all kinds of fish in the sea or in fresh waters of rivers and streams, is very greatly indulged in and is quite productive;’in fact, ‘this industry is quite general in the entire country and is considered 2 natural activity for the self-support of all the people. ‘There is an abundance of good sardines, hast, sea reams called bacocoe, dace ells, bicuda, tanguingue, flounders, plantanos® ‘and tarakivos, pin-pointed fish, golden fish, eols, large and small’ oysters, mollus ‘abs, shrimps, sea-spiders, marine crabs and all kinds of mollusks, ute., also shad and white fish, In the Tarus Rivert (Rio Grahde) of Cagayan, in the proper season, there is an abundanee of boohy-fish which come to ‘qithes ‘The mjseeriout feof the crocdle, the’ enermnes “ZAlia there, had Soen frlare tim by eroeniiles while the Indien hg ecompenieg they sere ale Capt; TeSthie eal ond Eksp eigit fartha’egpgin of Be hppeing td's Sane ry cout not fas ein he Ppa thre a fish “fhe Bio Grande —255—shallow water in the bay to spawn. In the Bonbon lake, many funny fish not at large te those i Spain, although Raving the same shape, flesh and taste, ean be caught daring the proper season, ‘The seas ave full of large fishes seh he whales, sharks, caellas, Dufeo cetacsans, and. other unknown spectes having ‘unusual ‘size and Shape. In the year fifteen hundred nine-sx, during a fret storm occuring then in the Islands,there sas Stranded a fish so large and strangely deformed that although the avater was three and one half brasas or three meters deep, it was no jonget able towim again and it died there, ‘The natives said thoy had never seen before am animal having a similar appenranec, and Rad two horns on it which dropped down its back An- other such fish was brought to Manila and it was co- ered with its thick skin or hide, baving no bristles of scales, heing. white, large and about twenty feet long, ily frome the heal and torso and thinning down pro: portionately to its tail, being a fitle hunehehacted and ob quite round-iooking, very solid andy all in all, cat fing extreme surprise mong thoce who saw Tet ‘Approximately five, Teagues from Manila there is a lange fresh-water lake having considerable fh in {to which several streams flow, and whieh debouches {6 the sea by means of a river running through Manila Wis called the Lake of Bal. Its they leagues around it, having an uninhabited ‘sland in the meddle: where much hunting can be had. long the coast of the lake ate several towns inhabited by natives who navigate extensively on the same from one coast to another With lneir craft At times its waters become very troubled and dangerous to those sailing thereon and especially when the North winds blow, roushening it extremely Slthough ffs coasts are eacy'to’land on, ‘There is another lake in the province of Bonbon (Batangas). bearing the same. name, and although it fg nol so large, it abounds swith fish, The method of fishing ‘used bj the natives is that of making corrals ar traps made of rattan vines which are. very flexible, tow Se an “BS Haste Sats Gotan, Saran motes WAS Tau land —256— C strong, thin and solid, made into strong eables for their vessels and other purposes, These traps ate attached st sue into dhe bottom of the lake and thep gather the fish caught from said traps through Wicker and bamboo baskets and smaller and varlous fishing-nets ‘besides other contrivances and also fishing-rods.. ‘The ordinary food of the natives is a very small fish which is neited, dried in the sun or air, then eaoked in various ways; and they enjoy them better than the larger fishes Among them they call this fish lawlau’, In Tieu of olives and other aperitive fruits, they have 4 green, very small fruit, more diminutive than a nut, ‘Which comes in several sizes, but all smaller than the mango, whieh when properly nrepared for eating, has a good taste when served ae pickles or brin- ed. ‘They likewise prepare chanas” and other vebetabl’s in’ similar manner, making good appetizers, ‘There is an abundance of ginger which is eaten raw, in vinegar or pickled, likewise much eachemba,t 2 plant giving hoth taste and color, used in. cooking in the place of satforn and spices. The regular delicacy offered throughoct these Islands and in other countries in the Asian mainland. is the buyo or betel which 18 made out of a leaf of plant” or vine resembling the mulberry. Teaf, coupled With a seed or nut from the areca palm" whieh is whitish inside. ‘This nut called bonga is cut lengthwise into slices and placed inside the rolled betel leaf with bit of very wet quick-lime, ‘This rolled tidbit is placed in the mouth and chewed. tis so strong and stimalating that later it induces sleep and intoxication. Those not used to it get their mouth feeling as if bumed. Its addiets get their mouth and at je mie cll Joi fe th alt and dred ‘teeny gue diy A plantaton ef bel, or tMmo ag Ube Tagalogy eal iesaliva turn red like blood, and obtain a taste which is not unplonsant. Aftor it'has heen chewed for some time and it has no Tonger any juiee, it is spit out of the mouth as zapa or bagasse. Whatever juice may hhave entered the stomach is advantageous and tastes good to the user and for certain allments, it strengthens nd fortifies the teeth and preserves the gums from ‘any rheums; and many claim it to be a panacea with Wonderful results for many illnesses. What one ean observe is that the buyo-chewing is indulged in by the natives and the Spaniards, both laymon and priests, men and women, so commonly and regularly, that in the moming and afternoon, during mectinge ‘or visits whether sizing alone in the house or with company, everybody in affected by the buyo rage or fashion which makes use of certain well presented buyo or betel golden Bats or serve et, justag in New Spain they also n- lulge in sipping chocolate. Many have been given poison Unrough these means and have died of it, and this ‘oovurrence is not infrequent. ag Ee. hablt among the welliony natives, 26a show greatness and luxury, to carry with them when they 0 out of their houses, thelr brassware service and seis ‘of buuo or betel, the buyo rolls being placed on the containers apart from the loose leaves, the bonga or huts and the wet lime, These sets curfously made of ‘brass and other materials and substances include sepa- rate containers for the, scissors or cutters and other ltenells for handling this delicacy are kept with great ceare; and wherever they go they take time out to make ‘these buyo rolls and chew them. In the Parian or riat- ket and elsewhere they sell this delieacy_ extensively fas well as the articles that go to make a buyo service or set, As to poisons and venoms, the natives of these Islands ordinarily use the herbs having these properties ‘which abound in every one of them. They are so deadly and efficacious that they produce miraculous results. ‘There is a lizard somewhat greenish-black abounding especially in buildings, one palm’s length and three Teme —258— ¢ fingers thicly known in Spanish as chacin! whish, en- Slosed tightly ina. bamboo elinder emits 8 zerain {ini or iva whih'aen naked wih Oger di Tenors te sume poisonous, By presing tae body of this lizard this liquid is ‘obtained and when mixed as ready stated with anything to be eaten oF drunk, how Soover small the quasily tay be it becomes a song Pouon, There areal other planis or herbe known t End’ gauhered by the natives for the sare purpose, some sed dry ahd others fresb, which are given with food or used in fumigation a the ease may be, while tome others need only to be touched by Uhe hard and fect, or to be sat down or iid down of, to take effec tively ‘and thus poison the victim to death, The mse tives are so lever in making componnds of this nature AEN hey roars api aly Hee ap atthe sae nay pmaduce the ‘deadly effect immediately or afer Bong or shor te as toqy be desired; in fact even St the end of one year’ Oninarily many persons de iiseay hy pong, pareaeny the Spars wh fre imprudent, bad bebaving of who are hated for freating the nitives with whom Ubey have any dealings ih contection ‘with the collection of taxes oF in other Hatters in which the natives are employed again their ‘rl, te mater belng beyond any reinedy. There are tote lerbs wich ane so polsnnos Chat wsen they go father them they cary with them some herbantdotes: nd in the Island of Bohol, there Se-a plant that in Sle to-eat it from the min ti they appenaeh from a direction agains the wind for the reason that the mere smell of caried by the wind is deadly Nature hes not ett this danger iprpviged for, rca Sn there islands there are other herbs and roste whieh fre so effective and potent that they render the polon fom other plants ieffectve end harmless and they fare ured ‘when there is great for them. Thus when is inown what partiesar ponnows plant has Deen used, iis not diffcul tooffee when fia dane on time by applying the herb which {s contrary to sald poison, 1 sot ees —259—hhas happened on certain occassions that the suspect of haying eaused the poisoning has been Zoreioly compelled to bring the antidote-herb. and thus prevent the evil. ‘There are also other general antidote heras for the pur” pose of preserving one's system as well us for offsct~ ling the poison administered, However, the most el fective ones are certain violet-colored flies or wood. bugs to be found among the bushes of the Visayan Islands (of the tattooed natives) whieh, when enclosed” na clean bamboo cylinder tightly stopped, mali Snide and are fed with pounded rice and kept enclosed for about eight days after which the tee fs removed dand new riee given them to Keep them alive. Six of ites’ flies when taken in a spoonful of wine vr waier, —ihey have no offensive oder and taste lke eoromos reso prodisce a miraculous effect. This is ususaly done ‘6 a proventive against. poisoning, when one goes to dlnnefs or feasts ofa susplelousnilure, and ft preserves dnd secures one fom every danger of posoning ‘Throughout these Islands are certain places where there is an abundance of rich gold deposits and other mineral produets which are collected. by the natives hrough washing or placer-nining. However, after the Spaniards had settled in the land, the natives became more lax in the mining of goid,* contenting themselves ‘with what they already had in the form of jewelry and ancient ingots of gold, inherited from thelr fore- bears, which were abundant in themselves, In fact, poor and indigent was indeed the one who did not possess gold-chains, bracelets and earrings. In Paraeale, in the Province of Camarines, certain acer and other mines were developed and worked, wis in Hoc his comuodity was sso eine traded, ‘because behind this provinee which is on the sea-cos:, Tis Teg on eng that wea Sieenows.s the gana, of the een tah he is af 12gt ‘tent from Marin on, p00 Tals‘ eo ¢ there are highlands which run and extend to Cagayan inland where along the sources of the streams, live many natives who have got heen as yet pacified, éalled Igortols, Whose country has not yot been penetrated by ollisiders. They have rich mines of gold besides silver, gf hich they get as such mineral gs they need for thet uses. They take their still unrefined and unper- fected gold f0 certain appointed places where they meet ‘people from lloeas, where, for their gold, they ere in trade, rice, pigs carabaos, blankets and otter Gnicles whieh they heeds The Mocanos. refine and Finish the cold and market the same throughout: the plains and the country. Aithourh efforts have deen Made in order co sacertain the ‘whereabouts. of thle mines and the manner in which they work them and fet the mineral trom the “ground, Fothing has een Framed or ascertained regarding the nuater, beets: thoy were saplings that she Spantams ‘wuld nt hea tate to go and get thelr tines for themselves I was Sth that the Igorote felt that thelr gold was kope more Securely. inthe ground than in thet own homes OF Settements In the rest of the Islands, there is the same abun- dance of placer and oehen tines, particularly ithe ‘Vianyas, Hatuan River in Mindandor and Cebs, whers Dpresentiy amine called Tallbon iz being. developed, Which yields very good gold. fall the seuvites and forts ‘of the Spaniards Were concentrated on the de Selopment of goldsmining, there could he obtained from any of these Islands iach gold te from any ose feations in the world, However since Uiey are ging Tore imports to olber industries than to golduaining, they. wil be discussed in she proper pace tore estee- ively than the later. Th the waters along Ute const ofthese Inland there are tobe gathered, ostia de perlas'pastielarly in the Galamianes, and some have ‘ren obtained which are cite large and fine and very oriental, Nesher is there hy. business of importance done. sn thls line, and {Rtouphout the country evorywhere there if to be ond inside ie ordinary mother-of-pearl shes, TEM ne set —201—perfect pearls and mothers-of-pearls as large a9 war- Hor-shields, out of which eurious articles are made by hand, ‘There are likewise seaturtles throughout the islands, so luge that their shells are profited by the natives who sell them as trade-commodities to the Chin- ese, the Portuguese and other nationals, who come to buy them and who esteem them very much, because they make many curios out of them, ‘Along the coasts of any of these Islands, there are many shining shells or cowries ealled siguey. The na- lives pick them and sell them by measure to the Siam- ese, Cambodians, Portuguese and other nationals of thc mainland, where said shells are used as currency with which they purchase things like they do in New Spain ‘with eoeoa-beans. ‘The horns of the carabaos constitute a commodity for China, also the sling of deer, and red-wood for Japan, The natives profit hy all these articles in trading with them with these nationals, and derive much ad= vantages thereby. In this Island of Luzon, especially in the provinces of Manila, Pampanga, Pangasinan and Tlocos, there are to be found ancient earthen tibors or jars, brown in color and not, s0 beautiful to look at! Some’ are of middle size and others are smmaller, bearing certain marks and seals, and they cannot explain where they got them from or in what period. At prosent they are no longer obtainable neither are they manufactured in these Tlands, and they are in great demand on the part of the Japanese who prize them very much for the Teason that they have discovered that these are the orly re- cepiacles in which to properly keep and preserve the roots and leaves of a plant called cha,’ the beverage of which they drink hot and which the Japanese #0 highly esteem; s0 that they constitute their most. pre- cious and valuable possession, which they keep in thelr stores and chambers. A jar is worth a great deal of ‘money, and is adorned on the outside with fine gold plating With much elaboration, and is covered ‘with brocade cloth, so that there are’ vases whieh are worth Tem whlch was nok moc waed thes —202— “4 ( ‘or sold for two thousand eleven-reales (pieces of ele: ‘yen) taels each, or less, as tho case may be, even if itis slightly detted or has a flaw, for the reason that this is of mo consequence so long as tea can be safely Kept in them. ‘The natives of these islands sell these articles to the Japanese as best they can, and take ppains to look for them for this purpose; and as a mat= ter of fact, these vases have become very searce owing to the great demand there is for them? Ones in 4 whe, the ats find lng, shake of amiergeis along the’ coast, which they are already ac- ‘tuainted. with, inasmuch #8 they know tat the Span- SErds caren fe very mich, and have made fa con olay for trading Last gears seen hundred and vo, Bethe iland of Cetae the natives found 2 asye plese Gh ambergris snd as the news ef k spread and'eeaehea te'ears f the excomenders or granthlier, he took it Rect facthimoc charging ify tabuts or tanta Sap lid that weighed eal nun of pound Tal Ghat ik was sold Ey tho Saves av a nigh bce? In the Island of Mindanao, in the provinee and river ‘of Butuan, which have been’ pacified and granted as encomienda to the Spaniards, the natives have snother industry or trade which is quite profitable. Inssmuch as there is an abundance of wild or eivet eats, ali they are smaller than the Guinea eivets, the nativ the musk of perfume out of the eats ahd sell o° trade the same, doing good and easy business thereby. During the erescent moon, the natives go out with nets to eateh ‘Neath raed in" Lmanae (Catarina) wih ter Shonen fad tage tote rraeagh so aveod hy ures made SON i att Bee aces ce lt cin es ea ae ee inane aes. eae snap OF Sela ka as Sent ewig arsine he ant Se ue perce ea 208 —civets, @ considerable number of which get eaucht. Once they have removed the muak out of thet, Sey let them Toate again Likewise, they keep some of the tivets pt them in cages and dell them all over the country’ at modest prices. * Cotton fe also raised throughout th stands, and they spig it into thread-and sell by skeing ty the Chinese ahd other nationals who eome over to trade ine They alko eave blankets in various ways whieh they also fell or trade? Hkewise clothes made out of the fibre of Snanas the cloth known as medrifague. The Babuates cont of many ut sald ands and they le on the head or point of Cagayan Province, isha iain hoes elnpal tade fo come 6 Cagayan i apaave vate carving plan chsh, brovisions and evony spears, t» sell Theve ilands are fBbset to fo, eo or gant nor i any tr bute collected from them, and. hele ave no Spatiardc Tiving among them, af they are less civilized and orderly people, There have been no. converts to. Christanity Emang chem, neither have they any system of Govern ment On the opposite end of Luzon, there are other stands on the frontier of Camarines provings, on fourveende- frees latitude north of the Fopirta Santo channel, and they’ ate called the Catandiates islands. They are well Poptlated by natives who are good and subject to Span En encomenderos, having parish schools, cvurches and Sa tap ee ed ca Geet foo a es eae ES Se matt aa tale Se ear Se eee —264— ¢ ‘a mayor who governs them. Most of them are laboren While others are engaged in Working placer gold-mines ind in trading. from one provinee to another on the Tizon mainland, which is tery near to them? ‘There is in the coast of the Island of Luzon in the South, lest than one hundred leagues from the Cape Of Espiritu Santos, through whieh the Capul Channel {3 entered, bay ubuut thirty leagues wide having a harrow channel; and in the middle thereof, there ia an Island lying aeross it making it narrower, and is called Miraveles" It is approximately two leagues long, and a half league wide, with elevated thickly-wooded land, having a settlement of about fifty natives® where thy guard ot sentinel of the bey has his headquarters and Fesidence. ‘There are channels on. bath points of the island through ‘which to enter the bay, one Deine half 4 Teague on the South with a lighthouse in the middle falled the Friar island, and. another on the nodthern part which is narrower? and through these two chan- els all oecam-going vessels enter and leave the bay. ‘The entire bay ls futhomable and clear, having many landing-places everywhere, From these channels to the settlement of Manila and the river sand-bun, there are tight leagues, Two leagues from Manila in te Soath- em part of the bay, there isa large cove having an lovated point whith covers the same, on which is a Settlement of natives, ealled Cavite, ahd the cove ae: he eof thee ilands ape great captors ad siphaers “who Fite erly i's fy Bane aay unk Targ th io Sey aig avi a car eh ae puke hen Mites Santina a eeae as Sr ore ee ere any) a ely 265 —danse yin ete ae age the a pe ge 2 twenty leagues in size called Pampanga, having man) are lies by the City of Manila (walled city) on the one tg a ea ee a ees copetene eae tenia sec op nese pal ely peptic ere ‘ow the Port of Soromn, — 266 — r ¢ ever they are lashed by storms and where they are re- pained until fair weather enables them to enter Manila ‘waters, which are eighty Teagues away. Along the coasts of Pangasinan, Ilocos and Caga- yan, there are some ports and sand-bars where vessels ay come and anchor, such as Marihuma, the port of the Friar,’ Bolinao, the Pangasinan sand-bar, Vigan, Camalayuga bar at 'the mouth of the Tagus River, two Teagues upstream of which is the principal settlement ‘of Cagayan, aside from other rivers, sand-bars, coves ‘and other lesser havens available for smaller vessels, slong the coasts of Luzon Island, ‘Near the large Island of Luzon, there are several other large and. small islands similar to the former lnnabined by natives who are Hike fhose of Luzon, They work in placer mines’ and farms and are engaged in other industries 1s well. Said islands are Marindugue, ‘Tables, Masbate, Burias, Banton, Bantonillo and other lesser ones of whieh Initer the one nearest Manila is Mindoro, which is over eighty leagues long and almost ‘wo hundred leagues in eineumference. Tt has many set Hemenis of similar natives on the side where it baunds with the province of Balayan (Batangas) and Calilaya, and is so near the Island of Luzon that itis only sepa: rated from it by a narrow strait which is featured by strong currents, and troubled waters about half a league ‘wide, through which vessels ply to and from Manila under strong currents and winds, most of the time, Here lies the principal settlement in the island of Min- oro which has a port eall The Veradero or shipyard for large vessels, aside from the other places cf an- chorage and sand-bars in the same island for smaller sf am Ns nde ea et et sar SRT eae Sere ees 267 —vessels, algo many settlements of natives all along the coast Of the island all of whieh localities abound in ice and food supplies, placersmines and all Kinds of feame tnd forest products ‘The Cape of Fspiritu Santo which is sighted upon entering Philippine ‘waters from vessels eonting {tom Now Spain, onan island called Tendaya’ is situated thirtoon degrees latitude, and twenty Teaeues further along the coast fom said Cope of Espiritu Santo. To the South is the island of Piri und other ones, which become vislle when a channel can be entered leading to Cebu Island called “San Juanillo, made. by these ielands, which is neither satisfactory nor cleat Zor oeear- ing ‘vessels. However, on the Northern. aide after leaving said channel, the Island of Capul is reached, causing a sirat and channel ‘with strong eurrents and ‘waves, half way of which stands an island called San Hernatdino where the vessels pass. Said statis formed by the coast of the Island of Luzon and that of Capa ‘The channel must be a league long, and leas than one league wide. Having entered this channel, and as one leaves the sue there ae hoe smal es In ttl aed Nore joe (orange) Islands, which are high with steep rocks, Zgainst which vessels may be dashed ovring to the strong currents thers: and great inhabited, but the others: are lange ones, having several large native selements which tre provided with all Kinds of food supplies, ‘To the southern part of these, Ife the Visayan Islands called the lands of the tattooed people, whieh are many and well-populated and are named Leyte, Thabo,” Sa- mar, Bohol, Island of Negros, Cebu,, Panay, Cuyo and the Calamianes. All the natives who inhabit them, both men, and women, ate good-looking and of good dis- postion, living in’ better conditions and having nobler manners than those in che island of Luzon and. str rounding ones. ‘They differ in the way they wear their hair, as the men wear a queue as was the old custom in Spain, TEER itt pet sein Calin ho plas Tend ih ete — 268 — ¢ and their bodies are tationed with many designs, with the exception of the faces They wear large earrings of fold and ivory, also Uracelets of the same material on Ete arms, a Kevhief around heir head malang a hol loi Be’ sannor of taza, interwar ih eigen Strips with graceful lots, saiguero shits, with ti Sieches"wthont evar falling Gown &o the middie of the thighs, closed in front and made of colored hemp rile fate. They dont tse under-higts or drawers Bae fone geestrings with roany folds, with whieh they cover Hie migale parts “shen they remove theit Eat fens, "The women are good-ooking, neat and they wall gracefully. They have tong blaek hair wound around the head, wear multveolored blankets oF sheets around the wais falling down thelr lags, and. dreses of the same material, withot any collar. The men and women go out without any otter gantnents and. barefooted ru'welladomed with gold-chaine and engraved car Tings and bracelets art rege Set aD Eee lila srotn othe por of the Wo a to BACHE Excel pitas cl Su oe a pn a Tar anu eau ia BE age Pani dl ha bert SS ORae Sot SaaS GIMES Satie Puls he Sea caries eee Teme 0 tw rite Gla Sop" any attr cle fut oe, wri the Sipenen: veed’ varloar" colors, Fike blue’ sed req, bringing tho a7 to se env efetite rom eo Spaney Ae Sence DR a aw ar ot he Semester Sy RP Wa tat ey —269—Thai weapons const of long knives and short and curved anes wih shglestiged ns qyears and curses ‘hey use emels and scn-raty smi to Ghose used by ihe natives of Lazony and are engogel in the same cetuyatizon fuel taoe the sure fea and hve ihe sane industries asin all the othe inland Thess Vio Fans are loss incined to filing of tae sol ana are Proficient seamen and fond of tke spoils and tse of rar and agirasive expeditions which they call Mange. Sob Gr wate oncerprises, whieh are etvaent fring’ ca to lage In the Island of Csbu, and nea the principal setle- ment here a tine port forall nde of vesee ene S'good “entianoechannel protected from all'alverse srekther Sondidons, with god anchorage and anne Brlitesaelde ftom the Ser poss aed sand-bars fo isa eat and sale fy portance tad eatin, (Sinting inal the ther ian ‘This island of Cebu is one over one hundred leagues fn elroumference and has abundant provisions, having ries and gold placers, and is inhabited by atives Opposite the same, there are very, good, well-popt- lated islands, especially the Island of Panay which fs large and has @ eireumferenee over one hundred leagnes, having many native settlements and is abundant im rie and. wine-produeing palmétrees and all kinds of food supplies. Its settlements along the Panay river are good and rich, the most important one being Oton, having a port'and gand-bar for galleys and vessels, shipyards for building ocean-going vessels and a good supply of timber for construction, purposes. ‘There are many natives who are proficient in build- ing ocean-going vessels, and close to this island there is an islet cight leagues in circumference, which is well rise at thin ind (Panay) I secrSlthm, sos provincia settled by natives who are all carpenters and good artl- Sans who ate not engaged tn any trade other than said ecupation. Although there ie not a single troe of any consequence in their island, they profess this trade with sgteat dedication, and they furnish the rest of the islands ‘with artisans in this line, that is, carpentry. They call it the island of the Cagayens.* Next to the Island of Cebu to the South, is Minda- nao Island, which has a circumference of ‘over three hundred leagues, then follows Jolo or Sulu which is small. To the South of this is Borneo, which is a very land having a cireumference of over five hun= feus, all of which islands are. very well-ponii- Iated, although this island of Borneo has not yet been pacified and neither is Mindanao entirely <0, except only the settlements along the Butuan River, ‘Dapitan tnd the provinee and coast of Caraga. To the South of this Island, and before getting to Romeo are the Calamines Islands numbering several large and small, being well-populated ones with some food provisions’ its people being engaged in several lines of industry, but mostly in navigation, trading and communication between the islands aleo and partieslarly in fishing. Those who live nearer Bomeo, engage ih corsair pursuits and in pillaging the natives of other islands. ‘The ebb and flow, low and high tide of the sens in these islands are irregular, in view of the strong currents running Dotween the islands and of the secret workings of the influence af the moon for whieh no satisfactory explanation ean be found, because even ae cording to the effect of the Inpar influence of the month of March, the tides flow higher than other times ff the Year, yet'there is @ great variety of daily tides causing surprise and confusion, Some davs there are two tides, in the day and night-time, while on other days there is only one tide, while still at other times, the increase of the tide is slight in the daytime while that of the night is considerable whereas ordinarily there is no fixed time for the changing tides. One day sioner Wiehe der nat & septa Ue mach themes m1it is high at noon-time, while on the next day it hap- ons either earlier or later by several hours; or one day the increase is small and the next day when itis rol so expected, it becomes considerable, ‘The language spoken in Luzon and adjoining islands is very different from that spoken in. the Visayas.’ In Luzon island there is no uniform language; the Cagayans have their own dialect, the Toeanos have their own, the Zambalefos too have theirs, and the Pampangos have a dialect all their own, different from the others ‘The people of gail province ealed Tea. logs have @ rich and abundant language wherehy ll that one desires to say can be expressed in varied wavs and with elegance, and it is not difficult to learn and to speak the same. ‘Throughout the Islands, writing is well developed ‘rough certain characters or signs resembling the Greek: or Arabic, numbering fifteen signs in all, three of which fare vowels which serve in lieu of our five vowels, The consonants are twelve. With these and certain points or signs and commas, everything one desires to say can be expressed and spoken fully and easily, just like with our own Spanish alphabet.” ‘Stueed ty Spans Piltnoe ad acteurs {SETS erty aad thy mane poe ‘Sharncert"We es far from bltieg GNC abla otters he ate chars who withont eiwtg” therapy that wring, etm to Pind ‘Heke ithe and aac es ein eae Mr Sheer aes Gaara tiy at eas oe Hei anct tee cine pee oatrie grt dealt Sul SO eee acest ent iat Fe hae a tate "yoke Sree ae ee ious : Writing was done on hamboo pieces or on paper, the line heeluning from the right fo the lef as nthe Arabis writing’ Almost all the natives, both mem. and ‘women, know how to write in this dialee, and there re few Who do no! write it well and propery. ‘This language of the province of Manila is under- stood as far'down a the entire province of Camarines and other islands adjoining Luzon, where they do not alter very mk fom ech ater cept that nto Ehen Soothers, nee 5 ee “The hldines and houses of the natives in ll those Philippine Isiands as well as their settlements ape of the same design, because they bulld em on the shores of he eons the ivers ea trea or cana tho natives generally ving neat each other by Zoran ihareios or titages and towns where they plait ce and raise their palmetres, ipa. plantations, orchards. of Tananas and other frit-hearine trees, and where they establish thet Implements and devise for trapping fishes, also their navigating erat. The minority of the natives live inland, such asthe Tingriana who also sek home sites near rivers and streams, where they stile fn sic ier fashion. Al the houses of the natives are generally built on poles or posis high from the ground, wth narvost rooms End low eiling made of inerwagen strips of wood And/or bamboo and covered with palmleat (ripe) root- ‘ing, each hoave standing by seit and: not foined to ther. On the ground below, they are fenced by {SR reat te deen of he wing of the Pipes there yg re epnnrad ny enna, te Bea eaters bent Sut son cd Legeey sk Src Wari 22a eae form af the characters lea tse fo theae Gitferent dineetoes —273—rods and pieces 2f bambooo where they raise their ‘chickens and ani.ials and where they pound and clean their rice. One goes up the house through stairs made ‘of two bamboo trunks which can be pulled up. On the upper part of the house they have their open batalan ‘of back plazea where the washing and bathing are performed. ‘The parents and the children room toge- ther, and their house called bahandin* has scant deco- rations and items of comfort. Aside froma the ahove-deseribed houses which be- long to the ordinary people of less importance, there fare those of the prominent people whieh are built on ‘eestrunks and thick posts containing many rooms oth sleeping and living ones, using welllaborated, strong and large hoards and trunks and containing many pieces of furnitare and items of luxury and com: fort and having much better appearance than those of the average people. However, they are covered by roofs of the same palm-leaves called wipa, which give much protection from the rains and the heat of the sun, and fare much better than the ones with tiles and shingles even if they involve greater danger of fire. ‘The lower part of the houses of the natives is not used for lodging, beeause they use it for raising their fowl and animals, in view of the weiness and/or heat of the ground, and likewise owing to the numerous large ‘and small rats which are destructive to the houses and country-fields, Besides, the houses are ordinarily built close to the shore of the sea and the rivers and canals, so that the grounds of the houses are penetrated by the waters and are thus left open to the same. ‘Throughout these islands, there were neither kings nor lords to rule them in the same manner as in king- gti ty fe a akon be Ss igen rt, who role hem ks ay" (ay ¢ doms and provinces elsewhere. Instead, in every island and provinee many principale were known among the natives, some being more important and outstanding than others, each having his own followers and hench- men, formiag barrios und families who obeyed and regpeeted them. Those principal men used to have ériend- ship and relationship with each other, and sometimes ‘even wars and differences? with each other. ‘These principalias of high social stations, were in- herited by succession from father to sons and belts and in their default, to brethren and olateral Kinsmen, ‘Their duty was to govern and rule their subjects and henchmen, and to attend to their problems and needs; and in exchange for this, they received the peoples Feapect and esteem, together ith their support and help in their wary expeditions, general work in fare- ing, fishing, building houses and structures. whenever they should be called upon to perform the same by their principals, upon whieh they would respord with punctuality. They also paid thelr tribute with the frsite of their tail which they called Outs, some paying more than others. Furthermore, the descendants of these pri cipalcs or nobles and their Kinsmen were esteémed and respected, even if they had not inherited their distie- on, and the formes ‘wre considered and treated as noblemen, and as exempt from rendering service which Sti aed sont The tga of «dy es and‘wat demanded from the Timaguas' or plebians, ‘The privileges of a principalship were also enjoyed by the Women of noble birth on # par with the men When ay of these principal men became more outstanding tha theo wera eer ans ether acquired ({llegaba") more privileges and a greater fol- owing of henchmen, and’ he. governed otter people even principate' themselves, while retaining for Mimselt hs own authority over his particular Baratgat_or clan with datus and other particular leaders who attended diceely to the needs of the Barangai. ‘The authority which these principal men or leaders that they considered its components as their subjects, to treat well or mistreat, disposing of their persons, children and possessions at their will and pleasure with: ‘Out any opposition from the latter, nor duty on their Patt to account for the principals’ action. Upon their committing any slight offense or fault, these henchmen ‘were either punished, made slaves* or killed. It has ppened that for having walked in front of Indy prin- cipals while these were having their ablutions in the river’; for having looked at them with scant respect; ‘erhapa the word slegtba inthe Spaish cist shoud be lesb They formed a Ring of ceneseration, te th sate of the Muse Ages ih Ste stra ei gece abo sted The bene’ ad BS ey Rea i uty fe moan m ‘pmel the Indios wie new inhabit the Philippines come ¥ Sahay tte IS, lat master atthe ame Stet AE ical apr ote fami Bus ee ec ge eee Geen See Gers SCDpC of Ret modesty sd high regard of her etn. =o 276 ¢ or for other similar reusons, these henehmen have beet ‘made permanent slaves: Whenover any native had any controversies or ditt ferenets ih ols pocnaty Ito on pitty Gr regarding insults and’ physesl injuries to thelr per Sons there siefe appointed cers among Use same elan Sr group, who heard them in the presence ofthe partie,

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