HUKUM DALAM PANDANGAN ANTROPOLOGI

What is Society?
Ember & Ember:
 Sekelompok orang yang tinggal pada tempat tertentu, berbicara dengan
bahasa yang sama tetapi bahasa tersebut tidak dipahami oleh orang-
orang di luar dari kelompok tersebut
 Society is a group of people who occupy a particular territory and speak a
common language not generally understood by neighbouring peoples.

Plural Society = Masyarakat Majemuk

 Adalah masyarakat yang mempunyai keragaman pola-pola budaya
 Social and political interaction of people with different ways of living and
thinking within the same society (Haviland)

What is Law?
Law as the aspects of culture, has two functions:
1. Rules of behavior: set the rules for the society how to behave
2. The mechanism of social control: law should be socialized and
internalized so the norms become as a part of the individual and
communal personality.

Hukum baru berjalan ketika ada pelanggaran:

The denial / violation of norms: will be rewarded with a soft reproval or moral
sanction. If the violation get heavier, the authorities in the society will give hard
penalties/ sanctions for the perpetrator
(e.g. fine, physical punishment)

Sanctions: positive (rewards), negative (punishment)

TO Ihomi: living anthropological documents

This means that law are not only STATE LAW, but also “LAWS” that constructed
by the community and live among them, namely: the values, norms, institutions,
rules relating to religion, custom, and habits, and contracts.

Pospisil (menyatakan hokum beda dari kebiasaan) , there are four attributes of
law;
 Authority: dibuat oleh orang yang memiliki kekuasaan
 Universality: berlaku untuk semuanya (untuk kasus-kasus yang sama)
misal ada kasus pencurian ayam oleh A dan B, maka kedua A dan B harus
dihukum
 Obligatio (not obligation): hokum mengatur hak dan kewajiban secara
timbal balik (resiprositas)
  Sanction: kalau tidak dilaksanakan, akan mendapat sanksi, supaya hokum
dipatuhi

E. Adamson Hoebel:
Social norms are legal norms, if that ignorance or violation will be threatened by
threats or acts by a person or group, who has the authority for it and who gets
recognition by the society to do so.

Bronislaw Malinowski:
 Law includes rules to determine human tendencies, desires, or instinctive
impulse. The law also includes rules that protect the rights of citizens
against malignancy (kejahatan), greed (serakah) and malice toward
others.
 Law is different with the custom (adat) because “law is seen as an
obligation of the parties to the right of the other party that is not only
supported by the psychological motives, but also by the strength of
binding based on interdependence”

Definisi diatas dikemukakan oleh ahli-ahli Antropologi

Maria Farida (Ahli Hukum):

 The rule of law is heteronomous because it comes from outside of us
 Legal norms are always connected with penal sanctions (sanksi pidana)
or physically sanctions
 Penal sanctions in the norm of law implemented by the state

What is Culture?
EB. Tylor
Culture is that complex whole includes: knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law,
custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man (both genders) as
a member of society.

Koentjaraningrat
The world “culture” (Kebudayaan) which is constructed from two Sanskrit words
budi-dhaya. “Kebudayaan” refers to all of human thoughts and efforts to fulfill
their needs.

Ember&Ember
1. The system of knowledge
2. The set of laws

Nature:
geographic, geology, climate, animals, plants
adaptation challenges

Human

Law and Pop culture:

 Sport
 Literature
 Music
 Film

Law as a part of our life:

 Separation between private and public area (Blomley)
 Lost and found law (Mark D West)
 Rule of neighbors’ relationship

HUKUM ADALAH HASIL DARI KEBUDAYAAN