Chapter 13

Gravitation
►  13-1 What Is Physics?
►  13-2 Newton's Law of Gravitation
►  13-3 Gravitation and the Principle of Superposition
►  13-4 Gravitation Near Earth's Surface
►  13-5 Gravitation Inside Earth
►  13-6 Gravitational Potential Energy
►  13-7 Planets and Satellites: Kepler's Laws
►  13-8 Satellites: Orbits and Energy
►  13-9 Einstein and Gravitation
 13-1 What Is Physics?
►  Understand the gravitational force-the force that holds you to Earth,
holds the Moon in orbit around Earth, and holds Earth in orbit around
the Sun.
►  The gravitational force also reaches across intergalactic space, holding
together the Local Group of galaxies.
►  The gravitational force also reaches across intergalactic space, holding
together the Local Group of galaxies.
►  This force is also responsible for some of the most mysterious
structures in the universe: black holes.
13-2 Newton's Law of Gravitation
13-3 Gravitation and the Principle of
Superposition
Example:
13-4 Gravitation Near Earth's Surface
Example:
Example:
 The Earth:
► 1. Earth's mass is not uniformly distributed.
► 2.
Earth is not a sphere. Earth is
approximately an ellipsoid, flattened at the
poles and bulging at the equator.
► 3. Earth is rotating.

►  At equator:
Example:
 Shell Theorem:
► Auniform shell of matter attracts an
external particle as if all the shell's mass
were concentrated at its center.
Example: Gravity Force Inside a
Spherical Shell
13-5 Gravitation Inside Earth
13-6 Gravitational Potential Energy
► Potential energy and force:
Gravitational Field:
13-7 Planets and Satellites: Kepler's
Laws
The Second Law:
The Third Law:
13-8 Satellites: Orbits and Energy
 Example:

All Earth geosynchronous orbits, whether circular or elliptical,

have a semi-major axis of 42,164 km (26,199 mi).
Scape Speed:
Example:
 13-9 Einstein and Gravitation

►  Einstein's View of Gravitation Einstein pointed out that gravitation

and acceleration are equivalent. This principle of equivalence
led him to a theory of gravitation (the general theory of relativity) that
explains gravitational effects in terms of a curvature of space.
Curvature of space
Gravitational Lensing
Dark Matter
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example: