【2.11-2.17】- MYPTECOACH - FIREFLY

用匠心，唤醒教育本质
萤火虫 PTE 真题预测

2021.02.11 – 2021.02.17
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萤火虫真题预测全新升级
萤火虫的预测大升级啦！
从 2020 年 12 月 16 日起，所有萤火虫预测里的题目都将做出极高频和降频区的划分。
每周三预测发布后，新的频率划分会即时同步到公众号、网站和萤火虫 APP 中。
登录萤火虫网站，左侧边栏【预测同步练】，即可筛选查看预测频率划分！
标签解释：
极高频
每周的预测中必须要准备的题目
重回
在萤火虫真题题库中，且本周开始出现在预测中的题目。重回题目一定是极高频。
新题
萤火虫新收集到的之前没有出现在萤火虫题库中的题目。新题题目一定是极高频。
降频区
【此次更新的重点】降频区中的题目，是本周之前 4 周以来，出现频率很小或者不怎么
出现的题目。此标签题目，再经过 2-4 周观察后，如果出现频率继续降低或为 0，将被
移出预测。
预测使用建议：
1. 如果准备时间在一周以上的同学，建议所有预测题目都要准备。
2. 如果只有少于一周准备时间，并且还没有开始准备的同学，可以根据实际情况，战
略性放弃复习降频区里的题目
3. 从重要性来说：极高频 > 降频区 > 非预测题
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如何使用萤火虫网站 APP 看预测？

萤火虫网站：
1. 在左侧边栏，点击第三项【预测同步练】（图 1）
注意：只有在【预测同步练】栏目内，才可看到 [极高频] 和 [降频区] 标签
2. 观看本周预测视频简介（图 1）
3. 点击红色按钮【练习本周预测】进入题目列表。
4. 在题目列表界面的上方，选择题目类型（图 2）
5. 默认排序为“极高频→降频区”，也可选择按照其他排序方式。（图 2）
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萤火虫 APP：
1. 登录萤火虫 APP（苹果/安卓手机商店搜索“萤火虫 PTE”即可下载）

2. 在 PTE 首页的【预测同步练】版块，点击“练习本周高频预测”（图 1）
注意：只有在【预测同步练】栏目内，才可看到 [极高频] 和 [降频区] 标签
3. 进入题目列表，可以观看本周预测视频，也可选择题型。（图 2）
4. 默认排序为：极高频→降频区，也可选择按照其他排序方式。（图 2）
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本周预测更新一览
各题型当前趋势与命中率请看各题型介绍
题型 ID 内容改动
WFD #131375 New credit cards will soon use fingerprint technology. 修改
WFD #131405 Continuing students will be receiving the necessary application forms. 升频
WFD #131842 It is generally accepted that language is a part of culture. 新增
WFD #131843 The posters are on display at the larger lecture theatre. 新增
WFD #131844 The typical part of this course involves the study of society. 新增
WFD #131845 All industries are systems of inputs processes outputs and feedback. 新增
WFD #131846 Much of this research is carried out in the laboratory. 新增
WFD #131847 In ancient times, sheltered harbor attracted travelers to its location. 新增
WFD #131848 The library has a wide range of images and films. 新增
RS #021135 The minimal mark for Distinction to be awarded is 75%. 修改
RS #021402 Fishing is a sport and a means for surviving. 重回

Proteins constitute at least thirty percent of the total mass of all living
RS #021438 新增
organisms.
RL #041009 Wages, consumption and household debt 工资消费债务增长升频
FIB-R #081096 Material culture studies 重回
FIB-R #081135 Shakespeare’s Works 修改
DI #031132 Approximate Composition of the Air 重回
ASQ #051109 What do we call a period of 1000 years? 重回

Read Aloud
命中率：低优先级：中
共 6-7 题，命中 1-5 题
备战策略
预测押题＞机经总题库（保证单词都读对）
借助 SST 文本、SWT 文本、FIB 文本作为陌生文段练习
当前趋势
每周少量新题增加
本次更新
无
Blue #011001
While blue is one of the most popular colors, it is one of the least appetizing. Food researchers say that when
humans searched for food, they learned to avoid toxic or spoiled objects, which were often blue, black or
purple. When food dyed blue is served to study subjects, they lose appetite.
Carbon Emission #011002
When countries assess their annual carbon emissions, they count up their cars and power stations, but bush
fires are not included – presumably because they are deemed to be events beyond human control. In Australia,
Victoria alone sees several hundred thousand hectares burn each year; in both 2004 and more recently, the
figure has been over 1 million hectares.
Tesla and Edison #011003
Tesla's theoretical work formed the basis of modern alternating current electric power systems. Thomas Edison
promised him almost one million dollars in today's money to undertake motor and generator improvement.
However, when Tesla, the ethical Serb, asked about the money, Edison’s reported reply was "Tesla, you don't
understand our American humor." The pair became archrivals.
Productive Capacity #011004
The core of the problem was the immense disparity between the country's productive capacity and the ability
of people to consume. Great innovations in productive techniques during and after the war raised the output of
industry beyond the purchasing capacity of U.S. farmers and wage earners.
Father #011005
Every morning, no matter how late he had been up, my father rose at five-thirty, went to his study, wrote for a
couple of hours, made us all breakfast, read the paper with my mother, and then went back to work for the rest
of the morning. Many years passed before I realized that he did this for a living.
Himalayas #011006
Although it hails from a remote region of the western Himalayas. This plant now looks entirely at home on the
banks of English rivers, and colonized river banks and damp woodlands. In the Himalayas the plant is held in
check by various pests, but take these away and it grows and reproduces unhindered. Now it is spreading
across Europe, New Zealand, Canada and the US.
Pluto #011007
Pluto lost its official status when the International Astronomical Union downsized the solar system from nine to
eight planets. Although there had been passionate debate at the IAU General Assembly Meeting in Prague
about the definition of a planet, and whether Pluto met the specifications, the audience greeted the decision to
exclude it with applause.
Fiscal Year #011008
At the beginning of each fiscal year funds are allocated to each State account in accordance with the
University's financial plan. Funds are allocated to each account by object of expenditure. Account managers are
responsible for ensuring that adequate funds are available in the appropriate object before initiating
transactions to use the funds.
Lincoln #011009
Lincoln's apparently radical change of mind about his war powers to emancipate slaves was caused by the
escalating scope of the war, which convinced him that any measure to weaken the Confederacy and strengthen
the Union war effort was justifiable as a military necessity.
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Shakespeare #011010
A young man from a small provincial town, a man without independent wealth, without powerful family
connections and without a university education, moves to London in the fifteen eighties, and becomes a
remarkable playwright of all time. How is an achievement of magnitude made? How does Shakespeare become
Shakespeare?
Akimbo #011012
Akimbo, this must be one of the odder-looking words in the language and puzzles us in part because it doesn't
seem to have any relatives. What's more, it is now virtually a fossil word, until recently almost invariably found
in arms akimbo, a posture in which a person stands with hands on hips and elbows sharply bent outward, one
signalling impatience or hostility.
Yellow #011013
Yellow is considered as the most optimistic color, yet surprisingly, people lose their tempers most often in
yellow rooms and babies will cry more. The reason may be that yellow is the hardest color for eyes to take in, so
it can be overpowering if overused.
Elephant #011014
The elephant is the largest living land mammal. During evolution, its skeleton has greatly altered from the usual
mammal, designed for two main reasons. One is to cope with the great weight of huge grinding cheek teeth
and elongated tusk, making the skull particularly massive. The other is to support the enormous bulk of such a
huge body.
Avi Loeb #011015
The situation is similar to a pregnant woman that has twin babies in her belly, says Avi Loeb of the Harvard-
Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. He's proposing the idea in a paper that's been accepted for publication in
the Astrophysical Journal Letters.
Yellow Tulip #011016
How do we imagine the unimaginable? If we're asked to think of an object - say, a yellow tulip – a picture
immediately forms in our mind's eye. But what if we try to imagine a concept such as the square root of
negative number?
Grand Canyon #011017
Few things in the world produce such amazement as one's first glimpse of the Grand Canyon; it took around
more than 2 billion years to create this vast wonder in some places. 17 miles wide, largely through the
relentless force of the Colorado River, which runs 277 miles along its length and a mile beneath its towering
rims.
Modern buildings #011024
Modern buildings have to achieve certain performance requirements, at least to satisfy those of building codes,
to provide a safe, healthy, and comfortable environment. However, these conditioned environments demand
resources in energy and materials, which are both limited in supply, to build and operate.
Historian #011026
As a historian, if you really want to understand the sensibilities of those who lived in the past, you must be like
a novelist and get into the skins of your characters and think and feel as they do. You are asked to imagine
what it's like to be a peasant in medieval times, asking the sort of questions a peasant might ask. What the
writer is saying is that a historian needs imaginative sympathy with ordinary people in the past.
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Moods #011038
Moods may also have an effect on how information is processed, by influencing the extent to which judges rely
on pre-existing, internal information, or focus on new, external information. Positive moods promote more
holistic and top-down processing style, while negative moods recruit more stimulus-driven and bottom-up
processing.
Networking #011058
Networking is easy and fun because it taps into this human predilection to talk about ourselves when asked.
Consider successful networking as little more than the process of guiding a person to tell you about his life,
what he's doing, the company that employs him, and his current industry.
Hunted Species #011063
It's not that human activities didn't impact wildlife at all of course. Heavily hunted species, like white-tailed
deer, grey squirrels, and raccoons, were photographed somewhat less often in hunted areas. Coyotes showed
up more often in hunted areas. While most species didn't avoid hiking trails, the predators actually preferred
them.
Marijuana #011066
Another administration option is to bake marijuana at a relatively low temperature to kill any dangerous
microorganisms and then allow that patient to eat it or drink it. Both of these methods of administration make
smoking the drug unnecessary. However, criticism of medical marijuana has also been raised because as a
natural plant, it cannot be patented and marketed by pharmaceutical companies and is unlikely to win
widespread medical acceptance.
Introvert and Extrovert #011079
Introvert, or those of us with introverted tendencies, tends to recharge by spending time alone. They lose
energy from being around people for long periods of time, particularly large crowds. Extroverts, on the other
hand, gain energy from other people. Extroverts actually find their energy is sapped when they spend too much
time alone. They recharge by being social.
Fast Radio Burst #011082
First discovered in 2007, "fast radio burst" continue to defy explanation. These cosmic chirps last a thousandth
of a second. The characteristics of the radio pulses suggested that they came from galaxies billions of light-
years away. However, new works points to a much closer origin-flaring star within our own galaxy.
Written Examination #011083
Written examinations are a fact of life for most high school and university students. However, recent studies
have shown that this traditional form of assessment may not be an accurate indicator of academic
performance. Tests have shown that many students experience anxiety during exam weeks, which leads to
poorer results. As a result, some learning institutions are replacing exams with alternative assessments such as
group work and oral presentations.
Over-Packaging #011085
The free market is extremely competitive, and companies are constantly trying to gain an edge over their rivals.
Merchandising and brand image play a major role in attracting customers, but they often lead to over-
packaging. This is a serious problem since most packaging these days is made of plastics which are not
biodegradable. Some people blame the manufacturers for their blatant disregard, while others point the finger
at consumers.
Microbes #011089
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Such cross-protection is usually seen between two animals. But Gore studies the same sort of mutualism in
microbes. He and his team demonstrated the first experimental example of that cross-protective relationship in
drug-resistant microbes, using two strains of antibiotic-resistant E. coli bacteria: one resistant to ampicillin, the
other to chloramphenicol.
Botanic Garden #011092
Botanic gardens are scientific and cultural institutions established to collect, study, exchange, and display plants
for research and for the education and enjoyment of the public. There are major botanic gardens in each capital
city. Zoological parks and aquariums are primarily engaged in the breeding, preservation, and display of native
and exotic fauna in captivity.
Hemingway’s Lifestyle #011093
It is difficult to tell whether the speaker approves of Hemingway's lifestyle or not. He was famously macho and
spent a lot of time hunting wild animals, going to wars and getting into fights. All these things got into his
books, and the speaker thinks that this is not necessarily a good thing as it means that too many people prefer
to read about his life than read his books.
Incentive Pay Schemes #011098
If bonus or incentive pay schemes work so well for senior executives and bankers, why does everyone not get
them? After all, many jobs involve making important decisions or taking risks. Is there anything about corporate
decisions and financial risks that makes these categories of work special in terms of how they need to be
incentivized and rewarded?
Population Growth #011099
How quickly is the world's population growing? In the United States and other developed countries, the current
growth rate is very low. In most developing countries, the human population is growing at a rate of 3 people
per second. Because of this bustling growth rate, the human population is well on its way to reaching 9 billion
within lifetime.
Augustus #011101
Augustus was given the powers of an absolute monarch, but he presented himself as the preserver of
republican traditions. He treated the Senate, or state council, with great respect, and was made Consul year
after year. He successfully reduced the political power of the army by retiring many soldiers, but giving them
land or money to keep their loyalty.
Industrial Revolution #011102
As to the Industrial Revolution, one cannot dispute today the fact that it has succeeded in inaugurating in a
number of countries a level of mass prosperity which was undreamt of in the days preceding the Industrial
Revolution. But, on the immediate impact of Industrial Revolution, there were substantial divergences among
writers.
Diversity of Language #011104
The diversity of human language may be compared to the diversity of the natural world. Just as the demise of
plant species reduces genetic diversity, and deprives humanity or potential medical and biological resources. So
extinction of language takes with it a wealth of culture, art and knowledge.
Vanilla #011106
The uniquely scented flavor of vanilla is second only to chocolate in popularity on the world's palate. It's also
the second most expensive spice after saffron. But highly labor-intensive cultivation methods and the plant's
temperamental life cycle and propagation mean production on a global scale is struggling to keep up with the
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increasing demand for the product.
Teacher’s instruction #011108
In classes, your teachers will talk about topics that you are studying. The information that they provide will be
important to know when you take tests. You must be able to take good written notes from what your teacher
says.
Private Equity #011110
It isn't rare for private equity houses to hire graduates fresh out of business schools, but nine times out of ten,
the students who nab these jobs are the ones who had private equity experience before even starting their
MBA program.
No ordinary book #011111
This book is no ordinary book and should not be read through from beginning to end. It contains many
different adventures, and the path you take will depend on the choices you make along the way. The success or
failure of your mission will hinge on the decisions you make, so think carefully before choosing.
MBA #011112
Exhilarating, exhausting and intense. There are just some of the words used to describe doing an MBA.
Everyone's experience of doing MBA is, of course, different through denying that it's hard and a demanding
work whichever course you do. MBA is one of the fastest growing areas of studying in the UK so that must be a
sustainable benefit against form in one pain.
Legal Writing #011113
Legal writing is usually less discursive than writing in other humanities subjects, and precision is more
important than variety. Sentence structure should not be too complex; it is usually unnecessary to make
extensive use of adjectives or adverbs, and consistency of terms is often required.
Semiconductor #011114
The semiconductor industry has been able to improve the performance of electronic systems for more than
four decades by making ever-smaller devices. However, this approach will soon encounter both scientific and
technical limits, which is why the industry is exploring a number of alternative device technologies.
Two Sisters #011115
Two sisters were at a dinner party when the conversation turned to upbringing. The elder sister started to say
that her parents had been very strict and that she had been rather frightened of them. Her sister, younger by
two years, interrupted in amazement. "What are you talking about?" she said, "Our parents were very lenient."
Weakness #011116
Weakness in electronics, auto and gas station sales dragged down overall retail sales last month, but excluding
those three categories, retailers enjoyed healthy increases across the board, according to government figures
released Wednesday. Moreover, December sales numbers were also revised higher.
Japanese tea ceremony #011117
The Japanese tea ceremony is a ritual tour influenced by Buddhism in which green tea is prepared and served
to a small group of guests in a peaceful setting. The ceremony can take as long as four hours and there are
many traditional gestures that both the server and the guest must perform.
Russia #011119
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Long isolated from Western Europe, Russia grew up without participating in the development like the
Reformation that many Europeans taking pride in their unique culture, find dubious value. Russia is, as a result,
the most unusual member of European family, if indeed it is European at all. The question is still open to
debate, particularly among Russians themselves.
Marketing Management #011120
For any marketing course that requires the development of a marketing plan, such as Marketing Management,
Marketing Strategy and Principles of Marketing. This is the only planning handbook that guides students
through step by step creations of a customized marketing plan while offering commercial software to aid in the
process.
21st century #011121
The beginning of the twenty-first century will be remembered, not for military conflicts or political events, but
for a whole new age of globalization, a "flattening" of the world. The explosion of advanced technologies now
means that suddenly knowledge pools and resources have connected all over the planet, leveling the playing
field as never before.
Orientalists #011122
Orientalists, like many other nineteenth-century thinkers, conceive of humanity either in large collective terms
or in abstract generalities. Orientalists are neither interested in nor capable of discussing individuals; instead,
artificial entities predominate. Similarly, the age-old distinction between "Europe" and "Asia" or "Occident" and
"Orient" herds beneath very wide labels of every possible variety of human plurality, reducing it in the process
to one or two terminal collective abstractions.
Fast food #011123
Hundreds of millions of people buy fast food every day without giving it much thought, unaware of the subtle
and not so subtle ramifications of their purchases. They just grasp a hamburger and unwrap it and tossed the
wrap into the bin. The whole experience is transitory and soon forgotten.
Australian English #011124
Australians speak English of course. But for many tourists and even some locals, Australian English has only
tenuous links with the mother tongue. Our speech is peppered with words and phrases whose arcane meanings
are understood only by the native speaker. It is these colorful colloquialisms that Australian slang is yet to truly
explain.
Statistical Information (2020.08更新) #011125
The provision of accurate and authoritative statistical information strengthens our society. It provides a basis
for decisions to be made on public policy, such as determining electoral boundaries and where to locate
schools and hospitals. It allows businesses to know their market, grow their business, and improve their
marketing strategies by targeting their activities appropriately.
Electric Car #011126
First-year university students have designed and built a groundbreaking electric car that recharges itself. Fifty
students from the University of Sydney‘s Faculty of Engineering spent five months working together bits of
plywood, foam and fiberglass to build the concept car. They developed the specifications and hand built the
car. It's a pretty radical design: a four-wheel drive with a motor in each wheel.
The Preparation of Abstract #011127
The preparation of abstracts is an intellectual effort, requiring general familiarity with the subject. To bring out
the salient points of an author's argument calls for skill and experience. Consequently, a considerable amount
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of qualified manpower that could be used to advantage in other ways must be diverted to the task of
facilitating access to information.
Botswana #011128
Although Botswana's economic outlook remains strong, the devastation that AIDS has caused threatens to
destroy the country's future. In 2001, Botswana has the highest rate of HIV infection in the world. With the help
of international donors, it launched an ambitious national campaign that provided free antiviral drugs to
anyone who needed them, and by March 2004, Botswana's infection rate has dropped significantly.
Shrimp #011129
Shrimp farmers used to hold animals in nursery ponds for 30 to 60 days; now they try to move them into grow-
out ponds in less than 30 days. This reduces stress on the animals and dramatically increases survivals in the
grow-out ponds. Many farms that abandoned nursery ponds have gone back to them, and the results have
been surprisingly positive. They're using the old, uncovered, earthen, nursery ponds.
Environmental Policy Course #011130
Along with customary classes on subjects such as finance, accounting, and marketing, today's MBA students are
enrolling on courses for environmental policy and stewardship. Indeed, more than half of business schools
require a course in environmental sustainability or corporate social responsibility, according to a survey of 91
US business schools, published in October 2005.
Public Demand for Education #011131
Public demand for education has remained strong, reflecting the importance of education as a means of social
progress. Aware of the added value of education to the world of work, the government continues to innovate
and update the education system in order to produce a qualified and competent workforce.
Business School Admissions #011132
Business school admissions officers said the new drive to attract younger students was in part the result of a
realization that they had inadvertently limited their applicant pool by requiring several year's work experience.
Talented students who might otherwise have gone to business school instead opted for a law or policy degree
because they were intimidated by the expectation of work experience.
Online Shopping Environments #011133
A unique characteristic of online shopping environments is that they allow vendors to create retail interfaces
with highly interactive features. One desirable form of interactivity from a consumer perspective is the
implementation of sophisticated tools to assist shoppers in their purchase decisions by customizing the
electronic shopping environment to their individual preferences.
Hazard Assessment #011134
A Hazard Assessment should be performed for work involving distillations of organic liquids and should
thoroughly address issues relating to residual water and possible decomposition of the solvent in question, as
well as the physical placement of the distillation apparatus and heating equipment to be employed.
Bookkeepers #011135
A national study into fraud by bookkeepers employed at small and medium-sized businesses has uncovered
sixty-five instances of theft in more than five years, with more than thirty-one million dollars stolen. Of the
cases identified by the research, 56 involved women and nine instances involved men. However, male
bookkeepers who defrauded their employers stole three times, on average, the amount that women stole.
Domestic Work #011136
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Traditional divisions of domestic work are understood to persist because of the strong association of the home
with femininity and paid work with masculinity, to challenge who does what in the home is arguably equivalent
to challenging what it is to be a woman or a man.
The Only Family #011137
Imagine living all your life as the only family on your street. Then, one morning, you open the front door and
discover houses all around you. You see neighbors tending their gardens and children walking to school. Where
did all the people come from? What if the answer turned out to be that they had always been there, you just
hadn't seen them?
Heterogeneous Students #011138
To work effectively with the heterogeneous student populations found in our schools, educators have the
responsibility of acknowledging the cultural backgrounds of their students and the cultural setting in which the
school is located in order to develop effective instructional strategies.
The Most Measurable Benefit #011139
Perhaps the most measurable benefit of the program has been the opportunity to meet in small groups,
something that is difficult to arrange in such a desperate organization. Many officers would have to work
together for thirty years but would not know each other's strengths and weaknesses.
Teenage Girls #011140
Teenage girls are continuing to outperform boys in English while the gender gap in achievements in math and
science has almost disappeared. The figures show that last year eighty percent of fourteen-year-old girls
reached at least the expected Level Five in English, compared with sixty-five percent of boys. But in math, the
girls are just one percent ahead of boys, while in science the difference is two percent.
Black Swan #011141
Before the discovery of Australia, people in the old world were convinced that all swans were white, an
unassailable belief as it seemed completely confirmed by empirical evidence. The sighting of the first black
swan might have been an interesting surprise for a few ornithologists, but that is not where the significance of
the story lies.
Important Values of Literature #011142
Certainly, one of the important values of literature is that it nourishes our emotional lives. An effective literary
work may seem to speak directly to us especially if we are ripe for it. The inner life that good writers reveal in
their characters often gives us glimpses of some portion of ourselves. We can be moved to laugh, cry, tremble,
dream, ponder, shriek, or rage with a character by simply turning the page instead of turning our lives upside
down.
Internal Combustion Engine #011143
Internal combustion engine enables the driver to decide which source of power is appropriate for the travel
requirements of a given journey. Major US auto manufacturers are now developing feasible hybrid electric
vehicles, and some are exploring fuel-cell technology for their electric cars.
Being Green #011144
You used to think that being green was a luxury for your company, but climate change has made you realise
that you can no longer ignore it. The buzz is about becoming carbon-neutral, but where do you start? Consider
your drivers. Do you want to become carbon-neutral for marketing reasons, for financial reasons, or just to save
the planet?
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The Maximum Yield of Plants #011145
The maximum yield of plants, determined by their genetic potential, is seldom achieved because factors such as
insufficient water or nutrients, adverse climate conditions, plant diseases, and insect damage will limit growth at
some stage. Plants subjected to these biotic and abiotic constraints are said to be stressed.
A World Without Light #011146
Have you ever pictured a world without light? Just think how much we rely on man-made light sources in our
lives. Without engineers, we wouldn't be able to live the way we do. No streetlights, no TV, no computer
displays, no house lights. engineers design and build all these things.
Sustainable Agriculture #011147
Since its inception, the UN system has been working to ensure adequate food for all through sustainable
agriculture. The majority of the world's poorest people live in rural areas of developing countries. They depend
on agriculture and related activities for their livelihoods. This makes them particularly vulnerable to man-made
and natural influences that reduce agricultural production.
Recycle #011148
When we recycle, used materials are converted into new products, reducing the need to consume natural
resources. If used materials are not recycled, new products are made by extracting fresh, raw material from the
Earth, through mining and forestry. Recycling helps conserve important raw materials and protects natural
habitats for the future.
Language appeared from nowhere #011149
It seems that language appeared from nowhere since no other species has anything resembling human
language. However, other animals do possess basic systems for perceiving and producing sounds that enable
them to communicate. These systems may have been in place before the appearance of language.
Soil Samples #011150
Investigators also compared those microbes with those living in fifty-two other soil samples taken from all
around the planet. The park had organisms that also exist in deserts, frozen tundra, forests, rainforests, and
prairies. Antarctica was the only area that had microbes that did not overlap with those found in Central Park.
Only a small percentage of the park's microbes were found to be already listed in databases.
Rural Population #011151
Thus, a country might possess a sizeable rural population, but have an economic system in which the interests
of the voters were predominantly related to their incomes, not to their occupations or location; and in such a
country the political system would be unlikely to include an important agrarian party.
Information Technology #011152
The emergence of information technology has created new products, processes and distribution systems. New
products include the computer, the Internet and digital TV; new processes include Internet banking, automated
inventory control and automated teller machines; and new distribution systems include cable and satellite TV.
Informative Speech #011153
The purpose of the informative speech is to provide interesting, useful, and unique information to your
audience. By dedicating yourself to the goals of providing information and appealing to your audience, you can
take a positive step toward succeeding in your efforts as an informative speaker.
Method of learning #011154
第 9 页 /共 158 页
There is no single method of learning that guarantees success. How we learn that depends on many different
factors. What works best for you will not necessarily be the same as the approach used for the other students
even if they study the same course. We are all unique as learners, although some patterns emerge from any
groups of students.
Electronic Discourse #011155
Electronic discourse is one form of interactive electronic communication. In this study, we reserve the term for
the two-directional texts in which one person using a keyboard writes language that appears on the sender's
monitor and is transmitted to the monitor of a recipient, who responds by a keyboard.
Magnetar #011156
The researchers said that the best comparison is likely a magnetar, a young neutron star with a powerful
magnetic field. Magnetars also produce bright X-ray flares. While magnetars are thought to be young stars, the
two flaring objects in this study reside near elliptical galaxies, which contain older stars. So the objects are likely
too old to be magnetars.
The Training of an Actor #011157
The training of an actor is an intensive process which requires curiosity, courage and commitment. You will
learn how to prepare for rehearsal, how to rehearse and how to use independent and proactive processes that
inform you to do the best work possible for both stage and screen.
Modern Food Production #011158
Globalization has affected what we eat in ways we are only beginning to understand. Modern food production
is no longer related to our biological needs but is in direct conflict with them. The relationship between diet
and our fertility, our cancer, heart disease and mental illness is becoming clear. Yet much of our food is
nutritionally bankrupt.
Examination Candidates #011159
The department determines whether or not the candidate has passed the examination. In cases where an
appearance for the final public oral examination would constitute a substantial financial hardship for the
candidate, the director of graduate studies, may recommend to the dean of the Graduate School for a virtual ,
video-conferenced examination of the candidate.
Companies #011160
Companies will want to be known not just for the financial results they generate, but equally for the imprint
they leave on society as a whole. First, ensuring that their products contribute positively. Second, operating in a
way that approaches a net-neutral impact to the natural environment. And third, cherishing their people.
Constellation #011161
A constellation is an area on the celestial sphere in which a group of stars forms an imaginary outline or
pattern, typically representing an animal, mythological person or creature, or an inanimate object. The origins
of the earliest constellations likely go back to prehistory.
Global Financial Crisis #011162
New research shows that during the global financial crisis, workers who stayed in jobs did not reduce their
working hours, despite the claims that cuts in hours have led to job losses. A study found that the life of people
who stayed with the same employer remained relatively unchanged.
Brain hemispheres [V2] #011163
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The brain is divided into its hemispheres by a prominent groove. At the base of this lies nerve fibers which
enable these two halves of the brain to communicate with each other. But the left hemisphere usually controls
movement and sensation in the right side of the body, while the right hemisphere similarly controls the left side
of the body.
Publication #011164
For the first two or three years after the Second World War, a new title would often sell out within a few
months of publication. However, unless public demand for the book was unusually high, they were rarely able
to reprint it. With paper stocks strictly rationed, they could not afford to use up precious paper or tie up their
limited capital with a reprint.
Bergson’s theory #011165
The starting point of Bergson's theory is the experience of time and motion. Time is the reality we experience
most directly, but this doesn't mean that we can capture this experience mentally. The past is gone and the
future is yet to come. The only reality is the present, which is real through our experience.
Atlantic coast #011166
The Atlantic coast of the peninsula can be thought of as the cold side, and the sea on this coast tends to be
clear and cold, with a variety of seaweeds growing along the rocky shoreline. On a hot day, however, this cold
water can be very refreshing and is said to be less hospitable to sharks, which prefer warmer waters.
Succulent plants #011167
Most succulent plants are found in regions where there is little rainfall, dry air, plenty of sunshine, porous soils,
and high temperatures during part of the year. These conditions have caused changes in plant structures, which
have resulted in greatly increased thickness of stems, leaves, and sometimes roots, enabling them to store
moisture from the infrequent rains.
Scientific evidence #011168
The latest scientific evidence on the nature and strength of the links between diet and chronic diseases is
examined and discussed in detail in the following sections of this report. This section gives an overall view of
the current situation and trends in chronic diseases at the global level.
Jacobson #011169
It was found that while many companies express interest in Jacobson's use case approach, actual scenario
usage often falls outside what is described in textbooks and standard methodologies. Users therefore face
significant scenario management problems not yet addressed adequately in theory or practice, and are
demanding solutions to these problems.
The Current Measure #011170
The current measure has remained virtually unchanged over the past 30 years. Yet during that time, there have
been marked changes in the nation's economy and society and in public policies that have affected family's
economic well-being, which are not reflected in the measure.
Australian Mining Industries #011171
Australia has one of the world's most important mining industries. It is a major exporter of coal, iron ore, gold,
bauxite, and copper, and is self-sufficient in all minerals bar petroleum. Since the first discoveries of coal in
1798, mineral production has risen every year; in the decade to 1992, it doubled.
Chasing the Flame #011172
第 11 页 /共 158 页
Yet it is precisely in observing the intertwinings of success and failure that Chasing the Flame makes its greatest
mark. With piercing insight and relentless logic, it reveals the pitfalls of international politics and details an
intricate struggle between individual and institution. It haunts us with the poignant truth that even a great man
can do only so much to reinvent the world.
Funding #011173
The most important issue is concerned with the problem of funding. Social services receive different donations
or grants from the government. However, these sums are not sufficient for the solution of all problems. The
second most important issue consists of huge spending. The money social services achieve is not enough for
normal functioning. The third problem, affecting human services, is the lack of skilled and experienced
employees.
A thesis #011174
A thesis is a claim that you can argue for or against. It should be something that you can present persuasively
and clearly in the scope of your paper, so keep in mind the page count. If possible, your thesis should also be
somewhat original.
US Automobile market #011175
The United States is at present the world's market for motor cars and trucks. An agent for the U.S. Bureau of
Foreign and Domestic Commerce reports a prosperous condition of affairs prevailing in Japan, which is buying
more automobiles, especially large cars, than ever before.
Madagascar #011176
Scientists have recommended actions the government of Madagascar's recently elected president Andry should
take to turn around the precipitous decline of biodiversity and help put Madagascar on a trajectory towards
sustainable growth. Madagascar's protected areas, some of the most important for biodiversity in the world,
have suffered terribly in recent years from illegal mining, logging, and collection of threatened species for the
pet trade.
Moon #011177
The asteroid that slammed into the moon 3.8 billion years ago creating the Imbrium Basin may have had a
diameter of at least 150 miles, according to a new estimate. The work helps explain puzzling geological features
on the moon's near side, and has implications for understanding the evolution of the early solar system.
Telecommunication #011178
Today, telecommunication is widespread and devices that assist the progress are common in many parts of the
world. There is also a vast array of networks that connect these devices, including computer, telephone and
cable networks. Computer communication across the Internet, such as e-mail and instant messaging, is just one
of many examples of telecommunication.
Deaf children #011179
Deaf children learning a language could certainly pursue the development of listening and spoken language
skills if desired, and doing so would carry much less risk knowing the child would have mastery in at least one
language. If a child does not succeed in mastering either a spoken language or a sign language, we must then
ask how much benefit the child derived from interventions in each language relative to the amount of time and
resources dedicated to those interventions
Summary and abstract #011180
The terms summary and abstract are often used interchangeably resulting in some confusion. This problem
arises because there are two distinct types of abstracts, descriptive and informative. The informative abstract is
第 12 页 /共 158 页
sometimes called summary; the descriptive is not. The descriptive abstract is usually only two or three
sentences in length, hence it is not a summary or very informative.
Food is important #011181
Food is one of the most important things you'll ever buy. And yet most people never bother to think about
their food and where it comes from. People spend a lot more time worrying about what kind of blue jeans to
wear, what kind of video games to play, what kind of computers to buy.
Microscopic invaders #011182
We all know about bacteria, viruses, and microscopic protozoa. We can watch the way that these tiny agents
move into our bodies and damage our organs. We have a growing understanding of how our body mounts
defensive strategies that fight off these invaders, and have built some clever chemical that can help mount an
assault on these bio-villains.
第 13 页 /共 158 页
Repeat Sentence
命中率：中优先级：高
共 10-12 句，命中 4-9 句
备战策略
预测刷题＞机经总题库＞非真题
以“读熟”为目标，保证开口流利度
当前趋势
题库稳定，每周少量新题增加
本次更新
#021135 修改，#021402 老题重回，#021438 新增
1.A computer virus destroyed all my files. #021001
2.A lot of agricultural workers came to the east end to look for alternative work. #021002
3.A preliminary bibliography is due the week before the spring break. #021004
4.A thorough bibliography is needed at the end of every assignment. #021006
5.Basketball was created in 1891 by a physician and a physical instructor. #021019
6.Being a vegan means not consuming any animal product. #021021
7.Conferences are always scheduled on the third Wednesday of the month. #021022
8.Please pass the handouts along to the rest of the people in your row. #021023
9.Elephant is the largest land living mammal. #021030
10.Even with the permit, finding a parking spot on campus is almost impossible. #021032
11.I didn't understand the author's point of view on immigration. #021039
12.I missed yesterday's lecture. Can I borrow your notes? #021040
13.I will be in my office every day from ten to twelve. #021044
14.If you forget your student number, you need to contact Jenny Brice. #021049
15.In Europe, the political pressure is similar regarding globalization. #021051
16.It is important to take gender into account when discussing the figures. #021056
17.It's time to finalize the work before the Wednesday seminar. #021059
18.Journalism is the collection and publication or transmission of news. #021060
19.Many of the urban poor lived in an extremely cramped condition. #021064
20.Meeting with mentors could be arranged for students who need additional help. #021066
21.Meteorology is a detailed study of earth's atmosphere. #021067
22.No more than four people can be in the lab at once. #021077
23.On behalf of our department, I would like to thank you for your participation. #021079
24.On this project, you will be asked to work as a group of three. #021080
25.Our class is divided into two groups. You come with me, and the others just stay here. #021081
26.Physiology is the study of the internal and external structure of the body. #021086
27.Put the knife and fork next to the spoon near the edge of the table. #021090
28.In this library, reserve collection books can be borrowed for up to three hours. #021091
29.The residence hall is closed prior to the academic building closing time at the end of the semester. #021092
30.She has been in the library for a long time. #021093

31.She is an expert in 18th century French literature. #021094
32.She used to be everywhere, but today she is missing. #021095
33.Sport is the main cause of traumatic brain injury in the United States. #021096
34.Students are so scared of writing essays because they have never learned how. #021099
35.Students can download the materials from the website. #021100
36.Students can get access to computers on a daily basis. #021101
37.The author expressed a view that modern readers invariably cannot accept. #021108
38.The Internet provides unusual opportunities for students and current events. #021109
39.The course comprises twenty hours of lectures, seminars, and tutorials per week. #021110
第 14 页 /共 158 页
40.The clear evidence between brain events and behavioral events is always fascinating. #021114
41.I would like an egg and tomatoes on white sandwich bread with orange juice. #021119
42.The English word Typhoon comes from the Chinese word "big wind". #021123
43.The first few sentences of an essay should capture the reader's attention. #021124
44.Glass is not a real solid, because it doesn't have a crystal structure. #021125
45.The United States is the largest chocolate manufacturing country. #021132
46. The minimal mark for Distinction to be awarded is 75%. #021135
47.The office opens on Mondays and Thursdays directly following the freshman induction seminar. #021137
48.The original Olympic Games were celebrated as religious festivals. #021139

49.The Psychology Department is looking for volunteers to be involved in research projects. #021143
50.The real reason for global hunger is not the lack of food, but poverty. #021144
51.The topic next week on colonial will be the nuclear disarmament. #021157
52.The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy. #021160
53.The visiting professor is going to give a lecture on geology. #021161
54.The wheelchair lift will be upgraded this month. #021162
55.There is no entrance fee for tonight's lecture. #021168
56.This work will be the starting point of my discussion today. #021175
57.To receive the reimbursement, you must keep the original receipts. #021178
58.Try to explain how your ideas are linked so that there is a logical flow. #021179
59.We are delighted to have professor Robert to join our faculty. #021182
60.All applications of internship are available in the office. #021187
61.We will study the following two pictures in the next lecture. #021191
62.We would like a first draft of the assignment by Monday. #021192
63.When I was in school, I had many of the same problems you have now. #021195
64.Would you prepare some PowerPoint slides with appropriate graphs? #021197
65.You should include your name and identification number in the registration form. #021201
66.You should raise your concern with the head of school. #021202
67.39.5% of Californian residents don't speak English at home. #021206
68.A demonstrated ability to write clear, correct and concise English is bigotry. #021207
69.Biographical information should be removed prior to the publication of the results. #021208
70.Globalization has been an overwhelming urban and urbanization phenomenon. #021213
71.We're constantly looking for ways to bring industry and agriculture closer together. #021214
72.I can't attend the lecture because I have a doctor's appointment. #021215
73.I used to have coffee with milk and one sugar. #021217
74.Newspapers across the country have been reporting stories of the president. #021225
75.Students should take advantage of the online resources before attending the lecture. #021228
76.Students will not be given credits for assignments submitted after the due date. #021229
77.The first person in space was from the Soviet Union. #021232
78.The lecture tomorrow will discuss the education policies in the United States. #021233
第 15 页 /共 158 页
79.The verdict depends on which side is more convincing to the jury. #021236
80.There are varying plagiarism across different university departments. #021237
81.Unfortunately, the two most interesting economic electives clash on my time table. #021239
82.We must hand in our assignments by the end of the week. #021240
83.Companies exist for money, not for society. #021245
84.To answer such a complex question with a simple yes or no is absolutely impossible. #021246
85.I have a sandwich and milk for my breakfast. #021252
86.I would like a tomato and cheese sandwich on white bread and orange juice. #021253
87.If you want to receive the reimbursement, you must submit the original receipts. #021254
88.Nearly half of the television outputs are given away for educational programs. #021260
89.Number the beakers and put them away before tomorrow. #021261
90.Organic food is grown without applying chemicals and possesses no artificial additives. #021262
91.Student loans are now available for international students. #021267
92.The bookstore is located on the main campus behind the library. #021270
93.The lecture theatre one is located on the ground floor of the Pack Building. #021272
94.The small Indian state is a land of forests, valleys and snowy islands. #021276
95.The study of archaeology requires extensive international fieldwork. #021277
96.The timetable for the next term will be available next week. #021278
97.The United States has developed a coffee culture in recent years. #021279
98.Vessels carry blood from the heart to other organs of the body. #021282
99.What distinguishes him from others is his dramatic use of black and white photography. #021283
100.She doesn't even care about anything but what is honest and true. #021287
101.We are required to submit the assignments before Friday. #021291
102.There will be an open book exam on Monday, the twenty-eighth. #021292
103.You can find the student service center on level one of the Home Building. #021293
104.Please do not bring food into the classroom. #021294
105.Environmental friendliness is a new category in which campuses are competing. #021296
106.To measure distance could take as much as three weeks. #021297
107.Higher fees make students think more critically about what universities can offer. #021301
108.History is not a simple collection of dates and events. #021302
109.I will be in my office every day from 11 o'clock to 2 o’clock. #021303
110.Your tutor is there to help you, so do ask if you don't understand something. #021304
111.You are required to submit the assignment before Friday. #021305
112.I don’t understand what the comment on my essay means at all. #021306
113.Our fundamental realities, especially national needs, have seen the ability to flourish. #021307
114.Our university has strong partnerships with industry as well as collaborative relationships with government
bodies. #021308
115.The United States has the maximum production of chocolate. #021309
116.The current statistical evidence indicates the need for further research. #021310
117.Anatomy is the study of internal and external body structures. #021311
第 16 页 /共 158 页
118.You can only choose one subject from biology and chemistry. #021313
119.The student service center is located on the main campus behind the library. #021314
120.If you need help, I can give you a hand in finding a flat. #021317
121.If you want to sell your book, it must have a bibliography. #021318
122.It is now acknowledged that his work is groundbreaking. #021319
123.If she doesn't speak the language, she will not sit around and wait for a translator. #021321
124.Exam results will be available next week on the course website. #021322
125.Hypothetically, insufficient mastery of comprehension slows future progress. #021323
126.Our school of Arts and Technology accepts applications at all points throughout the year. #021324
127.There are a range of housing options near the university. #021325
128.The negative discourse continues to be predominant in discussions about gender. #021328
129.She told the faculty to be very supportive. #021329
130.This lecture was meant to start at ten. #021330
131.His objection to including scientific evidence has brought a lot of criticism to him. #021331
132.The country's economy is primarily based on tourism. #021333
133.The genetic biology technology lab is located in the North Wing of the library. #021335
134.Make sure the Financial Director knows the full details of the Pay Agreement. #021340
135.Expertise in particular areas distinguishes you from other graduates. #021341
136.I could not save my work as my computer was crashed. #021343
137.In English, the first letter of the months of the year is always capitalized. #021345
138.The hypothesis on the black hole is rendered moot as the explanation for the explosion. #021346
139.You can retake the module if your marks are too low. #021347
140.Your enrollment information, results and fees will be available online. #021349
141.The university supplies a number of scholarships for those who have specific goals. #021350
142.Students should book a library tour in the first week of the first semester. #021351
143.You must ensure you do not include too much irrelevant information. #021355
144.It's within the framework that we're making our survey. #021356
145.In marketing, short-term thinking leads to many problems. #021358
146.In marketing, short-term thinking leads to disasters. #021359
147.Don't hesitate to email me if you have any questions. #021362
148.Those students have to retake the module if their marks are too low. #021363
149.Companies are to earn money but not change society. #021364
150.The cafeteria closes soon but the snack machine is accessible throughout the night. #021367
151.Acupuncture is a technique involved in traditional Chinese medicine. #021368
152.Today, we will be discussing the role of the government in preventing injustice. #021369
153.Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to other parts of the body. #021370
154.Globalization problems need to find globalized solutions. #021373
155.Please explain what the author means by "sustainability". #021376
156.A renowned economist is selected to have a speech tonight at eight. #021380
157.I didn't agree with the author's argument, but his presentation was good. #021382
第 17 页 /共 158 页
158.Don't forget to hand in your assignment by next Tuesday #021383
159.In consultation with your supervisor, your thesis is approved by the faculty committee. #021389
160.Many health workers think that pensioners are too old to understand. #021391
161.Once more under the pressure of economic necessity, practice outstripped theory. #021394
162.You can download all lecture handouts from the course website. #021395
163.Leading scientists speculate that numerous planets can support life forms. #021397
164.The number of companies in bankruptcy skyrocketed in the third quarter. #021398
165.Don't forget to take the library tour in the first week of the semester. #021401
166.Fishing is a sport and a means for surviving. #021402
167.Please sort and order the slides of the presentation according to your topic and speech time. #021403
168.Applicants for the course should preferably have a degree in English or Journalism. #021405
169.In the 1880s, cycling became a major phenomenon in Europe. #021406
170.The university has a lot of travel scholarships available that students can apply for. #021409
171.Children are not allowed to be in the laboratory at any time. #021411
172.Many of the university's original buildings are still in use. #021412
173.Our capacity to respond to national needs will determine our ability to flourish. #021413
174.The rules on breaks and lunch hours vary from company to the next. #021416
175.The professor has promised to put his lecture notes online. #021417
176.Every year, students pass the biology course easily. #021420
177.The health centre is situated at the corner of the university behind the library. #021421
178.Only those who are over 18 years of age are eligible to open a bank account in our bank. #021422
179.The office opens on Mondays and Thursdays directly following the freshman seminar session. #021423
180.Ideally, free trade is beneficial for trading with two partners. #021424
181.The competency of language in the assignment is to use more formal words. #021426
182.The trip for professional training will start soon, so pack the items before we leave. #021427
183.When the demand for the course rose, university authorities took on additional academic staff. #021428
184.Please read the first five chapters before the next week's tutorial. #021429
185.All course materials will be posted online. #021430
186.Please be careful when using online translation programs. #021431
187.Please be careful when using internet sources. #021432
188.An extra lecture is about to be scheduled at the end of this week to assist you with revision. #021433
189.The quality of our accommodation is high, but it is still affordable for students. #021434
190.If you forget your passport, you need to contact the student center. #021435
191.The course will be tested at the end of the semester. #021436
192.We can meet in my office after the lecture. #021437
193.Proteins constitute at least thirty percent of the total mass of all living organisms. #021438
第 18 页 /共 158 页
Describe Image
命中率：中优先级：中
共 6-7 题，命中 3-6 题
备战策略
模板一通则百通，模板熟练度比命中率更重要
当前趋势
多为照片 or 图片；老题重回
本次更新
#031132 老题重回
S&P/ASX 200 #031015 Electricity Generation in China by Type 1994-2004
#031028
World Income Distribution and Poverty Line in Temperature and CO2 for the Last 400,000 Years
1970 and 1990 #031030 #031033
World population development #031035 Food price vs oil price #031036
第 19 页 /共 158 页
Projected Population in Australia #031046 China and Brazil Lead the Meat Consumption in
Developing Countries #031052
Cell Phone Use in Brazil 1996-2002 #031053 Most Used Technology by Type #031057
Age Percentage in UK #031082 Percentage of Population in Urban Areas

#031093
第 20 页 /共 158 页
Precipitation and Average Temperature What Determines Happiness? #031114
#031105
Approximate Composition of the Air Causes of Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon

#031132 2000-2005 #031134
第 21 页 /共 158 页
Size of Nine Planets #031141 Typing Postures #031142
How Solar Yard Lights Work #031145 Student Accommodation of Southampton

University #031146
第 22 页 /共 158 页
Trout Size #031147 Food Pyramid #031148
Government Expenditure: Education - All Sectors The Graduation Laboratory #031150

#031149
Library Plan #031151 Tree Growth Rings #031153
第 23 页 /共 158 页
The Eatwell Plate #031156 National Flags of United Arab Emirates and Jordan
#031157
Layers of the Earth #031159 Fundamental Needs Model with Abraham

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs #031162
Fish Count in Daytime and Nighttime London’s Fleet Street Then and Today
#031165 #031166
第 24 页 /共 158 页
Lunar Cycle affects Fish Catch Rates Computers Then and Now #031168
#031167
Different Heights of Four Trees #031169 Human Arms and Wings #031170
Overshot Waterwheel and Breast-shot Wind Power to Electricity #031172

Waterwheel #031171
第 25 页 /共 158 页
Layers of the Earth and the distance Bird Feeder #031174
#031173
Parts of a Tree #031175 Land Use Map of India #031176
第 26 页 /共 158 页
Switzerland: Languages #031177 Population by Income Level #031179
Distribution of Tropical Rain Forests Climate Zones for Temperature and Humidity
#031181 #031182
Global Warming Predictions by Temperature Indian Rhino #031200

Increase #031197
第 27 页 /共 158 页
Germination of Bean Plants #031201 Water Cycle (color) #031202
Life Cycle of a Frog #031204 How Houseflies Work - Life Cycle #031205
Cycle of an Apple Tree #031209 Contributors for 100% Health #031213
第 28 页 /共 158 页
Tesco Extra Music Download #031214 Simple Circuit with Light #031221
How a virus works #031222 Fungus Gnat Lifecycle in 28 Days #031224
Where the Air Pollution Comes From Table of Baby Sleep Hours #031235
#031226
第 29 页 /共 158 页
Most Livable States Ranking in US 2011 Sitting Postures When Typing #031248
#031237
Commuting Time in Different Regions, Britain List of States by Income #031258

2014 #031249
Eclipse #031259 Blackpoll birds migration #031261
第 30 页 /共 158 页
Trading Goods in Ancient Egypt #031266 DELL Recycling #031267
Luxembourg 2016 #031269 Annual Mean Temperature #031270
Lecture Hall #031272 Journeys in UK by purpose #031273
第 31 页 /共 158 页
Germination of plants （文字版） #031276 Tomato Life Cycle #031277
Population Density in Australia (B&W) Income by Age and Gender in the UK

#031280 #031281
第 32 页 /共 158 页
Rainforest in South America #031283 Fruits #031284
A Food Chain #031285 Customer at café #031286
Fruit market #031287 Instant coffee production #031288
第 33 页 /共 158 页
Family eating at table #031289 World Population Density (Orange) #031290
Students at the lab #031291 How to make instant coffee #031292
Iron Age Hut #031293 Safety Wear #031294
第 34 页 /共 158 页
Ice Thickness #031295 Historic gardens #031296
Mosquito life cycle #031297 World population structure (非原图)

#031298
How to form acid rain (非原图) #031299 What is E-waste #031300
第 35 页 /共 158 页
Internet users who accessed via a mobile phone Renewable energy #031302
#031301
Gate #031303 Earnings and Unemployment Rates by Educational

Attainment #031071
第 36 页 /共 158 页
Iron Age Hut #031161 The World’s Water #031164
Approximate Areas of Rubbish Soup Economic Inactivity Through the Generation

#031183 #031236
Sweden Government Budget 2018 #031268 Adults vs Teens: Number of texts on a typical day
#031274
第 37 页 /共 158 页
Heights of Different Penguin Species Garbage Classification #031278
#031275
Ice Shelf #031282
第 38 页 /共 158 页
Retell Lecture
命中率：高优先级：低
共 3-4 题，命中 2-4 题
备战策略
模板一通则百通，模板熟练度比命中率更重要
当前趋势
每周不断有旧题重回
本次更新
#041009 升入极高频
Darkness between galaxies 银河系的黑暗 #041003
Bomb calorimeter 弹式测热仪 #041005
High LG and Low LG 母鼠对子鼠的舔舐和理毛 #041006
Napoleon III Renovation of Paris 拿破仑三世改造巴黎 #041007
Wages, consumption and household debt工资消费债务增长 #041009
Air Pollution 空气污染 #041010
Monkey and Typewriter 猴子打字 #041011
Low child birth rate 低出生率 #041013
The Increasing Productivity科技提高生产力降低成本 #041018
Edmund Wilson 艾德蒙·威尔逊 #041022
Teaching 老教授谈教学 #041026
The Large Hadron Collider 大型强子对撞机 #041027
Food Labelling 食品颜色标签 #041028
Civilization 人类文明进程 #041029
Library Tour 图书馆介绍 #041030
Biomedical Engineering 生物医学工程 #041033
Gene & Protein 基因和蛋白质 #041034
Latin America Economic Reform拉丁美洲经济改革 #041035
Loggerhead turtles 红海龟迁徙路线 #041040
Superman & Superpower 超人&超能力 #041044
Mars and Earth 地球和火星 #041045
Early Robot 早期机器人 #041046
Linguistics and Authority of Language 语言学 #041047
The Best Rice 转基因大米 #041050
Survey on media 网上调查 #041052
Greenhouse gas 温室气体 #041058
The Politics of Happiness 幸福指数与政治 #041060
London Taxi Service 伦敦出租车 #041062
Melbourne 墨尔本 #041065
Marshmallow Test 棉花糖测试 #041077
Edmund Wilson艾德蒙·威尔逊 #041079
Melatonin 褪黑素 #041081
第 39 页 /共 158 页
The Arctic and the Antarctic 北冰洋和南极洲 #041082
Absolute zero绝对零度 #041096
Robot 机器人 #041102
Internal and External Factors人类行为的内外因素 #041104
Aging 人口老龄化 #041120
Cracking sound of knee 膝盖的声音 #041125
Shy Fish and Bold Fish 胆小鱼群实验 #041126
The Springtime Phenomena 早春现象 #041127
The smell of library 图书馆的气味 #041128
Truth and Rhetoric 真理和修辞 #041132
Glass Ceiling 女性职业天花板 #041135
Overfishing 过度捕捞 #041137
Doing Research 引用研究 #041138
Taxonomy Chart 分类学 #041140
An innovative musical instrument 新型乐器 #041143
Biological Forgetting 生物遗忘 #041151
Leadership and management #041155
Australian export 澳大利亚出口 #041001
Brain development 大脑发育 #041002
European Education Expenditure 欧洲教育经费 #041004
Pavlov’s Conditioning Experiment 巴甫洛夫实验 #041008
Frogs 青蛙 #041012
Visual Description可视化描述二战 #041017
Poverty in Rural Areas偏远地区的贫困问题 #041019
UK City Population 英国城市人口 #041020
Dissociation of a Personality 多重人格 #041023
Children Obesity 儿童肥胖问题 #041024
Incentives for sales people 销售人员薪资机制 #041025
Honey bee 蜜蜂的嗡嗡声 #041032
Government Blogging 政府博客 #041043
US Economy 美国经济 #041049
Cloud Formation 云的行成 #041054
第 40 页 /共 158 页
Underwater Antares Detectors for fish 水下鱼群探测器 #041055
Agriculture and Climate Change 农业与气候变化 #041099
Mega cities 大城市的人口与资源 #041100
Welsh 威尔士语 #041101
Small Languages 小语种 #041110
Science and Scientists 科学与科学家 #041134
Education Revolution 教育革命 #041139
Happiness & Social Relations 幸福和社会关系 #041142
Animal Behaviors [Two questions] #041152
Animal Behaviors [Why] #041153
Oracle【新增，暂无音频】 #041154
第 41 页 /共 158 页
Answer Short Questions

命中率：高优先级：高
共 9-10 题，命中 5-8 题
备战策略
先刷机经，再刷预测
最好把机经总题库都刷完（反正也不花太久时间）
关注单词的发音，答案读错也算错
当前趋势
题库稳定，每周少量新题增加。
本次更新
#051109 重回
1.What would call a doctor who sells prescribed medicines? - - Pharmacist / Chemist. #051002
2.What is the legal document protecting someone's intellectual property? - - Patent #051003
3.Animals with white ivory and long trunk? - - Elephant #051009
4.How many days are added in February during a leap year? - - One. #051025
5.How many quarters in a calendar year? - -Four #051026
6.How many days are there in a fortnight? - – Fourteen #051027
7.How many days are thre in a week? - – Seven #051028
8.What is the ceremony where two people get married? - -Wedding. #051033
9.How many years are there in the passage of a decade? - – Ten #051034
10.How many years are there in a millennium? - One thousand. #051035
11.How many years does a centennial celebrate? - One hundred. #051036
12.What does a thermometer measure? - -Body temperature. #051038
13.How would you call people who study ancient bones, rocks and plants? - - Archaeologist. #051040
14.What is the document does a student get when he completes his study at university? - -Graduation
certificate. #051044
15.In addition to A, E, I, O, what is the other vowel letter? - – U #051045
16.If someone lives in an urban area, where do they live? - – City #051048
17.If telescopes are used to locate distant objects, what instrument is employed to magnify miniscule objects? -
Microscope #051051
18.If there are 8 black balls and 1 white ball, and I randomly pick one, which color is mostly likely to be picked?
- - Black. #051052
19.If you get sick, you go to see a doctor in hospital. There are different types of doctors. Some doctors deal
with bones; some deal with the heart. Which doctor deal with teeth? - - Dentist #051055
20.If you want to buy a ring, who do you approach, a jeweler or pharmacist? - - Jeweler. #051057
21.What do you call the person who is guilty in law term? - - Criminal. #051071
22.On what geographical location would someone be living if their country is surrounded by water on all side?
- – Island #051076
23.Pedestrians travel by what? - – By foot #051077
24.What do you call a difficult time when economic activities slow down, and there are more people
unemployed? - - Recession #051079
25.Some calendars begin the week on Sunday, what is the other day which commonly starts a week? - -
Monday. #051080
26.What are the instructions that tell you how to cook food? - - Recipe. #051081
27.What is the job title for someone who makes meals in a restaurant? - - Chef. #051082
28.What’s the name of the building where you can borrow books? - - Library. #051084
29.What is the political system where the country is ruled by a king or a queen? - Monarchy #051091
30.What do we call a book that contains lots of words with their meanings - – Dictionary #051106
31.What do we call a period of 1000 years? - — Millennium #051109
32.What do we call the alphabetical list, at the end of the book that tells you where to find specific information?
- —Index #051111
33.What do we call the organ in our chest that we need in order to breath? - —Lungs #051115
第 42 页 /共 158 页
34.What do we call the study of living things? - – Biology #051116
35.What do you call a list in front of a book which outlines the structure of a book? - - Table of Contents
#051118
36.What do you call a piece of equipment we use to look at stars? - – Telescope #051120
37.What do you call the document that tells your qualification and work experience? - Resume #051124
38.What do you call the strap that secures a person in a car or an aeroplane? - - Seatbelt. #051127
39.Who is the person who works in a hospital and can do operations? - – Surgeon. #051128
40.What do you use to test the body temperature? - - Thermometer. #051129
41.What does a king or queen wear on their head at official ceremonies? - – Crown #051130
42.What does a Sundial measure according to the shadow in the sunlight? - - Time #051131
43.What instrument do scientists use to see tiny elements that cannot been seen with naked eyes? - –
Microscope #051140
44.What is three quarters of 100%? - Seventy five percent. #051141
45.What is one half of 100%？ - Fifty percent. #051150
46.What is the antonym of vertical? - – Horizontal #051152
47.What is the big musical instrument that has 88 black and white keys? - - Piano. #051153
48.What is the habitat of camels？ - - Desert #051160
49.Which century does the 1600s refer to? - Seventeenth century. #051161
50.What is the meeting point of the sea and the sky? - – Sea level #051167
51.What do you call the people who work for a company? - - Employees. #051171
52.In the university, what do you study if you want to study the human mind and behaviors? - Psychology
#051174
53.What is the name of the instrument used to measure variations in temperature? - Thermometer #051175
54.When it’s raining, what object would you raise over your head? - - Umbrella. #051177
55.What is the opposite of North? - South #051178
56.What is the antonym of “predecessor”? - - Successor. #051179
57.What is the piece of paper that you receive after you have bought an item? - – Receipt #051181
58.Where in the universe do we get solar energy? - Sun. #051184
59.What are the strings on shoes? - - Shoelace. #051185
60.What is the study of stars and planet called? - – Astronomy #051186
61.What are the things called that you touch with your left hand when you play the guitar? - - Strings #051189
62.What literacy genre describes all details of a famous person’s life? - – Biography #051196
63.What kind of liquid do mammals feed their babies? - – Milk #051198
64.Which sense is related to your ears? - - Hearing #051199
65.What is the natural material used to make car tires? - - Rubber. #051201
66.What identification document do most people carry to present their citizenship when entering other
countries? - Passport. #051208
67.What do you call a period of ten years? - – A decade #051213
68.What do we call the site of a college or university's buildings? - - Campus #051219
69.When the writer of a book is unknown, what word do we use to describe the writer? - - Anonymous #051220
70.When you get lost in a city, what do you need to buy to find out where you are and where to go? - - Map.
第 43 页 /共 158 页
#051223
71.What do you call a book where you arrange all of your photos together? - - Album. #051224
72.Where would you normally expect to find equipment like microscopes, Bunsen burners, beakers and petri
dishes? - – Laboratory #051228
73.Which hospital department would you go for an X-ray - radiology or cardiology? - –Radiology #051237
74.Which is the longest: a decade, a millennium or a century? - – A millennium #051239
75.Which part at the end of a book can be used for further reading? An index or a bibliography? - -
Bibliography #051247
76.Which sweet food do bees produce? - – Honey #051251
77.Which symbol is used to complete a sentence? - – Full stop #051252
78.Who is a person that makes bread, cakes and pastries? - – Baker #051255
79.Would you go to a pharmacist or a surgeon to get a prescription filled after visiting a doctor? - – A
pharmacist #051264
80.Apart from addition, subtraction, and multiplication, what is the other mathematical calculation method? - -
Division #051266
81.What does the chemical symbol H2O stand for in chemistry? - - Water #051267
82.What do we call the thread in the center of the candle? - - Wick #051268
83.What do you call the very long essay that students have to write for a doctoral degree? - - Dissertation
#051270
84.How would you describe an animal that no longer exist on the earth? - - Extinct #051273
85.What natural resource is used by a carpenter? - - Wood. #051278
86.What is the section in the library called where you can only read but cannot bring the books out of the
library? - - Reserve collection. #051280
87.What do we call a festival which is held every four years gathering people together as a sporting event? - -
Olympics. #051283
88.Which one has a low humidity, a desert or a rainforest? - - A desert. #051291
89.What is the official survey of a country’s population, especially including demographic details of
individuals? - - Census #051293
90.Fruits are protected by their skins. Then what is the hard object in the center of peaches, apples and pears?
- - Stone / Pit / Kernel. #051296
91.How many sides does a hexagon have? - - Six. #051298
92.How many sides does a pentagon have? - - Five #051299
93.What do you call the son of your sister or brother? - - Nephew. #051301
94.What device do you use to type when you use a computer? - - Keyboard #051302
95.In what room do scientists usually do experiments? - Laboratory. #051303
96.What clothing do people wear, such as students or nurses, to show that they belong to the same
organization? - Uniform. #051304
97.When trains or cars need to go through a mountain, where do they enter the mountain? - - Tunnel #051307
98.Despite all the advances and qualities of sexes, would more men or women play professional football? - -
Men. #051309
99.What do you call the condition of being unable to sleep? - - Insomnia. #051311
100.What is the list that shows the names of actors and actresses in a movie? - - Cast. #051315
第 44 页 /共 158 页
101.What’s the force that pushes everything to the earth? - - Gravity. #051316
102.What is the book that describes your own life story? - - Autobiography #051320
103.What is the verb describing the process that water becomes ice? - - Freeze. #051324
104.There are eight planets, such as Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus, and the Earth. What stellar system do these planets
belong to? - - Solar system #051325
105.In some calendars, a week starts from Sundays. What is the other day that usually starts a week? - -
Monday. #051330
106.In which direction does the Sun rise from? - - East. #051331
107.What are the mountains that can erupt? - - Volcano. #051333
108.In the sentence: “He has been quite upset since he went back to school.” Which word uses a past tense?
- - Went. #051334
109.What do people with claustrophobia (幽闭恐惧症) fear? - Confined space. #051335
110.What are buses, trains, and cars used for? - Travel / Transport / Transportation. #051336
111.When your bone is injured and broken, what would you say you have? - Fracture. #051340
112.How many eggs are there in a dozen? - Twelve. #051341
113.What do we call the frozen water? - - Ice #051342
114.What animal is a shepherd responsible for? - Sheep. #051343
115.What is the joint between your shoulder and your forearm? - - Elbow. #051344
116.What is the line where the sky meets the land? - Skyline. #051345
117.What is the document do students receive at the end of the semester that shows a student’s units and
grades? - Transcript #051346
118.If a conference is held annually, how often is it held? - Once a year. #051347
119.Before airplanes were invented, how did people travel from America to Europe? - – By ship. #051348
120.How do you describe the line that divide a circle into the same half? - - Diameter. #051352
121.How many wheels does a tricycle have? - – Three. #051355
122.If a couple have a pair of children, how many children do they have? - - Two. #051357
123.If someone’s response is simultaneous, is it quick or slow? - – Quick. #051359
124.Word ‘postgraduate’, what does ‘post’ mean? - - After. #051360
125.If a meeting is scheduled on Wednesday, and today is Tuesday, then will the meeting be held tomorrow,
the day after tomorrow, or next week? - - Tomorrow #051361
126.A newspaper is published everyday, and a journal is published every month. What do you call the
publication that is published four times a year? - - Quarterly #051363
127.What century are we living in now? - – The twenty first century #051367
128.What is the heading at the top of an article or page in a newspaper or magazine? - - Headline #051379
129.What is the line between two countries? - – Border #051380
130.What is the main harmful instance in tobacco that is often discouraged by a doctor? - – Nicotine #051381
131.Which day is between Tuesday and Thursday? - - Wednesday #051396
132.What kind of clothes and shoes do you wear to keep comfortable when hiking? - - Hiking outfit. #051424
133.What shines at night in the sky and uses its own brightness? - - Star #051427
134.Which shape has four equal sides and four angles, and each angle is a right angle？ - - Square #051428
135.What are the people who study history and historical evidence? - – Historian #051429
第 45 页 /共 158 页
136.What is the first paragraph of an essay? - – Introduction #051430
137.What gas will be formed from the boiling water? - Vapor/Steam #051431
138.What's the process of people paying money to governments for public services? - - Taxation. #051432
139.How often does February have one extra day? - - Every four years. #051433
140.How would you describe someone who can speak two languages? - – Bilingual. #051434
141.What is the term used to describe a period of seven days? - - Week. #051435
142.When you use Microsoft Word, which category does “Times New Roman” belong to? - – Font. #051436
143.Which organ is the blood pumped from? - - Heart. #051438
144.What device is used to measure a 200-meter sprint? - - Stopwatch. #051442
145.Tomorrow’s lecture has been cancelled. If today is Tuesday, then on which day was the lecture cancelled?
- - Wednesday. #051443
146.What do bees collect from the center of flowers? - - Pollen. #051444
147.What is the horizontal line that separates the globe into two same halves? - - Equator. #051445
148.What is the device that shows the time of the day according to the shadow of sunlight? - - Sundial.
#051446
149.What is the opposite of the word ‘artificial’? - - Natural. #051447
150.What is the opposite direction to where the Sun rises? - - West. #051450
151.Which of the following is not a means of transportation: plane, train, or car model? - - Car model. #051451
152.When something is given in a pair, how many of them are there? - - Two. #051452
153.What do meter and millimeter measure: weight or length? - - Length. #051453
154.What is the activity of inhalation of tobacco substance that is harmful to our health? - - Smoking. #051455
155.If you want to read tragedies or comedies, what genre of book do you read? - - Fictions / Novels. #051456
156.What is the music that is recorded for a movie or a film? - - Soundtrack. #051457
157.What’s the color of the medal that a champion gets? - - Golden. #051458
158.What medal does a champion get? - - Gold medal. #051459
159.What financial institution do people usually go to to save money? - - Bank. #051460
160.Where do people go to watch sports or games? - - Stadium. #051461
161.Which part of a birds’ body is used for flying? - - Wings. #051463
162.What is the name for students in universities who have not yet graduated? - - Undergraduates. #051469
163.When you have the primary, and the secondary, what do you have next? - - Tertiary. #051470
164.What kind of educational institution does a 10-year-old child study in? - – Primary school #051471
165.What documents would a doctor give to a patient to buy medicines? - - Prescription. #051472
166.What would you call a doctor who treat sick animals? - - Vet. #051474
167.If a magazine is published quarterly, how many times a year is it published? - - Four #051476
168.Where can you normally find the index in a book? - - At the end #051478
169.What subject involves the study of the Periodic Table? - - Chemistry. #051479
170.What rises from the east in the morning and sets to the west in the evening everyday? - - The Sun.
#051480
171.What is the magazine that is dedicated to academic news? - - Academic journal. #051481
172.What is the collection of comma, period, colon, exclamation marks, and question marks? - - Punctuation.
#051482
第 46 页 /共 158 页
173.Where do people watch plays? - - Theatre #051483
174.What is the act of students being present at school? - - Attendance. #051484
175.Apart from addition, subtraction, and division, what is the other mathematical calculation method? - -
Multiplication #051487
176.What do we call the legal document that states how people’s property should be allocated after their
deaths? - - Will #051488
177.What is the antonym of horizontal? - - Vertical #051489
178.How many years are there in a century? - One hundred years. #051490
179.What do you call the person who plays musical instruments as a job? - - Musician. #051493
180.What is the opposite of division in mathematics? - - Multiplication. #051497
181.Apart from coffee and tea, what beverages also contain caffeine? - - Coke. #051501
182.Which continent do China, India, and Japan belong to? - Asia. #051502
183.How do you call some one with no hair? - Bald. #051503
184.What is the long speech that is spoken by only one actor in a film or play? - - Monologue. #051504
185.What is contained in poisonous animals? - - Venom #051505
186.Which part of the body do we use the nasal spray in? - - Nose. #051506
187.What is the description of events that is spoken with background music during a film or a play? - -
Narration. #051507
188.What do you call the siblings who were born at the same time? - - Twins. #051508
189.If you are celebrating a biannual activity, how many years ago did you celebrate it last time? - Half a year
#051509
190.Where in the campus are the periodical collections located? - Library. #051510
191.What do you call the people who travel to visit famous sightseeing locations? - Tourists. #051511
192.What is the boat that carries people from one side of a river to the other? - Ferry. #051512
193.What is the opposite of the word "public", for example, when describing an event? - Private. #051513
194.What is the external organ used for hearing? - Ears. #051514
195.What do you call a baby cat? - Kitten. #051515
196. What is added to a drink if you want to cool it down on a hot day? - Ice. #051516
197.What are the people who study religions? - Theologian. #051517
198.If there is only one business controlling the trades or the supplies in an industry, how do you describe it in
economic terms? - Monopoly. #051518
199.What category do bees, butterflies, and mosquitoes belong to? - Insects. #051519
200.How do we describe the position of subterranean? - Underground. #051520
201.What do you call the people who work on boats? - Sailors. #051521
202.What is the yellow stuff found on beaches or deserts? - Sand. #051522
203.What is the opposite of even numbers? - Odd numbers. #051523
204.What is the sound of lightning? - Thunder. #051524
205.What is the person called who has been suspected by the police? - Suspect. #051525
206.Which days in a week start with the alphabet T? - Tuesday, Thursday. #051526
207.What will ice become when it melts? - Water #051527
208.What vehicle runs on railways? - Trains. #051528
第 47 页 /共 158 页
209.What is the skeleton made of ? - Bones. #051529
210.What do we call a period of 100 years? - — Century #051108
211.What is more fuel efficient, a small car or a large truck? - – A small car. #051149
212.Whose job is to treat people that are ill or have an injury at a hospital? - – Doctor #051259
213.What do you call the diagram which includes a horizontal line called the X-axis and a vertical line called the
Y-axis? - - Coordinate system. #051275
214.How many hemispheres does the equator split the earth into? - - Two. #051285
215.If someone has a couple of kids, how many kids does he have? - - Two #051292
216.In medical terms, are antibodies harmful or beneficial for patients? - - Beneficial. #051295
217.How do you describe the line that segment a circle? - - Chord. #051353
218.What is the opposite to “Successor”? - -Predecessor #051375
219.What publication reports current events every day? - – Newspaper #051387
220.What is the tool that you use to measure an adult’s weight? - - Scale. #051449
221.Who takes care of people who are sick and stay in hospital? - - Nurse. #051475
222.What is the ground military forces? - Army #051486
223.What is the ship that can travel underwater? - - Submarine. #051491
224.What is the device that controls electrical appliances on and off? - - Switch. #051492
225.How do you describe an event that is held every two years? - - Biennial. #051494
226.How often does a biennial convention take place? - - Every two years. #051495
227.What force makes humans stay on the earth? - - Gravity. #051496
228.What do you throw underwater to keep ships staying on rivers or oceans without drifting away? - - Anchor.
#051498
229.What is the occupation that transfers one language to another language? - - Translator. #051499
230.What do forks, spoons, and knives belong to? - - Cutlery. #051500
231.When we say "Dollars, cents, pounds, euro…" What are these called? - - Currency. #051473
第 48 页 /共 158 页
Summarize Written Text

3 中 2，或 2 中 2
备战策略
利用模板，一通则百通，模板熟练度比命中率更重要
当前趋势
老题与新题并行
本次更新
无
Plug-in vehicle 充电车 #091001
American English美语影响力 #091004
Malaysia Tourism马来西亚旅游 #091005
World Wide Web 互联网 #091006
Climate change impact on birds气候变化影响候鸟迁徙 #091007
Overqualified employees 大材小用的员工 #091009
Mini War/Small War 微型战争 #091014
Columbus哥伦布 #091016
Online teaching & online Learning网上教学 #091017
Vividity of TV and Newspaper电视和报纸的区别 #091019
Frog amber 青蛙琥珀 #091021
Twins 双胞胎 #091029
Writing system 文字的历史 #091032
Grass & Cow 牛和草 #091033
Technology Prediction预测科技发展 #091034
Tree Rings 年轮 #091037
Australian Education 澳大利亚教育改革 #091041
Parent Control Children Watching TV 父母控制孩子看电视 #091047
Ageing world 全球老龄化 #091052
Written Language 书面语言 #091053
Moving from City back to Countryside 搬回农村 #091054
Crime rate 犯罪率 #091058
Plants research 植物研究 #091059
Museology 博物馆学 #091060
2014 Olympics 2014年奥林匹克 #091061
Development of Africa 非洲发展潜力 #091062
Double Blind 双盲关系 #091063
Ageing in Australia 澳洲老龄化 #091064
Greenhouse Gases（Individual Behaviours）人类行为影响温室气体 #091065
Greenhouse Gases (Carbon Dioxide) 二氧化碳与温室气体 #091066
Primary Carers 主要照顾者 #091068
The Booksellers of Hookham and Carpenter 胡卡姆书店 #091069
第 49 页 /共 158 页
Wright brothers 怀特兄弟 #091070
House Mice 家鼠 #091071
The History of the Khoikhoi in South Africa 南非部落 #091072
Compulsory Reburial of Human Remains 残骸掩埋 #091073
Geothermal Energy 地热能 #091075
Australian indigenous food 澳洲本地食物 #091076
Office environment 工作环境 #091077
Paleolithic people 旧石器时代祖先 #091078
Pre-service teachers 预备教师 #091082
Benefit of Honey to athletes 蜂蜜对运动员的好处 #091083
Energy Demand 能源需求 #091099
Solar Power 太阳能 #091113
Social media in libraries 社交媒体与图书馆 #091116
Legumes 豆科植物（高度近似，非原文） #091117
United Nations Volunteers (UNV) program 联合国志愿者计划 #091118
第 50 页 /共 158 页
Writing Essay
命中率：高优先级：高
全中
备战策略
1. 模板 2. 预测
当前趋势
往期高频仍然在考，请做好 Essay 题库不再稳定的准备
本次更新
无
毕业或工作前就结婚 #101001
It is argued that getting married before finishing school or getting a job is foolish. To what extent do you agree
or disagree?
法律改变人的行为 #101003
Some people think human behaviors can be limited by laws, others think laws have little effect. What is your
opinion?
员工参与决策的利弊 #101004
Some employers involve employees in the decision-making process of products and services. What are the
advantages and disadvantages of such policy?
书面考试是否有效评估学习成果 #101005
The formal written examination can be a valid method to assess students’ learning. To what extent do you
agree or disagree?
海外留学有必要吗 #101006
问法一：It is often argued that studying overseas is overrated. There are many scholars who study locally. Is
travel a necessary component for quality education?
问法二：There is no value to travel overseas for study, as you can be a good scholar even without leaving your
home base. It is or isn’t necessary to travel overseas for a better education? To what extent do you agree?
Give your opinion.
[2020.02.26更新，无论怎么问，论点都是一样的]
欠发达国家的旅游业利弊相当 #101007
The disadvantages of tourism in less developed countries is as great as the advantages. What is your opinion?
极限运动 #101008
问法一：In your opinion, what are the advantages and disadvantages of extreme or adventure sports? （并列型
，一段优点，一段缺点）
问法二：Nowadays, more and more people engage in dangerous activities, such as sky diving and motorcycling.
Are you in favor of them? Why? Use examples to support your opinion. （选择立场型，如果喜欢就每段一个优点
，如果讨厌就每段一个缺点）
[2020.03.18更新措辞，无论哪种问法，论证词汇都一样]
大众传媒引发的信息革命带来的利弊 #101009
“The information revolution by modern mass communication has both positive and negative consequences
for individuals and for society.” To what extent do you agree?
大众传媒对年轻人的影响 #101011
Mass media, including TV and newspaper, have a great influence on humans, particularly on the younger
generation. It has a pivotal role in shaping people's opinions. Discuss the extent you agree or disagree. Use
your own experience or examples.
气候变化谁负责 #101012
Climate change is a concerning global issue. Who should take the responsibilities, governments, big companies
or individuals?
100年内最重要的发明 #101014
In the past 100 years, there have been many inventions, such as antibiotics, airplanes, and computers. What do
you think is the most important of them? Why?
日用消费品的营销应该重品牌还是重优惠 #101015
第 51 页 /共 158 页
Should marketing in companies produce consumer goods like food and clothing, place emphasis on reputation
of the company or short-term strategies like discount and special offers? Why?
研究气候变化的某方面 #101016
You are given climate change as the field of study. Which area would you prefer? Explain why you pick this
particular area of your study and give an example in the area you pick.
高中学习百年前戏剧的利弊 #101028
There are both problems and benefits for high school students study plays and works of theatres written
centuries ago. Discuss and use your own experience.
大型购物广场取代小商铺 #101030
Large shopping malls are replacing small shops. What is your opinion on this? Do you think this is a good or
bad change?
无现金社会是否现实？优缺点？ #101038
There are more and more situations where credit cards are used instead of cash. The idea of a cashless society
seems to be becoming more of a reality. How realistic do you think it is? What do you see as the potential
benefits or problems?
医学延长人们寿命是好是坏 #101039
The medical technology is responsible for increasing the average life expectancy. Do you think it is a curse or a
blessing?
体验式学习在学校有无好处 #101040
Some people point that experiential learning (i.e. learning by doing) can work well in formal education.
However, others think a traditional form of teaching is the best. Do you think experiential learning is beneficial
in high school or college?
家长需要为孩子的行为负法律责吗 #101042
Should parents be held legally responsible for the actions of their children? Do you agree with this opinion?
Support your position with your own study, experience or observations.
学校扣迟交作业学生的分数 #101043
Some universities deduct students’ marks if assignments are given late. What is your opinion and give your
recommendations?
兼顾工作和学习 #101044
In order to study effectively, it requires comfort, peace and time. So it is impossible for a student to combine
learning and employment at the same time, because one distracts the other. Is it realistic to combine them at
the same time in our life today? Support your opinion with examples.
政府面临的最严重的问题是什么 #101055
The world’s governments and organizations are facing a lot of issues. Which do you think is the most pressing
problem for the inhabitants on our planet?And give solutions.
建筑设计对工作生活的影响 #101056
How does the design of building affect, either positively or negatively, where people work and live?
城市生活与乡村生活，你喜欢哪个？【更新】 #101062
Living in the countryside or having a city life, which one do you prefer? Please use examples or your personal
experience to support your opinion.
第 52 页 /共 158 页
与书本，正统教育相比，人生经历经验是更好的老师？ #101122
Some people argue that experience is the best teacher. Life experiences can teach more effectively than books
or formal school education. How far do you agree with this idea? Support your opinion with reasons and/or
your personal experience.
学校只购买数码媒体而不更新课本 #101123
With the increase of digital media available online, the role of the library has become obsolete. Universities
should only procure digital materials rather than constantly update textbooks. Discuss both the advantages and
disadvantages of this position and give your own point of view.
政府应该改善公共交通还是多修路 #101124
As cities expanding, some people claim governments should look forward creating better networks of public
transportation available for everyone rather than building more roads for vehicle owning population. What’s
your opinion? Give some examples or experience to support.
兼顾工作和私人生活（普遍性与后果） #101126
The time people devote in job leaves very little time for personal life. How widespread is the problem? What
problem will this shortage of time cause?
兼顾工作与私人生活（重要性与成因） #101127
Nowadays, it is increasingly more difficult to maintain the right balance between work and other aspects of
one’s life, such as time with family and leisure needs. How important do you think is this balance? Why do
people find it hard to achieve?
描述一个新发明的优缺点 #101128
In this technological world, the number of new inventions has been increasing. Please describe a new invention,
and determine whether it will bring advantages or disadvantages.
成长环境对人的影响（名人为例） #101129
There are many people who are defined by the place where they grow up. Please think of a celebrity you know
who becomes famous because of his/her hometown or the place where he/she grows up. Give examples of
how his/her accomplishment is influenced by the place where he/she grows up.
电视有多种功能【更新】 #101130
Television has many functions to play in everyone's life. For some it's relaxation; for some, it is the companion.
To what extent do you think the statement is true? Please provide your argument and supporting evidence
from your own experience.
女性兼顾家庭与职场的建议 #101131
More and more women are raising a family with a career. Please give your suggestions on a personal level and
national level.
减少工时以缓解就业率 #101132
In modern society, unemployment among young people is a serious problem. One solution is to shorten the
working week. Give your opinion of the idea, considering the advantages and disadvantages, whether it can
apply to young people or the whole workforce.
学习是否应该强制规定穿校服 #101133
Should schools have strict rules on wearing uniforms?
名人是否要放弃隐私 #101134
Should celebrities give up the right to privacy?
第 53 页 /共 158 页
未来人们工时会减少 #101135
“In the future, people will work less hours at their jobs.” To what extent do you agree with it? Please support
your opinion with your own experience.
年龄限制 #101136
Age restrictions can be seen everywehere. It is believed that people should not do things until they reach the
right age, such as marriage, and driving. Select one activity and state the minimum age that you think. Support
with your own experiences.
外语应该成为必修课吗 #101137
Should schools make learning a foreign language compulsory?
国家把钱花在建筑修复，而非现代住房 #101138
More and more countries spend large amounts of money on the restoration of buildings instead of on modern
housing. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this analysis? Support your writing with your experience
and/or examples.
21世纪的孩子越来越难 #101139
It is getting harder for children to live and grow in the 21st century than in the past. Do you agree or disagree?
要不要限定最高薪资 #101140
Should there be a maximum wage for high pay people? Is it good or bad?
过度竞争对个人和社会的利弊？ #101142
What are the advantages and the disadvantages of being over-competitive to individuals and society?
既然有人工智能翻译，还需要学外语吗？ #101143
Advanced technology such as artificial intelligence can translate a foreign language easily. Do you think
learning a foreign language is still necessary? Support with your own experience. 既然有人工智能翻译，还需要学
外语吗？
航空旅行对现代生活的影响 #101144
Some people think air travel has more negative impact than positive on modern life. What do you think?
第 54 页 /共 158 页
Re-order Paragraphs
命中率：高优先级：中
共 2-3 题，命中 1-2 题
备战策略
预测押题＞机经总题库
切勿以押题为目的，以理解逻辑+做题思路为目的
当前趋势
题库稳定，
每周少量新题添加
本次更新
无
Indian IT #061001
(1).Innovation in India is as much due to entrepreneurialism as it is to IT skills, says Arun Maria, chairman of
Boston Consulting Group in India.
(2).Indian businessmen have used IT to create new business models that enable them to provide services in a
more cost-effective way.
(3).This is not something that necessarily requires expensive technical research.
(4).He suggests the country’s computer services industry can simply outsource research to foreign universities
if the capability is not available locally.
(5).“This way, I will have access to the best scientists in the world without having to produce them myself”
says Mr. Maria.
Foreign aid #061002
(1).But beginning in the 1990s, foreign aid had begun to slowly improve.
(2).Scrutiny by the news media shamed many developed countries into curbing their bad practices.
(3).Today, the projects of organizations like the World Bank are meticulously inspected by watchdog groups.
(4).Although the system is far from perfect, it is certainly more transparent than it was when foreign aid
routinely helped ruthless dictators stay in power.
Jet Stream #061003
(1).Jet stream, narrow, swift currents or tubes of air found at heights ranging from 7 to 8 mi (11.3–12.9 km)
above the surface of the earth.
(2).They are caused by great temperature differences between adjacent air masses.
(3).Instead of moving along a straight line, the jet stream flows in a wavelike fashion; the waves propagate
eastward (in the Northern Hemisphere) at speeds considerably slower than the wind speed itself.
(4).Since the progress of an airplane is aided or impeded depending on whether tail winds or head winds are
encountered,
(5).In the Northern Hemisphere the jet stream is sought by eastbound aircraft, in order to gain speed and save
fuel, and avoided by westbound aircraft.
Map #061004
(1).For as long as I can remember, there has been a map in the ticket hall of Piccadilly Circus tube station
supposedly showing night and day across the time zones of the world.
(2).This is somewhat surprising given the London Underground's historic difficultly in grasping the concept of
punctuality.
(3).But this map has always fascinated me, and still does, even though it now seems very primitive.
(4).This is because it chops the world up equally by longitude, without regard the reality of either political
divisions or the changing seasons.
Immigration Effect #061006
(1).In the early years of the twenty-first century the impact of immigrants on the welfare state and, specifically,
the capacity of the welfare state to absorb large numbers of immigrants has become a staple of discussion
among policy makers and politicians.
(2).It is also a recurrent theme in the press, from the highbrow pages of Prospect to the populism of the Daily
Mail.
(3).Inevitably, these discussions focus on present-day dilemmas.
(4).But the issues themselves are not new and have historical roots that go much deeper than have been
acknowledged
Mother of Storm #061007
第 55 页 /共 158 页
(1).Unlike Barnes' previous books, Mother of Storms has a fairly large cast of viewpoint characters.
(2).This usually irritates me, but I didn't mind it here, and their interactions are well-handled and informative,
although occasionally in moving them about the author's manipulations are a bit blatant.
(3).They're not all necessarily good guys, either, although with the hurricanes wreaking wholesale destruction
upon the world's coastal areas, ethical categories tend to become irrelevant.
(4).But even the Evil American Corporate Magnate is a pretty likable guy.
Charles Lindbergh #061008
(1).After finishing first in his pilot training class, Lindbergh took his first job as the chief pilot of an airmail route
operated by Robertson Aircraft Co. of Lambert Field in St. Louis, Missouri.
(2).He flew the mail in a de Havilland DH-4 biplane to Springfield, Illinois, Peoria and Chicago.
(3).During his tenure on the mail route, he was renowned for delivering the mail under any circumstances.
(4).After a crash, he even salvaged bags of mail from his burning aircraft and immediately phoned Alexander
Varney, Peoria's airport manager, to advise him to send a truck.
SEPAHUA #061009
(1).SEPAHUA, a ramshackle town on the edge of Peru's Amazon jungle, nestles in a pocket on the map where a
river of the same name flows into the Urubamba.
(2).That pocket denotes a tiny patch of legally loggable land sandwiched between four natural reserves, all rich
in mahogany and accessible from the town.
(3).In 2001 the government, egged on by WWF, a green group, tried to regulate logging in the relatively small
part of the Peruvian Amazon where this is allowed.
(4).It abolished the previous system of annual contracts.
(5).Instead, it auctioned 40-year concessions to areas ruled off on a map, with the right to log 5% of the area
each year. The aim was to encourage strict management plans and sustainable extraction.
Piano #061010
(1).Piano keys are generally made of spruce or basswood, for lightness.

(2).Spruce is normally used in high-quality pianos.
(3).Traditionally, the black keys were made from ebony and the white keys were covered with strips of ivory, but
since ivory-yielding species are now endangered and protected by treaty, plastics are now almost exclusively
used.
(4).Also, ivory tends to chip more easily than plastic.
International Date Line #061011
(1).International Date Line, imaginary line on the earth's surface, generally following the 180° meridian of
longitude, where, by international agreement, travelers change dates.
(2).The date line is necessary to avoid a confusion that would otherwise result.
(3).For example, if an airplane were to travel westward with the sun, 24 hr would elapse as it circled the globe,
but it would still be the same day for those in the airplane while it would be one day later for those on the
ground below them.
(4).The same problem would arise if two travelers journeyed in opposite directions to a point on the opposite
side of the earth, 180° of longitude distant.
(5).The apparent paradox is resolved by requiring that the traveler crossing the date line change his date, thus
bringing the travelers into agreement when they meet.
Aviation #061012
(1).During the 1920s and 1930s great progress was made in the field of aviation, including the first transatlantic
flight of Alcock and Brown in 1919, Charles Lindbergh's solo transatlantic flight in 1927, and Charles Kingsford
Smith's transpacific flight the following year.
第 56 页 /共 158 页
(2).One of the most successful designs of this period was the Douglas DC-3, which became the first airliner to
be profitable carrying passengers exclusively, starting the modern era of passenger airline service.
(3).By the beginning of World War II, many towns and cities had built airports, and there were numerous
qualified pilots available.
(4).The war brought many innovations to aviation, including the first jet aircraft and the first liquid-fueled
rockets.
Aviation after World War II #061013
(1).After World War II, especially in North America, there was a boom in general aviation, both private and
commercial, as thousands of pilots were released from military service and many inexpensive war-surplus
transport and training aircraft became available.
(2).Manufacturers such as Cessna, Piper, and Beechcraft expanded production to provide light aircraft for the
new middle-class market.
(3).By the 1950s, the development of civil jets grew, beginning with the de Havilland Comet, though the first
widely used passenger jet was the Boeing 707, because it was much more economical than other aircraft at that
time.
(4).At the same time, turboprop propulsion began to appear for smaller commuter planes, making it possible to
serve small-volume routes in a much wider range of weather conditions.
Actors and characters #061014
(1).In a wonderful set of studies and subsequent book, Elly A. Konijn looked to the question of how much actors
are aware of their performance as they perform it, and how much they let the character “take over”.
(2).She asked Dutch actors to rate their own emotions and the emotions of the characters they were playing
across a range of affective states (from disgust and anxiety to tenderness and pleasure).
(3).She found that positive emotions were often felt by the actors as they played those character’s emotions.
(4).However, the more negative the emotion of the character, the less likely the actor would report feeling that
emotion onstage.
Ocean floors #061015
(1).The topography of the ocean floors is none too well known, since in great areas the available soundings are
hundreds or even thousands of miles apart.
(2).However, the floor of the Atlantic is becoming fairly well known as a result of special surveys since 1920.
(3).A broad, well-defined ridge – the Mid-Atlantic ridge – runs north and south between Africa and the two
Americas, and numerous other major irregularities diversify the Atlantic floor.
(4).Closely spaced soundings show that many parts of the oceanic floors are rugged as mountainous regions of
the continents.
Carbon Detox #061019
(1).In his fascinating book Carbon Detox, George Marshall argues that people are not persuaded by
information.
(2).Our views are formed by the views of the people with whom we mix.
(3).Of the narratives that might penetrate these circles, we are more likely to listen to those that offer us some
reward.
(4).He proposes that instead of arguing for sacrifice, environmentalists should show where the rewards might
lie.
(5).We should emphasize the old-fashioned virtues of uniting in the face of a crisis, of resourcefulness and
community action.
An underperforming company #061021
(1).Take an underperforming company
第 57 页 /共 158 页
(2).Add some generous helping of debt, a few spoonful of management incentives and trim all the fat.
(3).Leave to cook for five years and you have a feast of profits.
(4).That has been the recipe for private-equity groups during the past 200 years.
Wagonways #061025
(1).Roads of rails called Wagonways were being used in Germany as early as 1550.
(2).These primitive railed roads consisted of wooden rails over which horse-drawn wagons or carts moved with
greater ease than over dirt roads. Wagonways were the beginnings of modern railroads.
(3).By 1776, iron had replaced the wood in the rails and wheels on the carts.
(4).In 1789, Englishman, William Jessup designed the first wagons with flanged wheels.
(5).The flange was a groove that allowed the wheels to better grip the rail, this was an important design that
carried over to later locomotives.
Engineers in Energy Sector #061026
(1).The energy sector has a fantastic skills shortage at all levels, both now and looming over it for the next 10
years.
(2).Engineers, in particular, are much needed to develop greener technologies.
(3).Not only are there some good career opportunities, but there’s a lot of money going into the research
side, too.
(4).With the pressures of climate change and the energy gap, in the last few years funding from the research
councils has probably doubled.
Hypothesis #061028
(1).Another common mistake is to ignore or rule out data which do not support the hypothesis.
(2).Ideally, the experimenter is open to the possibility that the hypothesis is correct or incorrect.
(3).Sometimes, however, a scientist may have a strong belief that the hypothesis is true (or false), or feels
internal or external pressure to get a specific result.
(4).In that case, there may be a psychological tendency to find ”something wrong”, such as systematic effects,
with data which do not support the scientist's expectations, while data which do agree with those expectations
may not be checked as carefully.
(5).The lesson is that all data must be handled in the same way.
Human worship Gods #061030
(1).My study of the history of religion has revealed that human beings are spiritual animals. Indeed, there is a
case for arguing that Homo sapiens is also Homo religious.
(2).Men and women started to worship gods as soon as they became recognizably human; they created
religions at the same time as they created works of art.
(3).This was not simply because they wanted to propitiate powerful forces.
(4).These early faiths expressed the wonder and mystery that seems always to have been an essential
component of the human experience of this beautiful world.
Vegetarian #061032
(1).Vegetarians do not eat meat or fish in their diet.

(2).This diet is not only unattractive, but also may cause nutritional imbalance if not managed well.
(3).Restaurants and school cafeteria adjust and amend their menus to adapt to this special diet.
(4).Menus in all of these places have become more balance in nutrients, and also attract those who are not
vegetarians.
(5).These developments/improvements won’t succeed without the effort of vegetarians.
Choose a School #061033
第 58 页 /共 158 页
(1).There are more than 100 schools in the country.
(2).Never, if you can avoid it, accept the offer before going to the place and having a look. You should go and
see once you have a chance.
(3).This is important that you see the facilities and accommodations around the school.
(4).Because you might be living off campus in the second year.
Heart Attack #061034
(1).Heart attack is the caused by the sudden blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot.
(2).When the clot is formed, it will stay in the blood vessels.
(3).The clot in blood vessels will block blood flow.
(4).Without the normal blood flow, it will cause muscle contraction.
Study Overseas #061035
(1).All over the world students are changing countries for their university studies.
(2).They don't all have the same reasons for going or for choosing a particular place to study.
(3).They may choose a university because of its interesting courses or perhaps because they like the country
and its language.
(4).Some students go overseas because they love travel.
(5).Whatever the reason, thousands of students each year make their dreams of a university education come
true.
Scientific Dishonesty #061037
(1).I think we should be wary of the reporting of science - it is often over-dramatized in order to secure an
audience - but not of science itself.
(2).Of course, there may be the extremely rare example of scientific dishonesty, which will be seized upon by
the news organisations, but the role of science within modern society remains valuable.
(3).Mobile phones, for example, can cause incidents if drivers insist on talking on the phone instead of looking
at roads.
(4).But no one would deny that mobile phones can help us to make a phone call when we are under a crisis.
(5).In other words I firmly believe that the development of science and the extension of understanding is a
public good.
Carbon Pricing in Canada #061038
(1).There is a growing consensus that, if serious action is to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions in Canada, a price must be applied to those emissions.
(2).There are, however, challenges associated with the political acceptability of carbon pricing.
(3).If Canada implements a carbon price on its own, there are worries that Canadian factories will relocate to
other countries to avoid the regulation.
(4).Even if other countries act in concert with Canada to price carbon, the effects will be uneven across sectors,
and lobbying efforts by relatively more-affected sectors might threaten the political viability of the policy.
Wal-Mart #061039
(1).Wal-Mart's core shoppers are running out of money much faster than a year ago due to rising gasoline
prices, and the retail giant is worried, CEO Mike Duke said Wednesday.
(2).”We're seeing core consumers under a lot of pressure,” Duke said at an event in New York. ”There's no
doubt that rising fuel prices are having an impact.”
(3).Wal-Mart shoppers, many of whom live paycheck to paycheck, typically shop in bulk at the beginning of the
month when their paychecks come in.
(4).Lately, they're ”running out of money” at a faster clip, he said.
(5).”Purchases are really dropping off by the end of the month even more than last year,” Duke said. ”This
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end-of-month [purchases] cycle is growing to be a concern.
Objectivity of Journalists #061041
(1).Although experts like journalists are expected to be unbiased, they inevitably share the system biases of the
disciplines and cultures in which they work.
(2).Journalists try to be fair and objective by presenting all sides of a particular issues.
(3).Practically speaking, however, it is about as easy to present all sides of an issue as it is to invite all candidates
from all political parties to a presidential debate.
(4).Some perspectives ultimately are not included.
Competence and Performance #061042
(1).In language learning there is a distinction between competence and performance. Competence is a state of
the speaker’s mind. What he or she knows?
(2).Separate from actual performance – what he or she does while producing or comprehending language. In
other words, competence is put to use through performance.
(3).An analogy can be made to the Highway Code for driving. Drivers know the code and have indeed been
tested on it to obtain a driving license.
(4).In actual driving, however, the driver has to relate the code to a continuous flow of changing circumstances,
and may even break it from time to time.
(5).Knowing the Highway Code is not the same as driving.
Animals Exploratory Urge #061043
(1).All animals have a strong exploratory urge, but for some it is more crucial than others.
(2).It depends on how specialized they have become during the course of evolution.
(3).If they have put all their effort into the perfection of one survival trick, they do not bother so much with the
general complexities of the world around them.
(4).So long as the ant eater has its ants and the koala bear has gum leaves, then they are satisfied and the living
is easy.
(5).The non-specialists, however, the opportunists of the animal world, can never afford to relax.
Language #061044
(1).It is wrong, however, to exaggerate the similarity between language and other cognitive skills, because
language stands apart in several ways.
(2).For one thing, the use of language is universal—all normally developing children learn to speak at least one
language, and many learn more than one.
(3).By contrast, not everyone becomes proficient at complex mathematical reasoning, few people learn to paint
well, and many people cannot carry a tune.
(4).Because everyone is capable of learning to speak and understand language, it may seem to be simple.
(5).But just the opposite is true—language is one of the most complex of all human cognitive abilities.
Memory and habits #061046
(1).In 1992 a retired engineer in San Diego contracted a rare brain disease that wiped out his memory.
(2).Every day he was asked where the kitchen was in his house, and every day he didn’t have the foggiest idea.
(3).Yet whenever he was hungry he got up and propelled himself straight to the kitchen to get something to
eat.
(4).Studies of this man led scientists to a breakthrough: the part of our brains where habits are stored has
nothing to do with memory or reason.
(5).It offered proof of what the US psychologist William James noticed more than a century ago that humans
“are mere walking bundles of habits
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Father-Led Literacy Project #061047
(1).A University of Canberra student has launched the nation’s first father-led literacy project, to encourage
fathers to become more involved in their children’s literacy.
(2).Julia Bocking’s Literacy and Dads (LADS) project aims to increase the number of fathers participating as
literacy helpers in K-2 school reading programs at Queanbeyan Primary Schools.
(3).Having worked as a literacy tutor with teenagers, Ms. Bocking saw the need for good attitudes towards
reading to be formed early on – with the help of male role models.
(4).She said, “A male that values reading sets a powerful role model, particularly for young boys, who are
statistically more likely to end up in remedial literacy programs.”
Electronic device disposal #061059
(1).The invention of electronics has become a challenge.

(2).An Indian university persuaded IT service department to have an Electronic Recycling Collection Day.
(3).During those days, people are encouraged to recycle their e-waste instead of throwing them into the bin.
(4).On certain days throughout the year, many electronic devices are collected and recycled from families and
households.
(5).200,000 electronic products had been recycled in 2010.
Humanities 104 #061060
(1).A requirement of Humanities 104 is to write a persuasive paper on a topic of your choice.
(2).The topic you choose should be supported by a range of sources.
(3).The source should be cited under APA guidelines, and the final draft should be written in APA styles.
(4).The final draft is due one week before the final exam.
City Mayors #061061
(1).Education scholars generally agree that mayors can help failing districts.
(2).It is, however, starting to utter warnings.
(3).Last summer the editors of the Harvard Educational Review warned that mayoral control can reduce
parents’ influence on schools.
(4).And they pointed to Mr. Bloomberg’s aggressive style as an example of what not to do.
University of Otago #061062
(1).University of Otago Centre of International Health co-directors Professor Philip Hill and Professor John
Crump share a view that global health is a multidisciplinary activity.
(2).In their work – from Tanzania to the Gambia, from Myanmar to Indonesia and beyond – they tap into a wide
range of expertise from across the University, including clinicians, microbiologists and molecular
microbiologists, public health experts, economists and mathematicians.
(3).They have also forged relationships and collaborations with research and aid agencies around the world.
(4).For the past seven years Professor Philip Hill has been part of a collaborative tuberculosis research project in
Indonesia, with the University of Padjadjaran in Bandung, West Java, undertaking European Commission-
funded research into the causative links between infectious and non-communicable diseases – in this case
tuberculosis (TB) – and diabetes mellitus.
How to answer questions in exams? #061064
(1).Students may don't know how to achieve high marks in exams.

(2).Actually, you don’t have to write down everything you know.
(3).Before writing, you should figure out what the question is after, and what is not relevant.
(4).And then you will have an idea of what you should write.
Opinion Compromise #061065
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(1).In general, there is a tendency to underestimate how long it takes to discuss and resolve an issue on which
two people initially have different views.
(2).The reason is that achieving agreement requires people to accept the reality of views different from their
own and to accept change or compromise.
(3).It is not just a matter of putting forward a set of facts and expecting the other person immediately to accept
the logic of the exposition.
(4).They have to be persuaded and helped to feel comfortable about the outcome that is eventually agreed.
(5).People need time to make this adjustment in attitude and react badly to any attempt to rush them into an
agreement.
Arcelor-Mittal Takeover #061066
(1).Arcelor, established in Dutch, had been the largest European steel maker by 2006.
(2).It was taken over by Mittal, a Dutch-registered company run from London by its biggest single shareholder,
Lakshmi Mittal, an Indian who started his first business in Indonesia.
(3).The takeover battle raged for six months before Arcelor's bosses finally listened to shareholders who wanted
the board to accept Mittal's third offer.
(4).The Arcelor-Mittal deal demonstrates Europe's deepening integration into the global economy.
Martin Luther King #061068
(1).Rosa Parks has a great impact on the civil rights movements.

(2).She refused to give her bus seat to a white man.
(3).The bus driver arrested her.
(4).Her arrest had Martin Luther King's attention.
(5).King then initiated a boycott on the bus system.
A $300-House #061069
(1).When Vijay Govindarajan and Christian Sarkar wrote a blog entry on Harvard Business Review in August
2010 mooting the idea of a “$300-house for poor”, they were merely expressing a suggestion.
(2).“Of course, the idea we present here is an experiment,” wrote Prof Govindarajan, a professor of
international business at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth and Mr. Sarkar, a marketing consultant who
works on environmental issues – an almost apologetic disclaimer for having such a “far-out” idea.
(3).Who could create a house for $300 and if it was possible, why hadn’t it been done before?
(4).Nonetheless, they closed their blog with a challenge: “We ask chief executives, governments, NGOs,
foundations: Are there any takers?”
Stem Cells #061070
(1).Embryonic stem cells are valued by scientists because the cells’ descendant can turn into any other sort of
body cells.
(2).These stem cells have been found in tissues such as the brain, bone marrow, blood, blood vessels, skeletal
muscles, skin, and the liver.
(3).They might thus be used as treatments for diseases that require the replacement of a particular, lost cell
type.
(4).Some example cited for a possible treatment using these cells are diabetes, motor neuron disease and
Parkinson’s disease.
Children's Emotions #061071
(1).Most young children are inexperienced in dealing with emotional upheaval.

(2).As a result, they lack the coping strategies that many adults have.
(3).In particular, many young children lack the verbal skills to express their emotions and to effectively
communicate their need for emotional support.
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(4).The frustration of not being able to effectively communicate may manifest itself in alternative behaviours.
(5).Strategies that children may employ at this age are commonly referred to as defense mechanisms
Financial crisis at young age #061072
(1).Many people face a serious financial crisis when they are only 20-30 years old.
(2).This is because they do not really pay attention to their daily spending and have poured their spending on
buying.
(3).This will lead to them paying piling credit card loan and monthly payments.
(4).Although they can have student loan, people should… (giving suggestion)
Sherbet Powder #061073
(1).Sherbet powder is a mix of baking soda and citric acid.

(2).When it is mixed with water in your mouth, an endothermic reaction occurs, taking heat energy from your
mouth and making it feel cooler.
(3).Another example of an endothermic reaction is the cold packs used by athletes to treat injuries.
(4).This process is endothermic-taking heat energy from the surroundings and cooling the injured part of your
body. In this way, the cold pack acts as an ice pack.
United Nations Conference #061074
(1).Conferences have played a key role in guiding the work of the United Nations since its very inception.
(2).In fact, the world body was born when delegates from 50 nations met in San Francisco in April 1945 for the
United Nations Conference on International Organization.
(3).The recent high-profile conferences on development issues, which have continued a series that began in the
1970s, have broken new ground in many areas: by involving Presidents, Prime Ministers and other heads of
state - as pioneered at the 1990 World Summit for Children.
(4).These events have put long-term, difficult problems like poverty and environmental degradation at the top
of the global agenda.
(5).These problems otherwise would not have the political urgency to grab front-page headlines and command
the attention of world leaders.
Artificial Intelligence #061075
(1).RESEARCHERS in the field of artificial intelligence have long been intrigued by games, and not just as a way
of avoiding work.
(2).Games provide an ideal setting to explore important elements of the design of cleverer machines, such as
pattern recognition, learning and planning.
(3).Ever since the stunning victory of Deep Blue, a program running on an IBM supercomputer, over Gary
Kasparov, then world chess champion, in 1997, it has been clear that computers would dominate that particular
game.
(4).Today, though, they are pressing the attack on every front.
Silent Students in Tutorials #061076
(1).Many students sit in a tutorial week after week without saying anything.
(2).Why is that?
(3).Maybe they do not know the purpose of a tutorial.
(4).They think it is like a small lecture where the tutor gives them information.
(5).Even if students do know what a tutorial is for, there can be other reasons why they keep quiet.
Amino Acid #061077
(1).Amino acid, which is also known as Leucine, is a fundamental element in the muscle’s formation.
(2).Animals’ protein has a x% of the Leucine, which is higher than those in plants’ protein.
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(3).Plants’ protein has something. (INCOMPLETE SENTENCE)
(4).However, there are also some exceptions exist.
Diversity #061078
(1).To see whether diversity matters on the land and in the sea, …… join the forces.
(2).These researchers will test the full resources of …
(3).The data range from … and a database, to kitchen's recorders and archaeologists.
(4).The results of this research will be published in science.
The Job of a Manager #061079
(1).The job of a manager in the workplace is to get things done through employees.
(2).In order to accomplish this, the manager should be able to motivate employees.
(3).That is, however, easier said than done.
(4).Motivation practice and theory are difficult subjects, encompassing various disciplines.
Monash Student Ne Tan #061081
(1).Mechanical engineering student Ne Tan is spending the first semester of this year studying at the University
of California, Berkeley as part of the Monash Abroad program.
(2).Ne, an international student from Shanghai, China, began her Monash journey at Monash College in
October 2006.
(3).There she completed a diploma that enabled her to enter Monash University as a second-year student.
(4).Now in her third year of study, the Monash Abroad program will see her complete four units of study in the
US before returning to Australia in May 2009.
Voice higher than 5mhz #061082
(1).A study showed man can not hear voice higher than 5 hertz.
(2).To test this theory, researchers from a university gathered 6 students.
(3).As in the previous study, the volunteers could not hear any sound higher than 5 hertz.
(4).In thought of … as this frequency is too high that …
Sustainable Development #061084
(1).Whatever happened to the idea of progress and a better future? I still believe both
(2).The Brundtland Report, our Common Future (1987) defines sustainable development as” development
which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs.
(3).Implicit in this definition is the idea that the old pattern of development could not be sustained. Is this true?
(4).Development in the past was driven by growth and innovation. It led to new technologies and huge
improvements in living standards.
(5).To assume that we know what the circumstances or needs of future generations will be is mistaken and
inevitably leads to the debilitating sense that we are living on borrowed time.
Superpower [不完整待补充] #061085
(1).The ‘superpower’ has international text, which means having control over resources … political power.
(2).It terms of superpower, it included …
(3).... ‘green superpower’, …
(4).In addition to green energy superpower, company should meet the above global average … emissions …
and …
Bankruptcy #061086
(1).In Montana as elsewhere, companies that have acquired older mines respond to demands to pay for
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cleanup in either of two ways.
(2).Especially if the company is small, its owners may declare the company bankrupt, in some cases conceal its
assets, and transfer their business efforts to other companies or to new companies that do not bear
responsibility for cleanup at the old mine.
(3).If the company is so large that it cannot claim that it would be bankrupted by cleanup costs, the company
instead denies its responsibility or else seeks to minimize the costs.
(4).In either case, either the mine site and areas downstream of it remain toxic, thereby endangering people, or
else the U.S. federal government and the Montana state government pay for the cleanup through the federal
Superfund and a corresponding Montana state fund.
Historical Records #061087
(1).Historical records, coins, and other date-bearing objects can help – if they exist. But even prehistoric sites
contain records – written in nature’s hand.
(2).The series of strata in an archaeological dig enables an excavator to date recovered objects relatively, if not
absolutely.
(3).However, when archaeologists want to know the absolute date of a site, they can often go beyond simple
stratigraphy.
(4).For example, tree rings, Dendrochronology (literally, tree time), dates wooden artifacts by matching their
ring patterns to known records, which, in some areas of the world, span several thousand years.
Music record in Brazil #061088
(1).Early in 1938, one Folklore Research Mission dispatched to the north-eastern hinterlands of Brazil on a
similar mission.
(2).His intention was to record as much music as possible as quickly as possible, before encroaching influences
like radio and cinema began transforming the region’s distinctive culture.
(3).They recorded whoever and whatever seemed to be interesting: piano carriers, cowboys, beggars, voodoo
priests, quarry workers, fishermen, dance troupes and even children at play.
(4).Regrettably, the Brazilian mission’s collection ended up languishing in vaults here.
Science and technology #061092
(1).It is a truism to say that in 21st century society science and technology are important.
(2).Human existence in the developed world is entirely dependent on some fairly recent developments in
science and technology.
(3).Whether this is good or bad is, of course, up for argument
(4).But the fact that science underlies our lives, our health, our work, our communications, our entertainment
and our transport is undeniable.
Accounting System #061093
(1).Are there any systems that can measure the Accounting system?
(2).Well, there is accounting software describes a type of application software that records and processes
accounting transactions within functional modules such as accounts payable, accounts receivable, payroll, and
trial balance.
(3).This enables the access anywhere at any time with any device which is Internet enabled, or may be desktop
based. It varies greatly in its complexity and cost.
(4).These tools combine together to provide quality customer service and create a climate of confidence, a
customer service strategy that helps meet the specific needs.
Earthquake in San Francisco #061094
(1).At 5:12 a.m. on April 18, 1906, the people of San Francisco were awakened by an earthquake that would
devastate the city.
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(2).The main temblor, having a 7.7–7.9 magnitude, lasted about one minute and was the result of the rupturing
of the northernmost 296 miles of the 800-mile San Andreas fault.
(3).But when calculating destruction, the earthquake took second place to the great fire that followed.
(4).The fire, lasting four days, most likely started with broken gas lines (and, in some cases, was helped along by
people hoping to collect insurance for their property—they were covered for fire, but not earthquake, damage).
Copernicus’s Heliocentric Theory #061096
(1).Copernicus probably hit upon his main idea sometime between 1508 and 1514.
(2).For years, however, he delayed publication of his controversial work, which contradicted all the authorities of
the time.
(3).The historic book that contains the final version of his theory, De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium Libri VI
(“Six Books Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs”), did not appear in print until 1543, the year of
his death.
(4).According to legend, Copernicus received a copy as he was dying, on May 24, 1543.
(5).The book opened the way to a truly scientific approach to astronomy. It had a profound influence on later
thinkers of the scientific revolution, including such major figures as Galileo, Johannes Kepler, and Isaac Newton.
Music and Language #061097
(1).Language can convey message

(2).Especially written language
(3).Music was conveyed orally only, until the 11th century when physical instruments were invented to perform
music.
(4).It was hard to teach music.
(5).But now it’s easy.
Fibers for clothing #061098
(1).Fibers suitable for clothing have been made for the first time from the wheat protein gluten.
(2).The fibers are as strong and soft as wool and silk
(3).However, up to 30 times cheaper.
(4).Narendra Reddy and Yiqi Yang, who produced the fibers at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln. He says
that because they are biodegradable, they might be used in biomedical applications such as surgical sutures.
Native English Speaker #061099
(1).Anyone wanting to get to the top of international business, medicine or academia (but possibly not sport)
needs to be able to speak English to a pretty high level.
(2).Equally, any native English speaker wanting to deal with these new high achievers needs to know how to talk
without baffling them.
(3).Because so many English-speakers today are monoglots, they have little idea how difficult it is to master
another language.
(4).Many think the best way to make foreigners understand is to be chatty and informal.
(5).This may seem friendly but, as it probably involves using colloquial expressions, it makes comprehension
harder.
Client Management System [不完整待补充] #061100
(1).You may have heard about a client management system that can collaborate clients’ data.
(2).If we have such a system…
(3).Now we have this system…
(4).This system can benefit …
(5).Once you have this system, even those people who don’t understand management can use it well.
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Validity & Reliability [不完整待补充] #061101
(1).Psychologists measure results in terms of validity and reliability.

(2).Validity is defined as …
(3).For example, when a survey is asking about someone’s personality, it shouldn’t ask him chemistry
questions.
(4).Meanwhile, a survey also values reliability.
Hip Hop Culture #061102
(1).Hip Hop culture emerged as a reaction to the gang culture and violence of the South Bronx in the 1970s,
and daily experiences of poverty, racism, exclusion, crime, violence, and neglect.
(2).It necessarily embodies and values resilience, understanding, community and social justice.
(3).Without these, Hip Hop culture would never have been, and it is because these values remain at its core that
Hip Hop is such a powerful agent of positive social change around the world.
(4).Yet, the Hip Hop project is not yet free from these difficult circumstances.
Copernicanism 哥白尼 #061103
(1).The expanding influence of Copernicanism through the seventeenth century transformed not only the
natural philosophic leaning of astronomers but also the store of conceptual material accessible to writers of
fiction.
(2).During this period of scientific revolution, a new literary genre arose, namely that of the scientific cosmic
voyage.
(3).Scientists and writers alike constructed fantastical tales in which fictional characters journey to the moon,
sun, and planets.
(4).In so doing, they discover that these once remote world are themselves earth-like in character.
(5).Descriptions of these planetary bodies as terrestrial in kind demonstrate the seventeenth-century intellectual
shift from the Aristotelian to the Copernican.
EU Fish Problems 欧洲渔业 #061104
(1).The European Union has two big fish problems.

(2).One is that, partly as a result of its failure to manage them properly, its own fisheries can no longer meet
European demand.
(3).The other is that its governments won’t confront their fishing lobbies and decommission all the surplus
boats.
(4).The EU has tried to solve both problems by sending its fishermen to West Africa. Since 1979 it has struck
agreements with the government of Senegal, granting our fleets access to its waters.
(5).As a result, Senegal’s marine ecosystem has started to go the same way as ours.
New Ventures 企业家计划 #061105
(1).New Ventures is a program that helps entrepreneurs in some of the world’s most dynamic, emerging
economies-- Brazil, China, Colombia, India, Indonesia and Mexico.
(2).We have facilitated more than $203 million in investment, and worked with 250 innovative businesses whose
goods and services produce clear, measurable environmental benefits, such as clean energy, efficient water use,
and sustainable agriculture.
(3).Often they also address the challenges experienced by the world’s poor.
(4).For example, one of the companies we work with in China, called Eco-star, refurbishes copy machines from
the United States and re-sells or leases them for 20 percent less than a branded photocopier.
Festival in the Desert 沙漠节日 #061108
(1).The ”Festival in The Desert” is a celebration of the musical heritage of the Touareg, a fiercely independent
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nomadic people.
(2).It is held annually near Essakane, an oasis some 40 miles north-west of Timbuktu, the ancient city on the
Niger River.
(3).Reaching it tests endurance, with miles of impermanent sand tracks to negotiate.
(4).The reward of navigating this rough terrain comes in the form of a three-day feast of music and dance.
International Economics 国际经济学 #061109
(1).International Economics: Theory and Policy is a proven approach in which each half of the book leads with
an intuitive introduction to theory and follows with self-contained chapters to cover key policy applications.
(2).The Eighth Edition integrates the latest research, data, and policy in hot topics such as outsourcing,
economic geography, trade and environment, financial derivatives, the subprime crisis, and China's exchange
rate policies.
(3).New for the Eighth Edition, all end-of-chapter problems are integrated into MyEconLab, the online
assessment and tutorial system that accompanies the text.
(4).Students get instant, targeted feedback, and instructors can encourage practice without needing to grade
work by hand.
Green Tea Health Benefit 绿茶 #061110
(1).In May 2006, researchers at Yale University School of Medicine weighed in on the issue with a review article
that looked at more than 100 studies on the health benefits of green tea.
(2).They pointed to what they called an ”Asian paradox,” which refers to lower rates of heart disease and
cancer in Asia despite high rates of cigarette smoking.
(3).They theorized that the 1.2 liters of green tea that is consumed by many Asians each day provides high
levels of polyphenols and other antioxidants.
(4).These compounds may work in several ways to improve cardiovascular health.
(5).Specifically, green tea may prevent the oxidation of LDL cholesterol (the ”bad” type), which, in turn, can
reduce the buildup of plaque in arteries, the researchers wrote.
Musical Notion #061111
(1).Over the years many human endeavours have had the benefit of language.
(2).In particular a written language can convey a lot of information about past events, places, people and
things.
(3).But it is difficult to describe music in words, and even more difficult to specify a tune.
(4).It was the development of a standard musical notation in the 11th century that allowed music to be
documented in a physical form.
(5).Now music could be communicated efficiently, and succeeding generations would know something about
the music of their ancestors.
Taking Lecture Notes #061112
(1).Your main job in taking lecture notes is to be a good listener.

(2).To be a good listener, you must learn to focus and concentrate on the main points of the lecture.
(3).Get them down, and then later reorganize them in your own words.
(4).Once you have done this, you have set the stage for successful reviewing and revising.
Australia’s native plants and animals #061113
(1).Australia's native plants and animals adapted to life on an isolated continent over millions of years.
(2).Since European settlement they have had to compete with a range of introduced animals for habitat, food
and shelter.
(3).Some have also had to face new predators.
(4).These new pressures have also caused a major impact on our country's soil and waterways and on its native
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plants and animals.
Internship #061114
(1).During the school year, we had the benefit of being both unaccountable and omnipotent.
(2).Insulated from the consequences of such decisions, and privy to all critical information about the case, we
were able to solve complex business problems with relative ease.
(3).We knew that once we began our internships, this would no longer be the case.
(4).The information would be more nebulous and the outcomes of our decisions would be unpredictable.
(5).So in approaching this impending summer period, what lingered in the back of our minds was a collectively
felt, unspeakable thought: ”Were we really up to the challenge?”
Pidgins #061115
(1).In some areas, the standard chosen may be a variety that originally had no native speakers in the country.
(2).For example, in Papua New Guinea, a lot of official business is conducted in Tok Pisin.
(3).This language is now used by over a million people, but it began many years earlier as a kind of ‘contact’
language called a pidgin.
(4).A pidgin is a variety of a language (e.g. English) that developed for some practical purpose, such as trading,
among groups of people who had a lot of contact, but who did not know each other’s languages.
Sea Level Rise #061116
(1).Sea level rise led to 36 thousand people die every year.

(2).This number can be raised if sea level ceaseless goes up, scientists notified.
(3).According to the research, if sea level rises 50 centimeters, 86 million people will die.
(4).If sea level rises 1 meter, 168 million people will die all around the world.
Fruit and Vegetable Intake #061117
(1).Fruit and vegetable intake is important for the prevention of future chronic disease, so it's important to
know whether intakes of teens are approaching national objectives for fruit and vegetable consumption.
(2).Larson and colleagues from the University of Minnesota undertook the study to examine whether or not
teens in the state were increasing their intake of fruits and vegetables.
(3).The study gathered information about fruit and vegetable intake among 944 boys and 1,161 girls in 1999
and again in 2004.
(4).Teens in middle adolescence are eating fewer fruits and vegetables than in 1999, Larson and colleagues
found.
(5).This is giving us the message that we need new and enhanced efforts to increase fruit and vegetable intake
that we haven't been doing in the past.
Blue Halo #061118
(1).Latest research has found that several common flower species have nanoscale ridges on the surface of their
petals that meddle with light when viewed from certain angles.
(2).These nanostructures scatter light particles in the blue to ultraviolet colour spectrum, generating a subtle
effect that scientists have christened the 'blue halo'.
(3).By manufacturing artificial surfaces that replicated 'blue halos', scientists were able to test the effect on
pollinators, in this case foraging bumblebees.
(4).They found that bees can see the blue halo, and use it as a signal to locate flowers more efficiently.
Japanese girl learning English #061119
(1).This paper summarizes some of the major data gathered in a longitudinal, naturalistic study of a Japanese
girl learning English as a second language.
(2).The subject in this study is Uguisu, “nightingale” in Japanese.
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(3).Her family came to the United States for a period of two years while her father was a visiting scholar at
Harvard, and they took residence in North Cambridge, a working-class neighbourhood.
(4).The children in that neighborhood were her primary source of language input.
(5).Uguisu also attended public kindergarten of two hours every day, and later elementary school, but with no
tutoring in English syntax. Most of her neighbourhood friends were in her same class at school.
The Takeover Battle #061120
(1).It was taken over by Mittal, a Dutch-registered company run from London by its biggest single shareholder,
Lakshmi Mittal, an Indian who started his first business in Indonesia.
(2).The takeover battle raged for six months before Arcelor's bosses finally listened to shareholders who wanted
the board to accept Mittal's third offer.
(3).The story tells us two things about European business, both positive.
(4).Shareholder activism is increasing in a continent where until recently it was depressingly rare.
(5).And more importantly, the Arcelor-Mittal deal demonstrates Europe's deepening integration into the global
economy.
Turkey and Mars #061121
(1).If you want to visit Mars, visit Turkey.

(2).That’s where you’ll find lakes so salty that the only bugs able to live there are species that could probably
survive on Mars as well.
(3).For that reason, microbiologists in Turkey have surveyed the array of species that inhabit the Acigol, Salda
and Yarisli lakes.
(4).They’re hopeful that studying some of them will yield useful insights into the kinds of biology that could
help microbes exist on Mars or other potentially habitable planets and moons.
Wandering minds #061122
(1).Researchers studied groups of people from the University of Wisconsin-Madison community, ranging in age
from 18 to 65.
(2).The first group was asked to perform simple tasks, like pressing a button every time they took a breath or
clicking in response to a letter popping up on a computer screen; these tasks were so easy that their minds
were likely to wander, the researchers figured.
(3).The researchers checked in periodically, asking the participants if their minds were on task or wandering.
(4).When the task was over, they measured each participant's working memory capacity by having them
remember letters while doing math equations.
(5).Though all participants performed well on the task, the researchers noticed that the individuals who
indicated their minds had wandered more than others also scored higher on the working memory test.
Gender stereotype #061123
(1).The research by Will and colleagues dressed 6-month-old babies in different colored outfits that did not
necessarily match their gender, so the participants had no way of knowing if the baby was in fact a boy or a girl.
(2).Sometimes, the infant was dressed in blue and was called Adam and sometimes it was dressed in pink and
was called Beth.
(3).There were three toys in the room: a train (boy stereotype), a doll (girl stereotype) and a fish (neutral).
(4).This study found that babies dressed in blue and thought to be boys were more likely to be given the train.
Babies in pink or “girls” were more likely to be given the doll and more people smiled at “Beth” then at
“Adam”.
German Writers #061124
(1).This site contains a comprehensive listing of the works of Norbert Elias, a German sociologist.
(2).The site lists not only his published books and articles but also manuscripts and oral communications, in a
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variety of media and including reprints and translations.
(3).The material has been catalogued, cross-referenced and organized by date.
(4).There is, however, no search facility.
Ethiopian Runners #061125
(1).Dr Pitsiladis has spent years trying to identify why Ethiopian runners from the mountain region are so
successful.
(2).He began by taking DNA samples but found that they all had a very different genetic make-up.
(3).From this he concluded that there was nothing that could be identified genetically as East African.
(4).So he then looked at the East African way of life and found that as Children, 68 percent of all top Ethiopian
or Kenyan runners ran, rather than walked, to school and back home, from the age of five onwards.
(5).He tested those children and found that their bodies processed oxygen more efficiently than many adult
elite athletes in Britain.
Rosa Parks #061126
(1).It was there that Rosa Parks, an African American woman, refused to vacate her seat in the middle of the bus
so that a white man could sit in her place.
(2).She was arrested for her civil disobedience.
(3).Park's arrest, a coordinated tactic meant to spark a grassroots movement, succeeded in catalyzing the
Montgomery bus boycott.
(4).Parks was chosen by King as the face for his campaign because of Parks' good standing with the community,
her employment, and her marital status.
Manchester Medical School #061127
(1).Formal medical education in Manchester began in 1814 when Joseph Jordan opened the first anatomy
school in the English provinces.
(2).Previous lecture courses in medicine had included a series given by Peter Mark Roget, then a physician at
Manchester Infirmary (1804–8), but better known for his later Thesaurus.
(3).Jordan, however, offered dissections as well as lectures, and medical education proved good business.
(4).In London the private anatomy schools, which had competed with each other for decades, became
incorporated with the hospitals, but in the provinces private medical schools continued beyond 1870, using the
hospitals for clinical teaching but not formally attached to them.
Writing a book (近似原文) #061128
(1).For many years, I had been thinking of writing a book.

(2).Not an ordinary book, but a literature book.
(3).I would do extensive literature reading and think about how I could do as well as they had done.
(4).What I did is what you will need to do.
School open days (近似原文) #061129
(1).School has different ways to let parents know how they provide education services.
(2).One of the common ways is open days.
(3).Open days are good chances for parents to ask what they want to know.
(4).These are times when parents can know what works for their children will be doing at school.
Marshmallow test #061130
(1).A four-to-six-year-old child sits alone in a room at a table facing a marshmallow on a plate.
(2).The child is told: If you don't eat this treat for 15 minutes you can have both this one and a second one.
(3).Kids on average wait for five or six minutes before eating the marshmallow.
(4).The longer a child can resist the temptation has been correlated with higher general competency later in life.
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British marine energy #061131
(1).The government has promised to help counter this global trend by reducing UK carbon emissions by 80
percent from 1990 levels by 2050.
(2).And with the second largest tidal range in the world, British marine energy could play an important role in
this shift.
(3).But harnessing the power of the tides is not without consequence.
(4).In 2013, plans to construct a £34bn barrage across the Severn estuary were rejected after concerns were
raised about its effect on local ecosystems.
Reading #061132
(1).Humans appear to be the only species that is able to translate their communication into another medium,
and in this case, the medium provides a semi-durable record of the elements of the communication.
(2).So reading is a very special ability that we have.
(3).Reading also is special because, unlike language, most children have to be taught to read, write, and spell.
(4).So, though we may be predisposed to being able to read and usually have the abilities necessary to master
reading, it is something that most of us only accomplish through the direct help of others.
DRM #061133
(1).Due to its ability to solve all main problems associated with digital goods, Digital Rights Management is the
favorite option used by companies to tackle privacy.
(2).The aim of this article is to discuss the consequences of DRM for consumers, firms, and society.
(3).The rationales of DRM are discussed and the expected benefits for firms are presented.
(4).In contrast, consumers are shown to be likely to see few benefits in DRM.
(5).The article concludes with some public policy recommendations.
Computational thinking #061134
(1).Many of us happily drive a car without understanding what goes on under the bonnet.
(2).So is it necessary for children to learn how to program computers?
(3).After all, some experts say coding is one of the human skills that will become obsolete as artificial
intelligence grows.
(4).Nevertheless, governments believe coding is an essential skill.
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Pinker #071001
In a sequence of bestsellers, including The Language Instinct and How the Mind Works, Pinker has argued the
swathes of our mental, social and emotional lives may have originated as evolutionary adaptations, well suited
to the lives our ancestors eked out on the Pleistocene savannah. Sometimes it seems as if nothing is immune
from being explained this way. Road rage, adultery, marriage, altruism, our tendency to reward senior
executives with corner offices on the top floor, and the smaller number of women who become mechanical
engineers—all may have their roots in natural selection, Pinker claims. The controversial implications are
obvious: that men and women might differ in their inborn abilities at performing certain tasks, for example, or
that parenting may have little influence on personality.
Video-Conferencing Technology #071002
Never has the carbon footprint of multi-national corporations been under such intense scrutiny. Inter-city train
journeys and long-haul flights to conduct face-to-face business meetings contribute significantly to
greenhouse gases and the resulting strain on the environment. The Anglo-US company Teliris has introduced
a new video-conferencing technology and partnered with the Carbon Neutral Company, enabling corporate
outfits to become more environmentally responsible. The innovation allows simulated face-to-face meetings to
be held across continents without the time pressure or environmental burden of international travel. Previous
designs have enabled video-conferencing on a point-to-point, dual-location basis. The firm's VirtuaLive
technology, however, can bring people together from up to five separate locations anywhere in the world -
with unrivalled transmission quality.
Australia Higher Education Funding #071003
Financing of Australian higher education has undergone dramatic change since the early 1970s. Although the
Australian Government provided regular funding for universities from the late 1950s, in 1974 it assumed full
responsibility for funding higher education – abolishing tuition fees with the intention of making university
accessible to all Australians who had the ability and who wished to participate in higher education.
Since the late 1980s, there has been a move towards greater private contributions, particularly student fees. In
1989, the Australian Government introduced the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS) which included
a loans scheme to help students finance their contributions. This enabled university to remain accessible to
students by delaying their payments until they could afford to pay off their loans. In 2002, the Australian
Government introduced a scheme similar to HECS for postgraduate students - the Postgraduate Education
Loan Scheme (PELS). Funding for higher education comes from various sources. This article examines the three
main sources - Australian Government funding, student fees and charges, and HECS. While the proportion of
total revenue raised through HECS is relatively small, HECS payments are a significant component of students'
university costs, with many students carrying a HECS debt for several years after leaving university. This article
also focuses on characteristics of university students based on their HECS liability status, and the level of
accumulated HECS debt.
Edison #071005
Thomas Alva Edison was both a scientist and an inventor. Born in 1847, Edison would see tremendous change
take place in his lifetime. He was also to be responsible for making many of those changes occur. When Edison
was born, society still thought of electricity as a novelty, a fad.
By the time he died, entire cities were lit by electricity. Much of the credit for that progress goes to Edison. In
his lifetime, Edison patented 1,093 inventions, earning him the nickname “The Wizard of Menlo Park.” The
most famous of his inventions was the incandescent light bulb. Besides the light bulb, Edison developed the
phonograph and the “kinetoscope,” a small box for viewing moving films.
Thomas Edison is also the first person in the US to make his own filmstrips. He also improved upon the original
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design of the stock ticker, the telegraph, and Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone. He believed in hard work,
sometimes working twenty hours a day. Edison was quoted as saying, “Genius is one percent inspiration and
99 percent perspiration.” In tribute to this important American, electric lights in the United States were
dimmed for one minute on October 21, 1931, a few days after his death.
Impressionism #071006
Impressionism was a nineteenth century art movement that began as a loose association of Paris-based artists
who started publicly exhibiting their art in the 1860s. Characteristics of Impressionist painting include visible
brush strokes, light colours, open composition, emphasis on light in its changing qualities (often accentuating
the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, and unusual visual angles. The name of the
movement is derived from Claude Monet's Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant). Critic Louis Leroy
inadvertently coined the term in a satiric review published in Le Charivari.
Radicals in their time, early Impressionists broke the rules of academic painting. They began by giving colours,
freely brushed, primacy over line, drawing inspiration from the work of painters such as Eugene Delacroix. They
also took the act of painting out of the studio and into the world. Previously, not only still-lives and portraits,
but also landscapes had been painted indoors, but the Impressionists found that they could capture the
momentary and transient effects of sunlight by painting air (in plain air).
Poverty #071008
Measuring poverty on a global scale requires establishing a uniform poverty level across extremely divergent
economies, which can result in only rough comparisons. The World Bank has defined the international poverty
line as U.S. $1 and $2 per day in 1993 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), which adjusts for differences in the prices
of goods and services between countries. The $1 per day level is generally used for the least developed
countries, primarily African; the $2-per-day level is used for middle-income economies such as those of East
Asia and Latin America.
Indian Onion #071009
The most vital ingredient in Indian cooking, the basic element with which all dishes begin and, normally, the
cheapest vegetable available, the pink onion is an essential item in the shopping basket of families of all
classes. A popular saying holds that you will never starve because you can always afford a roti (a piece of
simple, flat bread) and an onion.
But in recent weeks, the onion has started to seem an unaffordable luxury for India's poor. Over the past few
days, another sharp surge in prices has begun to unsettle the influential urban middle classes. The sudden spike
in prices has been caused by large exports to neighboring countries and a shortage of supply. With its capacity
for bringing down governments and scarring political careers, the onion plays an explosive role in Indian
politics. This week reports of rising onion prices have made front-page news and absorbed the attention of the
governing elite.
Seatbelt #071010
I am a cyclist and a motorist. I fasten my seatbelt when I drive and wear a helmet on my bike to reduce the risk
of injury. I am convinced that these are prudent safety measures. I have persuaded many friends to wear
helmets on the grounds that transplant surgeons call those without helmets, "donors on wheels”. But a book
on 'Risk’ by my colleague John Adams has made me re-examine my convictions. Adams has completely
undermined my confidence in these apparently sensible precautions. What he has persuasively argued,
particularly in relation to seat belts, is that the evidence that they do what they are supposed to do is very
suspect. This is in spite of numerous claims that seat belts save many thousands of lives every year.
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There is remarkable data from the year 1970 to 1978 in which countries with wearing of seat belts compulsory
have had on average about 5 per cent more road accident deaths following the introduction of the law. In the
UK, road deaths have decreased steadily from about 7,000 a year in 1972 to just over 4,000 in 1989. There is no
evidence in the trend for any effect of the seat belt law that was introduced in 1983. Moreover, there is
evidence that the number of cyclists and pedestrians killed actually increased by about 10 per cent.
Spanish language #071011
If after years of Spanish classes, some people still find it impossible to understand some native speakers, they
should not worry. This does not necessarily mean the lessons were wasted. Millions of Spanish speakers use
neither standard Latin American Spanish nor Castilian, which predominate in US schools. The confusion is partly
political - the Spanish-speaking world is very diverse. Spanish is the language of 19 separate countries and
Puerto Rico. This means that there is no one standard dialect. The most common Spanish dialect taught in the
US is standard Latin American. It is sometimes called "Highland" Spanish since it is generally spoken in the
mountainous areas of Latin America. While each country retains its own accents and has some unique
vocabulary, residents of countries such as Mexico, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia generally speak Latin American
Spanish, especially in urban centers. This dialect is noted for its pronunciation of each letter and its strong "r"
sounds. This Spanish was spoken in Spain in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and was brought to the
Americas by the early colonists. However, the Spanish of Madrid and of northern Spain, called Castilian,
developed characteristics that never reached the New World. These include the pronunciation of "ci" and "ce"
as "th." In Madrid, "gracias" (thank you) becomes "gratheas" (as opposed to "gras-see-as" in Latin America).
Another difference is the use of the word "vosotros" (you all, or you guys) as the informal form of "ustedes" in
Spain. Castilian sounds to Latin Americans much like British English sounds to US residents.
Ocean floor #071012
The ocean floor is home to many unique communities of plants and animals. Most of these marine ecosystems
are near the water surface, such as the Great Barrier Reef, a 2,000-km long coral formation off the northeastern
coast of Australia. Coral reefs, like nearly all complex living communities, depend on solar energy for growth
(photosynthesis). The sun's energy, however, penetrates at most only about 300 m below the surface of the
water. The relatively shallow penetration of solar energy and the sinking of cold, subpolar water combine to
make most of the deep ocean floor a frigid environment with few life forms.
In 1977, scientists discovered hot springs at a depth of 2.5 km, on the Galapagos Rift (spreading ridge) off the
coast of Ecuador. This exciting discovery was not really a surprise. Since the early 1970s, scientists had predicted
that hot springs (geothermal vents) should be found at the active spreading centers along the mid-oceanic
ridges, where magma, at temperatures over 1,000 °Presumably was being erupted to form new oceanic crust.
More exciting, because it was totally unexpected, was the discovery of abundant and unusual sea life - giant
tube worms, huge clams, and mussels - that thrived around the hot springs.
Edible insects #071016
Fancy locust for lunch? Probably not, if you live in the west, but elsewhere it’s a different story. Edible insects –
termites, stick insects, dragonflies, grasshoppers and giant water bugs – are on the menu for an estimated 80
percent of the world’s population.
More than 1000 species of insects are served up around the world. For example, “kungu cakes” – made from
midges – are a delicacy in parts of Africa. Mexico is an insect-eating – or entomophagous – hotspot, where
more than 200 insect species are consumed. Demand is so high that 40 species are now under threat, including
white agave worms. These caterpillars of the tequila giant-skipper butterfly fetch around $250 a kilogram.
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Eating insects makes nutritional sense. Some contain more protein than meat or fish. The female gypsy moth,
for instance, is about 80 percent protein. Insects can be a good source of vitamins and minerals too: a type of
caterpillar (Usta Terpsichore) eaten in Angola is rich in iron, zinc and thiamine.
What do they taste like? Ants have a lemon tang, apparently, whereas giant water bugs taste of mint and fire
ant pupae of watermelon. You have probably, inadvertently, already tasted some of these things, as insects are
often accidental tourists in other types of food. The US Food and Drug Administration even issues guidelines
for the number of insect parts allowed in certain foods. For example, it is acceptable for 225 grams of macaroni
to contain up to 225 insect fragments.
Burger King #071018
Drive down any highway，and you’ll see a proliferation of chain restaurants—most likely, if you travel long
and far enough you’ll see McDonald's golden arches as well as signs for Burger King, Hardee’s，and
Wendy’s the “big four” of burgers. Despite its name, though Burger King has fallen short of claiming the
burger crown, unable to surpass market leader McDonald's No. 1 sales status. Always the bridesmaid and never
the bride, Burger King remains No. 2.
Worse yet, Burger King has experienced a six-year 22 percent decline in customer traffic, with its overall quality
rating dropping while ratings for the other three contenders have increased. The decline has been attributed to
inconsistent product quality and poor customer service. Although the chain tends to throw advertising dollars
at the problem, an understanding of Integrated Marketing Communication theory would suggest that internal
management problems (nineteen CEOs in fifty years) need to be rectified before a unified, long-term strategy
can be put in place.
The importance of consistency in brand image and messages, at all levels of communication, has become a
basic tenet of IMC theory and practice. The person who takes the customer’s order must communicate the
same message as Burger King's famous tagline, "Have it your way,” or the customer will just buzz up the
highway to a chain restaurant that seems more consistent and, therefore, more reliable.
Kimbell #071020
The first section of the book covers new modes of assessment. In Chapter 1, Kimbell (Goldsmith College,
London) responds to criticisms of design programs as formalistic and conventional, stating that a focus on risk-
taking rather than hard work in design innovation is equally problematic. His research contains three parts that
include preliminary exploration of design innovation qualities, investigation of resulting classroom practices,
and development of evidence-based assessment. The assessment he describes is presented in the form of a
structured worksheet, which includes a collaborative element and digital photographs, in story format. Such a
device encourages stimulating ideas, but does not recognize students as design innovators. The assessment
sheet includes holistic impressions as well as details about “having, growing, and proving” ideas. Colloquial
judgments are evident in terms such as “wow” and “yawn” and reward the quality and quantity of ideas
with the term, “sparkiness”, which fittingly is a pun as the model project was to design light bulb packaging.
In addition, the assessment focuses on the process of optimizing or complexity control as well as proving ideas
with thoughtful criticism and not just generation of novel ideas. The definitions for qualities such as
“technical” and “aesthetic” pertaining to users, are too narrow and ill-defined. The author provides
examples of the project, its features and structures, students’ notes and judgments, and their sketches and
photographs of finished light bulb packages, in the Appendix.
Jean Piaget #071022
Jean Piaget, the pioneering Swiss philosopher and psychologist, spent much of his professional life listening to
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children, watching children and poring over reports of researchers around the world who were doing the same.
He found, to put it most succinctly, that children don't think like grownups. After thousands of interactions with
young people often barely old enough to talk, Piaget began to suspect that behind their cute and seemingly
illogical utterances were thought processes that had their own kind of order and their own special logic.
Einstein called it a discovery “so simple that only a genius could have thought of it.” Piaget's insight opened
a new window into the inner workings of the mind. By the end of a wide-ranging and remarkably prolific
research career that spanned nearly 75 years, from his first scientific publication at age 10 to work still in
progress when he died at 84, Piaget had developed several new fields of science: developmental psychology,
cognitive theory and what came to be called genetic epistemology Although not an educational reformer，he
fashioned a way of thinking about children that provided the foundation for today’s education-reform
movements. It was a shift comparable to the displacement of stories of "noble savages” and "cannibals” by
modern anthropology. One might say that Piaget was the first to take children's thinking seriously.
Definition of a country #071023
What is a country, and how is a country defined? When people ask how many countries there are in the world,
they expect a simple answer. After all, we've explored the whole planet, we have international travel, satellite
navigation and plenty of global organizations like the United Nations, so we should really know how many
countries there are! However, the answer to the question varies according to whom you ask. Most people say
there are 192 countries, but others point out that there could be more like 260 of them. So why isn't there a
straightforward answer? The problem arises because there isn't a universally agreed definition of 'country' and
because, for political reasons, some countries find it convenient to recognize or not recognize other countries.
United Nations #071024
Founded after World War II by 51 "peace-loving states" combined to oppose future aggression, the United
Nations now counts 192 member nations, including its newest members, Nauru, Kiribati, and Tonga in 1999,
Tuvalu and Yugoslavia in 2000, Switzerland and East Timor in 2002, and Montenegro in 2006. United Nations
Day has been observed on October 24 since 1948 and celebrates the objectives and accomplishments of the
organization, which was established on October 24, 1945. The UN engages in peacekeeping and humanitarian
missions across the globe. Though some say its influence has declined in recent decades, the United Nations
still plays a tremendous role in world politics. In 2001 the United Nations and Kofi Annan, then Secretary-
General of the UN, won the Nobel Peace Prize "for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world."
Since 1948 there have been 63 UN peacekeeping operations, 16 are currently underway. Thus far, close to 130
nations have contributed personnel at various times; 119 are currently providing peacekeepers. As of August
31, 2008, there were 16 peacekeeping operations underway with a total of 88,230 personnel. The small island
nation of Fiji has taken part in virtually every UN peacekeeping operation, as has Canada.
Wine and ale #071026
By the Bronze Age drinking vessels were being made of sheer metal, primarily bronze or gold. However, the
peak of feasting – and in particular, of the “political” type of feast came in the late Hallstatt period (about 600
– 450 BC), soon after the foundation of the Greek colony of Massalia (Marseille) at the mouth of the Rhine.
From that date on, the blood of the grape began to make its way north and east along major river systems
together with imported metal and ceramic drinking vessels from the Greek world. Wine was thus added to the
list of mood-altering beverages – such as and ale available to establish social networks in Iron Age Europe. Attic
pottery fragments found at hillforts such as Heuneburg in Germany and luxury goods such as the monumental
5th century Greek bronze krater (or wine mixing vessel) found at Vix in Burgundy supply archaeological
evidence of this interaction. Organic containers such as leather or wooden wine barrels may also have travelled
north into Europe but have not survived. It is unknown what goods were traded in return, but they may have
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included salted meat, hides, timber, amber and slaves.
Oxford medical school #071027
When I enrolled in my master's course at Oxford last year, I had come straight from medical school with the
decision to leave clinical science for good. Thinking back, I realize that I didn't put very much weight on this
decision at the time. But today, I more clearly understand the consequences of leaving my original profession.
When I meet old friends who are now physicians and surgeons, I sense how our views on medical problems
have diverged. They scrutinize the effects of disease and try to eliminate or alleviate them; I try to understand
how they come about in the first place. I feel happier working on this side of the problem, although I do
occasionally miss clinical work and seeing patients.
However, when I think about the rate at which my medical skills and knowledge have
dissipated, the years spent reading weighty medical textbooks, the hours spent at the bedside, I sometimes
wonder if these years were partly a waste of time now that I am pursuing a research career.
Nonetheless, I know the value of my medical education. It is easy to forget the importance of the biosciences
when working with model organisms in basic research that seem to have nothing to do with a sick child or a
suffering elderly person. Yet, I still have vivid memories of the cruel kaleidoscope of severe diseases and of how
they can strike a human being. I hope to retain these memories as a guide in my current occupation.
Job-hunting #071028
When it comes to job-hunting, first impressions are critical. Remember, you are marketing a product - yourself
- to a potential employer. The first thing the employer sees when greeting you is your attire; thus, you must
make every effort to have the proper dress for the type of job you are seeking. Will dressing properly get you
the job? Of course not, but it will give you a competitive edge and a positive first impression.
Should you be judged by what you wear? Perhaps not, but the reality is, of course, that you are judged.
Throughout the entire job-seeking process employers use short-cuts — heuristics or rules of thumb — to save
time. With cover letters, it’s the opening paragraph and a quick scan of your qualifications. With resumes, it is
a quick scan of your accomplishments. With the job interview, it’s how you’re dressed that sets the tone of
the interview.
How should you dress? Dressing conservatively is always the safest route, but you should also try and do a little
investigation of your prospective employer so that what you wear to the interview makes you look as though
you fit in with the organization. If you overdress (which is rare but can happen) or under dress (the more likely
scenario), the potential employer may feel that you don't care enough about the job.
The horned desert viper #071029
The horned desert viper’s ability to hunt at night has always puzzled biologists. Though it lies with its head
buried in the sand, it can strike with great precision as soon as prey appears. Now, Young and physicists Leo
van Hemmen and Paul Friedel at the Technical University of Munich in Germany have developed a computer
model of the snake’s auditory system to explain how the snake “hears” its prey without really having the
ears for it. Although the vipers have internal ears that can hear frequencies between 200 and 1000 hertz, it is
not the sound of the mouse scurrying about that they are detecting. “The snakes don’t have external
eardrums,” says van Hemmen. “So unless the mouse wears boots and starts stamping, the snake won’t hear
it.”
Space work for an astronaut #071031
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The space work for an astronaut can be inside or outside, inside they can monitor machines and the work is
carried out alongside the craft. They also need to make sure the Space Travel. Outside the craft, they can see
how the seeds react in the space. Some seeds company send seeds to them to investigate how seeds change
their biological character. When outside the craft, they can set up experiments or clean up the space rubbish.
A Dog #071033
A DOG may be man's best friend. But man is not always a dog's. Over the centuries selective breeding has
pulled at the canine body shape to produce what is often a grotesque distortion of the underlying wolf. Indeed,
some of these distortions are, when found in people, regarded as pathologies. Dog breeding does, though,
offer a chance to those who would like to understand how body shape is controlled. The ancestry of pedigree
pooches is well recorded, their generation time is short and their litter size reasonably large, so there is plenty
of material to work with. Moreover, breeds are, by definition, inbred, and this simplifies genetic analysis. Those
such as Elaine Ostrander, of America's National Human Genome Research Institute, who wish to identify the
genetic basis of the features of particular pedigrees thus have an ideal experimental animal.
Alaska Island #071035
Alaska's Aleutian Islands have long been accustomed to shipwrecks. They have been part of local consciousness
since a Japanese whaling ship ran aground near the western end of the 1,100-mile (1,800-km) volcanic
archipelago in 1780, inadvertently naming what is now Rat Island when the ship's infestation scurried ashore
and made itself at home. Since then, there have been at least 190 shipwrecks in the islands.
Peter Garrett #071036
No one in Parliament would know better than Peter Garrett what largesse copyright can confer so it may seem
right that he should announce a royalty for artists, amounting to 5 percent of all sales after the original one,
which can go on giving to their families for as much as 150 years. But that ignores the truth that copyright law
is a scandal, recently exacerbated by the Free Trade Agreement with the US which required extension of
copyright to 70 years after death. Is it scandalous that really valuable copyrights end up in the ownership of
corporations (although Agatha Christie's no-doubt worthy great-grandchildren are still reaping the benefits of
West End success for her who dunnits and members of the Garrick Club enjoy the continuing fruits of A.A.
Milne's Christopher Robin books)? No. The scandal is that ‘bien pensant’ politicians have attempted to
appear cultured by creating private assets which depend on an act of Parliament for their existence and by
giving away much more in value than any public benefit could justify. In doing so they have betrayed our trust.
Katakana #071037
An eccentric mix of English, German and French has entered Japanese usage with grand abandon. A "kariya"
woman is a career woman, and a "manshon" is an apartment. This increasing use of katakana, or unique
Japanese versions of Western words, and the younger generation's more casual use of the Japanese language
have prompted Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi to worry that these new words may not be understood by a
wider audience. As a result, a government panel is proposing to publish a manual on how to speak proper
Japanese. Foreign words became katakana Japanese because no existing Japanese words could quite capture a
specific meaning or feeling. When the word "cool" traveled east, all of its English connotations did not make
the journey. A kuru person in Japan is someone who is calm and never gets upset. On the other hand, someone
who is kakkoii is hip, or in translation, "cool." Similarly, a hotto person is one who is easily excitable, perhaps
passionate, but not necessarily a popular person or personality of the moment.
Complementary Therapies #071038
Complementary therapies - such as those practiced by naturopaths, chiropractors and
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acupuncturists - have become increasingly popular in Australia over the last few decades. Interest initially
coincided with enthusiasm for alternative lifestyles, while immigration and increased contact and trade with
China have also had an influence. The status of complementary therapies is being re-visited in a number of
areas: legal regulation; the stances of doctors' associations; their inclusion in medical education; and scientific
research into their efficacy.
Mike’s Research #071039
In 2001 he received the SIUC Outstanding Scholar Award. In 2003 he received the Carski Award for
Distinguished Undergraduate Teaching from the American Society for Microbiology. Mike’s research is
focused on bacteria that inhabit extreme environments, and for the past 12 years he has studied the
microbiology of permanently ice-covered lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. In addition to his
research papers, he has edited a major treatise on phototrophic bacteria and served for over a decade as chief
editor of the journal Archives of Microbiology. He currently serves on the editorial board of Environmental
Microbiology. Mike’s non-scientific interests include forestry, reading, and caring for his dogs and horses. He
lives beside a peaceful and quiet lake with his wife, Nancy, five shelter dogs (Gaino, Snuffy, Pepto, Peanut, and
Merry), and four horses (Springer, Feivel, Gwen, and Festus).
Egg-Eating Snakes #071041
Egg-eating snakes are a small group of snakes whose diet consists only of eggs. Some eat only small eggs,
which they have to swallow whole, as the snake has no teeth. Instead, some other snakes eat bigger eggs, but it
requires special treatment. These snakes have spines that stick out from the backbone. The spines crack the egg
open as it passes through the throat.
Flower Attract Insects #071042
(大意，非原文 Only the gist. Not the original text.)
According to a research conducted by Cambridge University, flowers can their own ways to attract insects to
help them pollinate. Flowers will release an irresistible smell. Beverley Glover from the University of Cambridge
and her colleagues did an experiment in which they use fake flowers to attract bees and insects. In their
experiments, they freed many bumblebees from their origins repeatedly, and got the same results.
Two farms #071043
Both farms were by far the largest, most prosperous, most technologically advanced farms in their respective
districts. In particular, each was centred around a magnificent state-of-the-art barn for sheltering and milking
cows. Those structures, both neatly divided into oppositefacing rows of cow stalls, dwarfed all other barns in
the district. Both farms let their cows graze outdoors in lush pastures during the summer, produced their own
hay to harvest in the late summer for feeding the cows through the winter, and increased their production of
summer fodder and winter hay by irrigating their fields.
Anderson #071045
Fans of biographical criticism have a luxurious source in the works of Hans Christian
Andersen. Like Lewis Carroll (and, to a lesser extent, Kenneth Grahame), Andersen was near-pathologically
uncomfortable in the company of adults. Of course, all three had to work and interact with adults, but all three
really related well to children and their simpler worlds. Andersen, for a time, ran a puppet theater and was
incredibly popular with children, and, of course, he wrote an impressive body of fairy tales which have been
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produced in thousands of editions since the 19th century.
Most everyone has read or at least knows the titles of many of Andersen’s works: “The Ugly Duckling,”
“The Emperor’s New Clothes,” “The Nightingale,” “The Little Mermaid,” “The Match Girl,” and many
others. Though, as with most folk and fairy tales, they strike adult rereaders much differently than they do
young first-time readers.
Charming tales of ducks who feel awkward because they don’t fit in, only to exult in the discovery that they
are majestic swans, gives child readers clearly-identifiable messages: don’t tease people because they’re
different; don’t fret about your being different because some day you’ll discover what special gifts you have.
A closer, deeper look at many of Andersen’s tales (including “The Ugly Duckling,” which is not on our
reading list), reveals a darker, harder, more painful thread. People are often cruel and unfeeling, love is
torturous–in general, the things of the material world cause suffering. There is often a happy ending, but it’s
not conventionally happy. Characters are rewarded, but only after they manage (often through death) to
transcend the rigors of the mortal world.
Olympic medalists #071046
In an often-cited study about counterfactuals, Medvec, Madey, and Gilovich (1995) found that bronze medalists
appeared happier than silver medalists in television coverage of the 1992 Summer Olympics. Medvec et al.
argued that bronze medalists compared themselves to 4th place finishers, whereas silver medalists compared
themselves to gold medalists. These counterfactuals were the most salient because they were either
qualitatively different (gold vs. silver) or categorically different (medal vs. no medal) from what actually
occurred. Drawing on archival data and experimental studies, we show that Olympic athletes (among others)
are more likely to make counterfactual comparisons based on their prior expectations, consistent with decision
affect theory. Silver medalists are more likely to be disappointed because their personal expectations are higher
than those of bronze medalists.
David Lynch #071047
David Lynch is professor and head of education at Charles Darwin University. Prior to this he was sub dean in
the Faculty of Education and Creative Arts at Central Queensland University and foundation head of the
University’s Noosa campus. David’s career in education began as a primary school teacher in Queensland in
the early 1980’s and progressed to four principal positions before entering higher education. David’s
research interests predominate in teacher education with particular interest in building teacher capability to
meet a changed world.
Essays #071050
Essays are used as an assessment tool to evaluate your ability to research a topic and construct an argument, as
well as your understanding of subject content. This does not mean that essays are a 'regurgitation' of
everything your lecturer has said throughout the course. Essays are your opportunity to explore aspects of the
course in greater depth - theories, issues, texts, etc. and in some cases relate these aspects to a particular
context. It is your opportunity to articulate your ideas, but in a certain way: using formal academic style.
Estée Lauder #071051
Leonard Lauder, chief executive of the company his mother founded, says she always thought she "was
growing a nice little business." And that it is. A little business that controls 45% of the cosmetics market in U.S.
department stores. A little business that sells in 118 countries and last year grew to be $3.6 billion big in sales.
The Lauder family's shares are worth more than $6 billion. But early on, there wasn't a burgeoning business,
there weren't houses in New York, Palm Beach, Fla., or the south of France. It is said that at one point there was
one person to answer the telephones who changed her voice to become the shipping or billing department as
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needed. You more or less know the Estée Lauder story because it's a chapter from the book of American
business folklore. In short, Josephine Esther Mentzer, daughter of immigrants, lived above her father's hardware
store in Corona, a section of Queens in New York City. She started her enterprise by selling skin creams
concocted by her uncle, a chemist, in beauty shops, beach clubs and resorts. No doubt the portions were good
— Estée Lauder was a quality fanatic — but the saleslady was better. Much better. And she simply outworked
everyone else in the cosmetics industry. She stalked the bosses of New York City department stores until she
got some counter space at Saks Fifth Avenue in 1948. And once in that space, she utilized a personal selling
approach that proved as potent as the promise of her skin regimens and perfumes.
Movement in painting #071054
Movement in painting that originated in France in the 1860s and had enormous influence in European and
North American painting in the late 19th century. The Impressionists wanted to depict real life, to paint straight
from nature, and to capture the changing effects of light. The term was first used abusively to describe Claude
Monet's painting Impression: Sunrise (1872). The other leading Impressionists included Paul Camile, Edgar
Degas, Edouard Manet, Camille Pissarro, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Alfred Sisley, but only Monet remained
devoted to Impressionist ideas throughout his career.
The core of the Impressionist group was formed in the early 1860s by Monet, Renoir, and Sisley, who met as
students and enjoyed painting in the open air - one of the hallmarks of Impressionism. They met other
members of the Impressionist circle through Paris café society. They never made up a formal group, but they
organized eight group exhibitions between 1874 and 1886, at the first of which the name Impressionism was
applied. Their styles were diverse, but all experimented with effects of light and movement created with distinct
brush strokes and fragments of color dabbed side-by-side on the canvas rather than mixed on the palette. By
the 1880s the movement's central impulse had dispersed, and a number of new styles were emerging, later
described as post-impressionism.
British Impressionism had a major influence on the more experimental and progressive British painters in the
late 19th and early 20th centuries. Many of the painters were affected in the circle of Walter Sickert, who spent
much of his career in France and was an influential figure who inspired many younger artists. His friend and
exact contemporary Philip Wilson Steer is generally regarded as the most outstanding British Impressionist.
Lure New Students #071061
In an attempt to lure new students, leading business schools - including Harvard, Stanford, the University of
Chicago and Wharton – have moved away from the unofficial admissions and prerequisite of four years’ work
experience and instead have set their sights on recent college graduates and so-called ‘early career‘
professionals with only a couple years of work under the belt.
C.S. Lewis #071067
C. S. Lewis, or Jack Lewis, as he preferred to be called, was born in Belfast, Ireland (now Northern Ireland) on
November 29, 1898. He was the second son of Albert Lewis, a lawyer, and Flora Hamilton Lewis. His older
brother, Warren Hamilton Lewis, who was known as Warnie, had been born three years earlier in 1895.
Lewis's early childhood was relatively happy and carefree. In those days Northern Ireland was not yet plagued
by bitter civil strife, and the Lewises were comfortably off. The family home, called Little Lea, was a large, gabled
house with dark, narrow passages and an overgrown garden, which Warnie and Jack played in and explored
together. There was also a library that was crammed with books - two of Jack's favorites were Treasure Island
by Robert Louis Stevenson and The Secret Garden by Frances Hodgson Burnett.
This somewhat idyllic boyhood came to an end for Lewis when his mother became ill and died of cancer in
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1908. Barely a month after her death the two boys were sent away from home to go to boarding school in
England.
Lewis hated the school, with its strict rules and hard, unsympathetic headmaster, and he missed Belfast terribly.
Fortunately for him, the school closed in 1910, and he was able to return to Ireland.
After a year, however, he was sent back to England to study. This time, the experience proved to be mostly
positive. As a teenager, Lewis learned to love poetry, especially the works of Virgil and Homer. He also
developed an interest in modern languages, mastering French, German, and Italian.
What will make you happy? #071070
Want to know what will make you happy? Then ask a total stranger — or so says a new study from Harvard
University, which shows that another person’s experience is often more informative than your own best guess.
The study, which appears in the current issue of Science, was led by Daniel Gilbert, professor of psychology at
Harvard and author of the 2007 bestseller “Stumbling on Happiness,” along with Matthew Killingsworth and
Rebecca Eyre, also of Harvard, and Timothy Wilson of the University of Virginia.
“If you want to know how much you will enjoy an experience, you are better off knowing how much someone
else enjoyed it than knowing anything about the experience itself,” says Gilbert. “Rather than closing our eyes
and imagining the future, we should examine the experience of those who have been there.
Previous research in psychology, neuroscience, and behavioral economics has shown that people have difficulty
predicting what they will like and how much they will like it, which leads them to make a wide variety of poor
decisions. Interventions aimed at improving the accuracy with which people imagine future events have been
generally unsuccessful.
UBC expeditions to the Canadian Arctic #071071
This summer, 41 UBC alumni and friends participated in expeditions to the Canadian Arctic and the legendary
Northwest Passage. Presentations, conversations and learning accompanied their exploration of the great
outdoors aboard the Russian-flagged Akademik Ioffe, designed and built in Finland as a scientific research
vessel in 1989. Her bridge was open to passengers virtually 24 hours a day. Experts on board presented on
topics including climate change, wildlife, Inuit culture and history, and early European explorers. UBC professor
Michael Byers presented on the issue of Arctic sovereignty, a growing cause of debate as ice melts, new
shipping routes open, and natural resources become accessible. Recommended pre-trip reading was late UBC
alumnus Pierre Bertons book, The Arctic Grail.
Anesthesia #071072
Before effective anaesthetics, surgery was very crude and very painful. Before 1800, alcohol and opium had little
success in easing pain during operations. Laughing gas was used in 1844 in dentistry in the USA, but failed to
ease all pain and patients remained conscious. Ether (used from 1846) made patients totally unconscious and
lasted a long time. However, it could make patients cough during operations and sick afterwards. It was highly
flammable and was transported in heavy glass bottles. Chloroform (used from 1847) was very effective with few
side effects. However, it was difficult to get the dose right and could kill some people because of the effect on
their heart. An inhaler helped to regulate the dosage.
EE & AVG [Version 1] #071073
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EE (energy expenditure) and AVG (active video games) ……The sedentary video games cannot meet the
minimum exercise intensities…… sedentary behaviors ……time spent engaged in activities…… Playing AVGs
increases energy expenditure, but can’t be a replacement of exercise…. The study, of 322 overweight 10- to
14-year-olds, found that those whose usual, sedentary video games were partly replaced with active games
gained less weight over six months. For years, experts have worried that the growing amount of time children
are spending in front of TVs and computers is helping to feed an epidemic of childhood obesity.
EE & AVG [Version 2] #071074
There has been increased research interest in the use of active video games (in which players physically interact
with images onscreen) as a means to promote physical activity in children. The aim of this review was to assess
active video games as a means of increasing energy expenditure and physical activity behavior in children.
Studies were obtained from computerized searches of multiple electronic bibliographic databases. The last
search was conducted in December 2008. Eleven studies focused on the quantification of the energy cost
associated with playing active video games, and eight studies focused on the utility of active video games as an
intervention to increase physical activity in children. Compared with traditional non-active video games, active
video games elicited greater energy expenditure, which was similar in intensity to mild to moderate intensity
physical activity. The intervention studies indicate that active video games may have the potential to increase
free-living physical activity and improve body composition in children; however, methodological limitations
prevent definitive conclusions. Future research should focus on larger, methodologically sound intervention
trials to provide definitive answers as to whether this technology is effective in promoting long-term physical
activity in children.
Trip to Germany #071077
Last year I went to Germany. It was a trip to Germany not for leisure but for exchange. This was the worst trip
that I have been on. We transferred via Amsterdam. We arrived half an hour ahead of the time that plane was
supposed to take off, but the plane was late, so we took another flight which was flying to a wrong destination.
It landed at another airport, hundreds of miles away from where I supposed to be. All we could do was waiting
for the next connecting flight to take us. So, we waited for another hour and a half. Everyone was exhausted.
No wonder we all hope to go home straight away.
Sales Representatives #071078
Sales jobs allow for a great deal of discretionary time and effort on the part of the sales representatives -
especially when compared with managerial, manufacturing, and service jobs. Most sales representatives work
independently and outside the immediate presence of their sales managers. Therefore, some form of goals
needs to be in place to motivate and guide their performance. Sales personnel are not the only professionals
with performance goals or quotas. Health care professionals operating in clinics have daily, weekly, and
monthly goals in terms of patient visits. Service personnel are assigned a number of service calls they must
perform during a set time period. Production workers in manufacturing have output goals. So, why are
achieving sales goals or quotas such a big deal? The answer to this question can be found by examining how a
firm's other departments are affected by how well the company's salespeople achieve their performance goals.
The success of the business hinges on the successful sales of its products and services. Consider all the
planning, the financial, production and marketing efforts that go into producing what the sales force sells.
Everyone depends on the sales force to sell the company's products and services and they eagerly anticipate
knowing things are going.
Dark Energy #071079
It seems we live in a bizarre Universe. One of the greatest mysteries in the whole of science is the prospect that
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75% of the Universe is made up from a mysterious substance known as ‘Dark Energy’, which causes an
acceleration of the cosmic expansion. Since a further 21% of the Universe is made up from invisible ‘Cold Dark
Matter’ that can only be detected through its gravitational effects, the ordinary atomic matter making up the
rest is apparently only 4% of the total cosmic budget.
These discoveries require a shift in our perception as great as that made after Copernicus’ revelation that the
Earth moves around the Sun. This lecture will start by reviewing the chequered history of Dark Energy, not only
since Einstein’s proposal for a similar entity in 1917, but by tracing the concept back to Newton’s ideas. This
lecture will summarize the current evidence for Dark Energy and future surveys in which UCL is heavily involved:
the “Dark Energy Survey”, the Hubble Space Telescope and the proposed Euclid space mission.
Behavior of Liquids #071081
If you see a movie, or a TV advertisement, that involves a fluid behaving in an unusual way, it was probably
made using technology based on the work of a Monash researcher. Professor Joseph Monaghan who
pioneered an influential method for interpreting the behavior of liquids that underlies most special effects
involving water has been honored with election to the Australian Academy of Sciences.
Professor Monaghan, one of only 17 members elected in 2011, was recognized for developing the method of
Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) which has applications in the fields of astrophysics, engineering and
physiology, as well as movie special effects. His research started in 1977 when he tried to use computer
simulation to describe the formation of stars and stellar systems. The algorithms available at the time were
incapable of describing the complicated systems that evolve out of chaotic clouds of gas in the galaxy.
Professor Monaghan, and his colleague Bob Gingold, took the novel and effective approach of replacing the
fluid or gas in the simulation with large numbers of particles with properties that mimicked those of the fluid.
SPH has become a central tool in astrophysics, where it is currently used to simulate the evolution of the
universe after the Big Bang, the formation of stars, and the processes of planet building.
Push and pull factors #071082
People move to a new region for many different reasons. The motivation for moving can come from a
combination of what researchers sometimes call 'push and pull factors' – those that encourage people to leave
a region, and those that attract people to a region. Some of the factors that motivate people to move include
seeking a better climate, finding more affordable housing, looking for work or retiring from work, leaving the
congestion of city living, wanting a more pleasant environment, and wanting to be near to family and friends. In
reality, many complex factors and personal reasons may interact to motivate a person or family to move.
What’s a herbal? #071083
A herbal is a book of plants, describing their appearance, their properties and how they may be used for
preparing ointments and medicines. The medical use of plants is recorded on fragments of papyrus and clay
tablets from ancient Egypt, Samaria and China that date back 5,000 years but document traditions far older still.
Over 700 herbal remedies were detailed in the Papyrus Ebers, an Egyptian text written in 1500 BC. Around 65
BC, a Greek physician called Dioscorides wrote a herbal that was translated into Latin and Arabic. Known as
‘De materia medica’, it became the most influential work on medicinal plants in both Christian and Islamic
worlds until the late 17th century. An illustrated manuscript copy of the text made in Constantinople (modern-
day Istanbul) survives from the sixth century. The first printed herbals date from the dawn of European printing
in the 1480s. They provided valuable information for apothecaries, whose job it was to make the pills and
potions prescribed by physicians. In the next century, landmark herbals were produced in England by
William Turner, considered to be the father of British botany, and John Gerard, whose
illustrations would inspire the floral fabric, wallpaper and tile designs of William Morris four centuries later.
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Tomb of Tutankhamun #071084
The last tourists may have been leaving the Valley of the Kings on the West Bank in Luxor but the area in front
of the tomb of Tutankhamun remained far from deserted. Instead of the tranquility that usually descends on
the area in the evening it was a hive of activity. TV crews trailed masses of equipment, journalists milled and
photographers held their cameras at the ready. The reason? For the first time since Howard Carter discovered
the tomb in 1922 the mummy of Tutankhamun was being prepared for public display.
Inside the subterranean burial chamber Egypt's archaeology supremo Zahi Hawass, accompanied by four
Egyptologists, two restorers and three workmen, were slowly lifting the mummy from the golden sarcophagus
where it has been rested -- mostly undisturbed -- for more than 3,000 years. The body was then placed on a
wooden stretcher and transported to its new home, a high- tech, climate-controlled plexi-glass showcase
located in the outer chamber of the tomb where, covered in linen, with only the face and feet exposed, it now
greets visitors.
Legal Deposit #071086
Legal deposit has existed in English law since 1662. It helps to ensure that the nation’s published output (and
thereby its intellectual record and future published heritage) is collected systematically, to preserve the material
for the use of future generations and to make it available for readers within the designated legal deposit
libraries. The legal deposit system also has benefits for authors and publishers:
Deposited publications are made available to users of the deposit libraries on their premises, are preserved for
the benefit of future generations, and become part of the nation’s heritage. Publications are recorded in the
online catalogues, and become an essential research resource for generations to come.
Serving on a Jury #071087
Serving on a jury is normally compulsory for individuals who are qualified for jury service. A jury is intended to
be an impartial panel capable of reaching a verdict. There are often procedures and requirements, including a
fluent understanding of the language and the opportunity to test juror’s neutrality or otherwise exclude jurors
who are perceived as likely to be less than neutral or partial to one side.
DNA on a Crime Scene #071088
Fingerprints can prove that a suspect was actually at the scene of a crime. As long as a human entered a crime
scene, there will be traces of DNA. DNA can help the police to identify an individual to crack a case. An institute
in London can help reserve DNA and be used to match with the samples taken from the crime scenes.
Water security #071089
Equally critical is the challenge of water security. The UN Environment Programme (UNEP) has pointed out that
about one- third of the world's population lives in countries with moderate to high water stress, with a
disproportionate impact on the poor. With current projected global population growth, the task of providing
water for human sustenance will become increasingly difficult. And increasing competition over this scarce but
vital resource may fuel instability and conflict within states as well as between states. The UN is doing a great
deal in both areas to proactively foster collaboration among Member States. UNEP has long been actively
addressing the water issue together with partner UN agencies and other organizations. Looking ahead, the UN
can do more to build synergies of technology, policy and capacity in this field. In this regard, events like the
annual World Water Week in Stockholm come to the forefront of the public mind when talking about
championing water issues.
Use Your Time Well #071090
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You have about 30 minutes to answer each question. You must take account of how many marks are available
for each part when you answer it. Even if you think you can write more, don't spend 15 minutes answering a
part worth only 5 marks. Leave space at the end of your answer and come back to it if you have time to spare
later.
And if you can't think of an answer to some part, leave a space and move on to the next part. Don't write
about something else if you don't know the correct answer -- this is just a waste of your valuable time (and the
examiner's).
Maya descendants #071091
Descendants of the Maya living in Mexico still sometimes refer to themselves as “the corn people.” The
phrase is not intended as metaphor. Rather, it's meant to acknowledge their abiding dependence on this
miraculous grass, the staple of their diet for almost 9,000 years. The supermarket itself-the wallboard and joint
compound, the linoleum and fiberglass and adhesives out of which the building itself has been built-is in no
small measure a manifestation of corn.
Primates #071092
With their punk hairstyles and bright colors, marmosets and tamarins are among the most attractive primates
on earth. These fast-moving, lightweight animals live in the rainforests of South America. Their small size makes
it easy for them to dart about the trees, catching insects and small animals such as lizards, frogs, and snails.
Marmosets have another unusual food source - they use their chisel-like incisor teeth to dig into tree bark and
lap up the gummy sap that seeps out, leaving telltale, oval-shaped holes in the branches when they have
finished. But as vast tracts of rainforest are cleared for plantations and cattle ranches marmosets and tamarins
are in serious danger of extinction.
Opportunity Cost #071094
Opportunity cost incorporates the notion of scarcity: No matter what we do, there is always a trade-off. We
must trade off one thing for another because resources are limited and can be used in different ways.
By acquiring something, we use up resources that could have been used to acquire something else. The notion
of opportunity cost allows us to measure this trade-off. Most decisions involve several alternatives. For
example, if you spend an hour studying for an economics exam, you have one fewer hour to pursue other
activities. To determine the opportunity cost of an activity, we look at what you consider the best of these
“other” activities. For example, suppose the alternatives to studying economics are studying for a history
exam or working in a job that pays $10 per hour. If you consider studying for history a better use of your time
than working, then the opportunity cost of studying economics is the four extra points you could have received
on a history exam if you studied history instead of economics. Alternatively, if working is the best alternative,
the opportunity cost of studying economics is the $10 you could have earned instead.
Sydney #071098
Sydney is becoming eective in making the best of its limited available unconstrained land. Sydney is suitable for
integrating suitable business, office, residential, retail and other development in accessible locations so as to
maximise public transport patronage and encourage walking and cycling. Also this city can reduce the
consumption of land for housing and associated urban development on the urban fringe. For the proposed
mixed business, mixed use and business park areas, there was no employment data available for comparable
areas. It is also concluded that lack of housing supply will affect affordability in Sydney.
High-Protein Diet #071099
Our studies, showed that those people on a higher protein diet lost the same amount of weight as those on a
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higher carbohydrate diet, since the two diets offered an equal amount of kilojoules and the same amount of
fat. However, body composition (that is, the ratio of fat to muscle) showed greater improvement among those
people on the higher protein diet. When the participants in our studies were allowed to eat until they were no
longer hungry, those on the higher protein diet lost more weight than those on the higher carbohydrate diet,
even after more than a year.
The reduction in hunger and the beneficial effect on muscle provided by the higher protein diet is mostly
related to its protein content.The diet is healthy because its protein comes from lean red meat, fish, chicken and
low-fat dairy products, all of which provide good nutrition. A high-protein diet in which the protein comes from
protein powders and supplements is unlikely to be healthy, unless the supplements are fortified with vitamins
and minerals.
Diversity of the Amazon Basin #071101
This is the first study to show that the Andes have been a major source of diversity for the Amazon basin, one
of the largest reservoirs of biological diversity on Earth. The finding runs counter to the idea that Amazonian
diversity is the result of evolution only within the tropical forest itself. “Basically, the Amazon basin is
‘melting pot’ for South American frogs,” says graduate student Juan Santos, lead author of the study.
“Poison frogs there have come from multiple places of origin, notably the Andes Mountains, over many
millions of years. We have shown that you cannot understand Amazonian biodiversity by looking only in the
basin. Adjacent regions have played a major role.”
Allergies #071104
Allergies are abnormal immune system reactions to things that are typically harmless to most people. When
you’re allergic to something, your immune system mistakenly believes that this substance is harmful to your
body. Substances that cause allergic reactions — such as certain foods, dust, plant pollen, or medicines — are
known as allergens. In an attempt to protect the body, the immune system produces IgE antibodies to that
allergen. Those antibodies then cause certain cells in the body to release chemicals into the bloodstream, one
of which is histamine. The histamine then acts on a person's eyes, nose, throat, lungs, skin, or gastrointestinal
tract and causes the symptoms of the allergic reaction. Future exposure to that same allergen will trigger this
antibody response again. This means that every time you come into contact with that allergen, you'll have an
allergic reaction.
Standard English #071109
At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the relationship between standard and nonstandard language is,
evidently, still an uncertain one. We are at a transitional point between two eras. We seem to be leaving an era
when the rules of Standard English, as elected and defined by prescriptive grammarians, totally conditioned our
sense of acceptable usage, so that all other usages and varieties were considered to be inferior or corrupt, and
excluded from serious consideration. And we seem to be approaching an era when nonstandard usages and
varieties, previously denigrated or ignored, are achieving a new presence and respectability within society,
reminiscent of that found in Middle English, when dialect variation in literature was widespread and
uncontentious. But we are not there yet. The rise of Standard English has resulted in a confrontation between
the standard and nonstandard dimensions of the language which has lasted for over 200 years, and this has
had traumatic consequences Which will take some years to eliminate. Once people have been given an
inferiority complex about the way they speak or write, they find it difficult to shake off.
Charles Darwin #071111
Charles Darwin knew intuitively that tropical forests were places of tremendous intricacy and energy. He and his
cohort of scientific naturalists were awed by the beauty of the Neotropics, where they collected tens of
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thousands of species new to science. But they couldn't have guessed at the complete contents of the rainforest,
and they had no idea of its value to humankind.
Sustainable transportation system #071114
A sustainable transportation system is one in which people needs and desires for access to jobs, commerce,
recreation, culture and home are accommodated using a minimum of resources. Applying principles of
sustainability to transportation will reduce pollution generated by gasoline-powered engines, noise, traffic
congestion, land devaluation, urban sprawl, economic segregation, and injury to drivers, pedestrians and
cyclists. In addition, the costs of commuting, shipping, housing and goods will be reduced.
Ultimately in a sustainable San Francisco, almost all trips to and within the City will be on public transit, foot or
bicycle-as will a good part of trips to the larger Bay Region. Walking through streets designed for pedestrians
and bicycles will be more pleasant than walking through those designed for the automobile. Street-front retail
and commercial establishments will prosper from the large volume of foot traffic drawn to an environment
enhanced by trees, appropriately designed “street furniture,” (street lights, bicycle racks, benches, and the
like) and other people. Rents and property costs will be lowered as land for off-street parking is no longer
required or needed.
Good looks win votes #071117
It is tempting to try to prove that good looks win votes, and many academics have tried. The difficulty is that
beauty is in the eye of the beholder, and you cannot behold a politician’s face without a veil of extraneous
prejudice getting in the way. Does George Bush possess a disarming grin, or a facetious smirk? It’s hard to
find anyone who can look at the president without assessing him politically as well as physically.
Conservancy #071118
To qualify as a conservancy, a committee must define the conservancy’s boundary elect a representative
conservancy committee, negotiate a legal constitution, prove the committee’s ability to manage funds, and
produce an acceptable plan for equitable distribution of wildlife-related benefits. Once approved, registered
conservancies acquire the rights to a sustainable wildlife quota, set by the ministry.
Wind #071122
The world’s atmosphere is forever on the move. Wind is air in motion. Sometimes air moves slowly, giving a
gentle breeze. At other times it moves rapidly, creating gales and hurricanes. gentle or fierce, wind always starts
in the same way. As the sun moves through the sky, it heats up some parts of the sea and land more than
others. The air above these hot spots is warmed, becomes lighter than the surrounding air, and begins to rise.
Elsewhere, cool air sinks, because it is heavier. Winds blow because air squeezed out by sinking, cold air is
sucked in under rising, warm air. Winds will blow wherever there is a difference in air temperature and pressure,
always flowing from high to low pressure. Some winds blow in one place, and have a local name - North
America’s chinook and Frances mistral. Others are part of a huge circulation pattern that sends winds over the
entire globe.
Two sentiments #071123
Over the last ten thousand years there seem to have been two separate and conflicting building sentiments
throughout the history of towns and cities. One is the desire to start again, for a variety of reasons: an
earthquake or a tidal wave may have demolished the settlement, or fire destroyed it, or the new city marks a
new political beginning. The other can be likened to the effect of a magnet: established settlements attract
people, who tend to come whether or not there is any planning for their arrival. The clash between these two
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sentiments is evident in every established city unless its development has been almost completely accidental or
is lost in history. Incidentally, many settlements have been planned from the beginning but, for a variety of
reasons, no settlement followed the plan. A good example is Currowan, on the Clyde River in New South Wales,
which was surveyed in the second half of the 19th century, in expectation that people would come to establish
agriculture and a small port. But no one came. Most country towns in New South Wales started with an original
survey whose grid lines are still there today in the pattern of the original streets.
Paris is very old #071124
Paris is very old—there has been a settlement there for at least 6000 years and its shape has been determined
in part by the River Seine, and in part by the edicts of France’s rulers. But the great boulevards we admire
today are relatively new, and were constructed to prevent any more barricades being created by the rebellious
population; that work was carried out in the middle 19th century. The earlier Paris had been in part a maze of
narrow streets and alleyways. But You can imagine that the work was not only highly expensive, but caused
great distress among the half a million or so residents whose houses were simply razed, and whose
neighbourhoods disappeared. What is done cannot usually be undone, especially when buildings are torn down
.
Significance of instinct #071125
What is the significance of instinct in business? Does a reliable gut feeling separate winners from losers? And is
it the most valuable emotional tool any entrepreneur can possess? My observations of successful company
owners lead me to believe that a highly analytical attitude can be a drawback. At critical junctures in
commercial life, risk-taking is more an act of faith than a carefully balanced choice. Frequently, such moments
require decisiveness and absolute conviction above all else. There is simply no time to wait for all the facts, or
room for doubt. A computer program cannot tell you how to invent and launch a new product. That journey
involves too many unknowns, too much luck - and too much sheer intuition, rather than the infallible logic that
machines deliver so well. As Chekhov said: “An artist’s flair is sometimes worth a scientist’s brains” -
entrepreneurs need right-brain thinking. When I have been considering whether to buy a company and what
price to offer, I have been blinded too often by reams of due diligence from the accountants and lawyers.
Usually it pays to stand back from such mountains of grey data and weigh up the really important issues-and
decide how you feel about the opportunity.
Global Textile Industry #071127
The environmental impact of the global textile industry is hard to overstate. One-third of the water used
worldwide is spent fashioning fabrics. For every ton of cloth produced, 200 tons of water is polluted with
chemicals and heavy metals. An estimated 1 trillion kilowatt-hours of electricity powers the factories that card
and comb, spin and weave, and cut and stitch materials into everything from T-shirts to towels, leaving behind
mountains of solid waste and a massive carbon footprint.
“Where the industry is today is not really sustainable for the long term,” says Shreyaskar Chaudhary, chief
executive of Pratibha Syntex, a textile manufacturer based outside Indore, India.
With something of an “if you build it, they will come” attitude, Mr.Chaudhary has steered Pratibha toward the
leading edge of eco-friendly textile production. Under his direction, Pratibha began making clothes with
organic cotton in 1999. Initially, the company couldn't find enough organic farms growing cotton in central
India to supply its factories. To meet production demands, Chaudhary's team had to convince conventional
cotton farmers to change their growing methods. Pratibha provided seeds, cultivation instruction, and a
guarantee of fair- trade prices for their crops. Today, Pratibha has a network of 28,000 organic cotton growers
across the central states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Orissa.
Wagonways in Germany #071133
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Roads of rails called Wagonways were being used in Germany as early as 1550. These primitive railed roads
consisted of wooden rails over which horse-drawn wagons or carts moved with greater ease than over dirt
roads. Wagonways were the beginnings of modern railroads.
By 1776, iron had replaced the wood in the rails and wheels on the carts. Wagonways evolved into Tramways
and spread throughout Europe. Horses still provided all the pulling power. In 1789, Englishman, William Jessup
designed the first wagons with flanged wheels. The flange was a groove that allowed the wheels to better grip
the rail, this was an important design that carried over to later locomotives.
Joseph Engelberger #071137
Joseph Engelberger, a pioneer in industrial robotics, once remarked “I can't define a robot but I know one
when I see one” If you consider all the different machines people call robots, you can see that it's nearly
impossible to come up with a comprehensive definition. Everybody has a different idea of what constitutes a
robot.
Two siblings #071138
No two siblings are the same, not even identical twins. Parents often puzzle about why their children are so
different from one another. They’ ll say, I brought them up all the same. They forget that what determines our
behaviour isn't what happens to us but how we interpret what happens to us, and no two people ever see
anything in exactly the same way.
Music in ancient Egypt #071140
Music was as important to the ancient Egyptians as it is in our modern society Although it is thought that music
played a role throughout the history of Egypt, those that study the Egyptian writings have discovered that
music seemed to become more important in what is called the ‘pharaonic’ period of their history. This was
the time when the Egyptian dynasties of the pharaohs were established (around 3100 BCE) and music was
found in many parts of every day Egyptian life.
Dictatorship #071143
Dictatorship is not a modern concept. Two thousand years ago, during the period of the Roman Republic,
exceptional powers were sometimes given by the Senate to individual dictators such as Sulla and Julius Caesar.
The intention was that the dictatorship would be temporary and that it would make it POSSIBLE to take swift
and effective action to deal with an emergency. There is some disagreement as to how the term should be
applied today. Should it be used in its original form to describe the temporary exercise of emergency powers?
Or can it now be applied in a much broader sense-as common usage suggests?
Bees food #071144
Bees need two different kinds of food. One is honey made from nectar, which actually is a fluid that is collected
in the heart of the flowers to encourage pollination by insects and other animals. Secondly, come from pollen, it
is fine powdery substance in yellow, consisting of microscopic grains stored from the male part of a flower or
from a male cone. It contains a male gamete that can fertilize the female ovule, which is transferred by wind,
insects or other animals.
Let us go with the honeybee from her flower to the hive and see what happens. Most bees gather only pollen
or nectar. As she sucks nectar from the flower, it is stored in her special honey stomach ready to be transferred
to the honey-making bees in the live.
How to make cloth #071146
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About 10,000 years ago, people learned how to make cloth. Wool, cotton, flax, or hemp was first spun into a
thin thread, using a spindle. The thread was then woven into a fabric. The earliest weaving machines probably
consisted of little more than a pair of sticks that held a set of parallel threads, called the wrap, while the cross-
thread, called the weft was inserted Later machines called looms had roads that separated the threads to allow
the weft to be inserted more easily. a piece of wood, called the shuttle, holding a spool of thread, was passed
between the separated threads. The basic principles of spinning and weaving have stayed the same until the
present day though during the industrial revolution of the 18th century many ways were found of automating
the processes. With new machines such as the spinning mule, many threads could be spun at the same time,
and, with the help of devices like the flying shuttle, broad pieces of cloth could be woven at great speed.
Seminars #071148
Seminars are not designed to be mini-lectures. Their educational role is to provide an opportunity for you to
discuss interesting and/or difficult aspects of the course. This is founded on the assumption that it is only by
actively trying to use the knowledge that you have acquired from lectures and texts that you can achieve an
adequate understanding of the subject. If you do not understand a point it is highly unlikely that you will be the
only person in the group in that position; you will invariably be undertaking a service for the entire group if you
come to the seminar equipped with questions on matters which you feel you did not fully understand. The
seminar is to provoke discussion .
Hard work #071149
It is important to emphasize the need for hard work as an essential part of studying law, because far too many
students are tempted to think that they can succeed by relying on what they imagine to be their natural ability,
without bothering to add the expenditure of effort. To take an analogy some people prefer the more or less
instant gratification which comes from watching television adaptation of a classic novel to the rather more
laborious process of reading the novel itself. Those who prefer watching television to reading the book are less
likely to study law successfully, unless they rapidly acquire a taste for text-based materials.
Retirement #071151
For a start, we need to change our concept of 'retirement', and we need to change mind-sets arising from
earlier government policy which, in the face of high unemployment levels, encouraged mature workers to take
early retirement. Today, government encourages them to delay their retirement.
We now need to think of retirement as a phased process, where mature age workers gradually reduce their
hours, and where they have considerable flexibility in how they combine their work and non work time.
We also need to recognise the broader change that is occurring in how people work, learn, and live.
Increasingly we are moving away from a linear relationship between education, training, work, and retirement,
as people move in and out of jobs, careers, caregiving, study, and leisure. Employers of choice remove the
barriers between the different segments of people's lives, by creating flexible conditions of work and a range of
leave entitlements. They take an individualised approach to workforce planning and development so that the
needs of employers and employees can be met simultaneously. This approach supports the different transitions
that occur across the life course - for example, school to work, becoming a parent, becoming responsible for
the care of older relatives, and moving from work to retirement.
Distance learning #071154
Distance learning can be highly beneficial to a large variety of people from young students wanting to expand
their horizons to adults looking for more job security. with programs that allow learners of all ages to take
courses for fun, personal advancement and degrees, distance learning can meet the needs of a diverse
population.
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Perhaps one of the most notable and often talked about advantages of distance learning is the flexibility the
majority of programs allow students to learn when and where it's convenient for them. For those who are
struggling to balance their distance learning goals with working a fulltime job and taking care of a family this
kind of flexibility can allow many people to pursue education who would not otherwise be able to do so. Since
there are no on-campus courses to attend, students can learn from their own homes, at work on their lunch
breaks and from virtually anywhere with internet access. For some it can even be a big source of savings on the
fuel costs and time required to commute to classes.
Computational thinking #071155
Developing computational thinking helps students to better understand the world around them. many of us
happily drive a car without understanding what goes on under the bonnet. So is it necessary for children to
learn how to program computers? After all, some experts say coding is one of the human skills that will become
obsolete as artificial intelligence grows. Nevertheless, governments believe coding is an essential skill. Since
2014, the principles of computer programming have featured on England's curriculum for children from the age
of five or six, when they start primary school. While not all children will become programmers, Mark Martin, a
computing teacher at Sydenham High School, London, argues that they should learn to understand what makes
computers work and try to solve problems as a computer might.
Papal reform #071156
Since the last papal reform, several proposals have been offered to make the Western calendar more useful or
regular Very few reforms, such as the rather different decimal French Republican and Soviet calendars, had
gained official acceptance, but each was put out of use shortly after its introduction.
The speech of alchemy #071158
To learn the speech of alchemy, an early form of chemistry in which people attempted to turn metals into gold,
it helps to think back to a time when there was no science: no atomic number or weight, no periodic chart no
list of elements. to the alchemists the universe was not made of leptons, bosons, gluons, and quarks. Instead it
was made of substances, and one substance-say, walnut oil-could be just as pure as another-say, silver-even
though modern scientists would say one is heterogeneous and the other homogeneous. Without knowledge of
atomic structures, how would it be possible to tell elements from compounds?
Australia’s dwelling #071160
The stock of Australia's dwellings is evolving, with current homes having more bedrooms on average than
homes ten years ago. At the same time, households are getting smaller on average with decreasing proportions
of couple families with children and increasing couple only and lone person households. This article examines
the changes in household size and number of bedrooms from 1994-95 to 2003-04.
The narrative of law #071161
The narrative of law and order is located fundamentally at the level of individual guilt and responsibility.
Criminal acts are seen as individual issues of personal responsibility and culpability, to which the state responds
by way of policing, prosecution, adjudication and punishment.
This is but one level at which crime and criminal justice can be analysed. The problem is that so often analysis
ends there, at the level of individual action, characterised in terms of responsibility, guilt, evil.
In few other areas of social life does individualism have this hold. To take but one instance, it would be absurd
to restrict analysis of obesity, to individual greed. It should similarly be widely seen as absurd to restrict analysis
of criminal justice issues to the culpability of individuals.
Interdisciplinary Centre #071162
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A new interdisciplinary centre for the study of the frontiers of the universe, from the tiniest subatomic particle
to the largest chain of galaxies, has been formed at The University of Texas at Austin. The Texas Cosmology
Centre will be a way for the university's departments of Astronomy and Physics to collaborate on research that
concerns them both “This centre will bring the two departments together in an area where they overlap--in
the physics of the very early universe,” said Dr. Neal Evans, Astronomy Department chair. Astronomical
observations have revealed the presence of dark matter and dark energy, discoveries that challenge our
knowledge of fundamental physics. And today's leading theories in physics involve energies so high that no
Earth-bound particle accelerator can test them. They need the universe as their laboratory Steven Weinberg,
Nobel laureate and professor of physics at the university, called the Centre's advent”(干扰选项movement)a
very exciting development “for that department.
Foreign policy #071163
The foreign policy of a state, it is often argued, begins and ends with the border. No doubt an exaggeration,
this aphorism nevertheless has an element of truth. A state's relation with its neighbours, at least in the
formative years, are greatly influenced by its frontier policy, especially when there are no settled borders.
Empire builders in the past sought to extend imperial frontiers for a variety of reasons; subjugation of kings and
princes to gain their allegiance (as well as handsome tributes or the coffers of the state), and, security of the
'core' of the empire from external attacks by establishing a string of buffer states in areas adjoining the
frontiers. The history of British empire in India was no different. It is important to note in this connection that
the concept of international boundaries (between two sovereign states), demarcated and delineated, was yet to
emerge in India under Mughal rule.
Film #071164
Film is where art meets commerce. As Orson Welles said “A painter just needs a brush and the writer just
needs a pen, but the producer needs an army.” And an army needs money; a producer is just like an
entrepreneur, we raise money to make films. First we need to find an original idea or a book or a play and
purchase the rights, then we need money to develop that idea, often a reasonably small sum. Besides, to
commission a writer for the screenplay isn't something you would want to gamble your own money on, so you
find a partner. We are lucky here in the UK, as we have Film4, BBC Films and the UK Film Council, all of which
are good places to develop an idea. Producing in Britain is very different to producing in America or even
Europe because the economic dynamic is different.
Nutrition scientists #071166
Since nutrition scientists are constantly making new discoveries, we need to revise our recommendations for
healthy eating from time to time. However, nutrition is an art as well as a science. It's an art because it requires
creativity to develop a healthy eating plan for people who differ in their food preferences, beliefs and culture,
let alone in their nutritional needs according to their genes and life stage. As we discover more about how our
genes and our environment interact, it's becoming increasingly difficult to provide a single set of dietary
recommendations that will be suitable for everyone.
Debt-for-developing exchanges #071167
Books and articles highlighting intractable debt, poverty and development abound in both the academic and
popular literature. This addition to the debate is both timely and interesting as it subsumes the economic
debate to the broader social, political, environmental and institutional context of debt in developing countries.
Debt-for-Development Exchanges: History and New Applications is intended for a wide audience including:
academics from a range of disciplines (including accounting and finance); non-Government organisations
(NGOs); civil society groups; and, both debtor and creditor governments and public sector organization.
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Professor Ross Buckley, author and editor has developed an international profile in the area of debt relief and
this book is the outcome of an Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery grant to explore debt-for
development mechanisms that relieve debt, improve development outcomes from aid, are practically and
politically attractive to creditors and contribute to regional security.
Intelligence of animals #071168
Comparing the intelligence of animals of different species is difficult, how do you compare a dolphin and a
horse? Psychologists have a technique for looking at intelligence that does not require the cooperation of the
animal involved. The relative size of an individual's brain is a reasonable indication of intelligence. Comparing
across species is not as simple an elephant will have a larger brain than a human simple because it is a large
beast, instead we use the Cephalization index, which compare the size of an animal's brain to the size of its
body.
Based on the Cephalization index, the brightest animals on the planet are humans, followed by great apes,
porpoises and elephants. As a general rule, animals that hunt for a living (like canines) are smarter than strict
vegetarians (you don't need much intelligence to outsmart a leaf of lettuce). Animals that live in social groups
are always smarter and have large EQ's than solitary animals.
Integrate sales activities #071170
Organisations need to integrate their sales activities more both internally and with customers' needs according
to a new book co-authored by an academic at the University of East Anglia. The book addresses how sales can
help organisations to become more customer oriented and considers how they are responding to challenges
such as increasing competition, more demanding customers and a more complex selling environment.
Many organisations are facing escalating costs and a growth in customer power, which makes it necessary to
allocate resources more strategically. The sales function can provide critical customer and market knowledge to
help inform both innovation and marketing. However, the authors say that within the industry there is still
uncertainty about the shape a future sales team should take, how it should be managed, and how it fits into
their organisations business model.
Northern spotted owls #071171
Our analysis of the genetic structure of northern spotted owls across most of the range of the subspecies
allowed us to test for genetic discontinuities and identify landscape features that influence the subspecies’
genetic structure. Although no distinct genetic breaks were found in northern spotted owls, several landscape
features were important in structuring genetic variation. Dry, low elevation valleys and the high elevation
Cascade and Olympic Mountains restricted gene flow, while the lower Oregon Coast Range facilitated gene
flow, acting as a “genetic corridor.” The Columbia River did not act as a barrier, suggesting owls readily fly
over this large river. Thus, even in taxa such as northern spotted owls with potential for long-distance dispersal,
landscape features can have an important impact on gene flow and genetic structure.
Progressive enhancement #071175
Progressive enhancement is a design practice based on the idea that instead of designing for the least capable
browser, or mangling our code to make a site look the same in every browser, we should provide a core set of
functionality and information to all users, and then progressively enhance the appearance and behaviour of the
site for users of more capable browsers. It's very productive development practice instead of spending hours
working out how to add drop shadows to the borders of an element in every browser, we simply use the
standards-based approach for browsers that support it and don't even attempt to implement it in browsers that
don’t. After all, the users of older and less capable browsers wont know what they are missing. The biggest
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challenge to progressive enhancement is the belief among developers and clients that websites should look the
same in every browser. As a developer, you can simplify your life and dedicate your time to more interesting
challenges if you let go of this outdated notion and embrace progressive enhancement.
Language comes naturally #071179
Language comes so naturally to us that it is easy to forget what a strange and miraculous gift it is. All over the
world members of our species fashion their breath into hisses and hums and squeaks and pops and listen to
others do the same. We do this, of course, not only because we like the sounds but because details of the
sounds contain information about the intentions of the person making them. We humans are fitted with a
means of sharing our ideas, in all their unfathomable vastness. When we listen to speech, we can be led to think
thoughts that have never been thought before and that never would have occurred to us on our own. Behold,
the bush burned with fire, and the bush was not consumed. Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.
Emma Woodhouse, handsome, clever, and rich, with a comfortable home and happy disposition, seemed to
unite some of the best blessings of existence. Energy equals mass times the speed of light squared. I have
found it impossible to carry the heavy burden of responsibility and to discharge my duties as King without the
help and support of the woman I love.
Chemistry #071180
Chemistry is an extremely important topic in physiology. Most physiological processes occur as the result of
chemical changes that occur within the body. These changes include the influx/efflux of ions across a neuron’s
membrane, causing a signal to pass from one end to the other. Other examples include the storage of oxygen
in the blood by a protein as it passes through the lungs for usage throughout the body.
SpaceX Dragon Capsule #071182
SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket lifted off from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on Friday at 1845 GMT (1445 EDT), reaching
orbit 9 minutes later.
The rocket lofted an unscrewed mockup of SpaceX’s Dragon capsule, which is designed to one-day carry both
crew and cargo to orbit. “This has been a good day for SpaceX and a promising development for the US
human space flight programme,” said Robyn Ringuette of SpaceX in a webcast of the launch.
In a teleconference with the media on Thursday, SpaceX’s CEO, Paypal co-founder Elon Musk, said he would
consider the flight 100 percent successful if it reached orbit. “Even if we prove out just that the first stage
functions correctly, I’d still say that’s a good day for a test,” he said. “It’s a great day if both stages work
correctly.”
SpaceX hopes to win a NASA contract to launch astronauts to the International Space Station using the Falcon
9. US government space shuttles, which currently make these trips, are scheduled to retire for safety reasons at
the end of 2010.
Experience of Crime #071183
Crime is an integral part of everyday life. It is a prominent feature in the news and is a popular subject for
frictional portrayal. Most students commencing legal studies will have some experience of crime, whether
directly, as a victim of crime or indirectly through exposure to media coverage. This means that most offenses
covered on the syllabus, such as murder, theft and rape will be familiar terms. This tends to give students the
impression that they know more about criminal law than they do about other subjects on the syllabus. This can
be a real disadvantage in terms of the academic study of criminal law because it tends to lead students to rely
on preconceived notions of the nature and scope of the offenses and to reach instinctive, but often legally
inaccurate, conclusions. It is absolutely essential to success in criminal law that you put aside any prior
knowledge of the offenses and focus on the principles of law derived from statutes and cases. By doing this you
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will soon appreciate just how much difference there is between everyday conceptions of crime and its actuality.
History Books #071189
What history books tell us about the past is not everything that happened, but what historians have selected.
They cannot put in everything: choices have to be made. Choices must similarly be made about which aspects
of the past should be formally taught to the next generation in the shape of school history lessons. So, for
example, when a national school curriculum for England and Wales was first discussed at the end of the 1980s,
the history curriculum was the subject of considerable public and media interest. Politicians argued about it;
people wrote letters to the press about it; the Prime Minister of the time, Margaret Thatcher, intervened in the
debate. Let us think first about the question of content. There were two main camps on this issue – those who
thought the history of Britain should take pride of place, and those who favored what was referred to as 'world
history'.
Online campus #071191
Remember when universities were bursting at the seams with students sitting in the aisles, balancing books on
their knees? No more, it seems. E-learning is as likely to stand for empty lecture theatres as for the internet
revolution, which has greatly increased the volume and range of course materials available online in the past
five years. "The temptation now is to simply think, 'Everything will be online so I don't need to go to class'," said
Dr Kerri-Lee Krause, of the Centre for the Study of Higher Education at the University of Melbourne. The
nation's universities are in the process of opening the doors for the new academic year and, while classes are
generally well attended for the early weeks, it often does not last.
"There is concern at the university level about student attendance dropping and why students are not coming
to lectures," Dr Krause said. But lecturers' pride - and fierce competition among universities for students - mean
few are willing to acknowledge publicly how poorly attended many classes are.
Arbitration #071196
Arbitration is a method of conflict resolution which, with more or less formalized mechanisms, occurs in many
political and legal spheres. There are two main characteristics to arbitration. The first is that it is a voluntary
process under which two parties in conflict agree between themselves to be bound by the judgment of a third
party which has no other authority over them; the judgment, however, is not legally binding. The second is that
there is usually no clear body of law or set of rules that must apply; the arbitrator is free, subject to any prior
agreement with the conflicting parties, to decide on whatever basis of justice is deemed suitable.
The United Nations #071197
The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945. Due to its unique international character,
and the powers vested in its founding Charter, the organization can take action on a wide range of issues and
provide a forum for its 193 Member States to express their views, through the General Assembly, the Security
Council, the Economic and Social Council and other bodies and committees.
The work of the United Nations reaches every corner of the globe. Although best known for peacekeeping,
peacebuilding, conflict prevention and humanitarian assistance, there are many other ways the United Nations
and its System (specialized agencies, funds and programmes) affect our lives and make the world a better
place.
Children sleep patterns #071198
Children have sound sleep patterns. They can successfully sleep for 8-9 hours and get up at a fixed time. But
teenagers don’t. Their need of early start to schools or other schedules can influence their sleep patterns.
Despite these factors, they actually need longer sleep time.
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Politics and International Relations #071199
This course provides students with an in-depth understanding of the exciting disciplines of politics and
international relations and commerce. Students will learn about the workings of political institutions in
countries around the world and explore the complex field of relations between nations. Topics in governance,
public policy, public administration, national security, border control and commerce ensure that students
receive a broad and current education in the range of issues which are covered under the label of politics and
international relations and commerce.
In addition to acquiring specialist knowledge and competencies in Politics and International Relations and
Commerce, students will graduate with a range of generic skills such as critical thinking, enhanced
communication abilities, problem solving and strong capacities to work with others. They will also develop
ethically based and socially responsible attitudes and behaviors.
Job of Doctor #071200
In the fast-changing world of modern healthcare, the job of a doctor is more and more like the job of a chief
executive. The people who run hospitals and physicians' practices don't just need to know medicine. They must
also be able to balance budgets, motivate a large and diverse staff and make difficult marketing and legal
decisions.
The Origin of Music #071201
Music is an important part of our lives. We connect and interact with it daily and use it as a way of projecting
our self-identities to the people around us. The music we enjoy – whether it’s country or classical, rock n’ roll
or rap – reflects who we are.
But where did music, at its core, first come from? It’s a puzzling question that may not have a definitive
answer. One leading researcher, however, has proposed that the key to understanding the origin of music is
nestled snugly in the loving bond between mother and child.
In a lecture at the University of Melbourne, Richard Parncutt, an Australian-born professor of systematic
musicology, endorsed the idea that music originally spawned from ‘motherese’ – the playful voices mothers
adopt when speaking to infants and toddlers.
As the theory goes, increased human brain sizes caused by evolutionary changes occurring between one and
2,000,000 years ago resulted in earlier births, more fragile infants and a critical need for stronger relationships
between mothers and their newborn babies.
According to Parncutt, who is based at the University of Graz in Austria, ‘motherese’ arose as a way to
strengthen this maternal bond and to help ensure an infant’s survival.
Delegation #071203
The process of delegation comprises the decision to delegate, the briefing, and the follow-up. At each of these
points, anticipate the potential problems. When you delegate, you are delegating the right to perform an action
, you are delegating the right to make decisions. It is important to be flexible, as the person to whom you
delegate may have a better and faster way of completing a job than you. Despite all these, you retain the
overall responsibility. It is helpful to others if you can provide constructive feedback on their performance.
Sociology #071204
Sociology is the study of human societies. It is usually classed as one of the social sciences and was established
as a subject in the late 18th century.
However, the subject has only really gained acceptance as an academic subject in the 20th century through the
work of writers such as Emile Durkheim, Max Weber and Talcott Parsons. One name that you may have heard of
- Karl Marx - has probably done more to stimulate people's interest in the subject than anyone else, even
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though he lived and wrote in a period before Sociology became fully established as an academic discipline.
Sociology, therefore, has a reasonably long history of development although in Britain it has only been in the
last 30 - 40 years that Sociology as an examined subject in the education system has achieved a level of
prominence equivalent to or above most of the other subjects it is possible to study. At present, approximately
40,000 students sit an A-level Sociology exam, making it one of the most popular A-levels in our society.
Australian women novelist #071206
In the literary world, it was an accepted assumption that the 1970s was a time of unprecedented growth in
homegrown Australian fiction. And everybody was reading and talking about books by young Australian
women.
But it was not until recently that a researcher was able to measure just how many novels were published in that
decade, and she found that there had been a decline in novels by Australian writers overall, but confirmed an
increase in women’s novels. It is this sort of research - testing ideas about literary history - that is becoming
possible with the spread of ‘Digital Humanities.’ The intersection of Humanities and digital technologies is
opening up opportunities in the fields of literature, linguistics, history and language that [were not possible]
without computational methods and digitized resources to bring information together in an accessible way.
Transcription software is being developed for turning scans of books and documents into text, as the field of
digital humanities really takes off.
The New Book on Kiwi #071207
A Massey ecologist has teamed up with a leading wildlife photographer to produce the definitive book on New
Zealand’s national bird, the kiwi. Kiwi: A Natural History was written by Dr Isabel Castro and features
photographs by Rod Morris. Dr Castro has been working with kiwi since 1999, with a focus on their
behaviour. “I’ve specifically been looking at the sense of smell that kiwi uses when foraging, but also in their
interactions with their environment and other kiwi,” she says. The book covers all aspects of kiwi, from their
evolution, prehistory and closest relatives to their feeding and breeding behaviour and current conservation
issues, making this the perfect introduction for anyone with an interest in these fascinating birds. The book is
the second title in a new series on New Zealand’s wildlife, targeted at a family readership.
Teens Writing #071208
Teens write for a variety of reasons—as part of a school assignment, to get a good grade, to stay in touch with
friends, to share their artistic creations with others or simply to put their thoughts to paper (whether virtual or
otherwise). In our focus groups, teens said they are motivated to write when they can select topics that are
relevant to their lives and interests, and report greater enjoyment of school writing when they have the
opportunity to write creatively. Having teachers or other adults who challenge them, present them with
interesting curricula and give them detailed feedback also serves as a motivator for teens. Teenagers also
compose their writings for the adults who can understand them.
Omniscience #071209
Omniscience may be a foible of men, but it is not so of books. Knowledge, as Johnson said, is of two kinds, you
may know a thing yourself, and you may know where to find it. Now the amount which you may actually know
yourself must, at its best, be limited, but what you may know of the sources of information may, with proper
training, become almost boundless. And here come the value and use of reference books—the working of one
book in connexion with another—and applying your own intelligence to both. By this means we get as near to
that omniscient volume which tells everything as ever we shall get, and although the single volume or work
which tells everything does not exist, there is a vast number of reference books in existence, a knowledge and
proper use of which is essential to every intelligent person. Necessary as I believe reference books to be, they
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can easily be made to be contributory to idleness, and too mechanical a use should not be made of them.
Language Deficit of UK Students #071210
This is a challenging time for UK students, and we should be making their transition from university to the
globalized world easier, not harder. The British Academhy has voiced its concern over the growing language
deficit for some years, and the gloomy statistics speak for themselves. We need decisive action if we are to
remedy this worsening situation.
The roots of the problem lie within schools, but Vice-Chancellors have the power to drive change and help their
students recognize the importance of learning languages, and about the countries where they are spoken and
the cultures they sustain. We urge them to act and protect this country’s long term economic, social and
cultural standing.
DNA is a Molecule #071211
DNA is a molecule that does two things. First, it acts as the hereditary material, which is passed down from
generation to generation. Second, it directs, to a considerable extent, the construction of our bodies, telling our
cells what kinds of molecules to make and guiding our development from a single-celled zygote to a fully
formed adult. These two things are of course connected. The DNA sequences that construct the best bodies are
more likely to get passed down to the next generation because well-constructed bodies are more likely to
survive and thus to reproduce. This is Darwin’s theory of natural selection stated in the language of DNA.
The Lumière Brothers #071212
Our sense of cinema as a site of commercial entertainment can be traced back to the Lumière brothers. In
December 1895 they attracted a fee-paying public in Paris to sit and watch flickering images on an illuminated
screen. The commercial Pandora’s Box they opened was to blossom in a few years into a world cinema
industry and, at its peak, the fantastical Hollywood. Yet in the 30 years in which this miraculous construction
was accomplished, audiences rarely had to listen to films, only watch them. Hence, the early decades of cinema
were characterised by the title ‘silent’. In fact, there was a lot of noise, machinery, audiences, musicians and
commentators. Even so, the absence of the human voice and dialogue make the films seem rather strange
when viewed by a modern audience.
Bones and joints #071213
Bones are extremely strong. One of their main functions is to protect organs. For example, the skull protects the
brain and forms the shape of the face. The spinal cord, a pathway for messages between the brain and the
body, is protected by the backbone, or spinal column. The ribs form a cage that shelters the heart and lungs,
and the pelvis helps protect the bladder, part of the intestines, and in women, the reproductive organs.
Joints are where two bones meet. They make the skeleton flexible — without them, movement would be
impossible. Three kinds of freely movable joints play a big part in voluntary movement: Hinge joints allow
movement in one direction, as seen in the knees and elbows. Pivot joints allow a rotating or twisting motion,
like that of the head moving from side to side. Ball-and-socket joints allow the greatest freedom of movement.
The hips and shoulders have this type of joint, in which the round end of a long bone fits into the hollow of
another bone.
Headless Horseman #071214
As the world changes into the future, each day bringing new, astonishing technology advances, our society runs
the risk of becoming not only Washington Irving’s headless horseman, but also a heartless horseman...…
connection…… available… … collectively…
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Daniel Harris #071215
Daniel Harris, a scholar of consumption and style, has observed that until photography finally supplanted
illustration as the “primary means of advertising clothing” in the 1950s, glamour inhered less in the face of
the drawing, which was by necessity schematic and generalized, than in the sketch’s attitude, posture, and
gestures, especially in the strangely dainty positions of the hands. Glamour once resided so emphatically in the
stance of the model that the faces in the illustrations cannot really be said to have expressions at all, but angles
or tilts. The chin raised upwards in a haughty look; the eyes lowered in an attitude of introspection; the head
cocked at an inquisitive or coquettish angle: or the profile presented in sharp outline, emanating power the
severity like an emperor’s bust embossed on a Roman coin.
Emerald #071216
Emerald is defined by its green color. To be an emerald, a specimen must have a distinctly green color that falls
in the range from bluish green to green to slightly yellowish green. To be an emerald, the specimen must also
have a rich color. Stones with weak saturation or light tone should be called “green beryl.” If the beryl‘s
color is greenish blue then it is an “aquamarine.” If it is greenish yellow it is “heliodor”.
This color definition is a source of confusion. Which hue, tone, and saturation combinations are the dividing
lines between "green beryl" and "emerald"? Professionals in the gem and jewellery trade can disagree on where
the lines should be drawn. Some believe that the name "emerald" should be used when chromium is the cause
of the green color, and that stones colored by vanadium should be called "green beryl."
Calling a gem an "emerald" instead of a "green beryl" can have a significant impact upon its price and
marketability. This "color confusion" exists within the United States. In some other countries, any beryl with a
green color - no matter how faint - is called an "emerald."
Natural Capital #071217
Capital has often been thought of narrowly as physical capital – the machines, tools, and equipment used in the
production of other goods, but our wealth and wellbeing also relies on natural capital. If we forget this, we risk
degrading the services that natural ecosystems provide, which support our economies and sustain our lives.
These services include purifying our water, regulating our climate, reducing flood risk, and pollinating our
crops.
A Bad Title #071218
A good story may be given a bad title by its author, and so started toward failure. Novices are peculiarly liable
to this fault, usually through allowing themselves to be too easily satisfied. They go to infinite pains to make
the story itself fresh and individual, and then cap it with a commonplace phrase that is worse than no title at all.
A good title is apt, specific, attractive, new, and short.
A title is apt if it is an outgrowth of the plot—a text, as I have said. It stands definitely for that particular story,
and gives a suggestion of what is to come—but only a suggestion, lest it should anticipate the denouement
and so satisfy the curiosity of the reader too soon.
Mass-communications #071219
Traditionally, mass-communications research has conceptualized the process of communication in terms of a

circulation circuit or loop. This model has been criticized for its linearity — sender/message/receiver — for its
concentration on the level of message exchange and for the absence of a structured conception of the different
moments as a complex structure of relations. But it is also possible and useful to think of this process in terms
of a structure produced and sustained through the articulation of linked but distinctive moments —
production, circulation, distribution/consumption, reproduction. This would be to think of the process as a
‘complex structure in dominance’, sustained through the articulation of connected practices, each of which,
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however, retains its distinctiveness and has its own specific modality, its own forms and conditions of existence.
Fresh Water #071220
Everybody needs fresh water. Without water people, animals and plants cannot live. Although a few plants and
animals can make do with saltwater, all humans need a constant supply of fresh water if they are to stay fit and
healthy. Of the total supply of water on the Earth, only about 3 percent of it is fresh, and most of that is stored
as ice and snow at the poles, or is so deep under the surface of the Earth that we cannot get to it. Despite so
much of the water being out of reach, we still have a million cubic miles of it that we can use. That's about
4,300,000 cubic kilometers of fresh water to share out between most of the plants, animals and people on the
planet.
Mini Helicopter #071221
A mini helicopter modelled on flying tree seeds could soon be flying overhead. Evan Ulrich and colleagues at
the University of Maryland in College Park turned to the biological world for inspiration to build a scaled-down
helicopter that could mimic the properties of full-size aircraft.
The complex design of full-size helicopters gets less efficient when shrunk, meaning that standard mini
helicopters expend most of their power simply fighting to stay stable in the air. The researchers realised that a
simpler aircraft designed to stay stable passively would use much less power and reduce manufacturing costs
to boot.
It turns out that nature had beaten them to it. The seeds of trees such as the maple have a single-blade
structure that allows them to fly far away and drift safely to the ground. These seeds, known as samaras, need
no engine to spin through the air, thanks to a process called autorotation. By analysing the behaviour of the
samara with high-speed cameras, Ulrich and his team were able to copy its design.
Population Change #071222
Populations can change through three processes: fertility, mortality, and migration. Fertility involves the
number of children that women have and is to be contrasted with fecundity (a woman's childbearing potential).
Mortality is the study of the causes, consequences, and measurement of processes affecting death to members
of the population. Demographers most commonly study mortality using the Life Table, a statistical device that
provides information about the mortality conditions (most notably the life expectancy) in the population.
Migration refers to the movement of persons from a locality of origin to a destination place across some
predefined, political boundary. Migration researchers do not designate movements 'migrations' unless they are
somewhat permanent. Thus demographers do not consider tourists and travellers to be migrating. While
demographers who study migration typically do so through census data on place of residence, indirect sources
of data including tax forms, and labour force surveys are also important.
Demography is today widely taught in many universities across the world, attracting students with initial
training in social sciences, statistics or health studies.
Taylor's Restaurant #071223
The rest of Taylor’s restaurant is student-run. Students in quantity food production and service management
classes make the articulate and detailed dishes. "We teach students to understand where a product comes from
and to respect that product," Garmy said.
Skeptics might doubt the quality of a student-run restaurant, but one visit to Taylor's will immediately change
their outlook. Dishes such as orecchiette and butternut squash, pappardelle with duck and bistro chicken will
please any appetite while imparting the need to return for a second taste.
Students are taught to use ratios and proportions rather than recipes when creating dishes.
"Understanding ratios and proportions when creating dishes instead of recipes makes students think and
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actually teaches them how to cook, rather than just reading a recipe and not learning from it," Garmy said.
Garmy said he believes in using all aspects of a product, which Taylor's menu reflects.
A giant turtle #071224
A giant turtle made from discarded plastic trash will greet visitors to the British Science Festival this week. The
plastic containers, bottles and cups were collected locally in Hull, where the event is taking place at the city’s
university. Standing 3.5m tall (11.5ft), the art installation was commissioned by the University of Hull with the
aim of raising awareness of plastic waste. Professor Dan Parsons, director of the university’s Energy and
Environment Institute, said: “Marine pollution is a mounting global challenge, which is already having
devastating consequences. “We have a duty to protect these fragile environments and the marine life and
ecosystems which we call home. The university has commissioned this installation as a physical reminder of
what is ending up in the oceans, but also to ask visitors to campus to stop and think what they could do to try
to reduce their own waste.”
Granular Materials #071225
Part of the fun of experimenting with granular materials, says Stephen W. Morris, is the showmanship. In one
stunt that he has demonstrated in settings ranging from high school classrooms to television studios, the
University of Toronto physicist loads clear plastic tubes with white table salt and black sand and starts them
rotating. What transpires in the tubes usually knocks the socks off of any unsuspecting bystander. Instead of
mixing into a drab gray sameness, the sand particles slowly separate into crisp black bands cutting across a
long, narrow field of salt. As the spinning continues, some bands disappear and new ones arise. "It's a parlor
trick," Morris says. Not to deny its entertainment value, this demonstration of how strangely granular materials
can behave is also an authentic experiment in a field both rich in fundamental physics and major practical
consequences. Yet granular mixing today remains more of an art than a science, says chemical engineer
Fernando J.
The Ironbridge Gorge #071226
The Ironbridge Gorge World Heritage property covers an area of 5.5 km2 (550ha) and is located in Telford,
Shropshire, approximately 50km north-west of Birmingham. The Industrial Revolution had its 18th century
roots in the Ironbridge Gorge before spreading across the world, bringing with it some of the most far-reaching
changes in human history. The site incorporates a 5km length of the steep-sided, mineral-rich Severn Valley
from a point immediately west of Ironbridge downstream to Coalport, together with two smaller river valleys
extending northwards to Coalbrookdale and Madeley. The Ironbridge Gorge offers a powerful insight into the
origins of the Industrial Revolution and also contains extensive and remains of that period when the area was
the focus of international attention from artists, engineers, and writers. The site contains substantial remains of
mines, foundries, factories, workshops, warehouses, iron masters' and workers' housing, public buildings,
infrastructure, and transport systems, together with traditional landscape and forests of the Severn Gorge. In
addition, there also remain extensive collections of artifacts and archives relating to the individuals, processes,
and products that made the area so important. 【2020.11.13更新，所有干扰项均为真实考试出现的干扰项】
Computer Simulation #071227
The purpose of this paper is to consider the claim, often made, that computer simulation exercises provide an
excellent source of speaking practice. In so doing I shall first consider the properties of computer simulations
from a theoretical point of view, then describe the experience of using a particular simulation with a general EFL
class. On the basis of this experience, and of some very straightforward pedagogical considerations, I shall
argue that the claim is justified, subject to a very important caveat: computer simulations can form the basis of
excellent speaking exercises, provided you do not expect the computer to do all the work. Put in another way,
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many computer simulations only attain their full potential as language exercises if they are integrated into a
larger, planned, teacher-managed activity.
Zika Virus #071228
Zika is more pernicious than public health officials anticipated. At present, it is circulating in more than 50
countries. And as of mid-May, seven countries or territories have reported cases of microcephaly or other
serious birth defects linked to the virus, which is transmitted by mosquito bite, blood transfusion or sexual
contact with an infected human. It can also be passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy.
Despite Zika’s vast range over almost 70 years, there is little genetic difference among the various strains,
according to an analysis by researchers at the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. For example, the
strain currently in the Americas and another previously detected in French Polynesia are practically
indistinguishable from each other (group in white box). If the virus has changed so little over time, why is it
rearing its ugly head now? Scientists are not sure yet, but new experimental work in mosquitoes suggests that
the virus was capable of causing detrimental health effects and outbreaks all along. Therefore, it is unlikely
mutations enabled new abilities. Instead public health officials probably did not understand Zika’s potential
because the virus circulated mostly in remote locations until recently.
Good Schools Guide #071229
A big rise in state schools rated among the best institutions in the country is revealed in the latest edition of
the Good Schools Guide. Middle-class parents facing financial pressures in the downturn are increasingly
looking beyond the private sector to educate their children. The 23-year-old Good Schools Guide – a popular
reference book for fee-paying families set on the best private school – has increased the number of state
schools in this year’s edition to 251, pushing the figure to more than a quarter of its 1,000 entries for the first
time. Explaining why the guide has more than doubled the number of schools it features outside the private
sector in only five years, Sue Fieldman, regional editor, told the Financial Times: “The parents we speak to want
more information on the state sector and the best it has to offer.
Agrarian Party #071230
Agrarian parties are political parties chiefly representing the interests of peasants or, more broadly, the rural
sector of society. The extent to which they are important, or whether they even exist, depends mainly on two
factors.
One, obviously, is the size of an identifiable peasantry, or the size of the rural relative to the urban population.
The other is a matter of social integration: For agrarian parties to be important, the representation of
countryside or peasantry must not be integrated with the other major sections of society. Thus, a country might
possess a sizeable rural population, but have an economic system in which the interests of the voters were
predominantly related to their incomes, rather than their occupations or location; and in such a country the
political system would be unlikely to include an important agrarian party.
Trinity Sport and Fitness #071231
Whether you want to exercise and stay healthy, train professionally with like-minded people, or indulge your
competitive streak, Trinity Sport and Fitness has it covered.
We've got a dedicated support development team on campus to support every student in taking part in sports.
You might want to participate in sports competitions volunteer with a local sports class or simply play for fun
with our social sport program.
Trinity fitness members of our public-facing sports facility will also entitle you to discounts when you are
booking a sports facility and fitness class. You will also get an opportunity to benefit from tailored personal
training, free activities events, and lots more.
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Underground Houses #071232
Underground houses have many advantages over conventional housing. Unlike conventional homes, they can
be built on steep surfaces and can maximise space in small areas by going below the surface.
In addition, the materials excavated in construction can be used in the building process. Underground houses
have less surface area so fewer building materials are used, and maintenance costs are lower. They are also
wind, fire and earthquake resistant, providing a secure and safe environment in extreme weather.
One of the greatest benefits of underground living is energy efficiency. The earth’s subsurface temperature
remains stable, so underground dwellings benefit from geothermal mass and heat exchange, staying cool in the
summer and warm in the winter. This saves around 80% in energy costs. By incorporating solar design this
energy bill can be reduced to zero, providing hot water and heat to the home all year round.
Lucy #071233
Lucy was a single hominid skeleton found in Ethopia. First, she was a bunch of broken fragments lying in
Ethopia. She was found by Donald Johanson and Tom Gray, who headed out to the area looking for rocks, and
then drove back. During that return journey, Johanson spotted a forearm bone, identified it — and then kept
looking, where the two found a huge set of bones that would eventually represent 40 per cent of the entire
skeleton.
The discovery was so important because it entirely upset our understanding of the process of evolution.
She showed that people had been wrong to think that we became intelligent before we stood up — Lucy and
her contemporaries were better suited for walking upright than we were, but appear to have been much less
intellectually advanced. That was important because it changed our understanding of the story of evolution,
implying that walking was one of the most important things in moving us towards our current state, and that
brainpower might not have been the most important thing.
Renewable energy #071234
Recently, due to concerns over pollution and the possibility that some sources of fuel might eventually run out
or become uneconomic to obtain, there has been much greater support for renewable sources of power, such
as wind or solar energy.
Renewable energy sources provide 25 percent of the electricity we use. unlike fossil fuels, they tend not to
produce any waste or significantly add to global warming by producing gases.
A Music Student #071235
A music student at the University of Salford who wrote a song in two weeks is celebrating after being featured
on a compilation album produced by Metropolis Studios.
Pop mega-stars including Adele, Michael Jackson and Sir Elton John have all recorded music at the world
famous Metropolis Studios.
Last year, the recording studios set about compiling an album called ‘Lost Songs’, which features songs from
relatively unknown musicians.
First year student Zak Taylor Fray decided to submit his song demo to be included in Volume Two of the Lost
Songs album which was released this year, after he saw how successful Volume One had been.
Zak 24, said: “I found this competition when simply searching the internet for songwriting competitions one
day, and was lucky that there was still time to enter. It amazes me that people who have worked with huge pop
stars thought my song was good and worth something."
Experience the museum #071236
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The best way to experience the museum is from the top floor down. One emerges from the elevators into a
spacious hallway. At some hours, museum staff members are giving small hands-on demonstrations of
techniques such as quillwork. These activities take place near wall cases filled with objects. These small surveys
of the museum’s vast holdings are called “Windows on the Collection”. Appearing on every floor in the halls
that overlook the rotunda, these display cases serve as a kind of visible storage, presenting a panoply of objects
and materials. Their arrangements are artistic, and their contents perhaps intentionally designed to jar the
visitor. For example, the largest case on the fourth floor displays animal imagery of all sorts. Older sculptures of
birds, mammals and sea creatures appear alongside witty contemporary works such as Larry Beck’s version of
a Yup’ik mask made of rubber tire treads and metal tools, and Jim Schoppert’s “Walrus Loves Baby Clams”
mask. Recently-made ivory carvings challenge the common distinction between so-called “authentic fine art”
and commodity (a distinction which may be passe in the academic world, but which still holds strong among
much of the general public).
Technology and education #071237
While workers worry about whether robots will take their jobs, teachers are wondering how to use education to
insulate the next generation from such a fate. This has worked before. When the last wave of automation swept
the developed world at the start of the 20th century, policymakers decided education was the answer. “If
machines were going to substitute for brawn”, they reasoned, “more people would need to use their
brains”. The US invested heavily in education, with good results. Workers reaped the benefits through better
jobs and higher wages. Economists Andrew McAfee and Erik Brynjolfsson summed it up like this: “The
industrial revolution started a race between technology and education — and, for most of the 20th century,
humans won that race.”
Children’s music choices #071238
The general perception is that children are surrounded by a variety of musical experiences. There are often
fewer and fewer opportunities for children to actively engage in music making themselves. They are inundated
with music emitting from a wide array of electronic devices, toys, and computers offering a limitless number of
musical selections. However, much of the music in children’s lives is “unchosen,” in other words they are
passive recipients in much of the music in their lives, and not actively engaged in its selection. They experience
background music in computer games, cartoons, TV shows, films, on iPads, radios, and ringtones. They listen to
music choices of their parents or siblings, and even the schools they attend often play music before the school
day begins or in classrooms while students are working. Studies are being conducted on the effects of the
ubiquitous pre-recorded music they encounter and whether or not it is intruding on their desire to make their
own music or interact with each other on the playground.
Mechanical engineering #071239
Mechanical engineering was at the heart of Taylor’s theorizing, providing the context for its development, the
world view by which it was sustained and, finally, the justification for its widespread application. Scientific
management aimed to analyse and control the activities of people in the same way that engineers analysed and
controlled machines. Central to Taylor’s system was the desire to rationalize and standardize production
techniques in the interests of economy, efficiency and mutual prosperity. His primary point of interest was the
individual worker pursuing individual goals and motivated by incentive payments. Undoubtedly Taylor’s view
of human motivation was somewhat simplistic and his apprehension of the significance of groups was limited
and generally negative.
Democratic Government #071240
The essential problem, as Rosenfeld sees it, is that democratic government is predicated on an aspiration to
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collective truth. Unlike older systems of aristocratic and monarchical rule, which excluded the people from
power and stressed the need for administrative secrecy, the new republics of the late 18th century, and the
more egalitarian mass democracies that succeeded them, depended on openness and trust between citizens
and rulers. Through the free discussion and united wisdom of the educated and the masses, errors would be
dispelled, “public knowledge” established and societies advanced. And yet, she points out, the reality has
never lived up to this powerful idea. From the outset, democratic societies contained vast inequalities of power
and education, and their media have always been driven by commercial and partisan imperatives. In practice,
instead of a free civil marketplace of ideas, politics has always been a vicious fight over the truth and the power
of determining it.
Globalization’s impact on education #071241
Forces of globalization have acted on education internationally, creating greater standardization in norms of
teaching and learning. There has always been considerable similarity between schools across context: the
curriculum, for example has been shown to be divided between language, mathematics, science and the arts in
a comparable way in schools around the world. Likewise, school buildings in terms of their architecture share
remarkable similarities internationally, as a result of shared patterns of teaching and learning (although facilities
and resources differ significantly.)
In recent years, globalization has created increased opportunities for the ‘borrowing’ of education policy and
practice, and generated further uniformity across national contexts. Nowhere has the internationalization of
education been more apparent than in the higher education sector. The move to the internationalization of
higher-education policy and practice was initially driven by increased student mobility, and the desire of
universities to attract students from overseas.
Fossil fuels #071242
But look beyond fossil fuels for the most intriguing trends. One is that the energy intensity of the world
economy - the amount of energy it takes to produce one dollar’s worth of income - keeps falling, at a rate of
about 2 percent. What this means is that even without any change in the relative shares of fossil-based and
fossil-free sources in the world’s energy mix, we could have 2 percent annual economic growth without
increasing carbon emissions from energy use. Of course that is not enough to address climate change and we
need more economic growth than that. It is nonetheless a stunning number, which refutes the claim by some
environmentalists that permanent economic growth is fundamentally incompatible with finite physical
resources.
Developed and developing countries #071243
At the end of the colonial era, as many new nations gained independence, relative levels of economic
development became an important criterion by which to distinguish between countries. The former colonial
powers and wealthier parts of the world generally became known as advanced industrial, or developed,
countries, while former colonies and poorer nations became known as less developed, or more positively,
developing countries. Critics of the uneven distribution of wealth across the globe highlighted the role which
wealth creation in some places had played in impoverishing poorer nations and, rather, described them as
actively underdeveloped. The question as to whether economic change is developing or underdeveloping
countries remains a vital issue, as the debate over sweatshops highlights.
Individual responses to colour #071244
Many tests have shown that, in a very broad way, people in most parts of the world have similar colour
preferences. Blue is the most preferred and popular hue, followed in order by red, green, purple, yellow and
orange. Overlaying this basic order of colour preference, however, are the responses of individuals, which of
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course vary widely and may also be very powerful. Children are likely to have strong preferences for some
colours and aversions to others, but sometimes will not admit to them, since outside factors may be influential
in determining both colour preferences and the way that they are expressed or suppressed. Current fashions in
clothes and accessories, gender-stereotyping and peer-group pressure may all play a significant part. Boys in
particular may be reluctant to admit to any strong preferences for colours other than those of favourite football
teams, because colour awareness may be regarded by their peer-group as feminine.
Migrating birds #071245
For birdwatchers in southern New Mexico, September can be highly entertaining. Good numbers of many
diverse species are on the move during this time, traveling southward from northern breeding grounds to
places they will spend the winter, and there’s always a chance that some rare or unusual bird will turn up. Key
to the flow of migrating birds through the area is our geography. Birds crossing over the southwest deserts
tend to follow north-south watercourses like the Rio Grande and/or corridors of relatively green vegetation,
whether that be cottonwoods and willows lining the valleys or the coniferous forests of the higher mountains.
Shorebirds, gulls, ducks and other birds that are closely associated with water typically follow the river
southward, unless a desert playa along the way happens to catch their eye and divert them. Migrating land
birds, on the other hand, are looking for places to stop and rest on the southward journey, where they can feed
on seeds, berries or insects to refuel for the next leg of their trip. Heading south out of Albuquerque, where the
surrounding high mountains and lush, wide cottonwood bosques offer an abundance of habitat, they reach our
area and are funneled into a relatively narrow sliver of foraging choices.
【考试的选段对上述文章有所改动，挖空暂无完全，希望大家补充其他挖空以及干扰项】
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Fill in the Blanks (R)

共 4-5 题，命中 1-4 题
备战策略
不要死记硬背，知其所以然更重要
当前趋势
题库稳定，
本次更新
#081096 老题重回，#081135 修改挖空与干扰项
Teenage daughter #081001
Your teenage daughter gets top marks in school, captains the debate team, and volunteers at a shelter for
homeless people. But while driving the family car, she text-messages her best friend and rear-ends another
vehicle.
How can teens be so clever, accomplished, and responsible-and reckless at the same time? Easily, according to
two physicians at Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School (HMS) who have been exploring the
unique structure and chemistry of the adolescent brain. "The teenage brain is not just an adult brain with fewer
miles on it," says Frances E. Jensen, a professor of neurology. "It's a paradoxical time of development. These are
people with very sharp brains, but they're not quite sure what to do with them."
Plainness #081002
Now that doesn't mean that plainness is the only good style, or that you should become a slave to spare,
unadorned writing. Formality and ornateness have their place, and in competent hands complexity can carry us
on a dizzying, breathtaking journey. But most students, most of the time, should striveto be sensibly simple,
and to develop a baseline style of short words, active verbs, and relatively simple sentences conveying clear
actions or identities. It's faster, it makes arguments easier to follow, it increases the chances a busy reader will
bother to pay attention, and it lets you focus more attention on your moments of rhetorical flourish, which I do
not advise abandoning altogether.
University Science #081003
University science is now in real crisis - particularly the non-telegenic, non-ology bits of it such as chemistry.
Since 1996, 28 universities have stopped offering chemistry degrees, according to the Royal Society of
Chemistry.
The society predicts that as few as six departments (those at Durham, Cambridge, Imperial, UCL, Bristol and
Oxford) could remain open by 2014. Most recently，Exeter University closed down its chemistry department,
blaming it on "market forces", and Bristol took in some of the refugees
The closures have been blamed on a fall in student applications, but money is a factor: chemistry degrees are
expensive to provide - compared with English, for example - and some scientists say that the way the
government concentrates research funding on a small number of top departments, such as Bristol, increases
the problem.
Sportswomen #081004
Sportswomen's records are important and need to be preserved. And if the paper records don't exist, we need
to get out and start interviewing people, not to put too fine a point on it, while we still have a chance. After all,
if the records aren't kept in some form or another, then the stories are lost too.
Reality #081006
Surely, the reality is what we think it is; reality is revealed to us by our experiences. To one extent or another,
this view of reality is one many of us hold, if only implicitly. I certainly find myself thinking this way in day-to-
day life; it's easy to be seduced by the face nature reveals directly to our senses. Yet, in the decades since the
first encountering Camus' Text, I've learned that modern science tells a very different story.
Ikebana #081007
More than simply putting flowers in a container, ikebana is a disciplined art form in which nature and humanity
are brought together. Contrary to the idea of a particolored or multicolored arrangement of blossoms, ikebana
often emphasizes other areas of the plant, such as its stems and leaves, and puts emphasis on shape, line, and
form.
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Though ikebana is an expression of creativity, certain rules govern its form. The artist's intention behind each
arrangement is shown through a piece's color combinations, natural shapes, graceful lines, and the implied
meaning of the arrangement.
Kashmiri #081008
Two decades ago, Kashmiri houseboat-owners rubbed their hands every spring at the prospect of the annual
influx of tourists. From May to October, the hyacinth-choked waters of Dal Lake saw flotillas of vividly painted
Shikaras carrying Indian families, boho westerners, young travelers and wide-eyed Japanese. Carpet-sellers
honed their skills, as did purveyors of anything remotely embroidered while the house boats initiated by the
British Raj provided unusual accommodation. Then, in 1989, separatists and Islamist militancy attacked and
everything changed. Hindus and countless Kashmiri business people bolted, at least 35,000 people were killed
in a decade, the lake stagnated, and the houseboats rotted. Any foreigners venturing there risked their lives,
proved in 1995 when five young Europeans were kidnapped and murdered.
Orchestra #081009
Away from the rumble of Shanghai's highways and the cacophony of the shopping districts, stroll down side
streets filled with rows of tall brick houses. In the early evening or on a weekend morning, you'll hear the sound
of classical music drifting from a piano, played by a 10-year old or a grandmother in her seventies. wander
down another alley toward concrete skyscrapers and you'll hear Beethoven or Mozart flowing from a violin, or
perhaps a cello, accordion or flute. In China, classical music is booming as mightily as the 1812 Overture.
Planes #081010
By 2025, government experts' say, America's skies will swarm with three times as" many planes, and not just the
kind of traffic flying today. There will be thousands of tiny jets, seating six or fewer, at airliner altitudes,
competing for space with remotely operated drones that need help avoiding mid air collisions, and with
commercially operated rockets carrying satellites and tourists into space.
Rampant Corruption #081012
The inevitable consequences include rampant corruption, an absence of globally competitive companies,
chronic waste of resources, rampant environmental degradation and soaring inequality. Above all, the
monopoly over power of an ideologically bankrupt communist party is inconsistent with the pluralism of
opinion on which a dynamic economy depends.
Child-Centric Mother #081015
The conducted study serves three objectives. The first objective is to reveal the values loaded to the child by the
child-centric mother's attitude and the effect of 5-6-year-old nursery school children on the purchasing
decision of families who belong to a high socio-economic class. The second objective is to develop a child
centricity scale and the third object is to examine the attitude and behavior differences between low child-
centric and high child-centric mothers. Analyzing the data gathered from 257 mother respondents, the
researchers have found that the lowest influence of the child upon the purchasing decisions of the family are
those which carry high purchasing risk and are used by the whole family, whereas the highest influence of the
child upon the purchasing decision of the family are the products with low risk used by the whole family.
Findings also reveal that there are statistically significant differences between the high child-centric and low
child-centric mothers regarding purchasing products that are highly risky and used by the whole family.
Kids Distinguish Commercial Ads #081019
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From a child's point of view, what is the purpose of TV advertising? Is advertising on TV done to give actors the
opportunity to take a rest or practice their lines? Or is it done to make people buy things? Furthermore, is the
main difference between programs and commercials that commercials are for real, whereas programs are not,
or that programs are for kids and commercials for adults? As has been shown several times in the literature
(e.g. Butter et al. 1981 Donohue, Henke, and Donohue 1980 Macklin 1983 and 1987 Robertson and Rossiter
1974 Stephens and Stutts 1982), some children are able to distinguish between programs and commercials
and are aware of the intent of TV advertising, whereas others are not.
Genius #081020
Genius, in the popular conception, is inextricably tied up with precocity-doing something truly creative, we're
inclined to think, requires the freshness and exuberance and energy of youth. Orson Welles made his
masterpiece, "Citizen Kane," at twenty-five. Herman Melville wrote a book a year through his late twenties,
culminating, at age thirty-two, with "Moby-Dick." Mozart wrote his breakthrough Piano Concerto No. 9 in E-
Flat-Major at the age of twenty-one. In some creative forms, like lyric poetry, the importance of precocity has
hardened into an iron law. How old was T. S. Eliot when he wrote "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" ("I grow
old . . . I grow old")? Twenty-three. "Poets peak young," the creativity researcher James Kaufman maintains.
Mihály Csíkszentmihályi, the author of "Flow," agrees: "The most creative lyric verse is believed to be that
written by the young." According to the Harvard psychologist Howard Gardner, a leading authority on
creativity, "Lyric poetry is a domain where talent is discovered early, burns brightly, and then peters out at an
early age."
Sustainable Job Growth #081021
"Sustainable Job Growth" is a motto for many governments, especially in the aftermath of a recession. The
problem of 'job quality' is less often addressed and may be seen as hindering job growth. The sentiment 'any
job is better than no job' may resonate with governments as well as people, especially in the context of high
unemployment. However, if the balance between improving the quality of existing jobs and creating new jobs
becomes greatly imbalanced towards the latter, this could increase work stress among current and future
workers, which in turn has health, economic and social costs. A recent British Academy Policy Centre Report on
Stress at Work highlights these concerns, and describes the context, determinants and consequences of work-
related stress in Britain.
Breton Language #081022
It is difficult to tell precisely when the Breton language was born. As early as the VIth century the new country
was established and known as “Lesser Britain”, but for many centuries its language remained close to the one
of Great Britain’s – very close even to the dialect spoken in the South West. The VIIIth century is the milestone
where Breton, Cornish and Welsh are considered as different languages.
Shark's Personalities #081024
Down the road, the study authors write, a better understanding of sharks' personalities may help scientists
learn more about what drives their choice of things like prey and habitat. Some sharks are shy, and some are
outgoing; some are adventurous, and some prefer to stick close to what they know, information that could
prove useful in making sense of larger species-wide behavior patterns.
Shark bite #081025
Shark bite numbers grew steadily over the last century as humans reproduced exponentially and spent more
time at the seashore. But the numbers have stabilized over the past five years as overfishing thinned the shark
population near shore and swimmers learned about the risks of wading into certain areas, Burgess said.
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Study space #081026
You can study anywhere. Obviously, some places are better than others. Libraries, study lounges or private
rooms are best. Above all, the place you choose to study should not be distracting. Distractions can build up,
and the first thing you know, you're out of time and out of luck. Make choosing a good physical environment a
part of your study habits.
Allure of book #081030
The allure of the book has always been negative and positive, for the texts and pictures between the covers
have helped many young readers to discover and grasp the world around them in a pleasurable and
meaningful way. But the allure has also enabled authors and publishers to prey upon young readers'
dispositions and desires and to sell them a menu that turns out to be junk food.
Statistical theory #081031
Statistical theory plays an important role in diverse aspects of society, … that benefit humanity. Statistical
analysis are ... initiated... // Manufacturers can improve their strain of products through the effective use of
statistical analysis in quality control.
Truancy #081032
In reality, however, the causes of truancy and non-attendance are diverse and multifaceted. There are as many
triggers of non-attendance as there are non-attenders. Each child has her own uniquestory, and whilst there
may often be certain identifiable factors in common, each non-attending child demands and deserves an
individual response, tailored to meet her individual needs. This applies equally to the 14-year-old who fails to
attend school because a parent is terminally ill, the overweight 11 -year-old who fails to attend because he is
embarrassed about changing for PE in front of peers, the 15-year-old who is 'bored' by lessons, and to the
seven-year-old who is teased in the playground because she does not wear the latest designer-label clothes
Australia and New Zealand #081035
Australia and New Zealand have many common links. Both countries were recently settled by Europeans, are
predominantly English speaking and in that sense, share a common cultural heritage. Although in close
proximity to one another, both countries are geographically isolated and have small populations by world
standards. They have similar histories and enjoy close relations on many fronts.
In terms of population characteristics, Australia and New Zealand have much in common. Both countries have
minority indigenous populations, and during the latter half of the 20th century have seen a steady stream of
migrants from a variety of regions throughout the world. Both countries have experienced similar declines in
fertility since the high levels recorded during the baby boom, and alongside this have enjoyed the benefits of
continually improving life expectancy. One consequence of these trends is that both countries are faced with an
ageing population, and the associated challenge of providing appropriate care and support for this growing
group within the community
Volcanoes #081036
Volcanoes blast more than 100 million tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere every year but the gas is
usually harmless. When a volcano erupts, carbon dioxide spreads out into the atmosphere and isn't
concentrated in one spot. But sometimes the gas gets trapped underground under enormous pressure. If it
escapes to the surface in a dense cloud, it can push out oxygen-rich air and become deadly
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Microorganism #081037
Although for centuries preparations derived from living matter were applied to wounds to destroy infection,
the fact that a microorganism is capable of destroying one of another species was not established until the
latter half of the 19th century. When Pasteur noted the antagonistic effect of other bacteria on the anthrax
organism and pointed out that this action might be put to therapeutic use
The sun and the moon #081038
In these distant times the sun was seen to make its daily journey across the sky. At night the moon appeared.
Every new night the moon waxed or waned a little and on a few nights it did not appear at all. At night the
great dome of the heavens was dotted with tiny specks of light. They became known as the stars. It was
thought that every star in the heavens had its own purpose and that the secrets of the universe could be
discovered by making a study of them. It was well known that there were wandering stars, they appeared in
different nightly positions against their neighbours and they became known as planets. It took centuries, in fact
it took millennia, for man to determine the true nature of these wandering stars and to evolve a model of the
world to accommodate them and to predict their positions in the sky.
Symbiosis #081039
Symbiosis is a general term for interspecific interactions in which two species live together in a long-term,
intimate association. In everyday life, we sometimes use the term symbiosis to mean a relationship that benefits
both parties. However, in ecologist-speak, symbiosis is a broader concept and can include close, lasting
relationships with a variety of positive or negative effects on the participants
Environmentalists #081041
Although environmentalists have been warning about this situation for decades, many other people are finally
beginning to realise that if we don't act soon it will be too late. The good news is that more and more
businesses and governments are beginning to understand that without a healthy environment the global
economy and everything that depends on it will be seriously endangered. And they are beginning to take
positive action.
Exams looming #081043
It's that time again! Exams looming, essays or reports outstanding and you wonder where the years gone
already. You start wondering how you're going to cope with it all. A limited amount of anxiety can help you to
be more motivated and more purposeful. It can help you to plan your work and to think more clearly and
logically about it. In other words, it can help you stay on top of things. Sit down at your desk and make a start
on writing down all the things you have to do to prepare for the exams.
Science Warns Global Warming #081044
You may well ask why science did not warn us of global warming sooner; I think that there are several reasons.
We were from the 1970s until the end of the century distracted by the important global problem of
stratospheric ozone depletion, which we knew was manageable. We threw all our efforts into it and succeeded
but had little time to spend on climate change. Climate science was also neglected because twentieth-century
science failed to recognize the true nature of Earth as a responsive self-regulating entity. Biologists were so
carried away by Darwin's great vision that they failed to see that living things were tightly coupled to their
material environment and that evolution concerns the whole Earth system with living organisms an integral part
of it. Earth is not the Goldilocks planet of the solar system sitting at the right place for life. It was in this
favourable state some two billion years ago but now our planet has to work hard, against ever increasing heat
from the Sun, to keep itself habitable. We have chosen the worst of times to add to its difficulties.
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Steven Pinker #081046
Steven Pinker, a cognitive psychologist best known for his book "The Language Instinct", has called music
"auditory cheesecake, an exquisite confection crafted to tickle the sensitive spots of at least six of our mental
faculties." If it vanished from our species, he said, "the rest of our lifestyle would be virtually unchanged."
Others have argued that, on the contrary, music, along with art and literature, is part of what makes people
human; its absence would have a brutalising effect. Philip Ball, a British science writer and an avid music
enthusiast, comes down somewhere in the middle. He says that music is ingrained in our auditory, cognitive
and motor functions. We have a music instinct as much as a language instinct, and could not rid ourselves of it
if we tried.
Just-in-time #081048
'Just-in-time' is a management philosophy and not a technique. It originally referred to the production of
goods to meet customer demand exactly, in time, quality and quantity, whether the 'customer' is the final
purchaser of the product or another process further along the production line. It has now come to mean
producing with minimum waste. 'Waste' is taken in its most general sense and includes time and resources as
well as materials
Wolf's Perspective #081049
From the wolf's perspective, this is clearly good news. But it also had beneficial effects on the ecology of the
park, according to a study published in 2004 by William Ripple and Robert Beschta from Oregon State
University. In their paper in Bio Science, the two researchers showed that reintroducing the wolves was
correlated with increased growth of willow and cottonwood in the park. Why? Because grazing animals such as
elk were avoiding sites from which they couldn't easily escape, the scientists claimed. And as the woody plants
and trees grew taller and thicker, beaver colonies expanded.
Colorful Poison Frogs #081051
Colorful poison frogs in the Amazon owe their great diversity to ancestors that leapt into the region from the
Andes Mountains several times during the last 10 million years, a new study from The University of Texas at
Austin suggests. This is the first study to show that the Andes have been a major source of diversity for the
Amazon basin, one of the largest reservoirs of biological diversity on Earth. The finding runs counter to the idea
that Amazonian diversity is the result of evolution only within the tropical forest itself. "Basically, the Amazon
basin is a melting pot for South American frogs," says graduate student Juan Santos, lead author of the study.
"Poison frogs there have come from multiple places of origin, notably the Andes Mountains, over many millions
of years. We have shown that you cannot understand Amazonian biodiversity by looking only in the basin.
Adjacent regions have played a major role
Children who skip school #081053
Children who skip school are increasingly on family holidays, government figures revealed today. fewer children
played truant this spring term compared with the spring term last year. Children missed 3m unauthorised days
of school last term, compared with 3.7m days of school in the same period last year.
But a hardcore group of truants - 6% of the school population - who account for more than three-quarters of
all those on unauthorised absence, are more likely to be on a family holiday than they were in the same period
last year.
Some 1.2% of all absence was for family holidays not agreed by their school last term, compared with 0.9% for
the same term last year. More than 60% of all absences were for illness, the same figure as last year.
Disadvantage in Early Childhood #081054
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Disadvantage in early childhood poses multiple risks to children's development. Factors such as low
socioeconomic status, long-term unemployment of parents, and social isolation may have lasting impacts on a
child's chance of reaching their full potential. Whilst not eliminating disadvantage, preschool education can
help to lessen the effects of these risk factors and can provide children with a better start to school. However,
some of these factors may also be barriers to preschool attendance for groups that would benefit most from
preschool education. In Australia, the early years of children's education is the responsibility of man
government and non-government agencies and it occurs in a range of settings. Preschool is aimed at children
around four years of age to prepare them for compulsory schooling from the age of six years. In most states
and territories, children can start full-time schooling at five years of age, when they enrol in a kindergarten or
preparatory year. In 2001, just over half of five-year olds (57%) were at school with about a third (34%)
attending preschool. While in some states and territories children can commence preschool before they turn
four, participation rates for three-year olds are much lower than four-year olds (24% compared with 56% for
four-year olds in 2001). The preschool participation rate of four-year olds in 2001 (56%) was similar to the rate
in 1991 (58%).
Lake Turkana #081056
Lake Turkana is a large lake in Kenya, East Africa. This part of Africa was home to some of the first humans.
Here, archaeologists have found piles of bones (both human and animal) and collections of stones that humans
used as tools. By carefully uncovering and examining these remains, scientists have started to put together the
story of our earliest ancestors. In 2001, a 4 million year-old skeleton was uncovered in the area. Although a link
between it and modern-day humans has not been established, the skeleton shows the species was walking
upright.
People need exercise #081057
One thing is certain. Most people do not get enough exercise in their ordinary routines. All of the advances of
modern technology - from electric can openers to power steering - have made life easier, more comfortable
and much less physically demanding. Yet our bodies need activity, especially if they are carrying around too
much fat. Satisfying this need requires a definite plan, and a commitment.
Radioactivity #081058
So why is it a concern? It is because radioactivity is invisible and unsensed, and for that reason is perceived as
scary. Nevertheless, we understand quite well the radiation levels to which people can be exposed without
harm, and those levels are orders of magnitude above the typical background levels.
Impressionist Painters #081061
Early impressionist painters were considered radical in their time because they broke many of the rules of the
picture-making that had been set by earlier generations. They found many of their subjects in life around them
rather than in history, which was then the accepted source of subject matter for paintings.
Health professionals #081063
People who visit health professionals tend to be older than the general population, because illness increases
with age. However, the proportion of the population who visited complementary health therapists was highest
between the ages 25 and 64 years. The lower rates for people aged 65 years and over contrasted with the rate
of visits to other health professionals which increased steadily with increasing age. The reasons for this
difference might include lower levels of acceptance of complementary therapies by older people. Alternatively,
older people may have different treatment priorities than do younger people because their health on average is
worse while their incomes are generally lower.
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Agrarian parties #081064
Agrarian parties are political parties chiefly representing the interests of peasants or, more broadly, the rural
sector of society. The extent to which they are important, or whether they even exist, depends mainly on two
factors.
One, obviously, is the size of an identifiable peasantry, or the size of the rural relative to the urban population.
The other is a matter of social integration: for agrarian parties to be important, the representation of
countryside or peasantry must not be integrated with the other major sections of society. thus a country might
possess a sizeable rural population, but have an economic system in which the interests of the voters were
predominantly related to their incomes, rather than their occupations or location; and in such a country the
political system would be unlikely to include an important agrarian party.
Concept of Culture #081065
Many people today think of culture in the way that it was thought of in Europe during the 18th and early 19th
centuries. This concept of culture reflected inequalities within European societies and their colonies around the
world. This understanding of culture equates culture with civilization and contrasts both with nature or non-
civilization. According to this understanding of culture, some countries are more civilized than others, and some
people are more cultured than others. Anything that doesn’t FIT into this category is labeled as chaos or
anarchy. From this perspective, culture is closely tied to cultivation, which is the progressive refinement of
human behavior.
In practice, culture referred to elite goods and activities such as haute cuisine, high fashion or haute couture,
museum-caliber art and classical music. The word cultured referred to people who knew about and took part in
these activities. For example, someone who used culture in this sense might argue that classical music is more
refined than music by working-class people, such as jazz or the indigenous music traditions of aboriginal
peoples.
Life changes #081067
Research has suggested that major stresses in our lives are life changes, for example, moving house, marriage
or relationship breakdown. Work-related factors, including unemployment and boredom, are also common
causes of stress. Differences in personality may also play a part.
People’s savings #081068
Friedman showed that, while people do save more when they earn more, it is only to spend later. Those in work
save against a time of sickness, unemployment or old age - but because the sick, unemployed and elderly
spend their savings, overall consumption does not fall as people get richer.
The United Nations Library #081070
The Dag Hammarskjold Library at United Nations Headquarters in New York is a library designated to facilitate
the work of the United Nations and focuses mainly on the needs of the UN Secretariat and diplomatic missions.
Anyone with a valid United Nations Headquarters grounds pass, including specialized agencies, accredited
media and NGO staff, is able to visit the library. Due to security constraints in place at the United Nations
Headquarters complex, the library is not open to the general public.
The amount of sleep #081071
The amount of sleep you need depends on many factors, especially your age. Newborns sleep between 16 and
18 hours a day and preschool children should sleep between 10 and 12 hours. Older children and teens need at
least nine hours to be well-rested. For most adults, seven to eight hours a night appears to the best amount of
sleep. However, for some people" enough sleep" may be as few as five hours or as many as 10 hours of sleep.
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As you get older, your sleeping patterns change. Older adults tend to sleep more lightly and awaken more
frequently in the night than younger adults. This can have many causes including medical conditions and
medications used to treat them. But there’s no evidence that older adults need less sleep than younger adults.
Getting enough sleep is important to your health because it boosts your immune system, which makes your
body better able to fight disease. Sleep is necessary for your nervous system to work properly. Too little sleep
makes you drowsy and unable to concentrate. It also impairs memory and physical performance.
So how many hours of sleep are enough for You? Experts say that if you feel drowsy during the day — even
during boring activities - you are not getting enough sleep. Also, the quality of sleep is just as important as
quantity. People whose sleep is frequently interrupted or cut short are not getting quality sleep.
If you experience frequent daytime sleepiness, even after increasing the amount of quality sleep you get, talk to
your doctor. He or she may be able to identify the cause of sleep problems and offer advice on how to get a
better night’s sleep.
Civil society and the market #081072
For too long we have held preconceived notions of ‘the’ market and ‘the’ state that were seemingly
independent of local societies and cultures. The debate about civil society ultimately is about how culture,
market and state relate to each other. Concern about civil society, however, is not only relevant to central and
eastern Europe and the developing world. It is very much of interest to the European Union as well. The Civil
Dialogue Initiated by the Commission in the 1990s was a first attempt by the EU to give the institutions of
society - and not only governments and businesses-a voice at the policy-making tables in Brussels. The EU, like
other international institutions, has a long way to go in trying to accommodate the frequently divergent
interests of non-governmental organizations and citizen groups. There is increasing recognition that
international and national governments have to open up to civil society institutions.
UW course description #081074
The UW course descriptions are updated regularly during the academic year. All announcements in the General
Catalog and Course Catalog are subject to change without notice and do not constitute an agreement between
the University of Washington and the student. Students should assume the responsibility of consulting the
appropriate academic unit or adviser for more current or specific information.
Plagiarism #081075
How is plagiarism detected? It is usually easy for lecturers to identify plagiarism within students work. The
University also actively investigates plagiarism in students’ assessed work through electronic detection
software called Turnitin. This software compares students work against text on the Internet, in journal articles
and within previously submitted work(from LSBU and other institutions)and highlights any matches it finds..
Plates #081077
In geologic terms, a plate is a large, rigid slab of solid rock. The word tectonics comes from the Greek root “to
build.” putting these two words together, we get the term plate tectonics, which refers to how the Earth’s
surface is built of plates. The theory of plate tectonics states that the Earth’s outermost layer is fragmented
into a dozen or larger and small plates that are moving relative to one another.
Psychology #081078
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Psychology as a subject of study has largely developed in the West since the late nineteenth century. During
this period there has been an emphasis on scientific thinking. Because of this emphasis, there have been many
scientific studies in psychology which explore different aspects of human nature. These include studies into
how biology (physical factors) influence human experience, how people use their senses (touch, taste, smell,
sight and hearing) to get to know the world, how people develop, why people behave in certain ways, how
memory works, how people develop language, how people understand and think about the world, what
motivates people, why people have emotions and how personality develops. These scientific investigations all
contribute to an understanding of human nature.
Climate #081079
Climate is the word we use for weather over a long period of time. The desert has a dry climate, because there
is very little rain, The UK has a temperate climate, which means winters are, overall, mild and summers,
generally don't get too hot.
The resultant force #081081
The overall result of two or more forces acting on an object is called the resultant force the resultant of two
forces is a single force, which has the same effect as the two forces combined. If two forces pull an object in
opposite directions, the size of the resultant can be found by subtracting one force from the other. If the forces
are equal, they balance each other.
Gun violence #081084
Exposure to gun violence makes adolescents twice as likely to perpetrate serious violence in the next two years,
according to a University of Michigan study. Researchers found there is a substantial cause and effect
relationship between exposure and perpetration of violence. Jeffrey B. Bingenheimer, a doctoral student in
health behaviour and health education, analysed five years of data from adolescents living in 78
neighbourhoods in Chicago. Bingenheimer is lead author on a paper in this week's journal Science.
Anthropologists #081086
It is commonly said by anthropologists that primitive man is less individual and more completely molded by his
society than civilized man. This contains an element of truth. Simpler societies are more uniform, in the sense
that they call for, and provide opportunities for, a far smaller diversity of individual skills and occupations than
the more complex and advanced societies. Increasing individualization in this sense is a necessary product of
modern advanced society and runs through all its activities from top to bottom. But it would be a serious error
to set up an antithesis between this process of individualization and the growing strength and cohesion of
society.
Most Respected Companies #081091
Look at the recent Most Respected Companies survey by the Financial Times. Who are the most respected
companies and business leaders at the current time? Rather predictably they are Jack Weich and General
Electric, and Bill Gates, and Microsoft. Neither has achieved their world class status through playing nice. Weich
is still remembered for the brutal downsizing he led his business throughand for the environmental pollution
incidents and prosecutions. Microsoft has had one of the highest profile cases of bullying market dominance of
recent times- and Gates has been able toachieve the financial status where he can choose to give lots of money
away by being ruthless in business.
National Gallery of Canada #081093
An exhibit that brings together for the first-time landscapes painted by French impressionist Pierre-Auguste
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Renoir comes to the National Gallery of Canada this June. The gallery in Ottawa worked with the National
Gallery of London and the Philadelphia Museum of Art to pull together the collection of 60 Renoir paintings
from 45 public and private collections.
Japan and China #081094
At times, a board stream of knowledge flowed from China to Japan. At other times, this transfer was halted on
one side or the other, and Japan developed on its own. But whether in isolation or not, Japan was always itself.
Everything that arrived from China was adapted to suit Japanese tastes and needs.
Material culture studies #081096
The study of objects constitutes a relatively new field of academic enquiry, commonly referred to as material
culture studies. Students of material culture seek to understand societies, both past and present, through
careful study and observation of the physical or material objects generated by those societies. The source
material for study is exceptionally wide, including not just human-made artefacts but also natural objects and
even preserved body parts (as you saw in the film 'Encountering a body’).
Some specialists in the field of material culture have made bold claims for its pre-eminence. In certain
disciplines, it reigns supreme. It plays a critical role in archaeology, for example, especially in circumstances
where written evidence is either patchy or non-existent. In such cases, objects are all scholars have to rely on in
forming an understanding of ancient peoples.
Even where written documents survive the physical remains of literate cultures often help to provide new and
interesting insights into how people once lived and thought, as in the case of medieval and post-medieval
archaeology. In analyzing the physical remains of societies, both past and present, historians, archaeologists,
anthropologists and others have been careful to remind us that objects mean different things to different
people.
National Portrait Gallery #081098
The National Portrait Gallery's Conservation Department performs one of the Gallery's core functions, the long-
term preservation of all Collection items, to make them accessible now and in future. The Collection dates from
the 8th century to the present day, and consists of portraits in a variety of media, so the gallery employs
Conservators with expertise in a range of disciplines, including Framing, Painting, Paper, Sculpture and
Photography.
Enigma #081099
And if the voice of an animal is not heard as a message but as art, interesting things start to happen: Nature is
no longer an alien enigma but something immediately beautiful, an exuberant opus with space for us to join in.
Bird melodies have always been called songs for a reason. As long as we have been listening, people have
presumed there is music coming out of those scissoring beaks.
What's music? #081100
What is music? In one sense, this is an easy question. Even the least musical among us can recognize pieces of
music when we hear them and name a few canonical examples. We know there are different kinds of music
and, even if our knowledge of music is restricted, we know which kinds we like and which kinds we do not.
Walt Disney World #081101
Walt Disney World has become a pilgrimage site partly because of the luminosity of its cross- cultural and
marketing and partly because its utopian aspects appeal powerfully to real needs in the capitalist society.
Disney’s marketing is unique because it captured the symbolic essence of childhood but the company has
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gained access to all public shows, comic books, dolls, apparels, and educational film strips all point to the parks
and each other.
Bach in Venice and Germany #081102
Those were his halcyon days, when his music was heard constantly in Venice and his influence blanketed
Europe. He spent much of his time on the road, performing and overseeing productions of his music. In
Germany, Bach studied Vivaldi's scores, copied them for performance and arranged some for other
instruments.
Folklore #081104
Folklore - A modern term for the body of traditional customs, superstitions, stories, dances, and songs that
have been adopted and maintained within a given community by processes of repetition not reliant on the
written word. Along with folk songs and folktales, this broad category of cultural forms embraces all kinds of
legends, riddles, jokes, proverbs, games, charms, omens, spells, and rituals, especially those of pre-literate
societies or social classes. Those forms of verbal expression that are handed on from one generation or locality
to the next by word of mouth are said to constitute an oral tradition.
First-year students #081105
For many first-year students, the University may be their first experience living away from home for an
extended period of time. It is a definite break from home. The individual's usual sources of support are no
longer present to facilitate adjustment to the unfamiliar environment.
Education and well-being #081106
Education and well-being have often been associated. The idea that education can promote individual well-
being indirectly, by improving earnings and promoting social mobility, is an old one; so are notions of
education helping to promote the good society by contributing to economic growth and equality of
opportunity.
Number and form #081107
Number and form are the essence of our world: from the patterns of the stars to the pulses of the market, from
the beats of our hearts to catching a ball or tying our shoelaces. Drawing on science, literature, history and
philosophy, and introducing geniuses from Alcibiades to Gauss, this inspiring book makes the mysteries of
maths accessible and its rich patterns brilliantly clear.
Linguistic Effect #081108
An important corollary of this focus on language as the window to legal epistemology is the central role of
discourse to law and other sociocultural processes. In particular, the ideas that people hold about how
language works (linguistic ideologies) combine with linguistic structuring to create powerful, often unconscious
effects. In recent years, linguistic anthropologists have made much progress in developing more precisely
analytic tools for tracking those effects.
Liquidity #081109
When people worry about a glut of liquidity, they are thinking of the first of these concepts. If money is too
abundant or too cheap, inflationary pressure may build up or bubbles may appear in financial markets — until
central banks tighten policy or market opinion suddenly changes. A slackening of economic activity or a drop in
asset prices can leave households, businesses and financial institutions in trouble if their balance sheets are not
liquid enough (the second concept) or if they cannot find a buyer for assets.
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Clones #081110
Clones of an Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) in the Bronx and other city spots grew to double the
biomass of clones planted outside small towns upstate or on Long Island, says Jillian Gregg, now of the
Environmental Protection Agency's western-ecology division in Corvallis, Ore. The growth gap comes from
ozone damage, she and her New York colleagues report.
Ozone chemists have known that concentrations may spike skyscraper high in city air, but during a full 24
hours, rural trees actually get a higher cumulative ozone exposure from urban pollution that blows in and
lingers. A series of new experiments now show that this hang-around ozone is the overwhelming factor in tree
growth, the researchers say in the July 10 Nature. "This study has profound importance in showing us most
vividly that rural areas pay the price for urban pollution," says Stephen P. Long of the University of Illinois at
Urbana- Champaign. "This work should be a wake-up call," he adds.
Coffee #081114
Coffee is enjoyed by millions of people every day and the 'coffee experience' has become a staple of our
modern life and culture. While the current body of research related to the effects of coffee consumption on
human health has been contradictory, a study in the June issue of Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and
Food Safety, which is published by the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT), found that the potential benefits of
moderate coffee drinking outweigh the risks in adult consumers for the majority of major health outcomes
considered.
Wrinkle Cure #081116
Barrie Finning's, a professor at Monash University’s college of pharmacy in Melbourne, and PhD student Anita
Schneider, recently tested a new wrinkle cure. Twice daily, 20 male and female volunteers applied a liquid
containing Myoxinol, a patented extract of okra (Hibiscus esculentus) seed, to one side of their faces. On the
other side they applied a similar liquid without Myoxinol. Every week for a month their wrinkles were tested by
self-assessment, photography and the size of depressions made in silicon moulds. The results were impressive.
After a month the depth and number of wrinkles on the Myoxinol-treated side were reduced by approximately
27 per cent. But Finnin’s research, commissioned by a cosmetics company, is unlikely to be published in a
scientific publication. It’s hard to even find studies that show the active ingredients in cosmetics penetrate the
skin, let alone more comprehensive research on their effects. Even when rigorous studies are commissioned,
companies usually control whether the work is published in the traditional scientific literature.
Chaucer’s Tales #081117
Chaucer’s Tales quickly spread throughout England in the early fifteenth century. Scholars feel The Canterbury
Tales reached their instant and continued success because of their accurate and oftentimes vivid portrayal of
human nature, unchanged through 600 years since Chaucer’s time. George Macy, founder of The Limited
Editions Club wrote on The Canterbury Tales.
Biological systems #081118
Since biological systems with signs of complex engineering are unlikely to have arisen from accidents or
coincidences, their organization must come from natural selection, and hence should have functions useful for
survival and reproduction in the environments in which humans evolved.
Fingerprint #081119
Fingerprints, referred to as “fingermarks” in forensics, are formed when residue from the ridged skin of the
fingers or palms is transferred onto a surface, leaving behind an impression. Fingermarks are often made of
sweat and colorless contaminatingmaterials such as soap, moisturizer and grease. These fingermarks are
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described as “latent” as they are generally invisible to the naked eye, which means that locating them at a
crime scene can be challenging.
Under-nutrition #081120
Under-nutrition and related diseases kill between 15 and 18 million people a year, the majority are children. At
least 500 million are chronically hungry. The tragic paradox of massive suffering amid global plenty traces in
part to widespread poverty, which denies access to food even where it piles high in village market.
Morality of the welfare state #081121
The morality of the welfare state depends on contribution and responsibility. Since some people don’t
contribute and many are irresponsible, the choices of those who do contribute and are responsible are either to
tolerate the free riders, refuse to pay for the effects of their irresponsibility or trust the state to educate them.
Can dogs tell our emotions? #081122
Can dogs tell when we are happy, sad or angry? As a dog owner, I feel confident not only that I can tell what
kind of emotional state my pets are in, but also that they respond to my emotions. Yet as a hard-headed
scientist, I try to take a more rational and pragmatic view. These personal observations seem more likely to
result from my desire for a good relationship with my dogs.
Two ‘Norths’ #081123
Mapping software works with your phone's GPS for the location and then the in-built compass finds north,
adjusting to the direction you're facing and pointing the way. But that's not easy because there are two 'norths'.
There's true north - which is the direction of the North Pole and which reliably stays put - and there's magnetic
north which, thanks to the flowing layer of molten iron in the Earth's outer core, has a habit of moving around.
Civilization after the Bronze Age #081124
I use the word civilization now for the first time, because before the Bronze Age--there is nothing that we
would define as civilization. Civilization involves the establishment of permanent dwelling areas that we call
cities, as opposed to villages. Agricultural villages will have existed all over the place in the late Stone Age, in
the Neolithic Period, as it is known. But there is a difference and the critical difference is that a city contains a
number of people who do not provide for their own support. That is to say, they don't produce food. They need
to acquire it from somebody else. Instead, they do various things like govern and are priests, and are
bureaucrats, and are engaged in other non-productive activities that depend upon others to feed them. That's
the narrowest definition of cities.
Ponzi Scheme #081125
比较短，三排，四个空，确定一个空是[postage] stamps 邮票的意思. 其他三个空失忆了。大概意思是讲了庞氏骗局是怎

么工作的，后半篇是讲“to [interest] 新投资人掏钱，去偿还之前投资者的利息”。Interest这里用作动词，应该是“吸引
新的投资人“的意思。
Business Etiquette #081127
Business etiquette in Australia, America and European ones of openness, blunt and transparent, but differs the
manners taken in Asia, which are less blunt, more hierarchical and less egalitarian, …… transparent……
Scientists’ work #081128
Scientists make observations, have assumptions, and do experiments. After these have been done, they get
their results. Then there is a lot of data from scientists. The scientists around the world have a picture of the
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world.
Wind Moving #081129
Wind is air moving around. Some winds can move as fast as a racing car, over 100 miles per hour. Winds can
travel around the world. Wind can make you feel cold because you lose heat from your body faster when it is
windy. Weather forecasters need to know the speed and direction of the wind. the strength of wind is
measured using the Beaufort scale from wind force when there is no wind, to wind force 12 which can damage
houses and buildings and is called hurricane force.
Pupil Charity #081130
My school in the city of London held a charity competition. In the community, I was voted as the chairman. We
raised £48,000 and I won the first place in the end. During this period, I learnt a lot and realised the importance
of tenacity and how to rouse other pupils' awareness.
Iceland Volcanic Events #081131
On average, Iceland experiences a major volcanic event once every 5 years. Since the Middle Ages, a third of all
the lava that has covered the earth's surface has erupted in Iceland. However, according to a recent geological
hypothesis, this estimate does not include submarine eruptions, which are much more extensive than those on
the land surface.
Exponential growth of the Internet #081132
The exponential growth of the internet was heralded, in the 1990s, as revolutionizing the production and
dissemination of information. Some people saw the internet as a means of democratizing access to knowledge.
For people concerned about African development, it seemed to offer the possibility of leapfrogging over the
technology gap separating Africa from advanced industrialized countries.
The Antarctic and the Arctic #081133
At the height of summer the Antarctic, tourist ships move gently around the coast. Even 30 years ago such
sights would have been unthinkable, but today people are willing to pay large sums of money to see the last
real wilderness in the world. In the Arctic, careless human exploitation in the past has damaged the fragile
ecosystem. Today concerned governments are trying to find ways to develop the region while caring for the
very special natural environment. Because the Antarctic is less accessible than the Arctic, it is still largely
undamaged by humans, although holes in the ozone layer above the Antarctic have already been discovered.
Many people believe that one way to preserve the area is to make the whole region into a world park, with
every form of exploitation internationally banned.
Australia’s Dwelling #081134
The stock of Australia's dwellings is evolving, with current homes having more bedrooms on average than
homes ten years ago. At the same time, households are getting smaller on average with decreasing proportions
of couple families with children and increasing couple only and lone person households. This article examines
the changes in household size and number of bedrooms from 1994–95 to 2003–04. It also looks at the types of
households with spare bedrooms and the size of recently purchased new homes compared with existing stock.
Shakespeare’s Works #081135
Shakespeare produced most of his works between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were mainly comedies and
histories, genres he raised to the peak of sophistication and artistry by the end of the 16th century. He then
wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, and Macbeth, considered some
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of the finest examples in the English language. In his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as
romances, and [collaborated] with other playwrights.
Utility #081136
Housing agencies pay the utility costs, generally because units in developments don’t have individual meters,
some buildings have individual meters, the family pays its own bills to the utility company, agencies will deduct
a utility from family’s rent.
Teacher's Response #081137
The casual observer does not necessarily recognise the skill in how a teacher, for instance, responds to a
thoughtful question from a normally quiet student and how that may be very different from the 'standard
response' to a commonly inquisitive or talkative student. Expert teachers are aware of what they are doing; they
monitor and adjust their teaching behaviors to bring out the best in their students.
Define a Robot #081138
Joseph Engelberger, a pioneer in industrial robotics, once remarked "I can't define a robot, but I know one
when I see one." If you consider all the different machines people call robots, you can see that it's nearly
impossible to come up with a comprehensive definition. Everybody has a different idea of what constitutes a
robot.
Coral Reefs #081139
Coral reefs support more marine life than any other ocean ecosystem and are, not surprisingly, a favorite
pursuit for many divers. But as well as being physically and biologically spectacular, coral reefs also support the
livelihoods of over half a billion people.
What is more, this number is expected to double in coming decades while the area of high-quality reef is
expected to halve. In combination with the very real threat of climate change, which could lead to increased
seawater temperatures and ocean acidification, we start to arrive at some quite frightening scenarios.
Telephone Networks #081140
Telephone networks are big and complex because the demand increase needs to function well in multiple
environments. Therefore, we need to forecast future development and use the stimulation system that are
greatly in use. 后面还有 profit，invention这些的
（非原文，但挖空确定）
Recommended Energy Intakes #081141
Recommended energy intakes are difficult to calculate even among individuals of the same age, sex, weight,
height and general pattern of activity. Therefore, the energy requirement for healthy people is often expressed
as the amount of energy needed to maintain the status quo.
Moths and Light #081142
Why are moths fatally attracted to the light? One solution is the old glib explanation that the moths are trying
to use the flame to navigate. This explanation does not tell us, however, why it is that in many species only
males are thus attracted, and in a few, only females. What's more, if moths need to navigate, they must be from
a migrating species. Yet most of the time such moths are not migrating. Indeed, most species do not migrate at
all and thus have no need of navigation.
Psychoanalytic and Behaviorist #081143
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Elements of both psychoanalytic and behaviorist theories appear in modern approaches to personality.
Advances in neuroscience have begun to bridge the gap between biochemistry and behavior, but there is still a
great deal that needs to be explained. Without a consistent understanding of personality, how can we begin to
categorize risk-takers? If we cannot, we will be unable to compare their genes with those of others.
Lithium #081144
The lightest of any solid element, lithium has, until now, played a modest role in industry. Silvery in color, and
softer than lead, it has been used mainly as an alloy of aluminum, a base for automobile grease, and in the
production of glass and ceramics. It is so unstable that it is never found in its pure form in nature. Lithium floats
on water—or, rather, it skitters wildly about, trailing a vapor cloud of hydrogen, until it dissolves.
Environmental Policy #081145
Thus, the environmental policy does not contribute to profitability in any real sense at all. In practice, it is
companies that are well organized and efficient, or that are already comfortably profitable, that have time to
establish environmental policies. This is confusing the cause with effect. It is not that environmental best
practice causes profitability, but that being profitable allows for concern for the environment.
Physical Activity #081146
Participating regularly in physical activity has been shown to benefit an individual's health and wellbeing.
Regular physical activity is important in reducing the risk of chronic diseases, such as heart disease and stroke,
obesity, diabetes and some forms of cancer. The National Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults recommend at
least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity, preferably every day of the week, to obtain health
benefits.
Private Schools in the UK #081147
Private schools in the UK are redoubling their marketing efforts to foreigners. Almost a third of the 68,000
boarding pupils at such schools already come from overseas. But now, with many UK residents unwilling or
unable to afford the fees and a cultural shift away from boarding, many schools are looking abroad to survive.
Overseas students now account for about £500m of fee income a year for boarding schools in the UK.
Secondary School #081148
Secondary school can be a lonely place for adolescents who don’t have a best friend or a group of trusted
friends. Young people will be more skilled in the art of making genuine friends (and keeping them) if they know
how to be assertive, are optimistic about life, have some basic social skills and have a relationship with a
parent/carer that includes honest talk.
Suez Canal #081149
Britain became the largest shareholder in the canal in 1875, purchasing its interest from the Egyptian khedive.
The Convention of Constantinople signed by the major European powers in 1888 keeps it open for free passage
to all nations in time of peace or war. Britain became the guarantor of the canal’s neutrality and management
was left to the Paris-based Suez Canal Co.
Wool Market #081150
The wool market was extremely important to the English medieval economy and wool dominated the English
export trade from the late thirteenth century to its decline in the late fifteenth century. Wool was at the
forefront of the establishment of England as a European political and economic power and this volume is the
first study of the medieval wool market in over 20 years. It investigates in detail the scale and scope of advance
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contracts for the sale of wool; the majority of these agreements were formed between English monasteries and
Italian merchants, and the book focuses on the data contained within them. The pricing structures and market
efficiency of the agreements are examined, employing practices from modern finance.
Class Attendance #081151
Because instructional methods, expected class participation, and the nature of the courses vary, no fixed
number of absences is applicable to all situations. Each instructor is responsible for making clear to the class at
the beginning of the semester his or her policies and procedures in regard to class attendance and the reasons
for them.
Concrete Jungle #081152
Spending too much time in the concrete jungle is bad for city dwellers' health and could have potentially
catastrophic consequences for the environment, conservation biologist Richard Fuller will argue during a
seminar at the University of Canberra today. Dr. Fuller, lecturer in biodiversity and conservation at the University
of Queens' and CSIRO, will explore the fact that although there's evidence that the well-being of humans
increases with exposure to our surrounding biodiversity, the opportunities for people to experience nature are
declining rapidly in the modern world.
Marine Turtles #081153
Of the world’s seven remaining species of marine turtles, almost all have been pushed to endangered levels.
Hunting, habitat loss, plastics pollution, climate change, and accidentally being caught in fishing nets continue
to threaten the existence of these large and long-living creatures. Shell Beach, named after the shells that form
its 90-mile extent, is a vital nesting ground for four of these marine turtle species.
Ice Storm #081154
Ice storm is a dangerous type of weather. An ice storm is formed by icy raindrops. …… a blackout during the
storm.
Word of Mouth #081155
The six programs represented here report that word of mouth is by far their most effective recruitment tool,
particularly because it typically yields candidates who are similar to previously successful candidates. Moreover,
satisfied candidates and school systems are likely to spread the word without any special effort on the part of
their program. Other, less personal advertising approaches, such as radio and television spots and local
newspaper advertisements, have also proven fruitful, especially for newer programs. New York uses a print
advertising campaign to inspire dissatisfied professionals to become teachers. Subway posters send
provocative messages to burned-out or disillusioned professionals. "Tired of diminishing returns? Invest in NYC
kids" was just one of many Madison Avenue-inspired invitations. News coverage has also proven to be a boon
to alternative programs. When the New York Times, for example, ran a story about the district’s alternative
route program, 2,100 applications flooded in over the next six weeks.
Critical thinking #081156
Critical thinking involves looking at something you may have seen many times and examining it from many
different angles and perspectives. It involves going beyond the obvious or beyond “easy” to seek new
understanding and rare solutions. It involves looking at common issues with uncommon eyes, known problems
with new skepticism, everyday conflicts with probing curiosity, and daily challenges with greater attention to
detail.views, new, curiosity, ideas, solutions
Portrait Gallery #081157
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London's National Portrait Gallery is currently celebrating the fifty-year career of photographer Sandra Lousada.
The twenty one portraits on display depict key figures in literature, film and fashion from the early 1960s,
subsequent to the acquisition of forty portraits by Lousada, the display at the National Portrait Gallery
highlights shots taken between 1960 and 1964, many of which feature in Lousada's book Public Faces Private
Places(2008). Formal commissioned portraits are shown alongside behind-the-scenes photographs taken on
film sets and unguarded portraits of sitters captured at home.
Musicals #081158
One of the most popular forms of theater is musical. Combining drama, dance and music, the musical has been
around for over a century, and in that time has kept pace with changing tastes and social conditions, as well as
advances in theater technology. Many modern musicals are known for their spectacular sets, lighting and other
effects.
Rudman #081159
Rudman looks at how a poor understanding of Maths has led historians to false conclusions about the
Mathematical sophistication of early societies. Rudman’s final observation – that ancient Greece enjoyed
unrivalled progress in the subject while failing to teach it at school – leads to a radical punchline: Mathematics
could be better learned after we leave school.
Predictions of weather #081160
All kinds of predictions may be about to get even more difficult thanks to climate change. Though no one is
sure exactly what its effects will be, it seems that extreme weather conditions such as storms and hurricanes are
likely to become more common. Such events have far-reaching effects on distant weather systems, making
general forecasting much harder.
Medicare #081161
It is understandable that the government would look outside of Medicare to get the efficiency-related changes
it wants . If Medicare was capable of delivering those changes, it would have already done so. Finding another
organisation that can deliver these services at a reduced cost with increased functionality, especially to the
consumer of these services, makes absolute sense.The objections to making such a move will be about the
potential loss of jobs from Medicare. Given how labour-intensive the current system is, this will be a genuine
concern, but one that is facing all industries dealing with modernisation through improved technology.
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Summarize Spoken Text

命中率：稳定优先级：高
基本全中！
备战策略
1. 增加听力实力，训练抓取关键信息的能力
2. 每周紧跟预测，掌握当下最新题目
当前趋势
零新增，零重回；但小心未来是否会有少量新题
本次更新
无
Sound Receptors 声音接收器 #111001
Sound receptors are small devices that are floppy and spiky in the ears. These receptors can
translate vibrational energy that hits your eardrum into a vibration of the fluid in your ears.
Then the physical motion of these receptors will be translated into electrical signals that go
into your ear. MIT students are invited to learn more about sound receptors, who would find
sound receptors remarkable.
中文逻辑梳理：
【定义】
声音接收器(sound receptors)是一种耳朵中蓬松又多刺(floppy and spiky)的小装置(small
devices)。
【工作原理】
声音接收器的工作原理：
· 首先，它先将来自外耳(coming from your ear)，打在鼓膜上(hurting your eardrum)的振动
能(vibrational energy)转换成为内耳中淋巴液的振动，即液波(a vibration into the fluid in
your ear)。
· 接下来，液波将会被转换成物理运动(physical motion)，而这些物理运动又会被进一步转换为
电信号(electrical signals)。
【引申】
麻省理工学院的学生(MIT students)被邀请学习更多关于声音接收器的知识，他们会发现这些声音接
受器的卓越(remarkable)之处。
British Environmental Law 英国环境法 #111002

Before we understand international environmental laws, we should understand the domestic
legislation in the UK first. Introduced by Charles II, the first environmental law in the UK was
ineffective due to the lack of enforcement despite good intentions. During the Industrial
Revolution, some industrialists used Adam Smith's model to maximize the benefit, which led
to the need for statutory controls on the discharge of pollutants.
在我们想了解国际环境法规(international environmental laws)之前，我们需要首先对英国国内的环
境法规(domestic legislations)进行了解。英国的环境法发展分为两个阶段：
1) 在查尔斯二世的时候
英国的首套环境法案(first environmental law in the UK)被颁布。这些法律虽然有好的保护环境意图
，但是没有效果(ineffective)，因为缺少强制性(the lack of enforcement)。
2) 在第二次工业革命期间(Industrial Revolution)
很多工业家使用亚当斯密的模型(Adam Smith's model)去最大化他们的利益，这个过程中产生了很
多污染物污染了环境。这使得英国需要(need)颁布一套更加有效果的环境法规来控制(statutory
controls)这些污染物的排放(discharge of pollutants)。
A Female Novelist 女小说家 #111005

The speaker wrote non-fiction for years but secretly wanted to be a novelist. Although she
took a detour in writing non-fiction, she had no regret at all because she thought it was the
right thing to do. Later she was inspired by a female novelist and started to write fiction.
Finally, she wrote the first chapter of her novel named "The Secret Life of Bees."
【起因】
早年间，这位演讲者写了多年非小说类作品(non-fiction)，但其实内心却渴望成为一名小说家
(novelist)。尽管她绕了弯路(took a detour)去写非小说类作品，但她丝毫不后悔(had no
regret)，因为她认为这样做是对的(right thing)。
【经过】
后来，她受到一位女小说家的启发(inspired by a female novelist)，开始写小说。
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【结果】
最后，她写了小说《蜜蜂的秘密生活》(The Secret Life of Bees)的第一章(first chapter)。
Citizenship curriculum 公民教育 #111007

While some schools have successfully implemented the citizenship curriculum, some schools
failed to take the citizenship curriculum seriously due to the lack of commitment from the
leaders, insufficient teacher training, and its uncertain place in the curriculum. From the
experience of those more committed schools, introducing citizenship is both worthwhile
and can be fulfilled, because citizenship can address core skills, attitudes, and values among
young people in a changing world.
【现象】
在推行公民教育课程的过程中，五分之一左右的学校并没有成功推行公民教育课程(failed to take it
seriously)。
【失败原因】
因为整个学校自上而下都没有彻底落实：
· 上到校领导没有重视(lack of commitment from the leaders)，
· 中到老师缺乏培训(insufficient teacher training)，
· 下到课程定位模糊(uncertain place in the curriculum)。
因此有人觉得公民教育行不通。
【对比成功的借鉴意义】
但其实，从成功案例中(successfully implemented)，我们可以证明:
· 公民教育课程的推行是完全可行的(can be fulfilled)，
· 而且是非常有意义的(worthwhile)，因为公民教育课程可以培养学生的三大方面：
§ 核心技能(core skills)
§ 态度(attitudes)
§ 价值观(values)
Biology, DNA & RNA 生物与DNA #111009

Biology provides profound insights into the world around us. All creatures on the earth are
similar and exceptionally related to each other. For example, all life forms rely on DNA and
RNA to store and transmit their genetic and inherited information, and they are all based on
cells which are fundamental building blocks of all organisms. These organisms conduct
metabolism and they also have similar basic chemistry.
生物这门科学为我们看世界提供了更加深刻的角度和洞察力(profound insights)，让我们发现虽然生
物的外在长相各不相同，但实际上所有的生物都互相相似(similar)并且互相息息相关(related to each
other)的。这是由三个角度观察到的：
1) 基因遗传
所有的生命体都依靠DNA和RNA去储存(store)和传递(transmit)它们的基因和遗传信息
(genetic and inherited information)。
2) 生命单位
所有的生命体都基于细胞(based on cells)作为有机生命体的基础构成单元。
3) 生命活动
这些有机生命体都进行着新陈代谢活动(metabolism)，并且它们有着相似的基础化学物质
(similar basic chemistry)。
Development Of Genes 基因五千年变化 #111012

The pace at which human minds have evolved has been rapid and the evolution of cognitive
function and perception can only occur in a small number of genes. Therefore, it is suspected
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that the genetic differences of cognitive functions between our ancestors and us are not as
large, which means a small number of genes may be responsible for the powerful minds
that humans now possess.
人类思想(human minds)进化(evolved)的速度(pace)非常快，而认知功能和知觉(cognitive function
and perception)的进化(evolution)其实只发生于少数基因(genes)中。
因此，我们推测：
· 祖先和我们(our ancestors and us)的认知功能基因差异(genetic differences of cognitive
functions)很小
· 少数基因(a small number of genes)决定了(be responsible for)人类现在拥有的强大头脑
(powerful mind)
Vitamin D 维他命D [V1：阳光维他命] #111013

Vitamin D, also called the sunshine vitamin, is a prohormone, which only works when people
have adequate sunlight exposure. Initially, human beings lived in tropical climates and had
sufficient skin exposure to sunlight, so there was no dietary need for vitamin D. However, as
humans migrated away from equatorial regions, they actually created a need for vitamin D in
food because the sunlight wasn't adequate, particularly during the winter.
维他命D(Vitamin D), 被称为“阳光维他命”(the sunshine vitamin)，因为如果你能接触到足量的阳
光(adequate sunlight exposure)的话，你根本就不需要摄入维他命D。其实维他命D并不是一种维他
命，而是一种激素原(prohormone)。所以：
1) 赤道地区(equatorial regions)
当人们住在赤道附近的时候，因为热带气候(tropical climates)带来了充足的阳光(sufficient
skin exposure to sunlight)，所以就没有要摄入维他命D的需求(no dietary need)；
2) 极地地区
当人们住在里赤道较远的地区时，因为阳光较少，尤其是在冬天(winter)的时候，所以人们就
需要通过食物的方式来摄入维他命D。
Talent War 人才之争 [V1 男声版人才最重要] #111015

There is intense competition to hire the most talented people. Now it is not the bosses’
world, but the talent’s world. We have a talent shortage both within countries and
between companies. Now countries are trying to lure bright young immigrants to their
universities. So, talent is a premium on many levels, which is due to the aging of baby
boomers and the more sophisticated economy.
【以前】
曾经的世界是由大公司主导的世界(the bosses’ world)，许多有才的年轻人想进入大公司却求而不
得，想移民到其他国家也是处处碰壁。
【现在】
现象：现在的世界，是以人才为主导的世界(the talents’ world)。各个国家都在想方设法吸引更多
优秀的移民人才，让他们来本地读大学，最后移民留下来(lure bright young immigrants to their
universities)，各大公司之间也有非常激烈的人才竞争。
原因：因为新生儿潮的族群逐步老龄化(the aging of baby boomers)，经济结构变得更加成熟
(sophisticated economy)了。
【结论】
所以，在社会的各个层面我们都不难发现：人才是最重要的。
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Talent War 人才之争 [V2 女声版三大成因] #111016
There are three reasons why we are seeing war for talent. The first reason is the increase in
demand, as the nature of the economy is changing which requires more intellectual skills.
The second reason is the shortage of supply of talented people because baby boomers are
aging, and populations are shrinking globally. The third reason is the mismatch between
what education provides and what the economy needs.
【现象】
90年代末期，人才之争激烈。
【原因】
1) 原因1
其实，根本原因是经济泡沫破碎(the burst of the economic bubble)。
2) 原因2
婴儿潮人群逐渐老龄化(the aging of baby boomers)，说明成熟有能力的一代劳动力正在逐
步老去、退休，市场出现巨大的人才漏洞；
3) 原因3
同时因为学校教的知识与人才市场所需要的技术并不接轨(mismatch)，从而出现“大量毕业生
没工作，但公司依然稀缺人才”的窘境。
【结论】
因此，培养出(市场需要的人才)非常重要！(put a premium on talent)
Unfair trade 不公平贸易 #111017

注：网站提供音频为“近似音频”，仅供考生提前熟悉相关词汇。真实考题内容请见下方参考答案：
The speaker talks about the global economy. He is concerned that the global economy has
become unethical and unfair. For example, the trade between Europe and the United States
has been unfair, which needs to be further negotiated. These problems of the global
economy should be on the agenda for the following years.
【现象】
全球经济(global economy)现在正在变得不道德(unethical)和不公平(unfair)。
具体案例：欧洲(Europe)和美国(the United States)之间的贸易就一直不公平，这应该通过未来的协
商(negotiated)来达到公平性。
【解决措施】
这些问题应该在未来几年提上国际贸易的日程(agenda)上来供大家讨论协商。
Stanford University Management Education 管理学教育 #111019

The dean of the Stanford Business School is giving a speech on education leadership. The
business school and the education school should get together and talk about education
leadership because the purpose of each school is to promote learning. Nowadays, most of
the world’s business services rely heavily on management institutions. However, they must
realize that it is their responsibility to achieve and accomplish.
【演讲目的】
斯坦福商学院的主任做了一个关于管理学教育(education leadership)的演讲，演讲的目的
(purpose)有两个：
1) 呼吁商学院(business school)和教育学院(education school)应该联合起来(get together)
2) 培养学生的学习能力(promote learning)
【社会现状】
世界上大部分的商业服务(business services)都十分依赖管理学院(management institutions)。但是
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，这些商业服务需要意识到是他们自己的责任(their own responsibility)达到和完成任务(achieve
and accomplish)；
【总结】
斯坦福大学不仅仅提供服务(not only deliver the services)，还注重培养学生的学习能力(授人以鱼不
如授人以渔)。
Government Power Devolution 政府权力下放 #111020

The devolution is to reduce and move governmental power from the federal to the state
level. This philosophical issue divides the Democrats and Republicans. Democrats believe in
big government and big entitlement, while the Republicans believe in getting powers down
closer to the people and the states. But they are actually moving the power away from
people because there’s a hidden part of the power system, the private power.
【概念定义】
所谓“权力下放”(devolution)的意思，就是将政府权力下移，从联邦级别下移到州政府级别(from
federal to the state level)。
【对比两种做法】
对于这种做法，民主党(democrats)和共和党(republicans)就有截然不同的两种观点：
· 民主党：推崇以政府为先，以大集团的利益为先(big governments and big entitlements)；
· 共和党：推崇将权力下放给人民的利益为先(getting powers down closer to the states and
the people)；
【总结】
但不管是哪个党派，大家都忽视了一个本应重视的利益：私有权利(private power)。
Governments Use Tricks 政府伎俩 #111022

Citizens need to be well informed, which might have been taken for granted in liberal
western democracies. People in many societies still suffer from the reverie of the deliberate
missing information. Governments, either elected or unelected, have denied the events that
have happened and pretend other events did happen. Besides, they help spin what they
cannot deny. They’ve used every trick of the book to cover up their mistakes.
【概念定义】
公民享有知情权(citizens need to be well informed)。
【对比】
· 这一真理(truism)在大多数西方民主国家(liberal western democracies)都已经被视为习以为常
(take for granted)。
· 但是在很多其他国家，无论政府是否是选举出来的(governments either elected or
unelected)中，政府通过刻意歪曲事实，为人民营造出虚假的幻想(the reverie of the
deliberate missing information)。
【方式】
这些国家政府利用各种伎俩(use every tricks of the book)，试图掩盖他们的错误和事实(to cover
up their mistakes)，例如：
· 否认曾经真实发生的事(deny)
· 捏造曾经没有发生的事(pretend)
· 歪曲对他们不利的事实(spin)
Agriculture and Urbanization 农业与城市化 #111023

The lecture is about the dynamics between urban development and agriculture，which
means the dynamic of the urban and rural area is to develop agricultural goods and to trade
with increasing industrial goods. To have progress and development in cities, you need
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people. Thus, increasing agriculture productivity will reduce labor needs in rural areas and
compel people to cities, providing the labor force for the production in cities.
城市发展(urban development)和农业(agriculture)之间的存在着一个动态平衡关系(dynamics)，这
个关系其实是农产品发展的需求(the need to develop agricultural goods)和工业产品增长的需求
(increasing industrial goods)之间的交换(traded)关系。
【从农村的角度看】
因为农村也在发展，所以我们需要大力发展农产品，提高农产品生产率(increase agriculture
productivity)。
【从城市的角度看】
为了实现城市的发展和进步，我们需要更多的城市人口(people)。为了实现这个目的我们也会需要：
· 首先我们提高农业生产力(increase agriculture productivity)
· 从而可以降低乡村地区的劳动力的需求(reduce labor needs in rural areas)
· 进而迫使人口涌入城市(compel people to cities)
· 最终为城市地区的生产提供劳动力(providing the labor force)
Definitions of Globalization 全球化的定义 #111024

One definition of globalization is the proliferation of international trade and more
international communications, and multinationals can be good examples. Besides, we can
see globalization as an integrated economic system. This system splits the world into
consuming countries and producing countries. This is a new era where nations’ economy
depends on each other. Hence, the post-industrial economy is global.
【定义】
全球化(globalization)的有很多种定义(definition)：
· 从公司角度看：
全球化意味着国际贸易的激增和越来越多的国际间交流(proliferation of international trade
and more international communications)，其中跨国公司(multinationals)就是很好的例子
。
· 从国家角度看：
全球化代表着一个更加综合性的经济体系(an integrated economic system)：
· 这个体系把全球的国家分成了两个阵营，
1) 一个是消费市场(consuming countries)
2) 一个是生产市场(producing countries)
· 这两个阵营的国家互相依赖，才能实现经济运营和经济增长。因此，信息化时代的经济
(the post-industrial economy)是一种全球化经济。
*课外知识补充：后工业社会(Post Industry)这个概念由美国的一位经济学家提出，指的就是20世纪
70年代开始逐渐发展起来的信息化时代。
Drug Advertisements 药品广告 #111025

The amount of money drug companies spend on TV ads has doubled recently. Although the
information in the ads was technically accurate, the tone was misleading. The ads portrayed
that the character’s life was out of control before taking the drug but magically regained
complete control after taking the prescriptions, without mentioning lifestyle changes could
help. Buying prescription medications is not like buying soaps.
【关于广告的调研结论】
一些机构针对药品公司(drug companies)的广告做了一些调查(studies)，得出三大结论，包括：
1) 因为打广告能有效提高销售(commercials work)，所以药品公司在广告方面的投资(the
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amount of money drug companies spent on TV ads)在近些年来已经翻倍了(has doubled)
；
2) 这些广告都提供了相对准确的信息(technically accurate information)，但是广告的语气和表
现方式都极具有误导性(misleading tone)：这些广告都会夸大药物对病人的作用
3) 这些广告都对生活方式辅助病情好转的作用(lifestyle changes could help)三缄其口。
虽然说，打广告是为了宣传药物，但是毕竟买药(buying prescriptions)和买肥皂(buying soaps)是不
一样的(弄不好是会出人命的！)。
Einstein 爱因斯坦 #111026

For thousands of years, people believed that the world was like a flat floor and the universe
was absolutely fixed and unchangeable. This view was transformed by Einstein in the 20th
century who suggested that the universe is under continuously dynamic change all the time.
However, this was just a prediction made by Einstein. The honor of making the discovery of
this theory fell to astronomer Edwin Hubble.
【以前的想法】
几千年来，人们一直认为世界(the world)就像是平坦的地板(flat floor)，宇宙是完全固定，一成不变
的(absolutely fixed and unchangeable)。
【近代的想法】
在20世纪(20th century)：
· 这种观点(view)由爱因斯坦(Einstein)转变，他推测(suggested)宇宙(the universe)一直在不断
地动态变化(under continuously dynamic change)。
· 但其实爱因斯坦只是做出了推测(prediction)，而最后真正发现(making the discovery)我们的
宇宙一直在在动态膨胀，处于不断变化中这一理论(this theory)的人是天文学家埃德温·哈勃
(Edwin Hubble)。
Artificial intelligence 人工智能 #111031

注：此音频仅为近似音频，是根据考生回忆出的关键词在网络上搜索到的相关话题音频，并非真实考
试原题。（近似音频是为了让大家提前熟悉该话题的词汇与背景。）
若想记忆真题，请以“参考答案”与“逻辑梳理”为准。
Humans used to tell a computer what to do and how to do it. When given the meaning of
certain words, computers can operate as programmed and develop systems and symbols. It
works by analyzing messages into bytes, which function similarly to human brains. Since
both human brains and computers are symbol processors, computers may have the potential
to bring artificial intelligence.
人们(Human)告诉电脑(computer)要做什么并且如何去做，这具体的操作是：
· 人给电脑下达具体的文字指令(the meaning of certain words)，电脑就会按照程序去完成这个
指令(operate as programmed )，最终产生出来一些系统(systems)和符号(symbols)。
完成指令的这个过程更加具体的表现是：
· 电脑会把人给出的指令信息转换为字节(analyzing messages into bytes)，这个过程跟人脑的
功能是相似的(function similarly to human brains)，因此人脑和电脑都是一种符号处理器
(symbol processors)。
所以，电脑是可以实现人工智能的(have the potential to bring artificial intelligence)。
Kids' Museum Campaign 儿童博物馆 #111041

A mother, a journalist with The Guardian newspaper, wrote an article in the newspaper
complaining about her experience of being thrown out of a museum because of her kids
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shouting in the museum. Surprisingly, she received over 500 emails about the same
experience. So, they set up the Kids' Museums campaign, advocating family-friendly
museums.
【起因】
一个妈妈(a mother)兼卫报(The Guardian)记者(a journalist)带孩子去博物馆，结果因为孩子太吵
(kids shouting )被赶出博物馆(being thrown out of a museum )。
【经过】
记者在卫报上发表长文斥责(complaining)该行为。记者收到了500多封邮件(500 emails)，都来自有
相同遭遇的家庭，他们都曾因为孩子的吵闹声被赶出博物馆。
【结果】
记者发起了一场“博物馆欢迎孩子”的运动(Kids in Museums campaign)，倡导博物馆接纳并包容
有孩子的家庭访客(advocating family-friendly museums)。
The Definition of Risk 定义风险 #111043

The lecture on risk analysis focuses on the definition of risk and safety. There are two literal
definitions of ‘risk’ in dictionaries. One means the possibility of loss or injury while the
other means the consequences of some kinds of danger. Moreover, the definition of ‘safe’
or ‘safety’ means being free from harm, which is a simple notion of being either safe or
not safe.
这是一场关于风险分析(risk analysis主要)的讲座，介绍了风险(risk)和安全(safety)的定义。
【定义】
字典上面关于风险的书面定义(literal definition)有两个：
1) 造成损失或者伤害的可能性(the possibility of loss or injury)
2) 某种伤害带来的结果(the consequences of some kinds of danger)
而安全的定义是指：
· 某事是安全的，或者听起来具有安全性。
实际上，安全和安全性(safe and safety)的定义和风险是一个循环论证(非此即彼)即是免于伤害和风险
(free from harm or risks)。
Implicit and explicit memories 隐性和显性记忆 #111045

Implicit memory and explicit memory are the two main types of memory. Implicit memory is
also called procedural memory and cannot be consciously recalled. Implicit memory is about
cultural and social background, such as using language naturally or driving automatically.
Explicit memory is also known as episodic memory, related to personal life experiences. It is
about time and space, such as remembering birthdays or answering questions in a test.
人类有两种记忆： “隐性记忆”(implicit memory)和“显性记忆”(explicit memory)。
【隐性记忆】
别称：也叫做“程序记忆”(procedural memory)
来源：往往它是按照我们的生活习惯和我们平时所需要的功能(functional)产生的一种程序化的，不能
被有意识的回忆起来的(cannot be consciously recalled)一种记忆，就像我们读书写字一样。从特点
上来说，这种记忆多和人们的文化社会背景(cultural and social backgrounds)有关，是潜移默化地
印在脑子里的，就像我们使用语言。
案例：所以这种记忆也会变成一种自动化的行为(automatic behavior)，就像我们开车时一样。
【显性记忆】
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别称：被称之为“情景记忆”(episodic)
来源：它不是程序化的，而是跟人们各自在生活遇到的不同经历有关(personal life experiences)，而
且中生活经历的记忆往往会涉及到当时当地(time and space)。
案例：类似这样的记忆包括记住生日日期，或是在某次考试中做的选择题。
Wildlife as food and income 野生动物 #111046

Wildlife has an important role in livelihood, especially in most eastern-west Africa. All
humans rely on wildlife as the source of food and income. Fish is the primary source of
animal protein for billions of people in poverty. Therefore, the management of the fish
resource is incredibly important to livelihoods and health. Besides, wildlife tourism can be
the top source of income in many countries.
野生动物(wildlife)对于全人类的生活和生命(livelihoods)是至关重要的，尤其是针对于非洲来说
(eastern-west Africa)。野生动物的重要性主要来自于两方面。
1) 方面1 - 食物
野生动物是人类的食物来源(source of food)。尤其是对于穷人(people in poverty)来说，鱼
肉(fish)是他们主要摄取动物蛋白质(animal protein)的来源。因此，更好的鱼类养殖业的管理
(the management of fish resources)会让食用鱼的质量更好，让人们能摄取更好的营养，从
而变得更健康(health)。
2) 方面2 – 经济
野生动物为人类带来了更好的经济收入(income)。特别是在非洲和南美洲，野生动物旅游业项
目(wildlife tourism)能够吸引更多的外国人到这些地方去旅游，从而刺激当地的经济
(economy)，为那些地方的人们带来更多的收入。
Big Bang Theory 宇宙大爆炸 #111047

In cosmology, scientists previously believed the Big Bang happened about 10 to 20 billion
years ago. Now, we can say the universe started in a Big Bang over 13.8 billion years ago. The
laws of physics can explain how the stars work. It fits well as the universe is older than the
oldest star. We know how the universe began, but we don't know what will happen in the
future.
【过去】
在宇宙学中(cosmology)，科学家过去认为“大爆炸”( the Big Bang)发生在大约100亿至200亿年前
(10 to 20 billion years ago)。
【现在】
· 我们了解到宇宙起源于138亿年前( 13.8 billion years ago )的“大爆炸”
· 我们了解到宇宙(the universe)比最古老的恒星(oldest star)更古老。物理学定律(laws of
physics)解释了恒星(stars)是如何运作的，而这也与宇宙比最古老的恒星更老是一致的。
· 我们了解到宇宙是如何起源的，但是我们不知道未来会发生什么。
Obese Women 女性体脂实验 #111049

Thirty-one obese women volunteered in a Canadian experiment that tested body fat
changes. They followed strict daily diet requirements and did the exercise as instructed every
day. After six months, some of them lost weight, while others stayed the same, and some
even gained weight. There are two explanations: some of them may have cheated on the
diet, or some of them consciously or unconsciously did less exercise.
（注：故事框架和老师录音基本一致，但具体细节以考试听到录音为准）
31位肥胖女性(thirty-one obese women)自愿参加了一个加拿大实验(a Canadian experiment)。
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【目的】
测试每位女性的体脂改变(body fat changes)。
【方法】
管住嘴：每位实验者都被要求，要按照严格的食谱要求(followed strict daily diet requirements)来
进食；
迈开腿：每位实验者都需要按照规定来进行锻炼(did the exercise as instructed)。
【结果】
6个月(six months)后，三种情况都有：
1) 有的人减重了(lost weight)
2) 有的人不变(stayed the same)
3) 甚至有的人还增重(gained weight)了
【两种解释(two explanations)】
没管住嘴：有些人没忍住偷吃了(cheated on the diet)；
没迈开腿：有些人有意识(consciously)地偷懒了，而有些人可能因为身体机能不够，而导致无意识地
(unconsciously)没有达到锻炼的要求(did less exercise)。
The decline of Bees 蜜蜂数量减少 #111050

One of the various conclusions is that bees are in decline, which is well-documented,
supported only by good strong scientific evidence. The drivers of decline vary depending on
species. Although the effects of pollinator loss are not catastrophic now, it could be.
However, the positive side is that people are aware of the problem and are taking action to
fix the recognized problems.
【现象】
蜜蜂的数量正在减少(bees are in decline)，这是由一系列强有力的科学证据支撑和记录的(well-
documented, supported only by good strong scientific evidence)。
【根源】
从原因上看，蜜蜂数量减少的驱动因素(drivers)会因为蜜蜂种群的不同而不同(vary depending on
species)。
【影响】
考虑到其影响，蜜蜂这类传粉昆虫的减少(pollinator loss)目前不是一个大灾难(not
catastrophic)，但是长期来看肯定会带来很大的影响。
【解决】
但是，乐观的一面是我们已经知晓了这个问题(aware of the problem)，并且正在采取措施解决这个
问题(taking actions to fix the recognized problems)。
Earthquake and Faults 地震 #111051

Faults are breaks in the earth's crust, constructing a fault plane. An earthquake starts at a
particular point on the fault plane, called the focus of the earthquake. The rocks propagate
out from the focus, creating the rupture that is in that particular earthquake. The epicenter is
a point vertically above the focus on the earth’s surface. So, this is the relationship between
the faults and the earthquakes.
地震与断层之间的关系需要涉及到以下几个概念：
· 断层(Faults)
断层是地壳( the earth’ s crust)中的断裂(breaks)，断层构成了断层平面(fault plane)
· 震源(focus)
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断层平面上的震源是地震(earthquake )开始的地方
· 震中(epicenter)
垂直于震源向上(vertically above the focus)位于地球表面(on the earth’s surface)的点叫做
震中(epicenter)
· 破裂(rupture)
岩石(rocks)从震源向外传播(propagate out)地震波，造成地震中的破裂
Language death 语言灭绝 #111052

Language death is not mainstream because it is so far outside the mindsets of most people
who have difficulty appreciating what the crisis is about. However, we must change these
mindsets and get people to think about language more explicitly, intimately, and
enthusiastically. Interest in language certainly exists in the general population, but a
willingness to focus that interest on general issues does not happen much.
【现象】
语言消亡(language death)并不是主流(mainstream)；
【原因】
人们没有意识到它是一个问题(outside the mindsets)；
【解决】
我们需要改变我们的思维模式(change these mindsets)，我们需要更加明确地(explicitly)、细致地
(intimately)、积极主动的(enthusiastically)去思考我们的语言；
【现状】
大众对于语言的兴趣(interest in language)是存在的(exist)，但是关注这个兴趣的意愿(willingness
to focus that interest on general issues)却不是很大。
Smart Consumers and Brand 品牌与顾客需求 #111053

A brand is essential to smart consumers because they make decisions based on brands and
would pay more for a better brand. However, the Second Moment of Truth is also important,
which means after they went home with products bought, the product must be of great
quality. However, there are fundamental engineering contradictions as consumers want
products that are both strong and soft, or both light and strong.
【第一步】
顾客购买商品时，第一眼，看重品牌(brands)，顾客愿意为了一个名牌而花更多的钱(pay more for a
better brand)。
【第二步】
但是，第二眼(SMOT)也很重要，花重金买名牌回家后，就要看商品质量好不好了。
【例外】
但是总是存在“鱼与熊掌不可兼得”(engineering contradictions)的情况，比如顾客希望卫生纸又柔
软又有韧性，希望飞机零件可以又轻又耐用。
Misuse of drugs 用药不当的危害 #111054

Keeping drugs at home can be dangerous because the drugs may be accidentally taken by
children, or patients may take the drugs after the expiration date. Taking the leftover drugs
for the wrong reasons by someone who has an allergy or for the wrong indications is also
very dangerous. To prevent this, physicians should give appropriate prescriptions and must
ensure patients complete the full course of the drug.
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在家里放置药物(keeping drugs at home )有可能会出现危险(dangerous)，因为：
【用药不当的危害】
· 一不小心被孩子误服(accidentally taken by children)
· 吃了过期(the expiration date)的药
· 胡乱(for the wrong reasons)吃药
· 对药物过敏(allergy)
【如何应对】
· 医师(physicians)要开合适的药方(appropriate prescriptions )
· 并且保证病人在整个疗程(complete the full course )都按照要求服药
Human rights in UK 英国人权 #111055

Human rights in the UK are far-reaching and controversial, and it provides the starting point
for a wider application of laws to rights. The UK law influenced clauses in the European
Convention on Human rights. Human rights consist of positive and negative rights, such as
free expression, free trial, and free elections. The Act can be described as the start of a
process, following a baseline or minimum standards for human rights.
英国的人权(Human rights in UK)是丰富并且充满争议的，是世界法律应用的开端(starting point)。
一些法律文件，包括《欧洲人权公约》(the European Convention on Human Rights)和《人权法》
(the Human Rights Act)在保护人权方面起了很大的作用(significant role)。
人权包括正面(positive)和和负面(negative)的，比如宗教自由，工作自由，和表达自由。
总而言之，这些立法给人权提供了一个基础(baseline)和最低标准(minimum standard)。
Australian housing price 澳洲房价 #111056

Australia has been through a long period of uninterrupted economic growth over the past
15 years when the mortgage rate was halved, and everyone could afford to borrow money
from banks. Secondly, the increasing immigration and the falling size of household average
led to a higher demand for accommodation with increased purchasing power. As demand
grows higher than the supply of housing, Australian housing price has gone up significantly.
澳洲房价上涨主要有两方面原因：
1) 经济原因
澳大利亚在过去15年经历了持续不间断的经济增长(uninterrupted economic growth), 抵押
贷款利率(mortgage rate)减半，每个人都能够从银行贷款。
2) 人口原因
增加的移民(increasing immigration)和平均家庭规模的减小(decreasing size of the average
household), 伴随着增长的购买力( with increased purchasing power), 导致对住房的需求
(demand for accommodation)增加。
由于住房需求的不断增长，高过了住房的供应，澳大利亚住房价格已大幅上涨。
HTML 互联网内容 #111057

During the 1990s, thanks to Tim Berners Lee, normal people could get online. There was
extraordinary creativity during the 90s. People created all sorts of content on the internet,
such as webpages, social experiments, and lessons. They did it without a profit
motive, religious factors, advertising, fears, or motivational schemes. People did it because
they simply enjoyed it and it was a good idea.
【现象】
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1990年代(the 1990s)，极具创意(creativity)的人们开始在互联网上制作多样的线上内容(online
content)，例如：
· 学习资源(lessons)
· 网站网页(webpages)
【否定原因】
那个时候的网上内容制作者和现在不一样，做这些事情没有任何利益的驱使，例如：
· 不是为了广告收入(no advertisings)
· 不受任何利益驱使(no profitable motive)
· 也不受任何宗教的影响(no religious factors)
【真正原因】
他们做这些事，就只是单纯地因为他们喜欢这件事(simply enjoy)。
Sign language 手语 #111058

This lecture talks about abstraction and the origin of symbolic systems. People used to use
sign language for a long time, but it turned out that they could not communicate while they
were doing things. For example, they needed to ask for help when they strangled rhinoceros.
So, they needed to communicate and do something with their hands at the same time.
That's how words and language came.
【大概念】
抽象概念(abstraction)——使用电脑——符号语言(symbolic system)
【小概念】
人们说的语言就是一种典型的符号语言。
起源：一开始人类直接不说话，只做手势。
痛点：如果双手都在做事，就无法同时做手势与其他人沟通。
痛点举例：当人们想手擒犀牛的时候，需要远处同伴的帮助，他们无法同时抓住犀牛又做手势。
回到起源：人类由此发现必须用声音语言沟通，因此出现了文字和语言。
Genes affect human behaviors 基因影响人类行为 #111059

Since the discovery of DNA structure, people have believed that genes have an impact only
on people’s physical structure. However, the study of mapping of genes in 2001 found that
there is a genetic responsibility to human’s physical and psychological behaviors, which has
changed the way we understand our behaviors. The research on genes has provided
integrating information, and the findings can benefit biologists, psychologists, and
neuroscientists.
【以前】
人们以为DNA只是单纯地影响我们的生理特征(physical structure)，比如我们的肤色(skintone)、头
发的颜色(hair color)或是眼睛的颜色(eye color)。
【现在】
2001年的一项研究(mapping of genes)表明，DNA不仅影响我们的外貌特征，还会影响我们的心理
行为(psychological behaviors)。
【展望未来】
这个发现未来将为多个领域带来深远影响：生物学(biology)、心理学(psychology)、神经科学
(neuroscience)。
London Ugly Architecture 伦敦丑建筑 #111061
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Architecture can cause us both pleasure and trouble, but the buildings in West London were
really ugly without architecture. A bad building has a serious impact on the people around it
for a hundred years. Although “beautiful” is all in the eye of the beholder, we can make a
generalization on which most people agree. This book suggests why beautiful architecture
works and what impacts ugly ones might bring.
【写书契机】
· 建筑风格(Architecture)可以给人带来愉悦也可以带来烦恼；
· 伦敦西部(West London)的建筑就十分的丑；
· 不好的建筑给人们带来严重的影响(serious impact)可以持续上百年
【思辨角度】
· 每个人对于美的定义是不同的。(各花入各眼)(in the eyes of the beholder)
· 但是我们可以根据大多数人(most people agree)的观点达成一个美的共识(generalization)
【引入书本】
这本书介绍了为什么美丽的建筑风格有积极地作用(why beautiful architecture works)，以及丑陋的
建筑风格会带来哪些不好的影响(what impacts ugly ones might bring)。
Industrialization and Adam Smith亚当斯密 #111062

Before the Industrial Revolution, British economists previously believed a nation’s wealth is
how much money people can pile up, but Adam Smith in 1776 believed that a nation’s
wealth includes not only agriculture but also manufacture, and the nation’s wealth is the
ability to provide outputs. Overall, national wealth is equal to the nation’s income since
national income measures and equals national output.
在工业革命之前(industrial revolution)：
· 英国的经济学家(British economist)原先认为国家财富(nations’ wealth)等于所有人民积累起
来的钱财(how much money people can pile up)
· 但是亚当斯密(Adam Smith)认为，国家财富不仅仅包含农业(agriculture)也包含工业
(manufacture)，而且国家的财富是产出(output)
总而言之，国家财富相对于国家的收入(is equal to nations’ income)因为国家的收入衡量并且等于
国家的产出
Market Economy 市场经济 #111064

The notions of pragmatism and democracy had succeeded in tempering the market
economy in developed countries. The Industrial Revolution had negative effects on the
living standards of the working classes. However, legislation about working conditions and
better environment conditions was passed to circumscribe the worst behaviors, which
reversed some damages. Nowadays, the benefits of the market economy we shared are far
more widely than 100 years ago.
实用主义(pragmatism)和民主(democracy)概念的普及成功缓和(tempering)了发达国家(developed
countries)的市场经济(market economy)(所带来的问题)：
【现象】
工业革命(industrial revolution)对工人阶级(working classes)的生活质量(living standards)带来了
负面的影响。
【解决】
但是，对于改善工作条件和更好工作环境的立法(legislation)的通过，限制了(circumscribe)一些不好
的行为，从而扭转了一些损失(reversed some damages)。
第 141 页 /共 158 页
【影响】
现在，我们所享受的市场经济所带来的好处(benefits)比100年前的范围广泛多了。
Climate change predictions 气候变暖预测 #111072

People are questioning how panic we should be about the reality of global climate change.
Although the prediction of the population bomb in 1968 was criticized because some of the
predictions didn’t come about, the world cannot afford to take the risk that the climate
scientists have wrong predictions, because major precipitation changes are taking place on a
global scale.
由温室气体导致的全球气候变化(the reality of global climate change)正在让人们逐渐感到恐慌
(panic)。
理论上，有一个新的预测把人口爆炸的预测(prediction of population bomb)和气候变化的预测合并
在了一起，这个理论收到了广泛的批判，因为预测里的情况并没有发生。
但是事实上，我们承担不起对于气候变化错误预测的结果，因为气候变化的表现之一——降水量的变
化(precipitation changes)，已经在全球范围(on a global scale)开始呈现了。
Engineer and engineering 工程师 #111182

Engineers should know how to design and build a complicated system. The devices in
engineering are very small, so engineers have the responsibility to visualize them by using
systems. Complicated systems are now becoming more reliable, so engineers need to know
how to make a system and how to make it reliable. Therefore, they need to consider
predictability and how things will work together before building a system. （2021.1.20更新
，结合考生回忆修改，有待继续完善）
【工程师的职责】
工程师应该要知道如何设计创造一套复杂的系统(how to design and build a complicated
system)。
工程学中的设备(devices in engineering)通常都很微小，所以工程师要通过系统的运用来把工作成果
呈现出来(virtualize)。
【工程师和复杂系统的关系】
随着这些复杂系统(complicated systems)变得越来越可靠(reliable)，工程师也应该提供出可靠的结
果(reliable outcomes)。
要想开发一套可靠的系统(develop a reliable system)，工程师需要考虑可预测性(predictability)和
准确性(accuracy)。
Stock market and modern business 股市与现代企业 #111183

请注意，本题音频并非原音频，而是网络搜索的“近似音频”。目的是为了让大家提前熟悉相关话题
词汇。
下方答案是根据考生回忆的内容，请以答案为准进行记忆：
This lecture is about the different uses of the stock market before and after. In the 18th
century, manufacturing companies came into the market. However, modern companies,
including Apple, Google, and Facebook, use stocks differently. Traditional companies used
stocks to raise money, and input money into companies, while modern companies used
stocks to output money.
这节课是关于股票市场(stock market)在之前和之后的不同用途。
18世纪：制造企业(manufacturing companies)进入市场。
第 142 页 /共 158 页
现在：然而，包括苹果、谷歌和Facebook在内的现代公司(modern companies)使用股票的方式却有
所不同(differently)。
【具体不同】
传统公司(traditional companies)利用股票来筹集资金(to raise money)，并将资金投入公司(input
money)，而现代公司则利用股票来输出资金(output money)。
A luxury brand 奢侈品 #111184

It’s hard to answer what makes a luxury brand and how do we distinguish it. The standard
business response is that luxury brands are exclusive and expensive, but they are not always
like that in reality. In Australia, people once had considered two televisions to be a luxury;
and Starbucks is seen as a luxury brand in China. So, the real answer depends on whom you
talk to.
到底如何定义奢侈品牌(what makes a luxury brand )，以及如何分辨它们(how do we distinguish
it)，其实是个很难界定的问题。
【商业定义】
标准的商业定义(the standard business response )将其定义为“独家的”(exclusive)并且昂贵的
(expensive)。
【现实定义】
然而，现实生活中(in reality)，在某些情况里，很多所谓的奢侈品牌并没有比常规的产出的价格高多
少。
比如，在过去的澳大利亚，可能有两个电视就能被称为是奢侈；而在中国，星巴克也能被称为奢侈品
牌。
【作者心目中的定义】
所以，作者认为，到底如何界定奢侈品牌，就要看对象是谁(depends on whom you talk to)。
The stability of mood 情绪稳定 #111185

The stability of mood may vary among different people. Some people easily get intense, and
their moods are like riding a roller coaster, while some others may be loose all the time.
According to the research, the secret of happiness is mild containment. We should find a
balance between intense and loose emotions.
【研究内容】
不同的人情绪的稳定性(the stability of mood)可能不同。
具体的不同：有些人很容易变得紧张(easily get intense)，他们的情绪就像坐过山车(riding a roller
coaster)，而有些人可能一直都很放松(may be loose。
【研究结论】
根据这项研究，幸福的秘诀是温和的包容(the secret of happiness is mild containment)。我们应该
在紧张和放松的情绪之间找到一个平衡(balance)。
Women Leadership 领导力【暂无音频】 #111186
第 143 页 /共 158 页
This lecture talks about leadership, especially women leadership. Leadership can be seen as a
spectrum and can be simply split into two forms: out in front and behind the scenes. In the
past, men were out in front while women were behind the scenes. However, nowadays
women begin to come out in front.
【主题引入】
这节课讲的是领导力(leadership)，尤其是女性领导力(women leadership)。
【类比】
领导力可以被看作是一个光谱(spectrum)，可以简单地分为两种形式(two forms):在前台(out in
front)和幕后(behind the scenes)。
【男女变化】
过去(in the past)：男人站在前面(men were out in front)，而女人在后面(women are behind the
scenes)。
现在：妇女开始崭露头角(women begin to come out in front)。
MPA marine campaign 保护海洋与鱼类 #111187

The ocean provides a habitat for fish, which is the source of protein that feeds billions of
people. But there are many species of fish that are endangered. The government created a
network to protect the environment, called MPA marine campaign. But MPA is facing lots of
challenges, as some developing countries lack management.
【现象】
海洋为鱼类提供了栖息地(a habitat for fish)，是数十亿人赖以生存的蛋白质(protein)来源。
但是，有很多种类的鱼濒临灭绝(endangered)。
【解决】
政府创建了一个名为MPA 海洋运动(MPA marine campaign)的网络(network)来保护环境。
【现在面临的问题】
但是，由于一些发展中国家缺乏管理(developing countries lack management)，国家行动计划面临
着许多挑战(challenges)。
萤火虫备注：
（1）另外文中还有几个数字，欢迎补充：4.8 billion; 98% ; 32 years. 待完善
（2）原NPA可能是MPA(Marine Protected Areas)，指被划为重点保护对象的海域，请大家考场上

注意听辨！https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_protected_area
Dancing bees 蜜蜂跳舞 #111188

Honey bees do a waggle dance to direct other bees to the nectar. But sometimes the
dancing can be stopped by a head-butt by another bee. Researchers have found that this
head-butt is actually a warning signal. When foragers know about the danger of nectar and
returned to the hive, they stopped other bees' dancing. Scientists think this behavior is to
warn the other bees of a dangerous nectar.
（备注：据同学反馈，听到了一篇女声说的 Bees，里面也有提到 do a waggle dance，但不是这一

篇，欢迎大家在讨论区补充这道女声版的bees）
【现象】
蜜蜂会跳摇摆舞来引导其他蜜蜂找到花蜜来源，但是有时像这样舞蹈会被另一只蜜蜂的头部撞击打断
。
第 144 页 /共 158 页
【原因】
现在，研究人员发现这种撞击实际上是一个警告信号。
为了模拟花蜜的来源，在实验室里设置了一个喂养站。然后，觅食的蜜蜂会被带到一个危险站点，那
里有来自其他蜂群的竞争。
当觅食工蜂知道前方有危险并返回蜂房时，它们会停止蜜蜂的摇摆舞蹈。
【结论】
科学家认为这种行为是在提示其他蜜蜂，前方的花蜜有危险。
Social difficulties in Children 儿童的社交困难 #111189

Children are facing social difficulties with particular risks. In an experiment in a high school,
the students were told to be a movie director and to choose their story structure. The
students worked with each other, which involved lots of different skills. The movies they had
made were actually cool. Then, the researchers tested the intervention effect, and they found
this can improve their self-regulation and critical thinking skills.
【实验目的】
因为现在儿童面临着具有特殊风险的社会困难(social difficulties)，所以一所高中将对此进行实验。
【实验过程】
在这一次实验中，学生们被要求担任电影导演(a movie director)，并选择自己的故事结构。学生们相
互合作(worked with each other)，这涉及到很多不同的技能(involved lots of different skills）。
【实验结果】
他们最后拍的电影真的很酷。
【实验结论】
研究人员测试了干预效果(the intervention effect)，他们发现这可以提高(improve)学生们的自我调
节能力(self-regulation)和批判性思维技能(critical thinking skills)。
English language in poem 诗歌语言 #111190

We often talk about the knowledge about the literature in the poem. The English language in
poems and poetry is difficult to understand, and often gives readers a feeling of frustration
and makes it hard for readers to enjoy poetry. This is because poems use literary expressions
. However, the speaker suggests that we should learn to simply enjoy it and to know more
about literature knowledge.
我们经常去谈论关于诗歌文学(the literature in the poem)的一些知识。
【现象】
诗歌里的英文通常都比较难以理解(difficult to understand)，所以会给读者带来无法读懂诗歌的挫败
感(frustration)，从而很难使得读者去欣赏诗歌。
【根源】
会出现这个现象的原因在于，诗歌中的语言通常会使用文学表达(literary expressions)，这样的表达
不贴近生活。
【解决】
第 145 页 /共 158 页
作者就建议读者们应该不要太咬文嚼字，要学会简单地享受它(learn to simply enjoy it)，并且应该
学会去了解更多的文学知识(literature knowledge)，这样才能更好地读懂诗歌。
Food waste in USA 食物浪费 #111191

The United States is considered the biggest food waste country in the world, and 60% of
food waste comes from general consumption. There are two main sources of food waste.
The majority of food waste comes from supermarkets, especially in the used-by section. The
other factor is what people purchase and how they eat, so purchasing all items is not a good
idea.
【现象】
美国(The United States)被认为是世界上最大的食物浪费国(the biggest food waste
country)，60%的食物浪费来自普通消费(general consumption)。
【根源】
食物浪费的主要来源有两个(two main sources)：
1) 大部分的食物浪费来自超市(supermarkets)，尤其是被使用过的区域(the used-by section)；
2) 与人们购买的东西(what people purchase)和他们的饮食方式(how they eat)有关，所以购买
所有的东西并不是一个好主意(purchasing all items is not a good idea)。
Sleep and brain 睡眠有助于大脑 #111193

The lecture talks about the benefits of getting enough sleep, and consequences of not
getting enough sleep. Firstly, the speaker explained the function of sleep. Secondly, the
speaker said people need to sleep both before and after learning. This is because sleeping
after learning can help you remember, and sleeping before learning can help your brain
focus better, and absorb more new information.
【讲座主题】
这个讲座讲的是充足睡眠(getting enough sleep)的好处(benefits)，以及睡眠不足(not getting
enough sleep)的后果(consequences)。
【讲座内容 – 睡眠的功能】
说话人解释了睡眠的功能(function)。
他表明：说话者说人们在学习前后(before and after learning)都需要睡觉，这是因为
· 在学习后(after)睡觉：可以帮助你记忆(remember)，
· 在学习前(before)睡觉：可以帮助你的大脑更好地集中注意力(focus)，吸收(absorb)更多的新
信息。
Paper Rejection 论文遭拒【暂无音频】 #111194

The speaker is giving advice on paper rejection and publishing for young researchers.
According to the speaker, the chance of getting paper published is becoming smaller and
smaller. However, rejections will lead to a better result and will be good for the career path.
In the end, the speaker talked about how to attract and engage young researchers.
【讲座主题】
第 146 页 /共 158 页
演讲者正在为年轻的研究人员(young researchers)提供退稿(paper rejection)和出版方面的建议。
【论文现状】
根据演讲者的说法，论文发表的机会越来越小(smaller and smaller)。
然而，论文被退稿发表反而会带来更好的结果(lead to a better result)，这对职业道路(career
path)也有好处。
最后，演讲者还谈到了如何吸引和让更多年轻的研究人员参与进来(attract and engage)。
Bees' genes and Darwin 蜜蜂基因与达尔文 #111195

This lecture mainly talks about the genes of bees and its evolution. In order to protect the
next generation in the hive, the worker bees attack intruders and then die. Worker bees
sacrifice their lives to protect the next generation. Darwin realized that by improving the
reproductivity of the queen bees, the bees' genes could be saved.
【主题】
这节课主要讲的是蜜蜂的基因(genes of bees)及其进化(evolution)。
演变方式：为了保护蜂巢里的下一代，工蜂(worker bees)会攻击入侵者，然后死去。工蜂牺牲自己的
生命(sacrifice their lives)来保护下一代(to protect the next generation)。
【应用】
达尔文(Darwin)意识到，通过提高蜂后的繁殖能力(improving the reproductivity of the queen
bees)，蜜蜂的基因(genes)可以得到保存(saved)。
Neolithic Stones in Scotland 苏格兰石头 #111199

【暂无音频。以下为学生回忆，回忆不完整，待补充。】
This is a lecture about Neolithic stones discovered in Scotland. These stones date back to
5000 years ago and probably are the first example of exploring the concept of symmetry. We
do not actually know what these stones were used for; maybe it was part of a game, or
being used for tracking around, or a symbol of power.
【发现】在苏格兰(Scotland)发现了一些石头，可以追溯(date back to)到5000年前的新石器时代
(Neolithic stones)。
【评价】这可能是历史上第一例体现“对称”概念(the concept of symmetry)的建筑。
【猜想】我们还不知道这个石头是用来做什么的，可能用于竞技(a game)、可能用于追踪(tracking
around)，也可能是权力的象征(a symbol of power)。
萤火虫备注：
最后还提到了mathematicians create our mathematical objects for the joy and the beauty 类似
的内容，但由于与上文的逻辑联系未知，暂不写入参考答案。
Multiculturalism in society多元文化社会 #111200

The speaker in this interview is talking about multiculturalism in society. According to the
speaker, diversity is in society and multiculturalism is in a diverse society. Multiculturalism
means that many cultures are interacting with each other in society. There are many factors
for multiculturalism. But there is no point to count how many cultures are there in society.
中文梳理：
【现象】只要一个社会(society)是有多元性(diversity)的，那么多元文化(multiculturalism)就会存在
于这种多元性社会(a diverse society)中。
第 147 页 /共 158 页
【定义】多元文化是指在一个社会中，多种文化互相交融(interact with each other)。
【原因】多元文化的产生有许多因素(many factors)导致。
【但是】没有必要(no point)去计算一个社区里到底存在多少种文化。
Machines increase unemployment 机器增加失业率 #111196

The development of machines is a sign of the development of the country. Machines are
getting better such as face recognition or language processing techniques. Now our life is
dependent on machines and people make money from it. However, the use of machines will
increase the unemployment rate. Therefore, we need to create more jobs for people, or we
would have nowhere else to go. （回忆不完整，待补充）
【现象】
机器的发展(development of machines)是国家发展的标志(sign)。人脸识别(face recognition)或语
言处理(language processing)技术等机器正在变得越来越好。
【影响】
正面影响：现在我们的生活依赖于机器，人们从中赚钱(make money)。
负面影响：然而，机器的使用会增加失业率(increase the unemployment rate)。
【解决】
我们需要为人们创造更多的就业机会(create more jobs)，否则我们将无处可去。
Human freedom in business 商业中的自由 #111197

There has been much more human freedom in business. This is because it’s now possible
to have the economic benefits of large organizations, and because it’s also possible to have
the human benefits of small organizations. These have become possible because information
technology has now reduced the cost of communication to a low level so that more people
have enough information to make sensible decisions for themselves.
【现象】
在商业领域，人类拥有了更多的自由(human freedom in business)。
【根源】
拥有更多自由的原因：因为现在有可能(possible)在拥有大型组织(large organizations)的经济效益
(economic benefits)的同时，也可能拥有小型组织(small organizations)的人力利益(human
benefits)。
能同时拥有大小组织效益的原因：是因为信息技术(information technology)将通信成本降低
(reduced the cost of communication)到了一个较低的水平，使更多的人拥有足够的信息(enough
information)，为自己做出明智的决定(make sensible decisions)。
Fish activities 鱼类活动【暂无音频】 #111198

（暂无音频。以下答案为考生提供，内容细节待确认补充）
Before we understand fish activities, we should consider the past environment. The speaker
examined some of the noticeable changes over an interesting period of time, including
exposed radiation, claimed instruments. Based on different regions and colonies, the speaker
explored dynamic skills which is unachievable.
在我们了解鱼类活动(fish activities)之前，我们应该考虑过去的环境(past environment)。
【讲座大纲】
第 148 页 /共 158 页
第一部分：演讲者展现了在一段有趣的时间段里鱼类生活环境中出现的一些明显的变化(noticeable
changes)，包括暴露在辐射环境下(being exposed to radiation)，声称的仪器(claimed
instruments, 根据学生回忆撰写，但是语义不通，考试注意识别)。
第二部分：基于不同的地区和殖民地的环境条件，演讲者探索了一些可能无法实现(unachievable)的
动态技能(dynamic skills)。
第 149 页 /共 158 页
Fill in the Blanks (Listening)

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进入“听写模式”，专门记忆高频词汇，命中率高！
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William Shakespeare #141001
For all his fame and celebration, William Shakespeare remains a mysterious figure with regards to personal
history. There are just two primary sources for information on the Bard: his works, and various legal and church
documents that have survived from Elizabethan times. Naturally, there are many gaps in this body of
information, which tells us little about Shakespeare the man.
Integrated Ticketing #141002
Well in 2004 we integrated ticketing in South East Queensland, so we introduced a paper ticket that allowed
you to travel across all the three modes in South East Queensland, so bus, train and ferry and the second stage
of integrated ticketing is the introduction of a Smart Card, and the Smart Card will enable people to store value
so to put value on the card, and then to use the card for traveling around the system.
Contract Patterns Generator (CPG) #141003
In animals, a movement is coordinated by a cluster of neurons in the spinal cord called the central contract
patterns generator (CPG). This produces signals that drive muscles to contract rhythmically in a way that
produces running or walking, depending on the pattern of pulses. A simple signal from the brain instructs the
CPG to switch between different modes such as going from a standstill to walking.
Ocean Currents #141004
For many years, the favorite horror story about abrupt climate change was that a shift in ocean currents could
radically cool Europe's climate. These currents, called the overturning circulation, bring warm water and warm
temperatures north from the equator to Europe.
Susan Lozier, an oceanographer at Duke University, says scientists have long worried that this ocean circulation
could be disrupted.
Financial Markets #141005
Financial markets swung wildly yesterday in the frenzied trading market by further selling of equities and fears
about an unraveling of the global carry trade. At the same time, trading in the US and European credit markets
were exceptionally heavy for a third consecutive day. London trading was marked by particularly wild swings in
the prices of credit derivatives, used to ensure investors against corporate defaults.
Online Dating #141006
Bruch and her colleague Mark Newman studied who swapped messages with whom on a popular online dating
platform in the month of January 2014. They categorized users by desirability using PageRank, one of the
algorithms behind search technology. Essentially, if you receive a dozen messages from desirable users, you
must be more desirable than someone who receives the same number of messages from average users.
Then they asked: How far "out of their league" do online daters tend to go when pursuing a partner? "I think
people are optimistic realists."
In other words, they found that both men and women tended to pursue mates just 25 percent more desirable
than themselves. "So they're being optimistic, but they're also taking into account their own relative position
within this overall desirability hierarchy."
And the study did have a few more lessons for people on the market: "I think one of the take-home messages
from this study is that women could probably afford to be more aspirational in their mate pursuit."
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Laurence Stephen Lowry #141042
Laurence Stephen Lowry was an English artist. Many of his drawings and paintings depict Pendlebury,
Lancashire, where he lived and worked for more than 40 years, Salford and its vicinity.
Lowry is famous for painting scenes of life in the industrial districts of North West England in the mid-20th
century. He developed a distinctive style of painting and is best known for his city landscapes peopled with
human figures, often referred to as ""matchstick men"". He painted mysterious unpopulated landscapes,
brooding portraits and the unpublished ""marionette"" works, which were only found after his death.
South Australia #141043
Now that the story's been scratched, it is only part of contingency planning. But it was a symptom of the
dramatic turn of events in South Australia, and it flushed out other remarks from water academics and people
like Tim Flannery, indicating that things were really much worse than had been foreshadowed, even earlier this
year. So is Adelaide, let alone some whole regions of South Australia, in serious bother? Considering that the
vast amount of its drinking water comes from the beleaguered Murray, something many of us outside the state
may not have quite realized. Is their predicament something we have to face up to as a nation?
Beautiful Buildings #141044
Along the way we have built unashamedly beautiful buildings, two of which have won and another was runner-
up in the prestigious United Nations World Habitat Award: the first time an Australian building has received
that international honour. We rely on older concepts of Australian architecture that are heavily influenced by
the bush. All residents have private verandhas which allow them to socialize outdoors and also creates some
"defensible space" between their bedrooms and public areas. We use a lot of natural and soft materials to build
beautiful landscape gardens.
Sunflowers by Van Gogh #141045
These two paintings, both called “Sunflowers,” are generally accepted as the finest of several depictions of
the thick-stemmed, nodding blooms that Van Gogh made in 1888 and 1889 during his time in Arles. The first is
now in the collection of the National Gallery in London, and the second is in the Van Gogh Museum in
Amsterdam. Van Gogh referred to this work as a “repetition” of the London painting. But art historians and
curators have long been curious to know how different this “repetition” is from the first. Should it be
considered a copy, an independent artwork or something in between? An extensive research project conducted
over the past three years by conservation experts at both the National Gallery and the Van Gogh Museum has
concluded that the second painting was “not intended as an exact copy of the original example,” said Ella
Hendriks, a professor of conservation and restoration at the University of Amsterdam, who was the lead
researcher on the project.
Nanotechnology #141046
What is nanotechnology? Well, a report that was put together by a combination of the Royal Society and the
Royal Academy of Engineering that came out last summer, identified two topics. Nano-science is the study of
phenomena and the manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where
properties differ significantly from those as a larger scale. Nanotechnologies are the design characterization,
production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the nanometer
scale. So I'll talk a little bit more in a moment about what a nanometer is, but loosely speaking people think of
nanotechnologies as being a sort of a hundred nanometers or less.
Carbon-rich soils #141047
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Rebuilding carbon-rich agricultural soils is the only real productive permanent solution to taking excess carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere. She's frustrated that scientists and politicians don't see the same opportunities
she sees. This year Australia will emit just over 600 million tonnes of carbon. We can sequester 685 million
tonnes of carbon by increasing soil carbon by half a per cent on only two per cent of the farms. If we increased
it on all of the farms, we could sequester the whole world's emissions of carbon.
Cars in America #141049
There are some 250 million cars in America, 250 million cars in the country with just over 300 million people.
And most of those vehicles, of course, are gas powered. This poses a huge challenge given the limited supplies
of oil and the growing urgency of the global warming crisis.
But there is good news, according to our guests today. And that is we have the know-how and the technology
to build sleek, fast automobiles that don't use gasoline. These vehicles of tomorrow are powered by hydrogen,
electricity, bio-fuels, and digital technology. And they already exist. So what's stopping us from putting them
on the roads? Our guests today will help answer that.
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Write from Dictation

命中率：稳定优先级：极高
95%同学全中（4 中 4，3 中 3）
5%同学仅遇到一题非预测（4 中 3）
备战策略
保证做到考场遇到原题可以全对！
当前趋势
趋于稳定，仍有少量新题加入
本次更新
#131375 新题确认细节，#131405 升入极高频
新增 7 题 #131842 - #131848（详见《本周预测更新一览》）
1.The celebrated theory is still the source of great controversy. #131001
2.A good architectural structure should be useful, durable, and beautiful. #131002
3.We can all meet at my office after the lecture. #131006
4. All industries consist of input, process, output and feedback. (考场上请注意听单复数)#131008
5.All industries can be thought of as a system of input, processes, output, and feedback.#131012
6.All students are expected to attend ten lab sessions per semester. #131016
7.Although sustainable development is not easy, it is an unavoidable responsibility. #131022
8.Assignments should be submitted to the department office before the deadline.#131028
9.Before attending the lecture, you must register online or by post. #131031
10.Students will develop confidence in their ability to think critically. #131033
11.Clinical placements in nursing prepare students for professional practice. #131041
12.Control systems in manufacturing provide a high level of accuracy. #131046
13.Daily practice can build confidence and improve skills.#131048
14.Economic problems caused a big rise in unemployment. #131052
15.Human beings compete with other species for resources and space.#131061
16.Free campus tours run daily during summer for prospective students. #131062
17.Good research delivers practical benefits for real people.#131064
18.The lecture is about the reasons for the financial crisis.#131069
19.If finance is a cause of concern, scholarships may be available. #131072
20.If it helps to take notes to concentrate, please do. #131073
21.It is absolutely vital that you acknowledge all your sources. #131081
22.Library reference desks hold a lot of materials on academic history. #131091
23.Most of these students have not considered this issue before.#131099
24.Native speakers are exempt from the language tests in their own language. #131103
25.Radio is a popular form of entertainment throughout the world.#131130
26.Remember, the prestigious election of student membership has strict eligibility criteria.#131136
27.Review all your sources before drawing any conclusions.#131138
28.Scientists are always asking the government for more money.#131143
29.Students have the options to live in college residences or apartments. #131159
30.Students who are successful have a good strategy for learning.#131163
31.Student concession cards can be obtained by completing an application form. #131164
32.Supply and demand is one of the most fundamental concepts in economics. #131167
33.A bar chart can provide useful information for data comparison. #131173
34.The aerial photographs were promptly registered for thorough evaluation.#131174
35.The application processes may take longer than expected.#131175
36.The artists tied to the conservative politicians earned the role of critics.#131179
37.The author’s early works are less philosophical and more experimental.#131181
38.The business policy seminar includes an internship with a local firm. #131183
39.The chemistry building is located near the entrance to the campus.#131186
40.The city’s founders created a set of rules that became law.#131187
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41.Time was needed to process complex topics of the lectures.#131203
42.The library holds a substantial collection of materials on the economic history.#131217
43.The massive accumulation of data was converted into a communicable argument. #131219
44.The nation achieved prosperity by opening its ports for trade. #131224
45.The paper challenged many previously accepted theories.#131227
46.The railway makes long distance travel possible for everyone.#131231
47.The students were instructed to submit their assignments before Friday.#131244
48.The teacher asked the group to commence the task.#131248
49.The theme of the instrumental work exhibited more of a demure compositional style.#131250
50.The theme of the instrumental work exhibits more of a demure compositional style.#131251
51.Safety glasses should be worn while doing experiments in the lab.#131255
52.The ways in which people communicate are constantly changing.#131260
53.They were struggling last year to make their service pay.#131272
54.This morning’s lecture on economic policy has been canceled. [美式拼写]#131276
55. Our laboratory equipment is provided free of charge. #131277
56.Those seeking a formal extension should contact their faculty for information.#131279
57.Traffic is the main cause of air pollution in many cities. #131284
58.Traveling by boat on the river is not possible in winter.#131285
59. It will be extremely beneficial to work together. #131286
60.This project is divided into four main sections. #131288
61.Understanding how to use the library will save your time.#131289
62.We can’t consider any increase in our price at this stage.#131296
63.While reconciliation is desirable, basic underlying issues must first be addressed.#131305
64.Rising inflation means a decrease in demand for consumer products.#131309
65.You are required to submit your assignment by Friday.#131310
66.You can contact all your tutors by email.#131311
67.You should include these two pictures from the lecture in your assignment.#131314
68.You will need to purchase an academic gown for commencement. #131317
69.Your lowest quiz grade has been omitted from the calculations.#131321
70.Speak to your tutor if you need further assistance. （待确认）#131330
71.Manufacture now brings more people in than agriculture and fishing combined. #131333
72.Global connections thrived in academic communities, thanks to social media.#131339
73.Students are advised that all the lectures today have been canceled. #131347
74.There are opportunities to receive grants in most artistic fields. #131351
75.This course considerably emphasizes critical thinking skills.#131357
76.Those who are considering a career in marketing should attend the talk.#131358
77.Archeologists discover tools and fossils from ancient times. #131364
78.All lectures and learning materials can be found on the internet.#131373
79.New credit cards will soon use fingerprint technology.#131375
80.Before submitting your dissertation, your advisor must approve your application.#131377
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81.Enrolling in a double major may increase your career options.#131381
82.Experts are now able to forecast weather over much longer periods.#131382
83.Geography is generally divided into two branches, human and physical.#131384
84.Making mistakes is fine as long as you learn from them. #131388
85.Many graduates of journalism can get jobs in the communications field.#131389
86.Our new medical students must attend the talk about optional courses. #131392
87.The new paper challenged many previously accepted theories. #131400
88.Archeologists discovered tools and other artifacts near the tombs. #131402
89.Essays and assignments are spread out across the academic world. #131403
90.Continuing students will be receiving the necessary application forms.#131405
91.Calculators may not be used during the examination. #131407
92.We have a lecture in the morning on Thursday. #131408
93.All medical students should attend the talk about optional courses.#131414
94.The poster of this play is hung in the large lecture theater.#131416
95.University departments carefully monitored articles and other publications by faculty. #131433
96.The department is organizing a flight to London in July.#131440
97.Social media is criticized of causing internet addiction. #131457
98.Scientists were unsure when the early men left Africa. #131462
99.It is necessary to dress formally for the graduation ceremony.#131464
100.Food containing overabundant calories supplies little or no nutritional value.#131470
101.The printers automatically print two sides of each page.#131471
102.There is a widely believed perception that engineering is for boys.#131474
103.Some vocational courses at institutions are funded by private enterprises. #131476
104.Time and distance are used to calculate speed. #131479
105.Every student has regular meetings with his or her personal tutor.#131488
106.The blue whale is the largest mammal to have ever lived. #131497
107.His appointment to the Minister of Culture is seen as a demotion. #131500
108.Measures must be taken to prevent unemployment rates from increasing. #131501
109.He was regarded as the foremost economist at his time.#131528
110.The paper has the potential to transform life science.#131533
111.Many food crops require a large amount of water and fertilizer.#131535
112.Classical mechanics is sometimes considered as a branch of mathematics. #131542
113.New materials and techniques are changing the style of architecture.#131547
114.Sea levels are expected to rise during the next century.#131556
115.Information technology has changed the way we study today.#131571
116.The very basic feature of computing would be counting and calculating.#131574
117.There is an accounting assignment for finance students. #131584
118.Students are required to have an undergraduate degree in Biology to be enrolled in this course.#131586
119.Philosophy uses logic and reasons to analyze human experiences.#131590
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120.Practical experiments are an essential part of the chemistry course.#131592
121.Undergraduate students can select what interests them the most in the science program. #131599
122.People have been dependent on using phones in their everyday life. #131605
123.The university provides excellent leisure facilities for students and staff. #131612
124.Students must attend the safety course before entering the engineering workshop. #131616
125.There is no fixed career path for a qualified journalist.#131617
126.Undergraduates may pursue their specific interests within certificate programs.#131619
127.A good abstract highlights the key points of a paper.#131620
128.Air pollution is a serious problem all over the world. #131621
129.The commissioner will portion the funds among all the sovereignties. #131625
130.New media journalism is an exciting field of study.#131633
131.Lecture outlines are available on the college internal website. #131671
132.It is an integrated course with several main elements. #131685
133.The extent of advertising to children is very much open to debate.#131687
134.The key witnesses to the event have conflicting recollections.#131695
135.Statistically speaking, the likelihood of this result is extremely low.#131701
136.The very basic definition of computing would be counting and calculating.#131709
137.You need to hand in an essay in the next semester. #131725
138.Industry experts will discuss job opportunities in an automated workforce.#131732
139.The economic predictions turned out to be incorrect. #131735
140.Cells are the basic building blocks of all animals and plants.#131739
141.Summer schools allow some students to accelerate their studies. #131743
142.Good nutrition is crucial to general health and vitality.#131749
143.Please click on the logo above to enter the site.#131752
144.The momentum is defined as the combination of mass and velocity.#131755
145.Mobile devices are not allowed to be used during the examination.#131770
146.More research is needed before any definitive conclusion can be drawn. #131775
147. It is important to make clear notes when you are reading.#131781
148.The untapped potential use of sun rays is phenomenal.#131782
149.A world-renowned expert of financial management will give a guest lecture.#131783
150.You do not need to have specialist knowledge to enjoy this book. #131786
151.You will study two core and three optional modules.#131787
152.Peer review is an essential part of scientific methods. #131788
153.The government financial plan has threatened the social services.#131790
154.Advanced technology will cause growth in the economy. #131791
155.The study of anthropology can help us learn about society today.#131793
156.A lack of sleep can increase the chance of getting some illnesses. #131794
157.Students and staff will automatically become a member in their library.#131795
158.This is a compulsory course, so make sure you attend.#131797
159.Globalization often puts more pressure on national economic policies.#131798
第 156 页 /共 158 页
160.Please read the chapter one of the history textbook.#131800
161.Protective goggles must be worn in all the university's laboratories.#131801
162.The North campus car park could be closed on Sunday.#131802
163.The research paper examined the economies of three countries.#131803
164.Historical cities are financially dependent on the tourism as income.#131804
165.Atoms are the central building blocks of matter.#131808
166.We aim to develop a partnership with the government and financial institutions. #131811
167.Students with work experience may be successful in job applications.#131813
168.There must be planets in the universe that can support life.#131818
169.Our lecture today will discuss the American War of Independence.#131819
170.In addition to lecture programs, you will be offering tutorials.#131820
171.Lecture outlines are available on the faculty board and the internal website.#131821
172.There is an agreed consensus that leadership skills can be taught.#131822
173.When writing an essay, consider different views of the subject.#131823
174.Music students will have great opportunities to work with musical professionals. #131824
175.The new king is crowned at the beginning of June.#131825
176.The history of Asia is really studied on in these regions. #131826
177.The study center in the library has all the latest technology.#131827
178.This course is based on experimentation and practice.#131828
179.The local government has adopted a plan for infrastructure development.#131829
180.Legumes and vegetables are major sources of vitamins.#131830
181.Female is better than male in academic results until 44 years of age.#131831
182.Carbon dioxide is the main source of greenhouse gases that cause climate change due to human behaviors.
#131832
183.The most pollution comes from industrialized countries.#131833
184.This course puts great emphasis on critical thinking skills.#131834
185.It is doubtful whether projects can be finished this week.#131835
186.Some students prefer to learn by images and pictures.#131836
187.At university students can make friends for life.#131837
188.The majority of academic publications are in English.#131838
189.I would like all engineering students to raise their hands.#131839
190.Most students need computers to do their homework. #131840
191.It is generally accepted that language is a part of culture.#131842
192.The posters are on display at the larger lecture theatre.#131843
193.The typical part of this course involves the study of society.#131844
194.All industries are systems of inputs, processes, outputs, and feedback.#131845
195.Much of this research is carried out in the laboratory.#131846
196.In ancient times, sheltered harbor attracted travelers to its location.#131847
197.The library has a wide range of images and films.#131848
198.Government reforms have been proposed at all levels.#131065
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199.Public perception about biotechnology is crucial for developing scientific consensus.#131129
200.Relevant materials are reserved in the library. #131133
201.The island is located at the south end of the bay.#131213
202.There will be a conference here next summer on using the web for academic research. #131269
203.We study science to understand and appreciate the world around us.#131298
204.Please turn off the lights to save energy.#131318
205.The laundry table is not for sale.（句意不明，待补充）#131365
206.Please move us to the meeting room for the next hour.#131419
207.The restrooms are down the hall to the right. #131429
208.The stairs are to the left of the elevator. #131494
209.As a union member, we can make an influence on the university. #131521
210.Please close the door behind you when you leave the room. #131566
211.Technological developments have changed the way we live.#131639
212.You have to send me your essay in two core and three optional modules.#131668
213.Rising sea temperatures are a sign of climate change. #131688
214.Students may only park their cars in authorized university parking spaces.#131697
215.Before preparing food, please make sure to wash your hands. #131712
216.There is an overlap between chemistry and other scientific subjects. #131744
217.Artificial intelligence has made significant progress in the last few years. #131778
218.A world-renowned expert on economics and marketing will give a lecture. #131784
219.The aerial photograph is promptly registered for further investigation. （旧题变体）#131789
220.There is a lot of traffic in the morning.#131792
221.In my opinion, the car should be repaired.#131796
222.Technology and international trade are the key drivers of the global economy. #131799
223.Our cultural values are dependent on the choices we made. #131805
224.Recycling systems can be complex, but they are becoming simpler.#131806
225.Science degrees are now offering different levels of specialization.#131807
226.The library contains a wide collection of images and photographs.#131809
227.Most of the scientists disagreed to discuss the size and the levels of society.#131810
228.There will be a guest lecture in the next class. #131812
229.Our culture influences the choices we make.#131814
230.University graduates lose their time finding jobs.#131815
231.Annual reports can give important information on company finances.#131816
232.Participating in the class is the center of the course.#131817
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【2.11-2.17】- MYPTECOACH - FIREFLY

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WFD #131842 It is generally accepted that language is a part of culture. 新增

WFD #131846 Much of this research is carried out in the laboratory. 新增

RS #021135 The minimal mark for Distinction to be awarded is 75%. 修改

RS #021402 Fishing is a sport and a means for surviving. 重回

FIB-R #081096 Material culture studies 重回

FIB-R #081135 Shakespeare’s Works 修改

DI #031132 Approximate Composition of the Air 重回

ASQ #051109 What do we call a period of 1000 years? 重回

Carbon Emission #011002

Tesla and Edison #011003

Productive Capacity #011004

Fiscal Year #011008

Avi Loeb #011015

Yellow Tulip #011016

Grand Canyon #011017

Modern buildings #011024

Hunted Species #011063

Introvert and Extrovert #011079

Fast Radio Burst #011082

Written Examination #011083

Botanic Garden #011092

Hemingway’s Lifestyle #011093

Incentive Pay Schemes #011098

Population Growth #011099

Industrial Revolution #011102

Diversity of Language #011104

Teacher’s instruction #011108

Private Equity #011110

No ordinary book #011111

Legal Writing #011113

Two Sisters #011115

Japanese tea ceremony #011117

Marketing Management #011120

21st century #011121

Fast food #011123

Australian English #011124

Statistical Information (2020.08更新) #011125

Electric Car #011126

The Preparation of Abstract #011127

Environmental Policy Course #011130

Public Demand for Education #011131

Business School Admissions #011132

Online Shopping Environments #011133

Hazard Assessment #011134

Domestic Work #011136

The Only Family #011137

Heterogeneous Students #011138

The Most Measurable Benefit #011139

Teenage Girls #011140

Black Swan #011141

Important Values of Literature #011142

Internal Combustion Engine #011143

Being Green #011144

A World Without Light #011146

Sustainable Agriculture #011147

Language appeared from nowhere #011149

Soil Samples #011150

Rural Population #011151

Information Technology #011152