MAT 121

PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION
(PART ONE)
DIFFERENTIATION

 Like 𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (+), 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (−), 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (×) and 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 (÷), differentiation is an operator.

𝑑
 It calculates the rate of change of dependent variable with respect to independent variable and denoted by .
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑟
 If r is the position vector of a particle in time t , then the velocity v is given by 𝑣 =
𝑑𝑡

MOSAMMAT ARIFA AKTER || SENIOR LECTURER || DEPARTMENT OF GED || DAFFODIL INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
DIFFERENTIATION CONTINUE

If 𝐴 is the area of a circle with radius 𝑟 then A =  r

2
r
Here A is a function of one independent variable r .

Differentiating A with respect to r we get

dA d
=
dr dr
( )
 r 2 = 2 r
Here 2πr denotes the rate at which the area of the
circle increase or decrease when we increase or
decrease the radius r.

MOSAMMAT ARIFA AKTER || SENIOR LECTURER || DEPARTMENT OF GED || DAFFODIL INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
DIFFERENTIATION CONTINUE

If A is the area of a right angle triangle with base x and height y then
1
A= xy
2 y
Here A is a function of two independent variable x and y .
Now, if we change x or y, the area A will also change. x

So, we have two questions:

What is the rate of change of A, if we change x keeping y unchanged?
What is the rate of change of A, if we change y keeping x unchanged?
To find the answer of the above questions, we use Partial Differentiation

MOSAMMAT ARIFA AKTER || SENIOR LECTURER || DEPARTMENT OF GED || DAFFODIL INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
DIFFERENTIATION CONTINUE

What is the rate of change of 𝐴, if we change 𝑥 keeping 𝑦 unchanged?

Differentiation 𝐴 partially with respect to 𝑥 we get

A   1  1  1
= = ( ) =
x x  2  2 x
x y y x y
 2

1
Here 𝑦 denotes the rate at which the area of the triangle changed
2
when we change the base 𝑥 keeping height 𝑦 unchanged / constant /
fixed.

MOSAMMAT ARIFA AKTER || SENIOR LECTURER || DEPARTMENT OF GED || DAFFODIL INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
DIFFERENTIATION CONTINUE

What is the rate of change of 𝐴, if we change 𝑦 keeping 𝑥 unchanged?

Differentiation 𝐴 partially with respect to 𝑦 we get
A   1  1  1
= = ( ) =
y y  2  2 y
x y x y x
 2
1
Here 𝑥 denotes the rate at which the area of the triangle changed
2
when we change the height 𝑦 keeping base 𝑥 unchanged / constant /
fixed.

MOSAMMAT ARIFA AKTER || SENIOR LECTURER || DEPARTMENT OF GED || DAFFODIL INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
DIFFERENTIATION CONTINUE

Differentiation

Ordinary Partial
Only one More thanI one
Independent ndependent
variable variable

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FUNCTION OF MULTI VARIABLES

z = f ( x , y ) = x 2 y + 2 xy − y

u = f ( x , y , z ) = xyz − 4 xy 3 − yz 2

w = h ( x , y , z ) = log ( xz ) − 7 yz 3 + xy 2

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NOTATIONS

u u  2u
→ux →uy → u xx
x y x 2

 2u  2u  2u
→ u yy →uxy → u yx
y 2 xy yx

 2u  2u
=
xy yx

MOSAMMAT ARIFA AKTER || SENIOR LECTURER || DEPARTMENT OF GED || DAFFODIL INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
EXAMPLE

2u 2u 2 u 2 u
(
If u = log x + y
2 2
) then show that
x 2
+
y 2
= 0. Also verify =
yx xy
.

u
x
= ux =

x

log x 2 + y 2 ( )
=

 (x + y )
2 2
log x 2 + y 2 ( ) (

x
x2 + y2 ) [Using Chain Rule]

1
= 2x
x +y
2 2

2x
=
x2 + y 2

MOSAMMAT ARIFA AKTER || SENIOR LECTURER || DEPARTMENT OF GED || DAFFODIL INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
EXAMPLE CONTINUE

u
y
= uy =

y
 (
log x 2 + y 2 )
=

 (x 2 + y 2 )
 (
log x 2
+ y 2
) (

y
x2 + y 2 ) [Using Chain Rule]

1
= 2y
x +y
2 2

2y
=
x2 + y 2

MOSAMMAT ARIFA AKTER || SENIOR LECTURER || DEPARTMENT OF GED || DAFFODIL INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
EXAMPLE CONTINUE

2 u   u 
= u =  
 x2 x x
xx
 
  2x 
( x2 + y2 ) x
( 2x) − 2x
x
x2 + y 2 ( )
=   =
 x  x2 + y 2 
( )
2
x2 + y2

=
( x 2
)
+ y 2 2 − 2 x .2 x
=
2 x2 + 2 y 2 − 4 x 2
( ) ( )
2 2
x +y
2 2
x2 + y2
2y 2 − 2 x 2
=
( )
2
x2 + y2

MOSAMMAT ARIFA AKTER || SENIOR LECTURER || DEPARTMENT OF GED || DAFFODIL INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
EXAMPLE CONTINUE
2 u   u 
= u =  
 y2 y y
yy
 
  2y 
( x2 + y2 ) y
(2y) − 2y
y
x2 + y 2 ( )
=   =
 y  x2 + y 2 
( )
2
x2 + y2

=
( x 2
+y )2 − 2y. 2y
2

=
2 x2 + 2 y 2 − 4 y 2
(x + y ) ( )
2 2
2 2
x2 + y2
2x 2 − 2 y 2
=
( )
2
x2 + y2
2 u 2 u 2y 2 − 2 x 2 2x 2 − 2 y 2
Hence, + = + =0
x y ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
x +y
2 2
x +y
2 2

MOSAMMAT ARIFA AKTER || SENIOR LECTURER || DEPARTMENT OF GED || DAFFODIL INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY