DRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENT DD ISO/TS

16610-32:2009

Geometrical product
specifications (GPS) —
Filtration
Part 32: Robust profile filters: Spline
filters

ICS 17.040.20

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DD ISO/TS 16610-32:2009

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16610-32:2009.
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ISBN 978 0 580 57487 0

 DD ISO/TS 16610-32:2009
TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 16610-32

First edition
2009-03-15

Geometrical product specifications

(GPS) — Filtration —
Part 32:
Robust profile filters: Spline filters
Spécification géométrique des produits (GPS) — Filtrage —
Partie 32: Filtres de profil robustes: Filtres splines

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Reference number
ISO/TS 16610-32:2009(E)

© ISO 2009
DD ISO/TS 16610-32:2009
ISO/TS 16610-32:2009(E)

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COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT

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All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
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ii © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved

 DD ISO/TS 16610-32:2009
ISO/TS 16610-32:2009(E)

Contents Page

Foreword............................................................................................................................................................ iv
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... vi
1 Scope ..................................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Normative references ........................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions........................................................................................................................... 1
4 Robust spline filters ............................................................................................................................. 2
4.1 Weighting function ............................................................................................................................... 2
4.2 Filter equations ..................................................................................................................................... 2
4.2.1 General................................................................................................................................................... 2
4.2.2 Filter equation of the robust spline filter for open profiles .............................................................. 2
4.2.3 Filter equation of the robust spline filter for closed profiles ........................................................... 3
4.3 Transmission characteristic ................................................................................................................ 3
5 Recommendations................................................................................................................................ 4
5.1 Nesting index (cut-off value λc) ........................................................................................................... 4
5.2 Tension parameter (β ) .......................................................................................................................... 4
5.3 Implementation ..................................................................................................................................... 4
5.4 Filter designation .................................................................................................................................. 4

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Annex A (informative) Examples ...................................................................................................................... 5
Annex B (informative) Relationship to the filtration matrix model................................................................ 8
Annex C (informative) Relation to the GPS matrix model .............................................................................. 9
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................... 10

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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.

International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.

In other circumstances, particularly when there is an urgent market requirement for such documents, a
technical committee may decide to publish other types of normative document:

— an ISO Publicly Available Specification (ISO/PAS) represents an agreement between technical experts in
an ISO working group and is accepted for publication if it is approved by more than 50 % of the members
of the parent committee casting a vote;

— an ISO Technical Specification (ISO/TS) represents an agreement between the members of a technical

a vote.
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committee and is accepted for publication if it is approved by 2/3 of the members of the committee casting

An ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is reviewed after three years in order to decide whether it will be confirmed for a
further three years, revised to become an International Standard, or withdrawn. If the ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is
confirmed, it is reviewed again after a further three years, at which time it must either be transformed into an
International Standard or be withdrawn.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

ISO/TS 16610-32 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 213, Dimensional and geometrical product
specifications and verification.

ISO 16610 consists of the following parts, under the general title Geometrical product specifications (GPS) —
Filtration:

⎯ Part 1: Overview and basic concepts [Technical Specification]

⎯ Part 20: Linear profile filters: Basic concepts [Technical Specification]

⎯ Part 21: Linear profile filters: Gaussian filters

⎯ Part 22: Linear profile filters: Spline filters [Technical Specification]

⎯ Part 29: Linear profile filters: Spline wavelets [Technical Specification]

⎯ Part 30: Robust profile filters: Basic concepts [Technical Specification]

⎯ Part 32: Robust profile filters: Spline filters [Technical Specification]

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⎯ Part 40: Morphological profile filters: Basic concepts [Technical Specification]

⎯ Part 41: Morphological profile filters: Disk and horizontal line-segment filters [Technical Specification]

⎯ Part 49: Morphological profile filters: Scale space techniques [Technical Specification]

The following parts are under preparation:

⎯ Part 28: Profile filters: End effects [Technical Specification]

⎯ Part 31: Robust profile filters: Gaussian regression filters [Technical Specification]

The following parts are planned:

⎯ Part 26: Linear profile filters: Filtration on nominally orthogonal grid planar data sets

⎯ Part 27: Linear profile filters: Filtration on nominally orthogonal grid cylindrical data sets

⎯ Part 42: Morphological profile filters: Motif filters

⎯ Part 60: Linear areal filters: Basic concepts

⎯ Part 61: Linear areal filters: Gaussian filters

⎯ Part 62: Linear areal filters: Spline filters

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Part 69: Linear areal filters: Spline wavelets

⎯ Part 70: Robust areal filters: Basic concepts

⎯ Part 71: Robust areal filters: Gaussian regression filters

⎯ Part 72: Robust areal filters: Spline filters

⎯ Part 80: Morphological areal filters: Basic concepts

⎯ Part 81: Morphological areal filters: Sphere and horizontal planar segment filters

⎯ Part 82: Morphological areal filters: Motif filters

⎯ Part 89: Morphological areal filters: Scale space techniques

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Introduction
This part of ISO 16610 is a geometrical product specification (GPS) standard and is to be regarded as a
global GPS standard (see ISO/TR 14638). It influences the chain links 3 and 5 of all chains of standards.

For more detailed information of the relation of this part of ISO 16610 to the GPS matrix model, see Annex C.

This part of ISO 16610 develops the terminology and concepts of robust spline filters. The robust spline filter
has the advantage over a conventional phase correct filter that the edges of the measured profile are still
usable. This is important especially in the case of form filtering. Moreover, the robust spline filter is tolerant
against outliers.

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 DD ISO/TS 16610-32:2009
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 16610-32:2009(E)

Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Filtration —

Part 32:
Robust profile filters: Spline filters

1 Scope

This part of ISO 16610 specifies the characteristics of robust spline filters for surface profiles.

It specifies in particular how to separate the long and short wave content of a surface profile.

2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 4287:1997, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Surface texture: Profile method — Terms,
definitions and surface texture parameters

concepts ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ
ISO/TS 16610-1:2006, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Filtration — Part 1: Overview and basic

ISO/TS 16610-22:2006, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Filtration — Part 22: Linear profile filters:
Spline filters

ISO/TS 16610-30:2009, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Filtration — Part 30: Robust profile
filters: Basic concepts

ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, International vocabulary of metrology — Basic and general concepts and associated
terms (VIM)

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC Guide 99, ISO 4287,
ISO/TS 16610-1, ISO/TS 16610-22, ISO/TS 16610-30 and the following apply.

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3.1
robust spline filter
robust filter based on splines

NOTE 1 The result of the low-pass filtering (the mean line) is a spline.

NOTE 2 The degree of the spline is equal to the degree of the polynomial of highest degree used, e.g. a cubic spline is
made of cubic polynomials.

NOTE 3 Robust spline filters are non-linear filters.

4 Robust spline filters

4.1 Weighting function

The weighting function of a robust spline filter does not exist because this filter is non-linear.

4.2 Filter equations

4.2.1 General

Filter equations for robust spline filters may be constructed for any degree, but only those based on cubic
splines are given here.

4.2.2 Filter equation of the robust spline filter for open profiles

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The filter equation is given by

⎡ βα 2 P + (1 − β )α 4Q ⎤ w = sgn( z − w) (1)
⎣ ⎦
∑ ( z − w)
with the matrix

⎛ 1 −1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 −2 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ −1 2 − 1 ⎟ ⎜ − 2 5 −4 1 ⎟
⎜ −1 2 −1 ⎟ ⎜ 1 −4 6 −4 1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
P=⎜ % % % ⎟ Q=⎜ % % % % % ⎟ (2)
⎜ −1 2 −1 ⎟ ⎜ 1 −4 6 −4 1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ −1 2 −1⎟ ⎜ 1 −4 5 −2 ⎟
⎜ −1 1 ⎟⎠ ⎜ 1 −2 1 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎝

with n rows and n columns and the parameters

1
α= and 0 u β u 1 (3)
π∆x
2sin
λc

where

n is the number of measured values of the profile;

z is the vector of dimension n of the profile values before filtering;

w is the vector of dimension n of this profile's values in the reference line;

λc is the limiting wavelength of the profile filter;

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∆x is the sampling interval

⎧ +1 if t W 0
sgn(t ) = ⎨
⎩ −1 if t < 0

NOTE 1 The vector w gives the profile values of the long wave component (reference line). The short wave component,
r, may be obtained by the difference vector r = z − w , i.e. by subtracting the mean line values obtained by the
filtering process from the measured profile values.

NOTE 2 The β value of 0,625 242… gets the spline filter as close as possible to the Gaussian filter.

4.2.3 Filter equation of the robust spline filter for closed profiles

The filter equation is given by

⎡ βα 2 P + (1 − β )α 4Q ⎤ w = sgn( z − w ) (4)

⎣ ⎦
∑ ( z − w )

with the matrix

⎛ 2 −1 −1⎞ ⎛ 6 −4 1 1 −4 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ −1 2 −1 ⎟ ⎜ −4 6 −4 1 1⎟
⎜ −1 2 −1 ⎟ ⎜ 1 −4 6 −4 1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟  ⎜ ⎟
P = ⎜ % % % ⎟ Q=⎜ % % % % % ⎟ (5)
⎜ −1 2 −1 ⎟ ⎜ 1 −4 6 −4 1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟

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⎜ −1 2 −1⎟ ⎜ 1 1 −4 6 −4 ⎟
⎜ −1 −1 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜ −4 1 1 −4 6 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎝

with n rows and n columns and the parameters

1
α= and 0 u β u 1 (6)
π∆x
2sin
λc

where

n is the number of measured values of the profile;

z is the vector of dimension n of the profile values before filtering;

w is the vector of dimension n of this profile's values in the mean line;

λc is the limiting wavelength of the profile filter;

∆x is the sampling interval.

NOTE The vector z gives the profile values of the long wave component (mean line). The short wave component, r ,
may be obtained by the difference vector r = z − w , i.e. by subtracting the mean line values obtained by the filtering
process from the measured profile values.

4.3 Transmission characteristic

The transmission characteristic of a robust spline filter does not exist because this filter is non-linear, i.e. no
weighting function exists.

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NOTE The transmission characteristic of a linear filter is given as the Fourier transformation of the weighting function.
This is not possible with non-linear filters.

5 Recommendations

5.1 Nesting index (cut-off value λc)

It is recommended that the nesting index (the cut-off value λc) be chosen from a logarithmic series (constant
ratio) of values. Experience has shown that a constant ratio of around the square root of ten between
successive scale values is optimal. The nesting index should be chosen from the following series of values:

... 2,5 µm; 8 µm; 25 µm; 80 µm; 250 µm; 0,8 mm; 2,5 mm; 8 mm; 25 mm; ...

5.2 Tension parameter (β)

If not otherwise specified, the tension parameter, β, takes the value zero.

5.3 Implementation

It is strongly recommended that the matrix equations given in 4.2.2 and 4.2.3 be used to implement the spline
filter.

5.4 Filter designation

Spline filters in accordance with this part of ISO 16610 are designated

See also ISO/TS 16610-1:2006, Clause 5.

FPRS
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Annex A
(informative)

Examples

Examples for the application of the robust spline filter and the Gaussian filter are given for information
purposes.
nm

1 000

-1 000

-2 000

-3 000
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-4 000
0 1 2 3 4 5 mm
nm

Figure A.1 — Gaussian filter with λc = 2,5 mm according to ISO 11562

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nm
1 000

-1 000

-2 000

-3 000

-4 000
0 1 2 3 4 5 mm
nm

Figure A.2 — Robust spline filter with λc = 2,5 mm

nm

1 500

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1 000

500

-500
0 2 4 6 8 10
nm

mm
Figure A.3 — Gaussian filter with λc = 0,8 mm according to ISO 11562

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nm
1 500

1 000

500

-500
0 2 4 6 8 10
nm

mm

Figure A.4 — Robust spline filter with λc = 0,8 mm

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Annex B
(informative)

Relationship to the filtration matrix model

B.1 General
For full details about the filtration matrix model, see ISO/TR 16610-1.

B.2 Position in the filtration matrix model

This part of ISO 16610 is a document that influences particular filters in the column “Profile filters, Robust”
(see Figure B.1).

Filters: ISO 16610 series

General
Part 1
Profile filters Areal filters
Fundamental
Part 11a Part 12a

Basic concepts
Particular filters
Linear

Part 20
Parts 21-25
Robust

Part 30
Parts 31-35
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Morphological

Part 40
Parts 41-45
Linear

Part 60
Parts 61-65
Robust

Part 70
Parts 71-75
Morphological

Part 80
Parts 81-85
How to filter Parts 26-28 Parts 36-38 Parts 46-48 Parts 66-68 Parts 76-78 Parts 86-88
Multiresolution Part 29 Part 39 Part 49 Part 69 Part 79 Part 89
a At present included in Part 1.

Figure B.1 — Relationship to the filtration matrix model

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Annex C
(informative)

Relation to the GPS matrix model

C.1 General
For full details about the GPS matrix model, see ISO/TR 14638.

C.2 Information about this Technical Specification and its use

This part of ISO 16610 specifies the characteristics of robust spline filters for surface profiles. It specifies in
particular how to separate the long and short wave content of a surface profile.

C.3 Position in the GPS matrix model

This part of ISO 16610 is a global GPS document that influences chain links 3 and 5 of the chains of
standards, as graphically illustrated in Figure C.1.

Global GPS standards

Size
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Chain link number
General GPS standards
1 2 3 4 5 6

Distance
Radius
Angle
Form of a line independent of datum
Form of a line dependent of datum
Fundamental
Form of a surface independent of datum
GPS
Form of a surface dependent of datum
standards
Orientation
Location
Circular run-out
Total run-out
Datums
Roughness profile
Waviness profile
Primary profile
Surface imperfections
Edges

Figure C.1 — Position in the GPS matrix model

C.4 Related International Standards

The related International Standards are those of the chains of standards indicated in Figure C.1.

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Bibliography

[1] ISO 3274:1996, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Surface texture: Profile method —
Nominal characteristics of contact (stylus) instruments

[2] ISO 11562:1996, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Surface texture: Profile method —
Metrological characteristics of phase correct filters

[3] ISO/TR 14638:1995, Geometrical product specification (GPS) — Masterplan

[4] ISO/TS 16610-20:2006, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Filtration — Part 20: Linear profile
filters: Basic concepts

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