7+Ɯ0,65HYLVWDGH'HUHFKRS

THEMIS 61
+',)%0#"$)*%,!")0'-',',+',+12,-#+,-#("#&., Revista de Derecho

+#3)$+'&)0.,454 *

'6789:8,;<,68:,=<>8:,!?><@,'6A<6B
ďŽŐĂĚŽ͘ DĂŐşƐƚĞƌ ĞŶ ĞƌĞĐŚŽ ;>>͘D͘Ϳ ƉŽƌ

Alfonso de los Heros Pérez Albela, Beatriz Merino Lucero,

ůĂ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝĚĂĚ ^ĂŶ DĂƌơŶ ĚĞ WŽƌƌĞƐ͘ dž
WƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚĞ ĚĞů ŽŶƐĞũŽ ĚĞ DŝŶŝƐƚƌŽƐ LJ Ğdž
DŝŶŝƐƚƌŽĚĞdƌĂďĂũŽLJWƌŽŵŽĐŝſŶ^ŽĐŝĂů;ϭϵϵϭͲ
ϭϵϵϮͿ͘^ŽĐŝŽĚĞůƐƚƵĚŝŽĐŚĞĐŽƉĂƌďŽŐĂĚŽƐ͘

C<BD>E@,F<>E98,+GH<>8,
ďŽŐĂĚĂ͘ DĂŐŝƐƚĞƌ ĞŶ ĞƌĞĐŚŽ ;>>͘D͘Ϳ ƉŽƌ
ůĂ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝĚĂĚ ĚĞ ,ĂƌǀĂƌĚ͘ ^ĞŶĂĚŽƌĂ ĚĞ ůĂ
ZĞƉƷďůŝĐĂ;ϭϵϵϬͲϭϵϵϮͿ͘ĐƚƵĂůĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂĚŽƌĂ
/(*&%*/($/%*%3+%+,%*%)#(*(&*C2#%/-5

389@B68,2<IB>>B,FG6B98JEHK
džDŝĞŵďƌŽĚĞůŽŶƐĞũŽŝƌĞĐƟǀŽĚĞd,D/^

DĂŐŝƐƚĞƌ ĞŶ ĞƌĞĐŚŽ ;>>͘D͘Ϳ ƉŽƌ ůĂ

hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝĚĂĚĚĞ,ĂƌǀĂƌĚ͘ŝƌĞĐƚŽƌĚĞ^ĞŵĂŶĂ
C"-).',"%5

Gonzalo Zegarra Mulanovich

*
Las preguntas realizadas en la presente mesa redonda fueron elaboradas por Carolina Pérez Harm, miembro
de la Comisión de Contenido de THEMIS, y Marco Zaldívar Chauca, miembro del Consejo Directivo de THEMIS.
Agradecemos al doctor Luis Diez Canseco Núñez por su colaboración.
13
 /$,19(56,Ï135,9$'$$/$/8='(/'(&5(72/(*,6/$7,92
THEMIS 61
Revista de Derecho
C)* &-2* %>-2* -"<()#%* (&* 0(+1* 2(* ()"-)#+%4%*
%)#(* &%* 8+(2()",%* /(* $)* C2#%/-* %&#%'()#(*
ŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶĐŝŽŶŝƐƚĂ͕ ĞŶ ĞƐĞ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽ Ğů ƐƚĂĚŽ
ĞƌĂ ƉƌŽƉŝĞƚĂƌŝŽ ĚĞ ůĂ ŵĂLJŽƌşĂ ĚĞ ĞŵƉƌĞƐĂƐ͘
^ƵƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂĐŝſŶƐĞĚĂďĂĞŶĂĐĐŝŽŶĞƐĐŽŵŽĞů
ĐŽŶƚƌŽůĚĞůĂĞĐŽŶŽŵşĂŵĞĚŝĂŶƚĞůĂƌĞŐƵůĂĐŝſŶ
ĚĞƉƌĞĐŝŽƐŽĞůĐŽŶƚƌŽůĚĞůĂƉƌŽƉŝĞĚĂĚ͘ŽŵŽ
+(2$&#%/-*/(*$)%*2(+,(*/(*B%"#-+(2*;$(*)-*)-2*
ĐŽŵƉĞƚĞ ĂŶĂůŝnjĂƌ ĞŶ ĞƐƚĞ ŵŽŵĞŶƚŽ͕ Ğů ƉĂşƐ
()#+%*()*$)%*3+%)*"+,2,2*("-).',"%*7*8+-/$"#-*
/(* (2#%* %$'()#%* (&* /(2('8&(-@* 2(* +(/$"(*
ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂƟǀĂŵĞŶƚĞ Ğů ƉŽĚĞƌ ĂĚƋƵŝƐŝƟǀŽ ĚĞ
&%* 8-4&%",.)@* %$'()#%* &%* 8-4+(A%* %* ),:(&(2*
ĞdžƚƌĞŵŽƐLJĐƌĞĐĞůĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂůŝnjĂĐŝſŶ͘
ĞĞƐƚĂĨŽƌŵĂƐƵƌŐĞůĂŶĞĐĞƐŝĚĂĚĚĞƌĞĂůŝnjĂƌ
ƌĞĨŽƌŵĂƐ ĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĞƐ Ă ůĂ ĞĐŽŶŽŵşĂ LJ ĞƐƚŽ
ƐĞƌĞĂůŝnjĂĞŶƉĂƌƚĞĐŽŶůĂĞdžƉĞĚŝĐŝſŶĚĞƵŶĂ
ƐĞƌŝĞ ĚĞ ŶŽƌŵĂƐ ĚĞƐƟŶĂĚĂƐ Ă ƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌŝƌ Ğů
"-)#+-&* ("-).',"-* %* '%)-2* /(* 8+,:%/-25* C)*
ĞƐƚĞ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽ͕ Ğů ŽŶŐƌĞƐŽ ĚĞ ůĂ ZĞƉƷďůŝĐĂ
ĐŽŶĮĞƌĞ Ăů WŽĚĞƌ ũĞĐƵƟǀŽ ůĂ ĨĂĐƵůƚĂĚ ĚĞ
&(3,2&%+@* 7* (&* ED* /(* )-:,('4+(* /(* EFFE* 2(*
ƉƌŽŵƵůŐĂ Ğů ĞĐƌĞƚŽ >ĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀŽ ϳϱϳ –I(7*
DĂƌĐŽ ƉĂƌĂ Ğů ƌĞĐŝŵŝĞŶƚŽ ĚĞ ůĂ /ŶǀĞƌƐŝſŶ
WƌŝǀĂĚĂ͘ƌĞĞŵŽƐƋƵĞĞƐƚĞĚĞĐƌĞƚŽĨƵĞĐůĂǀĞ
ƉĂƌĂĞůƉĂşƐ͕ƉƵĞƐĐŽŶƐŽůŝĚſƵŶŶƵĞǀŽƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ
("-).',"-*+(/$",()/-*&%*,)#(+:()",.)*(2#%#%&*
7* B-'()#%)/-* &%* ,):(+2,.)* 8+,:%/%* %* #+%:K2*
ĚĞ ŐĂƌĂŶơĂƐ LJ ƐĞŐƵƌŝĚĂĚĞƐ͘ ^Ƶ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐŝĂ
B$(*#%&*;$(*'$"<%2*/(*&%2*)-+'%2*8%2%+-)*%*
ĨŽƌŵĂƌŶƵĞƐƚƌŽĂĐƚƵĂůƚĞdžƚŽĐŽŶƐƟƚƵĐŝŽŶĂů͘
LM, #9, HGB9D8, B6, >?IEN<9, <H89ONEH8P, <6,
ĞĐƌĞƚŽ>ĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀŽϳϱϳĞƐŵƵLJƐŝŵŝůĂƌ
Ăů ƋƵĞ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂ ůĂ ŽŶƐƟƚƵĐŝſŶ
JEI<9D<M, $E9, <NAB>I8P, <:D<, ;<H><D8,
7G<,;EHDB;8,<9,LQQLP,ABR8,68:,B6HB9H<:,
ĚĞ ůĂ ŽŶƐƟƚƵĐŝſŶ WŽůşƟĐĂ ĚĞ ϭϵϳϵ
ƋƵĞ ʹĂƵŶƋƵĞ LJĂ ŚĂкà ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐŝĂ Ă
ƵŶĂ ĞĐŽŶŽŵşĂ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĚĞ ŵĞƌĐĂĚŽʹ
H89D<NS6B, G9, N8;<68, <H89ONEH8,
ĚŝĨĞƌĞŶƚĞ͘ŶĞƐƚĞƐĞŶƟĚŽ͕͎ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂ
ƵƐƚĞĚ ƋƵĞ Ğů ĞĐƌĞƚŽ >ĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀŽ ϳϱϳ
ĨƵĞ ŝŶĐŽŶƐƟƚƵĐŝŽŶĂů Ăů ŵŽŵĞŶƚŽ
;<, ;EHDB>:<, 8, :<, D>BDO, T9EHBN<9D<,
;<, G9B, 9G<JB, E9D<>S><DBHEO9, ;<, 6B,
ŽŶƐƟƚƵĐŝſŶ͍
-#, +.$, =#".$U, WĂƌĂ ƉŽŶĞƌ ĞŶ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽ
&%* 8+(3$)#%@* "+(-* ;$(* /(4('-2* 8-)(+)-2*
ĞŶ ůĂ ƐŝƚƵĂĐŝſŶ ĞdžŝƐƚĞŶƚĞ ĞŶ Ğů ĂŹŽ ϭϵϴϵ͘ >Ă
/,"#%/$+%*',&,#%+*/(*&-2*2(#()#%2*%&*(2#%4,&,A%+*
ůĂŵĂLJŽƌƉĂƌƚĞĚĞůŽƐĂĐƟǀŽƐƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŽƐĚĞů
ƉĂşƐ;ďĂũŽĞůŵĂƌĐŽĚĞůĂĐŽŶƐƟƚƵĐŝſŶĚĞϭϵϯϯ͕
14
ƋƵĞŶŽĞƌĂĞƐƚĂƟƐƚĂͿ͕ƚƌĂũŽĐŽŵŽĐŽŶƐĞĐƵĞŶĐŝĂ
(&*/(4,&,#%',()#-*/(*&%2*8+,)",8%&(2*B$()#(2*/(*
ĐƌĞĐŝŵŝĞŶƚŽ LJ ĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůŽ ĚĞů ƉĂşƐ͕ ƐŝƚƵĂĐŝſŶ
;$(*<(+(/%+-)*&-2*2,3$,()#(2*3-4,(+)-2@*8(+-*
ƋƵĞ ŶŽ ƐƵƉŝĞƌŽŶ ƐƵƉĞƌĂƌ LJ ŵŽĚŝĮĐĂƌ͕ ŵĄƐ
ĂƷŶĐŽŶƵŶĂĐŽŶƐƟƚƵĐŝſŶĂůŐŽƌşŐŝĚĂĐŽŵŽůĂ
ĚĞůϳϵ͕ƋƵĞƚĂŵďŝĠŶƋƵĞĚſĐŽŵŽŚĞƌĞŶĐŝĂLJ
;$(* /(2%B-+#$)%/%'()#(@* 2,* 4,()* +(8%+%4%*
%&3$)-2* %28("#-2* 2-",%&(2@* B$(* +(#+.3+%/%* ()*
ŽƚƌŽƐ ƚĞŵĂƐ͕ ĐŽŵŽ Ğů ĚĞ ůĂ ĞĐŽŶŽŵşĂ LJ ŶŽƐ
ůůĞǀŽ Ă ůĂ ŚŝƉĞƌŝŶŇĂĐŝſŶ ƋƵĞ ƉƌĄĐƟĐĂŵĞŶƚĞ
ƋƵĞďƌſ Ăů ƉĂşƐ LJ ƋƵĞ ƚƵǀŽ ƋƵĞ ƌĞƐŽůǀĞƌ Ğů
+K3,'()*/(*&-2*)-:()#%2*"-)*(&*B%'-2-*L2<-"M*
("-).',"-N*;$(*)-*B$(*-#+%*"-2%*;$(*2,)"(+%+*
ůĂ ĞĐŽŶŽŵşĂ LJ ĞŵƉĞnjĂƌ Ă ǀŝǀŝƌ ůĂ ƌĞĂůŝĚĂĚ͕
"-)* (&* %3+%:%)#(* /(&* #(++-+,2'-* ;$(* #%)#-*
ĚĂŹŽĐĂƵƐſLJƋƵĞƚĂŶƚŽƚƌĂďĂũŽĐŽƐƚſĂůƉĂşƐ
/(#()(+5*
ŽŶ ƌĞůĂĐŝſŶ Ăů ĞĐƌĞƚŽ >ĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀŽ ϳϱϳ͕ĠƐƚĞ
ĨƵĞƵŶĂĚĞůĂƐƚĂŶƚĂƐŶŽƌŵĂƐƋƵĞƐĞĞdžƉŝĚŝſ
()* /,"<%* 2,#$%",.)* /(* ('(+3()",%@* 8%+%*
ĞŶĐĂƵnjĂƌ Ğů ƉĂşƐ͘ ^ŝ ŶŽ ƌĞĐƵĞƌĚŽ ŵĂů ĨƵĞƌŽŶ
%&+(/(/-+*/(*",()#-*:(,)#(*)-+'%25*
ůĞĐƌĞƚŽ>ĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀŽϳϱϳ͕ĞƐƚĂďůĞĐŝſŶŽƌŵĂƐ
ĚĞ ƐĞŐƵƌŝĚĂĚ LJ ĞƐƚĂďŝůŝĚĂĚ ũƵƌşĚŝĐĂ ƉĂƌĂ ůĂƐ
,):(+2,-)(2*()*#-/-2*&-2*2("#-+(2*("-).',"-2@*
2,)* 8(+=$,",-* /(* &%2* )-+'%2* 2("#-+,%&(2*
ƋƵĞ ƐĞ ĞdžƉŝĚŝĞƌŽŶ͕ ƚĂůĞƐ ĐŽŵŽ LJ Ă ŵĂŶĞƌĂ
ĚĞ ĞũĞŵƉůŽ͕ ůĂ ĚĞ ŚŝĚƌŽĐĂƌďƵƌŽƐ ;ĞĐƌĞƚŽ
>ĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀŽ ϲϱϱͿ͕ ůĂ ĚĞ ŝŶǀĞƌƐŝſŶ ĞdžƚƌĂŶũĞƌĂ
;ĞĐƌĞƚŽ >ĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀŽ ϲϲϮͿ͕ ůĂ ĚĞ ŝŶǀĞƌƐŝſŶ ĞŶ
&%2* ('8+(2%2* /(* C2#%/-* %* #+%:K2* /(* "-'8+%*
/(* %"",-)(2@* %$'()#-2* /(* "%8,#%&@* "-)#+%#-2*
/(* %2-",%",.)@* /(* 2(+:,",-2* 7* /(* "-)"(2,.)* 7*
ĚĞǀĞŶƚĂĚĞĂĐƟǀŽƐ;ĞĐƌĞƚŽ>ĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀŽϲϳϰͿ͕
ůĂĚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝĚĂĚ;ĞĐƌĞƚŽ>ĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀŽϲϵϯͿ͕ůĂ
ĚĞƐĞƌǀŝĐŝŽƐĞĚƵĐĂƟǀŽƐ;ĞĐƌĞƚŽ>ĞLJϲϵϵͿ͕ůĂ
ĚĞĞůŝŵŝŶĂĐŝſŶĚĞůĂƐƉƌĄĐƟĐĂƐŵŽŶŽƉſůŝĐĂƐLJ
ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƟǀĂƐ ĚĞ ůĂ ůŝďƌĞ ĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶĐŝĂ ;ĞĐƌĞƚŽ
>ĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀŽ ϳϬϭͿ͕ ůĂ ĚĞ ŵŝĐƌŽ LJ ƉĞƋƵĞŹĂ
ĞŵƉƌĞƐĂ ;ĞĐƌĞƚŽ >ĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀŽ ϳϬϱͿ͕ ůĂ ĚĞ
ƉƌŽƚĞĐĐŝſŶĂůĐŽŶƐƵŵŝĚŽƌ;ĞĐƌĞƚŽ>ĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀŽ
ϳϭϲͿ͕LJůĂůĞLJĚĞůŵĞƌĐĂĚŽĚĞǀĂůŽƌĞƐ;ĞĐƌĞƚŽ
>ĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀŽϳϱϱͿ͕ĞŶƚƌĞŽƚƌĂƐ͘
ů ŵŽŵĞŶƚŽ ĚĞ ĞdžƉĞĚŝƌƐĞ ĞƐƚĂƐ ŶŽƌŵĂƐ͕
ĞdžŝƐơĂ ůĂ ŽŶƐƟƚƵĐŝſŶ ĚĞů ϳϵ LJ ŶŽ ůĂ ĚĞů ϵϯ͘
!;$(&&%@* )-* "-)#('8&%4%* ()* +(%&,/%/* $)*
ŵŽĚĞůŽĞĐŽŶſŵŝĐŽĚŝĨĞƌĞŶƚĞ͘^ƵĂƌơĐƵůŽϭϭϬ
"-)2%3+%4%* (&* /(2%++-&&-* ("-).',"-* 7* 2-",%&*
'(/,%)#(* (&* ,)"+('()#-* /(* &%* 8+-/$"",.)*
LJ ůĂ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝĚĂĚ͕ ĨŽŵĞŶƚĂďĂ ůŽƐ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŽƐ
ƐĞĐƚŽƌĞƐ ĚĞ ůĂ ƉƌŽĚƵĐĐŝſŶ LJ ĚĞĨĞŶ̺à Ğů
ŝŶƚĞƌĠƐĚĞůŽƐĐŽŶƐƵŵŝĚŽƌĞƐ͘^ƵĂƌơĐƵůŽϭϭϭ
ƌĞŐƵůĂďĂ ůĂ ƉŽůşƟĐĂ ĞĐŽŶſŵŝĐĂ ĚĞů ƐĞĐƚŽƌ

814&,"-@*8(+-*(+%*-+,()#%/-+%*/(&*8+,:%/-5* C&*
ĂƌơĐƵůŽϭϭϮĞƌĂŵĄƐĐŽŶƚƵŶĚĞŶƚĞĂƷŶ͕ƉƵĞƐ
ŐĂƌĂŶƟnjĂďĂĞůƉůƵƌĂůŝƐŵŽĞĐŽŶſŵŝĐŽLJƉŽŶşĂ
ĂůƐƚĂĚŽĐŽŵŽƉƌŽŵŽƚŽƌĚĞůĂĞĐŽŶŽŵşĂĞŶ
Ğů ĂƌơĐƵůŽ ϭϭϯ͕ ŐĂƌĂŶƟnjĂŶĚŽ ůĂ ůŝďĞƌƚĂĚ ĚĞ
ůĂ ŝŶŝĐŝĂƟǀĂ ƉƌŝǀĂĚĂ LJ ůĂ ĞĐŽŶŽŵşĂ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĚĞ
ŵĞƌĐĂĚŽ͕ ƐĞŐƷŶ Ğů ĂƌơĐƵůŽ ϭϭϱ͕ LJ ůĂ ůŝďĞƌƚĂĚ
ĚĞĐŽŵĞƌĐŝŽĞdžƚĞƌŝŽƌƐĞŐƷŶĞůĂƌơĐƵůŽϭϭϳ͘z
Ŷŝ ƋƵĠ ĚĞĐŝƌ ĚĞ ůŽƐ ĂƌơĐƵůŽƐ ϭϯϬ LJ ϭϯϭ͕ ƋƵĞ
"-)2%3+%)*&%*&,4(+#%/*/(*('8+(2%5
ŽŶ ĞƐƚŽƐ ĂŶƚĞĐĞĚĞŶƚĞƐ ŶŽ ĞdžŝƐơĂ
ŝŶĐŽŵƉĂƟďŝůŝĚĂĚ ĞŶƚƌĞ Ğů ĞĐƌĞƚŽ ϳϱϳ LJ ůĂ
ŽŶƐƟƚƵĐŝſŶ ĞŶƚŽŶĐĞƐ ǀŝŐĞŶƚĞ͕ ƉƵĞƐ ĞƐƚĞ
ĞĐƌĞƚŽ >ĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀŽ͕ ŐĂƌĂŶƟnjĂ ůĂ ŝŶŝĐŝĂƟǀĂ LJ ůĂ
,):(+2,.)* 8+,:%/%2@* &%* &,4+(* "-'8(#()",%* ()*
ƵŶĂĞĐŽŶŽŵşĂƐŽĐŝĂůĚĞŵĞƌĐĂĚŽ͕ĞůƉůƵƌĂůŝƐŵŽ
ĞĐŽŶſŵŝĐŽ͕ Ğů ůŝďƌĞ ĂĐĐĞƐŽ Ă ůĂƐ ĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚĞƐ
ĞĐŽŶſŵŝĐĂƐ͕ůĂƉƌŽƉŝĞĚĂĚƉƌŝǀĂĚĂ͕ůĂŐĂƌĂŶơĂ
/(&* C2#%/-* 8%+%* &-2* 2(+:,",-2* 814&,"-2* "-)*
ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞů ƐĞĐƚŽƌ ƉƌŝǀĂĚŽ͕ ůĂ ƐĞŐƵƌŝĚĂĚ
ũƵƌşĚŝĐĂĞŶŵĂƚĞƌŝĂƚƌŝďƵƚĂƌŝĂ͕ůĂĞůŝŵŝŶĂĐŝſŶĚĞ
ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐĐŝŽŶĞƐ ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĂƐ ƉĂƌĂ ůĂ ŝŶǀĞƌƐŝſŶ
LJůĂƐĞŐƵƌŝĚĂĚũƵƌşĚŝĐĂƉĂƌĂůĂĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂĐŝſŶĚĞů
'(/,-*%'4,()#(*()#+(*-#+-2*%28("#-25*
* ƋƵĞ ĞƌĂ ůĂ ƷŶŝĐĂ ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂĐŝſŶ ƋƵĞ Đúà ĚĞ
F#")%.U,EŽĐƌĞŽƋƵĞĞůĞĐƌĞƚŽ>ĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀŽ
ϳϱϳ ŚĂLJĂ ƐŝĚŽ ŝŶĐŽŶƐƟƚƵĐŝŽŶĂů ĞŶ ŶŝŶŐƷŶ
ĞdžƚƌĞŵŽ͘ WŽƌ Ğů ĐŽŶƚƌĂƌŝŽ͕ ĨƵĞ ƉĂƌƚĞ ĚĞů
8+-"(2-* /(* '-/(+),A%",.)* 7* /(* +(B-+'%* /(&*
C2#%/-*8(+$%)-@*;$(*4$2"%4%*,)2(+#%+*%&*0(+1*
ĞŶ Ğů ƉĂŶŽƌĂŵĂ ŵƵŶĚŝĂů͘ ĞďĞŵŽƐ ƚĞŶĞƌ
ĞŶ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂĐŝſŶ ůĂƐ ǀĂƌŝĂďůĞƐ ĚĞ ƟĞŵƉŽ LJ
ůƵŐĂƌ͕ LJ ƵďŝĐĂƌŶŽƐ ĞŶ Ğů ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽ ƉĞƌƵĂŶŽ Ă
,),",-2*/(*&%*/K"%/%*/(&*)-:()#%5*I%*2,#$%",.)*
ƋƵĞƐĞǀŝǀşĂĞŶĞůƉĂşƐĞƌĂŵƵLJĐƌşƟĐĂ͕ƚĂŶƚŽ
()* (&* 8&%)-* ("-).',"-* "-'-* 2-",%&O* &%* "+,2,2*
ĞĐŽŶſŵŝĐĂ͕ Ğů ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚŽ ĂƌŵĂĚŽ ŝŶƚĞƌŶŽ͕ ůĂ
ĚĞďŝůŝĚĂĚ ŝŶƐƟƚƵĐŝŽŶĂů͕ ĞƚĐ͘ WŽƌ ŽƚƌŽ ůĂĚŽ͕
ĞŶ Ğů ƉĂŶŽƌĂŵĂ ŵƵŶĚŝĂů͕ ůĂ ĐƵĞƐƟſŶ ĞƌĂ
ĚŝƐƟŶƚĂ͕ƉƵĞƐůĂĐĂşĚĂĚĞůŵƵƌŽĚĞĞƌůşŶĞŶ
ϭϵϴϵ ĐŽŶƐƟƚƵLJſ ƵŶ ŐŽůƉĞ Ă ůĂƐ ĐŽƌƌŝĞŶƚĞƐ Ğ
ŝĚĞŽůŽŐşĂƐ ƋƵĞ ĂƚĂĐĂďĂŶ Ăů ůŝďƌĞ ŵĞƌĐĂĚŽ͕
%&* /(+("<-* %* &%* 8+-8,(/%/* 8+,:%/%* 7* %* &%2*
&,4(+#%/(2*,)/,:,/$%&(25*
Ŷ ĞƐĂ ůşŶĞĂ͕ ĐĂďĞ ƐĞŹĂůĂƌ ƋƵĞ Ğů ĞĐƌĞƚŽ
>ĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀŽϳϱϳďƵƐĐſĞůŝŵŝŶĂƌƚŽĚĂƐůĂƐƚƌĂďĂƐ
LJ ĚŝƐƚŽƌƐŝŽŶĞƐ ůĞŐĂůĞƐ LJ ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĂƐ ƋƵĞ
ĞŶƚŽƌƉĞĐĞŶ Ğů ĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůŽ ĚĞ ůĂƐ ĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚĞƐ
ĞĐŽŶſŵŝĐĂƐ LJ ƌĞƐƚƌŝŶŐĞŶ ůĂ ůŝďƌĞ ŝŶŝĐŝĂƟǀĂ
ƉƌŝǀĂĚĂ͕ĞŶĂƌĂƐĚĞŐĂƌĂŶƟnjĂƌůĂůŝďƌĞŝŶŝĐŝĂƟǀĂ
LJ ůĂƐ ŝŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶĞƐ ƉƌŝǀĂĚĂƐ ;ĂƌơĐƵůŽ ϭͿ͘ ^ŝŶ
('4%+3-@*(2#%4&(",.*8%$#%2*8%+%*(&*(;$,&,4+,-*
+%",-)%&*()#+(*(&*/(2%++-&&-*2-",-9("-).',"-@*
&%*"-)2(+:%",.)*/(&*%'4,()#(*7*(&*$2-*2-2#(),/-*
ĚĞ ůŽƐ ƌĞĐƵƌƐŽƐ ŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞƐ ;ĂƌơĐƵůŽ ϰϵͿ͘ Ŷ
7+Ɯ0,65HYLVWDGH'HUHFKRS
ĐŽŶƐĞĐƵĞŶĐŝĂ͕ ƉŽĚĞŵŽƐ ĂĮƌŵĂƌ ƋƵĞ ĞŶ ĞƐƚĂ THEMIS 61
Revista de Derecho
)-+'%* 2(* 8+-8$2-* $)* %/("$%/-* (;$,&,4+,-*
ƋƵĞ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀĂďĂ ůĂ ŝŶǀĞƌƐŝſŶ͕ ƉĞƌŽ ŶŽ Ă ƚŽĚĂ
"-2#%@* 8$(2* K2#%* /(4(* /%+2(* +(28(#%)/-* &-*
(2#%4&(",/-*()*)$(2#+%*&(3,2&%",.)*()*'%#(+,%*
/(*8+-#("",.)*%&*'(/,-*%'4,()#(5*
!2,',2'-@* "-)2,/(+-@* 8(+2-)%&'()#(@* ;$(*
ĞƐƚĞĞĐƌĞƚŽ>ĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀŽĨƵĞƉŽƐŝƟǀŽ͕ƉƵĞƐĐŽŶ
Alfonso de los Heros Pérez Albela, Beatriz Merino Lucero,
&%* -2#()2,4&(* :()#%=%* /(* (:%&$%+* 2$* ,'8%"#-*
:(,)#(* %>-2* /(28$K2@* 8-/('-2* 2(>%&%+* ;$(*
ƉĞƌŵŝƟſ Ğů ŝŶŐƌĞƐŽ ĚĞ ŐƌĂŶĚĞƐ ŝŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶĞƐ LJ
ƋƵĞůĂĞĐŽŶŽŵşĂŚĂŵĞũŽƌĂĚŽŶŽƚĂďůĞŵĞŶƚĞ
/(2/(*()#-)"(25*0%+%*8+-'-:(+*(&*/(2%++-&&-*
7*4,()(2#%+*/(*&-2*",$/%/%)-2*(2*8+(",2-*;$(*
ĞdžŝƐƚĂƵŶƉƌŽĐĞƐŽĚĞĐƌĞĐŝŵŝĞŶƚŽĞĐŽŶſŵŝĐŽ͕
8$(2* )-* (2* 8-2,4&(* <%4&%+* /(* ,)"&$2,.)* 2,* )-*
ĞdžŝƐƚĞƵŶĂďŽŶĂŶnjĂ͘EŽƐĞƉƵĞĚĞ;ŶŽƐĞĚĞďĞͿ
ƌĞƉĂƌƟƌƉŽďƌĞnjĂ͘
2#3'""'U ŶĠƌŐŝĐĂŵĞŶƚĞ ĚŝƌşĂ ƋƵĞ ŶŽ ĨƵĞ
ŝŶĐŽŶƐƟƚƵĐŝŽŶĂů͕ Ŷŝ ƌĞŵŽƚĂŵĞŶƚĞ͘ ů ƋƵĞ ůĂ
ŽŶƐƟƚƵĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ϭϵϳϵ ŚƵďŝĞƌĂ ĂŵƉĂƌĂĚŽ ƵŶĂ
,)#(+8+(#%",.)* /(* 2$* +K3,'()* ("-).',"-* ;$(*
ŚĂďƌşĂ ƐŝĚŽ ŚĂƌƚŽ ĞƐƚĂƟƐƚĂ͕ ŶŽ ƋƵŝĞƌĞ ĚĞĐŝƌ
ĞƐĞ ƚĞdžƚŽ͘ >Ă ŽŶƐƟƚƵĐŝſŶ ĚĞů ϳϵ ƉƌŽĐůĂŵĂďĂ
ůĂĞĐŽŶŽŵşĂƐŽĐŝĂůĚĞŵĞƌĐĂĚŽLJLJŽĐƌĞŽƋƵĞ
ůĂƐ ĚŝƐƉŽƐŝĐŝŽŶĞƐ ĚĞů ĞĐƌĞƚŽ >ĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀŽ ϳϱϳ
ƐŽŶ ĚĞů ƚŽĚŽ ĐŽŵƉĂƟďůĞƐ ĐŽŶ ĞƐĞ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽ͘
^ŝ ďŝĞŶ Ğů ƚĞdžƚŽ ĚĞů ƌĠŐŝŵĞŶ ĞĐŽŶſŵŝĐŽ
Gonzalo Zegarra Mulanovich
ĚĞ ůĂ ŽŶƐƟƚƵĐŝſŶ ĚĞů ϳϵ ĞƌĂ ŵƵĐŚŽ ŵĄƐ
ŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶĐŝŽŶŝƐƚĂ͕ƚĞŶşĂƵŶĂƐĞƌŝĞĚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŽƐ
ŐĞŶĠƌŝĐŽƐ ƋƵĞ ƐŽŶ ƉƌŽƉŝŽƐ ĚĞ ƵŶĂ ŝĚĞŽůŽŐşĂ
2-",%&* /('."+%#%* ;$(* %/',#(* $)%* 2(+,(* /(*
ŵĂƟĐĞƐ͘ŶƚƌĞĞůůŽƐ͕ůŽƐĚĞůĞĐƌĞƚŽ>ĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀŽ
ϳϱϳ ƐŽŶ ĐůĂƌĂŵĞŶƚĞ ĐŽŵƉĂƟďůĞƐ͕ ƉŽƌƋƵĞ
ĂĚĞŵĄƐ ƵŶŽ ůĞĞ Ğů ƚĞdžƚŽ ĚĞ ĞƐƚĞ ĚĞĐƌĞƚŽ LJ
:(* ;$(* K2#(* /%* "-)2#%)#(2* +(B(+()",%2* %* &%*
ŽŶƐƟƚƵĐŝſŶ͘ dĂŵƉŽĐŽ ƚĞŶŐŽ ŶŽƟĐŝĂƐ ĚĞ ƋƵĞ
ŚĂLJĂ ŚĂďŝĚŽ ƵŶĂ ŝŶŝĐŝĂƟǀĂ ĚĞ ŝŶƚĞŶƚĂƌ ůŽŐƌĂƌ
ůĂŝŶĐŽŶƐƟƚƵĐŝŽŶĂůŝĚĂĚĚĞůĚĞĐƌĞƚŽLJƐŝůĂŚƵďŽ
ĠƐƚĂ ŶŽ ƉƌŽƐƉĞƌſ͕ ƉŽƌ ůŽ ƋƵĞ ĚŝİĐŝůŵĞŶƚĞ
ƉƵĞĚĞƐŽƐƚĞŶĞƌƐĞƋƵĞĞůĚĞĐƌĞƚŽůĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀŽĞƌĂ
ŝŶĐŽŶƐƟƚƵĐŝŽŶĂů͘ Dŝ ƌĞƐƉƵĞƐƚĂ ŝƌşĂ ŵĄƐ ƉŽƌ ůĂ
ƐĞŐƵŶĚĂƉĂƌƚĞĚĞůĂƉƌĞŐƵŶƚĂĞŶĞůƐĞŶƟĚŽƋƵĞ
'?2*4,()*2(*#+%#-*/(*$)%*,)#(+8+(#%",.)*:?&,/%*
ĚĞůĂĐŽŶƐƟƚƵĐŝſŶ͘
VM, "<:S<HD8, B, 6B:, ;E:S8:EHE89<:, ;<6,
ĚĞĐƌĞƚŽ͕ĞŶƐƵŵĂLJŽƌşĂŶŽĞƌĂŶŶƵĞǀĂƐ͕
:E98,WG<,:<,<9H89D>BAB9,><IG6B;B:,<9,
;<H><D8:, B9D<>E8><:, ;<9D>8, ;<6, NB>H8,
;<, 6B:, ><78>NB:, <:D>GHDG>B6<:, ;<, 6B,
ĞĐŽŶŽŵşĂ ĚĞƐĚĞ Ğů ĂŹŽ ϭϵϵϬ͘ ͎WŽƌ
ƋƵĠƌĞƵŶŝƌĂƚŽĚĂƐĞŶƵŶƐŽůŽĚĞĐƌĞƚŽ͍
͎,ĂďşĂƵŶĂŶĞĐĞƐŝĚĂĚĞƐƉĞĐşĮĐĂ͍
15
 /$,19(56,Ï135,9$'$$/$/8='(/'(&5(72/(*,6/$7,92
THEMIS 61 -#, +.$, =#".$U >ĂƐ ŶŽƌŵĂƐ ĚĞ ĞƐƚĞ ĞĐƌĞƚŽ
Revista de Derecho
>ĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀŽ͕ ĞƐƚĄŶ ƌĞĨĞƌŝĚĂƐ Ăů ŵĂƌĐŽ ĚĞ ůĂ
,):(+2,.)* 8+,:%/%* "-'-* )-+'%2* 3()(+%&(2*
%8&,"%4&(2* %* #-/-2* &-2* "%2-25* C2* :(+/%/* ;$(*
()#+(* &%2* '?2* /(* ",()#-* :(,)#(* )-+'%2* ;$(*
ƐĞĞdžƉŝĚŝĞƌŽŶůĂƐŚĂLJƐŽďƌĞŝŶǀĞƌƐŝſŶƉƌŝǀĂĚĂ͕
ƉĞƌŽ ĞŶ ƐĞĐƚŽƌĞƐ ĞƐƉĞĐşĮĐŽƐ͕ ƚĂů ĐŽŵŽ ŚĞ
2(>%&%/-* %&* "-)#(2#%+* &%* 8+(3$)#%* %)#(+,-+5*
WŽƌ ĞůůŽ ĞƌĂ ĐŽŶǀĞŶŝĞŶƚĞ ĞdžƉĞĚŝƌ ƵŶĂ ŶŽƌŵĂ
;$(*"$4+,(+%*(&*?'4,#-*3()(+%&*/(*&%*,):(+2,.)*
ĐŽŶƐƵƐƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĂƐŐĂƌĂŶơĂƐ͕ůŽĐƵĂůŝďĂŵĄƐ
ĂůůĄĚĞůĂƐŶŽƌŵĂƐĞƐƉĞĐşĮĐĂƐŽƐĞĐƚŽƌŝĂůĞƐ͘
F#")%.U, ^Ğ ƉƌĞƚĞŶ̺à ĞƐƚĂďůĞĐĞƌ ĞŶ ƵŶ
2-&-* ,)2#+$'()#-* #-/%2* &%2* /,28-2,",-)(2*
ƋƵĞ ƌĞŐƵůĂďĂŶ Ğů ŵĂƌĐŽ ũƵƌşĚŝĐŽ ĂƉůŝĐĂďůĞ
8%+%* (&* "+(",',()#-* /(* &%* ,):(+2,.)* 8+,:%/%5*
ŝĞƌƚĂŵĞŶƚĞ͕ ĐŽŵŽ ůŽ ƐĞŹĂůſ ůĂ ƉĂƌƚĞ
ƌĞůĂƟǀĂ Ă ůŽƐ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂŶĚŽƐ͕ ĞƌĂ ƉƌĞĐŝƐŽ
3()(+%+* &%2* "-)/,",-)(2* )("(2%+,%2* 8%+%* &%*
,):(+2,.)* 8+,:%/%* /(* &-2* /,B(+()#(2* 2("#-+(2*
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŽƐ͘ WŽƌ ĞůůŽ ƌĞƐƵůƚĂďĂ ƉĞƌƟŶĞŶƚĞ
ĞdžƉĞĚŝƌ ƵŶĂ >ĞLJ DĂƌĐŽ ƋƵĞ ĐŽŶƚĞŶŐĂ ƚŽĚĂƐ
ĞƐƚĂƐ ĚŝƐƉŽƐŝĐŝŽŶĞƐ͕ Ă ĮŶ ĚĞ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀĂƌ Ğů
"+(",',()#-*/(*&%*,):(+2,.)*8+,:%/%*()*#-/-2*
ůŽƐƐĞĐƚŽƌĞƐĚĞůĂĞĐŽŶŽŵşĂ͘
^ŝ ůĂ ĮŶĂůŝĚĂĚ ĚĞů ĞĐƌĞƚŽ >ĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀŽ ϳϱϳ
ĐŽŶƐŝƐơĂĞŶĐƌĞĂƌƵŶĐůŝŵĂĚĞĐŽŶĮĂŶnjĂƉĂƌĂ
ŝŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶŝƐƚĂƐ ŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ LJ ĞdžƚƌĂŶũĞƌŽƐ͕ ƉŽƌ
ĐŽŶƐŝŐƵŝĞŶƚĞƐĞĚĞďşĂƚĞŶĞƌƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞƋƵĞůĂƐ
8(+"(8",-)(2* 2-)* 8+(',2%2* B$)/%'()#%&(2*
LJ͕ ĞŶ ĞĨĞĐƚŽ͕ ƋƵĞ ĞƐƚĂ ĚŝƐƉŽƐŝĐŝſŶ ĐŽŶƐƟƚƵLJſ
$)%* 4$()%* 2(>%&* /(* ;$(@* +(%&'()#(@* (&*
C2#%/-*/(2(%4%*&&(:%+*%*"%4-*(2#(*8+-"(2-*/(*
ƌĞĨŽƌŵĂƐĞŶůŽƋƵĞŚĂďşĂƐŝĚŽĞůƌŽůƚƌĂĚŝĐŝŽŶĂů
ĚĞůƐƚĂĚŽĞŶůĂƐĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚĞƐĞĐŽŶſŵŝĐĂƐƉĂƌĂ
ŵŽƟǀĂƌƵŶĂĂƉĞƌƚƵƌĂĞŶĞůŵĞƌĐĂĚŽ͘
2#3'""'U, zŽ ŶŽ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĠ ĚĞ ĞƐĂ ĐŽLJƵŶƚƵƌĂ
ĂƐş ƋƵĞ ŶŽ ƉƵĞĚŽ ƐĂďĞƌ Ɛŝ ŚĂďşĂ ƵŶĂ
ƉƌĞŽĐƵƉĂĐŝſŶ ĞŶ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ƋƵĞ ƚƵǀŝĞƌĂŶ ůŽƐ
ƋƵĞ ŝŵƉƵůƐĂƌŽŶ Ğů ĚĞĐƌĞƚŽ͘ ŶƟĞŶĚŽ ƋƵĞ
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Ğ ŚĞĐŚŽ ƐĞ ŚĂ ĚŝĐŚŽ ƋƵĞ Ğů ŚĞĐŚŽ ĚĞ
'%)#()(+&%* 4%=-* (&* +K3,'()* %"#$%&* 3()(+%*
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ŝŵƉŝĚĞŶ ƋƵĞ ƵŶĂ ĐĂŶƟĚĂĚ ĞŶŽƌŵĞ ĚĞ
",$/%/%)-2* 8(+$%)-2* %""(/%)* %&* 2(+:,",-*
ĚĞů ĂŐƵĂ ƉŽƌƋƵĞ ŶŽ ŚĂLJ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐ ƉĂƌĂ ůĂ
ŝŶǀĞƌƐŝſŶĞŶůĂĞdžƉĂŶƐŝſŶĚĞƌĞĚĞƐƚĂůĐŽŵŽ
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2,3%)* 2,()/-* 2$42,/,%/%2* &%2* #%+,B%2* /(* %3$%*
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%/('?2@*(2#-*(2*#-#%&'()#(*(28-)#?)(-@*/(*
'()",-)%+#(* ',* +(",4-* /(* %3$%* /(* ',* "%2%*
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ƟĞŶĞ ƋƵĞ ƉĂŐĂƌ ďĂƐƚĂŶƚĞ ŵĄƐ ƋƵĞ ĞƐŽ ƉŽƌ
$)%2*",&,)/+%/%2*/(*%3$%*8-"-*2%&$4+(R*C2#?*
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ĞƐƚĂƚĂůĚĞ^W>ĞƐƵŶĨƌĂĐĂƐŽLJŚĂLJƋƵĞ
ƉƌŝǀĂƟnjĂƌůŽ͘
dĂŵďŝĠŶƐŽLJƉĂƌƟĚĂƌŝŽĚĞůĂƉƌŝǀĂƟnjĂĐŝſŶĚĞ
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ůĂ ĞdžŝŐĞŶĐŝĂ ĚĞ ŵĂLJŽƌĞƐ ŵĞĐĂŶŝƐŵŽƐ ĚĞ
!""#$%&!'()(&*@* /(* +()/,',()#-* /(* "$()#%2@*
ƉŽƌƋƵĞ Ăů ĮŶ ĚĞ ĐƵĞŶƚĂƐ ƐĞ ƚƌĂƚĂ ĚĞ ůĂ
ƉŽƚĞƐƚĂĚ ƉƵŶŝƟǀĂ ĚĞů ƐƚĂĚŽ ƋƵĞ ĞƐ ŵƵĐŚŽ
'%2*"-)2$2#%)",%&*%&*%8%+%#-*(2#%#%&*7*'$"<-*
'?2* %4$2%4&(5* 0(+-* ()* &%* '(/,/%* ;$(* )-*
ŚĂLJ ŶŝŶŐƵŶĂ ĚŝĮĐƵůƚĂĚ ƉĂƌĂ ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƌ ƵŶĂ
8+,2,.)*8+,:%/%'()#(@*2,)-*2-&%'()#(*",(+#-2*
+(;$,2,#-2*;$(*/(4()*2(+*"$'8&,/-2*8%+%*;$(*
)-*2(*%4$2(*/(*(2%*%/',),2#+%",.)*8+,:%/%@*7-*
7+Ɯ0,65HYLVWDGH'HUHFKRS
ƚĂŵďŝĠŶ ƐĞƌşĂ ƉĂƌƟĚĂƌŝŽ ĚĞ ůĂ ƉƌŝǀĂƟnjĂĐŝſŶ THEMIS 61
Revista de Derecho
/(* &%2* "?+"(&(2@* 2,('8+(* 7* "$%)/-* <%7%)*
'("%),2'-2*/(*+()/,',()#-*/(*"$()#%2*;$(*
8(+',#%)*;$(*)-*2(*/(2&,3$(*(&*8-/(+*8-+;$(*
ĂĚĞŵĄƐ ůĂƐ ĐĄƌĐĞůĞƐ ƐŽŶ ƉŽƌ ĚĞĮŶŝĐŝſŶ ƵŶ
ƐŝƟŽ ĚŽŶĚĞ ĞƐ ŵƵLJ ĨĄĐŝů ŝŶĐƵƌƌŝƌ ĞŶ ĂĐƚŽƐ ĚĞ
ĐŽƌƌƵƉĐŝſŶ͘ ŶƚŽŶĐĞƐ͕ Ɛş ŚĂLJ ƋƵĞ ƐĞƌ ŵƵLJ
:,3,&%)#(2* "-)* (2-@* 8(+-* 8+-4%4&('()#(*
ƐƵ ƉƌŝǀĂƟnjĂĐŝſŶ ƚĞŶĚƌşĂ ƉŽƌ ĞĨĞĐƚŽ ƵŶĂ
Alfonso de los Heros Pérez Albela, Beatriz Merino Lucero,
'(=-+%* ()* &-2* (2#?)/%+(2* /(* "%&,/%/* /(*
:,/%* /(* &-2* 8+(2-2@* 8$(2* "-'-* 2%4('-2* ()*
Ğů WĞƌƷ ŚĂLJ ƵŶ ĚĠĮĐŝƚ ĚĞ  ĞƐƚĂďůĞĐŝŵŝĞŶƚŽƐ
8(),#()",%+,-2@* <%7* '$"<-2* '%2* 8+(2-2* /(*
&-* ;$(* &%* ,)B+%(2#+$"#$+%* %3$%)#%5* C)#-)"(2*
&%*"-)"(2,.)@*;$(*(2#(*3-4,(+)-*<%*B+$2#+%/-*
ĞŶƵŶĐĂƐŽƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ͕ĞƐƵŶĂĞdžĐĞůĞŶƚĞƐĂůŝĚĂ
8%+%* %'8&,%+* &%* -B(+#%* /(* ,)B+%(2#+$"#$+%*
ĐĂƌĐĞůĂƌŝĂĞŶĞůƉĂşƐ͘
5M, ŽŶ ůĂƐ ƉƌŝǀĂƟnjĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ ƐĞ ǀĞŶĚŝĞƌŽŶ
ůĂƐĞŵƉƌĞƐĂƐĞƐƚĂƚĂůĞƐ͕ƉƌĄĐƟĐĂŵĞŶƚĞ͕
:<, ><NBDB>89M, !<>8P, <9, 9G<:D>B,
ŽƉŝŶŝſŶ͕ƐƵƌŐĞŶĚŽƐƉƌŽďůĞŵĂƐ͎͗ƋƵĠ
ƐĞ ŚĂĐĞ ĐŽŶ Ğů ĚŝŶĞƌŽ LJ ƋƵĠ ŚĂĐĞ Ğů
ƐƚĂĚŽůƵĞŐŽĚĞǀĞŶĚĞƌůĂƐĞŵƉƌĞƐĂƐ͍
͎ƵĄů ĐƌĞĞ ƋƵĞ ĚĞďĞ ƐĞƌ Ğů ƌŽů ĚĞů
#:DB;8, 6G<I8, ;<, 66<JB>:<, B, HBA8, 6B:,
ƉƌŝǀĂƟnjĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ͍
-#, +.$, =#".$U, Q-* (2* :(+/%/* ;$(*
ƉƌĄĐƟĐĂŵĞŶƚĞ ƐĞ ƌĞŵĂƚĂƌŽŶ ůĂƐ ĞŵƉƌĞƐĂƐ͘
Gonzalo Zegarra Mulanovich
ůƉƌŽĐĞƐŽƋƵĞLJŽĐŽŶŽĐşĨƵĞŵĞƟĐƵůŽƐŽ͘EŽ
<%7*;$(*-&:,/%+*;$(*&%2*('8+(2%2*(+%)*()*2$*
'%7-+* 8%+#(* $)%* "%#?2#+-B(5* S-7* %* /%+* #+(2*
ĞũĞŵƉůŽƐ͗;ŝͿƚĞůĞĨŽŶşĂ͖;ŝŝͿĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝĚĂĚ͖LJ͕;ŝŝŝͿ
ĂŐƵĂ͘ WĂƌĂ ŽďƚĞŶĞƌ ƵŶ ƚĞůĠĨŽŶŽ ŚĂďşĂ ƋƵĞ
(28(+%+*'?2*/(*$)*%>-*7*'(/,-*()*(&*'(=-+*
/(* &-2* "%2-2* 7* '(=-+* (+%* "-'8+%+&-* %$);$(*
B$(2(*"%+-*%*%&3$,()*;$(*&-*8$/,(+%*"(/(+5*Q,*
ƐŝƋƵŝĞƌĂŚĂďşĂĐĞůƵůĂƌĞƐƋƵĞLJĂĞƐƚĂďĂŶƐŝĞŶĚŽ
ƵƟůŝnjĂĚŽƐ ĞŶ ƚŽĚŽ Ğů ŵƵŶĚŽ͘ ,ŽLJ Ğů ƐĞƌǀŝĐŝŽ
#(&(B.),"-@* 8+(2#%/-* 8-+* :%+,%2* ('8+(2%2@*
ĞƐ ĞĮĐŝĞŶƚĞ͕ ƵŶĂ ůşŶĞĂ ĮũĂ ƐĞ ŝŶƐƚĂůĂ ĞŶ ƚƌĞƐ
ĚşĂƐLJŚĂLJŵĄƐĐĞůƵůĂƌĞƐƋƵĞŚĂďŝƚĂŶƚĞƐĞŶĞů
ƉĂşƐ͘EŝƋƵĠĚĞĐŝƌĚĞůĂĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝĚĂĚ͕ƋƵĞŚŽLJ
ŝŶĐůƵƐŽůĂĞdžƉŽƌƚĂŵŽƐLJƋƵĞĞŶŵŝŶŝŹĞnjĞƌĂ
ƵŶƚĞƐŽƌŽLJŶĂĚĂŐĂƌĂŶƟnjĂďĂƋƵĞŶŽŚƵďŝĞƌĂ
ĂƉĂŐŽŶĞƐ͘ &ŝŶĂůŵĞŶƚĞ Ğů ĂŐƵĂ͕ ƷŶŝĐŽ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ
ŶŽ ƉƌŝǀĂƟnjĂĚŽ ĞŶ ĞƐŽƐ ĂŹŽƐ͕ ǀĞŵŽƐ ƋƵĞ ŶŽ
ƐĂƟƐĨĂĐĞ ůĂƐ ŶĞĐĞƐŝĚĂĚĞƐ LJ ĞdžƉĞĐƚĂƟǀĂƐ ĚĞ
&-2*$2$%+,-25*T$K*<%*8%2%/-*"-)*(&*/,)(+-@*2(*
ƉƌĞŐƵŶƚĂ͘WĂƌĞĐĞƌşĂƋƵĞƐĞƋƵŝĞƌĞŝŵƉůŝĐĂƌƋƵĞ
ĞůƐƚĂĚŽƐĞƋƵĞĚĂƐŝŶŶĂĚĂƉĞƌŽŶŽĞƐĂƐş͘ů
ĚŝŶĞƌŽ ĨƌƵƚŽ ĚĞ ůĂƐ ƉƌŝǀĂƟnjĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞŶ
/,)(+-* ;$(* '$(:(* (&* '(+"%/-* 7* /%* ('8&(-*
7* 8+-/$"()* ,'8$(2#-2* ;$(* (&* C2#%/-* +(",4(*
ƉĂƌĂĚĞƐƟŶĂƌůŽƐĂůĂƐŽĐŝĞĚĂĚĞŶŐĞŶĞƌĂů͘
19
 /$,19(56,Ï135,9$'$$/$/8='(/'(&5(72/(*,6/$7,92
THEMIS 61 F#")%.U, C2* '$7* ,'8-+#%)#(* +("-+/%+*
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;$(* &%* &%4-+* /(&* C2#%/-* )-* 2(* %"%4%* $)%*
ǀĞnj ƋƵĞ ŽĐƵƌƌĞ ůĂ ƉƌŝǀĂƟnjĂĐŝſŶ͘ ů ƐƚĂĚŽ
ůĞ ĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞ ĮƐĐĂůŝnjĂƌ ƋƵĞ ĞƐĞ ƐĞƌǀŝĐŝŽ
4+,)/%/-* "$'8&%* "-)* &-* (2#%4&(",/-* ()* &%*
&(7@* (2* /(",+@* ;$(* K2#(* 2(%* /(* "%&,/%/@* ;$(*
ƐĞ ďƌŝŶĚĞ ƐŝŶ ĚŝƐĐƌŝŵŝŶĂĐŝſŶ͕ ƋƵĞ ŶŽ ĞdžŝƐƚĂ
%4$2-* 8-+* 8%+#(* /(* &%* ('8+(2%@* ()#+(* -#+%2*
ŝŶĞůƵĚŝďůĞƐŽďůŝŐĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ͘^ŝďŝĞŶůĂƐƌĞŐůĂƐŚĂŶ
"%'4,%/-*98$(2*(&*C2#%/-*)-*:%*%*8+(2#%+*(2(*
ƐĞƌǀŝĐŝŽ Ăů ƉƌŝǀĂƟnjĂƌƐĞʹ͕ ŶŽ ƉƵĞĚĞ ĂďĚŝĐĂƌ
ĚĞ ƐƵ ĮŶĂůŝĚĂĚ͕ ƋƵĞ ĞƐ Ğů ďŝĞŶ ĐŽŵƷŶ͘ Ŷ
ĐŽŶƐĞĐƵĞŶĐŝĂ͕ ĚĞďĞ ƌĞĚĞĮŶŝƌ ƐƵƐ ĨƵŶĐŝŽŶĞƐ
ĞŶĂƌĂƐĚĞĂůĐĂŶnjĂƌĞƐƚĞŽďũĞƟǀŽ͘
ŽŵŽ ŚĂ ŽĐƵƌƌŝĚŽ ĞŶ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŽƐ ĐĂƐŽƐ Ăů
ŵŽŵĞŶƚŽĚĞƉƌŝǀĂƟnjĂƌƐĞƵŶƐĞƌǀŝĐŝŽ͕ĞůƐƚĂĚŽ
ĐƌĞĂ ůŽƐ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵŽƐ ƌĞŐƵůĂĚŽƌĞƐ͕ Ă ĮŶ ĚĞ
-4#()(+* $)* (;$,&,4+,-* ()#+(* &-2* $2$%+,-2* 7* &%2*
ĞŵƉƌĞƐĂƐƋƵĞďƌŝŶĚĞŶůŽƐƐĞƌǀŝĐŝŽƐ͕ĂƐşĐŽŵŽ
$)%* %/("$%/%* 8+-:,2,.)* /(* &-2* 2(+:,",-2* 7* &%*
ƐĂƟƐĨĂĐĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ůĂƐ ŶĞĐĞƐŝĚĂĚĞƐ ĚĞů ƵƐƵĂƌŝŽ͘
C)#-)"(2@* "-++(28-)/(* %&* C2#%/-* %/-8#%+* $)*
ƌŽůĚĞ͞ƚĞƌĐĞƌŽ͟ƋƵĞĮƐĐĂůŝĐĞůĂƉƌĞƐƚĂĐŝſŶĚĞů
2(+:,",-* 7* +(2$(&:%* &%2* "-)#+-:(+2,%2* 2$+3,/%2*
ĞŶƚƌĞ ůŽƐ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌĞƐ ĐŽŶ ůĂƐ ĞŵƉƌĞƐĂƐ͕ Ž ůĂƐ
;$(*2(*8+-/$A"%)*()#+(*(&&%2*',2'%25*C&*C2#%/-*
LJĂŶŽĞƐŵĄƐ͞ƉůĂŶŝĮĐĂĚŽƌ͖͟ƉŽƌĞůĐŽŶƚƌĂƌŝŽ͕
/(4(*%2$',+*$)*+-&*8+-'-#-+*-*+(3$&%/-+5*
hŶĐůĂƌŽĞũĞŵƉůŽĚĞůĠdžŝƚŽĚĞĞƐƚĞŶƵĞǀŽƌŽů
ĚĞů ƐƚĂĚŽ ĞƐ ƉĞƌĐĞƉƟďůĞ ĞŶ ůŽƐ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵŽƐ
+(3$&%/-+(25* 0-+* (=('8&-@* :K%2(* (&* "%2-* /(*
K^/Wd>͕ĐƵLJĂĮŶĂůŝĚĂĚĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞĞŶƌĞŐƵůĂƌLJ
2$8(+:,2%+* (&* '(+"%/-* /(* 2(+:,",-2* 814&,"-2*
/(*#(&("-'$),"%",-)(2@*,)/(8()/,()#('()#(*
ĚĞ ůĂƐ ĞŵƉƌĞƐĂƐ ŽƉĞƌĂĚŽƌĂƐ͘ ƐƚĂ ĞŶƟĚĂĚ
"$'8&(*$)*+-&*B$)/%'()#%&*8%+%*&-2*$2$%+,-2@*
8$(2@* '(/,%)#(* 2$* ,)#(+:()",.)@* (&* C2#%/-*
ŐĂƌĂŶƟnjĂLJǀĞůĂƉŽƌƐƵďŝĞŶĞƐƚĂƌ͘
2#3'""'U͎YƵĠŚĂĐĞƌĐŽŶĞůĚŝŶĞƌŽ͍ƵĞŶŽ͕
ůŽƐŝŶŐƌĞƐŽƐĚĞƵŶĂƉƌŝǀĂƟnjĂĐŝſŶƐŽŶŝŶŐƌĞƐŽƐ
ĞdžƚƌĂŽƌĚŝŶĂƌŝŽƐƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŽůŽĮŶĂŶĐŝĞƌĂŵĞŶƚĞ
2()2%#-* (2* /(/,"%+* (2-2* ,)3+(2-2* %* 3%2#-2* -*
ŝŶǀĞƌƐŝſŶ ĞdžƚƌĂŽƌĚŝŶĂƌŝĂ͘ ŽŶ ůŽƐ ŝŶŐƌĞƐŽƐ
ĚĞ ůĂ ƉƌŝǀĂƟnjĂĐŝſŶ ŶŽ ƉƵĞĚĞƐ ĮŶĂŶĐŝĂƌ
3%2#-2* "-++,()#(2@* )-* 8$(/(* ,+* %* 8&%),&&%* 8-+*
ĞũĞŵƉůŽ͕ Ŷŝ Ăů ƉĂŐŽ ĚĞ ƐĞƌǀŝĐŝŽƐ͕ ƟĞŶĞ ƋƵĞ
ŝƌ Ă ƵŶĂ ŝŶǀĞƌƐŝſŶ ĞdžƚƌĂŽƌĚŝŶĂƌŝĂ͕ ůůĄŵĞƐĞ
ŝŶĨƌĂĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂ͘ŶĮŶ͕ĞƐŽĐƌĞŽƋƵĞŚĂLJƋƵĞ
=$A3%+&-* ()* (&* '-'()#-* ;$(* 2(* 8+-/$"(* (&*
ŝŶŐƌĞƐŽ͕ ƐĞŐƷŶ ůĂƐ ŶĞĐĞƐŝĚĂĚĞƐ ĚĞů ĮƐĐŽ ĞŶ
ĞƐĞŵŽŵĞŶƚŽ͘EŽŵĞĂƚƌĞǀĞƌşĂĂĚĂƌŶŝŶŐƵŶĂ
ƌĞŐůĂ ŵĂƐ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂ ƋƵĞ ĞƐĂ͕ ƋƵĞ ŝŶŐƌĞƐŽ
ĞdžƚƌĂŽƌĚŝŶĂƌŝŽĚĞďĞŝƌĂŐĂƐƚŽĞdžƚƌĂŽƌĚŝŶĂƌŝŽ
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20
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ŝŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶĞƐ ĚĞďŝĚŽ Ăů ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽ ĞŶ ƋƵĞ Ğů
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ĐƌĞĐŝŵŝĞŶƚŽ ŶŽ ĞƋƵŝǀĂůĞ Ă ĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůŽ͘ DĄƐ
ĐŽŵƉůĞũŽĂƷŶĞƐĚĞĮŶŝƌĞůƟƉŽĚĞ͞ĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůŽ͟
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ĚĞ ͞ĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůŽ͟ ĞƐƚĂŵŽƐ ƌĞĮƌŝĠŶĚŽŶŽƐ Ăů

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ŵĂƌŐŝŶĂĚŽƐ LJ ĞdžĐůƵŝĚŽƐ ĚĞ ůŽƐ ƐĞƌǀŝĐŝŽƐ
ƉƷďůŝĐŽƐ LJ ĚĞ ůĂ ĞĐŽŶŽŵşĂ ŵŽĚĞƌŶĂ͕ ƐĂŶĂ LJ
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ƐƵƐĚĞƌĞĐŚŽƐLJƐƵĐŝƵĚĂĚĂŶşĂ͘
ŝĞƌƚĂŵĞŶƚĞ͕ ůĂ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĂ ŶŽƐ ŚĂ ĚĞŵŽƐƚƌĂĚŽ
ƋƵĞ Ğů ĐƌĞĐŝŵŝĞŶƚŽ ĞĐŽŶſŵŝĐŽ ƉŽƌ Ɛş ƐŽůŽ ŶŽ
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ĂĐĂƌƌĞĂƌ ĐŽŶƐĞĐƵĞŶĐŝĂƐ ŶĞŐĂƟǀĂƐ ƉĂƌĂ Ğů
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ĞdžŝƐƟƌ ďŝĞŶĞƐƚĂƌ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĞŶ ůĂ ƉŽďƌĞnjĂ͕ ƉƵĞƐ
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WŽƌĞůůŽ͕ĞůĐƌĞĐŝŵŝĞŶƚŽĞĐŽŶſŵŝĐŽĐŽŶƐƟƚƵLJĞ
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ŽƚƌŽƐ ĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚĞƐ ĐŽŵŽ ƉŽůşƟĐĂƐ ƉƷďůŝĐĂƐ
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ĚĞůƐƚĂĚŽ͕ĂĐĐŝŽŶĞƐĂĮƌŵĂƟǀĂƐ͕ĞŶƚƌĞŽƚƌĂƐ͘
2#3'""'U^ŝŶĚƵĚĂŚĂLJƵŶĂĚŝĨĞƌĞŶĐŝĂĞŶƚƌĞ
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>ĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀŽ ϳϱϳ ĞƐ ƵŶ ŐƌĂŶ ƉƌŽƉƵůƐŽƌ ĚĞů
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(&* '()",-)%/-* /("+(#-* 8+-4%4&('()#(*
ƐĞƌşĂŵƵLJĚŝİĐŝůŚĂďůĂƌĚĞĐƌĞĐŝŵŝĞŶƚŽLJƉŽƌ
ƚĂŶƚŽ ƐĞƌşĂ ŝŵƉŽƐŝďůĞ ŚĂďůĂƌ ĚĞ ĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůŽ͘
^ŝŶ ƉĞƌũƵŝĐŝŽ ĚĞ ĞůůŽ͕ ĐƌĞŽ ƚĂŵďŝĠŶ ƋƵĞ Ɛş
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ĞŶ Ğů ƚĞdžƚŽ ĚĞů ĞĐƌĞƚŽ >ĞŐŝƐĂůƟǀŽ ϳϱϳ͖ ƐĞ
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Ğů ĐƌĞĐŝŵŝĞŶƚŽ ĚĞƐŽƌĚĞŶĂĚŽ LJ ĚĞƐƚƌƵĐƟǀŽ͘
WŽƌ ůŽ ƉƌŽŶƚŽ ŚĂLJ ŶŽƌŵĂƐ ƋƵĞ ƐĞ ƌĞĮĞƌĞŶ
%&* '(/,-* %'4,()#(@* ()#-)"(2* 8%+("(* ;$(*
Ɛş ŚĂLJ ƵŶ ĞƐƉşƌŝƚƵ ĞƋƵŝůŝďƌĂĚŽ ĚĞ ůŽŐƌĂƌ Ğů
"+(",',()#-@* 8(+-* #%'4,K)* $)%* '(=-+%* ()*
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ĞƐ Ă ůŽ ƋƵĞ ƐĞ ĞƐƚĄŶ ƌĞĮƌŝĞŶĚŽ ƵƐƚĞĚĞƐ ĐŽŶ
ĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůŽ͘ĂƐŝƋƵĞůŽƐŽďũĞƟǀŽƐĚĞůŵŝůĞŶŝŽ
7+Ɯ0,65HYLVWDGH'HUHFKRS
ĂŐƌƵƉĂŶĞƐĂƐƉƌĞŽĐƵƉĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ͘zŽĐƌĞŽƋƵĞĞů THEMIS 61
Revista de Derecho
ĞĐƌĞƚŽ>ĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀŽϳϱϳƟĞŶĞƵŶĂŝŶƐƉŝƌĂĐŝſŶ
ĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůŝƐƚĂĞŶĞůďƵĞŶƐĞŶƟĚŽĚĞůĂƉĂůĂďƌĂ͘
4M, #:, AE<9, :BAE;8, WG<, ;G>B9D<, 6B,
S>EN<>B, <DBSB, ;<6, 38AE<>98, ;<6, <[\
S><:E;<9D<, '6A<>D8, , ]GREN8>E, , :<,
AG:HBAB9, H>?;ED8:, E9D<>9BHE89B6<:,
LJ Ğů ƌĞĮŶĂŶĐŝĂŵŝĞŶƚŽ ĚĞ ůĂ ĚĞƵĚĂ
Alfonso de los Heros Pérez Albela, Beatriz Merino Lucero,
ĞdžƚĞƌŶĂ͘ŶĞƐƚĞƐĞŶƟĚŽ͕͎ĞůĞĐƌĞƚŽ
>ĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀŽϳϱϳƐĞĞŶĐŽŶƚƌĂďĂĚĞŶƚƌŽ
;<, 68:, H89;EHE89BNE<9D8:, ;<6, CB9H8,
DƵŶĚŝĂů͍
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ůĂ ĚĞƵĚĂ ĞdžƚĞƌŶĂ ŶŽ ƉĂƐĂƌŽŶ ĚƵƌĂŶƚĞ ŵŝ
ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂĐŝſŶ ĞŶ Ğů ƐƚĂĚŽ ƉŽƌ ƵŶ ĐƌŝƚĞƌŝŽ
/(* %"(8#%+* "-)/,",-)%',()#-2* /(&* U%)"-*
DƵŶĚŝĂů ƐŝŶŽ Ăů ƌĞǀĠƐ͘ Ŷ ƉƌŝŵĞƌ ůƵŐĂƌ͕ ƚĂů
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ŽƚƌĂĐŽƐĂƋƵĞƉĂƌĂƉŽŶĞƌůĂĐĂƐĂĞŶŽƌĚĞŶ͘z
(2-* B$(* &-* ;$(* 2(* <,A-* "-)* #-/%2* &%2* )-+'%2*
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ƟĞŶĞŶĞƐƚĄŶĚĂƌĞƐĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƌƚĂŵŝĞŶƚŽĚĞůĂƐ
ĞĐŽŶŽŵşĂƐƉĂƌĂĐĂůŝĮĐĂƌĂĚŝǀĞƌƐĂƐĨƵĞŶƚĞƐĚĞ
ĮŶĂŶĐŝĂŵŝĞŶƚŽ LJ Ă ůŽƐ ŶŝǀĞůĞƐ ĚĞ ƐĞŐƵƌŝĚĂĚ
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Ğů ŵĞũŽƌ ƉŝĞ ĞŶ ĞƐĞ ĂƐƉĞĐƚŽ͕ ĂƐş ƋƵĞ ŶŽ ŚĂLJ
Gonzalo Zegarra Mulanovich
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B$(+-)* 8-"-* %* 8-"-* %7$/%)/-* %* '(=-+%+* &%*
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<,#-* ,'8-+#%)#(* ()* &%* +(B-+'%* /(&* +-&* /(&*
ƐƚĂĚŽ ĞŶ ůĂ ĞĐŽŶŽŵşĂ LJ ĞŶ ůĂ ĐŽŶĐĞƉĐŝſŶ
ĚĞů ƌĠŐŝŵĞŶ ĞĐŽŶſŵŝĐŽ ĚĞ ŶƵĞƐƚƌŽ ƉĂşƐ͘
C2#%* )-+'%* B$(* $)* 8+,'(+* 8%2-* 8%+%* &-2*
ĐĂŵďŝŽƐ ƉŽƐƚĞƌŝŽƌĞƐ͗ Ğů ZĠŐŝŵĞŶ ĐŽŶſŵŝĐŽ
ĚĞ ůĂ ŽŶƐƟƚƵĐŝſŶ WŽůşƟĐĂ ĚĞ ϭϵϵϯ͕ ůĂ >ĞLJ
ĚĞ dĞůĞĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ͕ ůĂ >ĞLJ 'ĞŶĞƌĂů ĚĞ
DŝŶĞƌşĂ͕ ůĂ >ĞLJ ĚĞ WƌŽŵŽĐŝſŶ ĚĞů ^ĞĐƚŽƌ
ŐƌŽƉĞĐƵĂƌŝŽ͕ĞůŽŶǀĞŶŝŽĚĞů//͕ĞƚĐ͘
Ŷ ĞƐĞ ƐĞŶƟĚŽ͕ Ğů ƐƚĂĚŽ ƉĞƌƵĂŶŽ ĚĞĐŝĚŝſ
%/-8#%+* $)* )$(:-* +K3,'()* ("-).',"-5* 0-+*
ĞůůŽ͕ Ğů ŽŶŐƌĞƐŽ ƌĂƟĮĐſ ůĂ ĂĚŚĞƐŝſŶ ĚĞů
WĞƌƷ Ă ůĂ ŽŶǀĞŶĐŝſŶ ĐŽŶ ƋƵĞ ƐĞ ĞƐƚĂďůĞĐŝſ
Ğů KƌŐĂŶŝƐŵŽ DƵůƟůĂƚĞƌĂů ĚĞ 'ĂƌĂŶơĂƐ ĚĞ
/ŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶĞƐ ;KD'/Ϳ ĚĞů ĂŶĐŽ DƵŶĚŝĂů͕
()* %+%2* /(* 4+,)/%+* $)%* '%7-+* 2(3$+,/%/* 7*
ŐĂƌĂŶơĂĂůŽƐŝŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶŝƐƚĂƐ͘ĞƐĚĞĞŶƚŽŶĐĞƐ͕
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THEMIS 61 ůŽƐ ŝŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶŝƐƚĂƐ ĞdžƚƌĂŶũĞƌŽƐ͕ ĞŶ ƐƵŵĂ͕
Revista de Derecho
2,()#()* 8+-#(3,/-2* 2$2* /(+("<-2* (* ,)#(+(2(2*
ĐŽŶĞƐƚĞŶƵĞǀŽŵĂƌĐŽũƵƌşĚŝĐŽ͕ůŽƋƵĞƉĞƌŵŝƚĞ
ŵŽǀŝůŝnjĂƌƐƵƐĐĂƉŝƚĂůĞƐŚĂĐŝĂŶƵĞƐƚƌŽƉĂşƐ͘
2#3'""'U EƵĞǀĂŵĞŶƚĞ͕ LJŽ ŶŽ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĞ ĚĞů
ĚĞďĂƚĞ ĚĞ ĞƐƚĂ ŶŽƌŵĂ͕ ĂƐş ƋƵĞ ŶŽ ƉƵĞĚŽ
2%4(+* %* ",()",%* ",(+#%* <%2#%* ;$K* 8$)#-*
ƚƵǀŽ ƵŶĂ ŵŽƟǀĂĐŝſŶ Ž ƵŶĂ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐŝĂ ĞŶ Ğů
ƐĞŶƟĚŽƋƵĞƚƵĚŝĐĞƐƌĞůĂƟǀĂĂůĂƐĞdžŝŐĞŶĐŝĂƐ
ĚĞ ůŽƐ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵŽƐ ŵƵůƟůĂƚĞƌĂůĞƐ ĐŽŵŽ Ğů
ĂŶĐŽ DƵŶĚŝĂů ;DͿ Ž Ğů &ŽŶĚŽ DŽŶĞƚĂƌŝŽ
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů;&D/ͿLJŶŽŵĞĐŽŶƐƚĂ͘>ŽƋƵĞŵĞ
ƋƵĞĚĂĐůĂƌŽĞƐƋƵĞƐĞĚĂĞŶƵŶĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽŐĞŶĞƌĂů
ĞŶĞůƋƵĞĞƐŽĞƐĂƐş͕ĞƐĚĞĐŝƌ͕ŚĂLJƵŶĂǀŽůƵŶƚĂĚ
ƉŽůşƟĐĂĞŶĞƐĞŵŽŵĞŶƚŽĚĞƌĞŝŶƐĞƌƚĂƌĂůWĞƌƷ
ĞŶ ůŽƐ ŵĞƌĐĂĚŽƐ ĮŶĂŶĐŝĞƌŽƐ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ͕
()* &-2* '(+"%/-2* ,)#(+)%",-)%&(2* '?2* ;$(*
ĮŶĂŶĐŝĞƌŽƐ͕ LJ ĞƐ ĐŝĞƌƚŽ ƋƵĞ Ğů &D/ LJ Ğů D
(28(+%4%)*/(&*0(+1*$)%*2(+,(*/(*+(B-+'%2*;$(*
ƉĞƌŵŝƟĞƌĂŶ ƋƵĞ ĨƵĞƌĂ ǀŝĂďůĞ ĞƐĂ ŝŶƐĞƌĐŝſŶ͘
Ŷ ĞƐĞ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽ ĞƐ ĞŶ Ğů ƋƵĞ ƐĞ ƉƌŽŵƵůŐĂ
ĞƐƚĂ ŶŽƌŵĂ͕ ĞŶƚŽŶĐĞƐ LJŽ ƚĞ ĚŝƌşĂ ƋƵĞ ĐŽŵŽ
ĐƵĞƐƟſŶ ŐĞŶĠƌŝĐĂ Ğů ĞĐƌĞƚŽ >ĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀŽ ϳϱϳ
Ɛş ĞƐ ƉĂƌƚĞ ĚĞ ůĂƐ ŶŽƌŵĂƐ LJ ĚĞ ůĂƐ ƌĞĨŽƌŵĂƐ
'(/,%)#(* &%2* "$%&(2* (&* 0(+1* 2(* ,)2(+#%* ()*
&-2* '(+"%/-2* ,)#(+)%",-)%&(2* 2,3$,()/-*
&%2* +("-'()/%",-)(2* /(* &-2* -+3%),2'-2*
ŵƵůƟůĂƚĞƌĂůĞƐ͘ Ŷ ƚĠƌŵŝŶŽƐ ĞƐƉĞĐşĮĐŽƐ ŶŽ
<(* ()"-)#+%/-* ),)3$)%* +(B(+()",%* <,2#.+,"%*
Ŷŝ ŶŽƌŵĂƟǀĂŵĞŶƚĞ ĞdžƉůŝĐŝƚĂ ƋƵĞ ƉĞƌŵŝƚĂ
ĚĞĚƵĐŝƌƋƵĞůĂŶŽƌŵĂĞƐƉĞĐşĮĐĂŵĞŶƚĞŽĞŶƐƵ
ƚĞdžƚŽ ;ĞŶ ƐƵ ůŝƚĞƌĂůŝĚĂĚͿ ƉƵĞĚĂ ƐĞƌ ĞdžŝŐĞŶĐŝĂ
/(*(2#-2*-+3%),2'-25
^M, (><<N8:, WG<, G9B, ;<N8H>BHEB, <:, <6,
N<R8>,N<HB9E:N8,SB>B,;B>,:<IG>E;B;,
ũƵƌşĚŝĐĂĂůŽƐŝŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶŝƐƚĂƐ͘ůĞĐƌĞƚŽ
>ĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀŽ ϳϱϳ ƐĞ ĚŝĐƚſ ĞŶ Ğů ŵĂƌĐŽ
;<, G9B, ;<N8H>BHEBP, S<>8, N<:<:,
ŵĄƐ ƚĂƌĚĞ ƐĞ ŐĞŶĞƌſ ƵŶĂ ƌƵƉƚƵƌĂ
ĞŶ Ğů ŵŽĚĞůŽ ĚĞŵŽĐƌĄƟĐŽ͘ ͎YƵĠ
N<HB9E:N8:,S><J?,<6,;<H><D8,SB>B,;B>,
ĞƐƚĂďŝůŝĚĂĚ LJ ƐĞŐƵƌŝĚĂĚ ũƵƌşĚŝĐĂ Ă ůĂƐ
ŝŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶĞƐĞŶĚŝĐŚŽĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽ͍
-#, +.$, =#".$U, I%* +$8#$+%* /(&* '-/(&-*
ĚĞŵŽĐƌĄƟĐŽ ĐƌĞſ ƉƌŽďůĞŵĂƐ ŝŶƚĞƌŶŽƐ LJ
ĞdžƚĞƌŶŽƐĚĞŐŽďĞƌŶĂďŝůŝĚĂĚ͕ƚĂŶĞƐĂƐşƋƵĞĂ
&-2*#+(2*'(2(2*/(&*D*/(*%4+,&*/(*EFFG@*(&*0(+1*
ĞƐƚĂďĂ ĞŶ ůĂ K ;KƌŐĂŶŝnjĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ƐƚĂĚŽƐ
ŵĞƌŝĐĂŶŽƐͿƌĞƵŶŝſŶĂŚĂŵĂƐ͕ŵĂŶŝĨĞƐƚĂŶĚŽ
ƐƵ ǀŽůƵŶƚĂĚ ĚĞ ǀŽůǀĞƌ Ăů ĐĂƵƐĞ ĚĞŵŽĐƌĄƟĐŽ͕
&-* ;$(* /,-* &$3%+* %* &%* "-):-"%#-+,%* %* $)%*
ĐŽŶƐƟƚƵLJĞŶƚĞ LJ Ăů ƉŽƐƚĞƌŝŽƌ ůůĂŵĂĚŽ Ă
ĞůĞĐĐŝŽŶĞƐ͘WĞƌŽĞƐŽĞƐƵŶĂƐƉĞĐƚŽƉŽůşƟĐŽĚĞů
8+-4&('%5* C&* -#+-@* +(B(+,/-* %&* +K3,'()* &(3%&@*
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/,(+-)* ()* EFFE@* 7* ()* &-2* %>-2* 8-2#(+,-+(2@*
ĐŽŶƟŶƵĂƌŽŶ ƌŝŐŝĞŶĚŽ ŝŶĐůƵƐŽ ŚĂƐƚĂ ŚŽLJ ĞŶ
ŵƵĐŚŽƐ ĐĂƐŽƐ͕ ƉƵĞƐ ůĂ ŵŽĚŝĮĐĂĐŝſŶ ƋƵĞ
2(* <%)* -8(+%/-* ()* &%* &(3,2&%",.)* )-* <%)*
ŵŽĚŝĮĐĂĚŽĞůŶƷĐůĞŽĚĞĞƐĂƐƌĞĨŽƌŵĂƐ͘
F#")%.U, ŽŵŽ ďŝĞŶ ƐĞ ƐĞŹĂůĂ͕ ƵŶŽƐ ŵĞƐĞƐ
/(28$K2* /(* /,"#%+2(* (2#%* )-+'%@* ()* %4+,&* /(*
EFFG@*(&*C2#%/-*8(+$%)-*:,:,.*$)*;$,(4+(*/(&*
ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ĚĞŵŽĐƌĄƟĐŽ͘ ^ŝ ďŝĞŶ ĞƐƚĞ ĞĐƌĞƚŽ
>ĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀŽĐŽŶƐĂŐƌĂďĂƵŶĂƐĞƌŝĞĚĞĚĞƌĞĐŚŽƐ
9"-'-* &-2* "-)"(+),()#(2* %* &%* 8+-8,(/%/*
8+,:%/%@* &%* &,4+(* "-'8(#()",%* -* &%* ,3$%&/%/*
ĞŶƚƌĞůŽƐĐŽŵƉĞƟĚŽƌĞƐʹ͕ŶŽĂůƵĚŝſĂĐůĄƵƐƵůĂƐ
ĚĞƌĞƐƉĞƚŽĂůĂŝŶƐƟƚƵĐŝŽŶĂůŝĚĂĚĚĞŵŽĐƌĄƟĐĂ͘
ƐƚĂƐŚĂďƌşĂŶƌĞƐƵůƚĂĚŽŵĂŐŶşĮĐĂƐƉĂƌĂĞǀŝƚĂƌ
$)%* +$8#$+%* "-'-* &%* ;$(* 2(* 8+-/$=-* ()* (2(*
ŵŽŵĞŶƚŽ͘ĚŝĐŝŽŶĂůŵĞŶƚĞ͕ĐĂďƌşĂƐĞŹĂůĂƌƋƵĞ
ůŽƐ ŵĞĐĂŶŝƐŵŽƐ ĚĞ ƉƌĞƐŝſŶ ĚĞďşĂŶ ƐĞƌ ƚĂŶƚŽ
ĞdžƚĞƌŶŽƐĐŽŵŽŝŶƚĞƌŶŽƐ͕ƉƵĞƐĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚşĂĂ
&%*2-",(/%/*",:,&*7*%*&%*"-'$),/%/*,)#(+)%",-)%&*
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ƌĞĐŚĂnjŽ͘ ^ŝŶ ĞŵďĂƌŐŽ͕ ĞƐƚĂ ƐŝƚƵĂĐŝſŶ ŶŽ ƐĞ
8+-/$=-5
2#3'""'U ů ĞĐƌĞƚŽ >ĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀŽ ϳϱϳ ƟĞŶĞ
ƵŶĂ ƐĞƌŝĞ ĚĞ ŵĞĐĂŶŝƐŵŽƐ ĚĞ ŐĂƌĂŶơĂ ĚĞ ůĂƐ
ŝŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶĞƐ͘ĞƐŽŵĞƌĞĨĞƌşĂLJŽĐƵĂŶĚŽĚĞĐşĂ
;$(*)-*4%2#%*"-)*;$(*&%*)-+'%*2(%*8+-'$&3%/%*
7* /("&%+(* -* 8+-"&%'(* $)* 2(+,(* /(* 8+,)",8,-2*
/(*%8(+#$+%*("-).',"%@*#%'4,K)*2(*+(;$,(+(*
$)%* +,!-(. ƋƵĞ ŐĞŶĞƌĞ ĐŽŶĮĂŶnjĂ ĞŶ Ğů ůĂƌŐŽ
8&%A-*7*(2%*+,!-(.*(2#?*"-)/,",-)%/%*8-+*$)%*
ƐĞƌŝĞĚĞŵĞĐĂŶŝƐŵŽƐ͕LJĞůĞĐƌĞƚŽ>ĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀŽ
ϳϱϳ ƉƌĞǀĠ ǀĂƌŝŽƐ͘  ŶƚƌĞ ĞůůŽƐ ƐĞ ĞŶĐƵĞŶƚƌĂŶ
&-2* "-)#+%#-2* /(* (2#%4,&,/%/* #+,4$#%+,%* 7*
ũƵƌşĚŝĐĂ͕ ůŽƐ ĂƌďŝƚƌĂũĞƐ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ͕  ůŽƐ
ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŽƐŐĞŶĞƌĂůĞƐƋƵĞƐŝƌǀĞŶĚĞŐĂƌĂŶơĂĂ
&-2* ,):(+2,-),2#%2* "-'-* &%* ,3$%&/%/* /(* #+%#-@*
&%* )-* /,2"+,',)%",.)* ()#+(* &-2* ,):(+2,-),2#%2*
ŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐLJĞdžƚƌĂŶũĞƌŽƐ͕ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂĞŶůŽƐ
ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽƐ ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀŽƐ͖ ĞŶ ĮŶ͕ ƵŶĂ
2(+,(*/(*)-+'%2*;$(*2-)*%*&%*:(A*'("%),2'-2*(*
ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐƉĂƌĂŐĂƌĂŶƟnjĂƌůĂƐĞŐƵƌŝĚĂĚũƵƌşĚŝĐĂ͘
QM, hƐƚĞĚŚĂƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂĚŽĂĐƟǀĂŵĞŶƚĞ͕ƚĂŶƚŽ
<9, 6B, B;NE9E:D>BHEO9, STA6EHB, H8N8, <9,
<6, :<HD8>, S>EJB;8M, $E9, ;G;BP, KB, S8;E;8,
BS><HEB>, BNAB:, HB>B:, ;<, G9B, ><6BHEO9,
ĐŽŵƉůĞũĂ LJ ŵƵĐŚĂƐ ǀĞĐĞƐ ʹĂƵŶƋƵĞ
98, D8;B:_, H89, 8SE9E89<:, S86B>E@B;B:M,
͎ſŵŽĞdžƉůŝĐĂƌşĂĞƐƚĂƌĞůĂĐŝſŶ͍
-#, +.$, =#".$U, I%* +(&%",.)* ()#+(* &-* 8+,:%/-*
LJůŽƉƷďůŝĐŽĞƐĂůŐŽĐŽŵƉůĞũĂ͘^ŽŶĚŽƐůĂĚŽƐ
/(* &%* ',2'%* '(2%5* C)* "%/%* &%/-* 2(* :()* &-2*

ƉƌŽďůĞŵĂƐ ĚĞƐĚĞ ƐƵ ƉƌŽƉŝĂ ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĂ͘
V2$%&'()#(*&-*8+,:%/-*(2*'?2*2,'8&(@*/,+("#-@*
ƉƌĄĐƟĐŽLJĞĨĞĐƟǀŽ͖LJůŽƉƷďůŝĐŽĞƐĐŽŵƉůĞũŽ͕
ďƵƌŽĐƌĄƟĐŽ͕ ůĞŶƚŽ LJ ŵƵĐŚĂƐ ǀĞĐĞƐ ŝŶƷƟů͘
ƌĞŽ ƋƵĞ ŚĂLJ ƋƵĞ ĂĐĞƉƚĂƌ ĂŵďĂƐ ƌĞĂůŝĚĂĚĞƐ
LJ ĂƐş ĐŽŵŽ ĞŶ ůĂƐ ŶŽƌŵĂƐ ĚĞ ϭϵϵϭ ƐĞ ƋƵŝƐŽ
ĚĞƐƚƌĂďĂƌLJĂŐŝůŝnjĂƌĂůƉĂşƐ͕ĂƐşƐĞĚĞďĞŚĂĐĞƌ
ĂŚŽƌĂ͕ ƉƵĞƐ ĞdžŝƐƚĞ ƵŶ ĚĞĨĞĐƚŽ ĞŶ ůĂ ŵĞŶƚĞ
ĚĞ ůŽƐ ƉĞƌƵĂŶŽƐ ƋƵĞ ƟĞŶĞ ƌĂşĐĞƐ ŝŶĐĂƐ͕
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ĞŶƚƌĞ ƉŽĚĞƌ LJ ƐĞƌǀŝĐŝŽ͕ ůĂ ƐƵũĞĐŝſŶ ŐĞŶƵŇĞdžĂ
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LJ ůĂ ĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚ ƉƌŝǀĂĚĂ ĞŶ ŐĞŶĞƌĂů ĞŶƟĞŶĚĂŶ
2$* +(28-)2%4,&,/%/* 2-",%&* 7* 8%+%* ;$(* &-2*
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ĞŐŽşƐŵŽŶŝĐŽƌƌƵƉĐŝſŶ͘
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 ůŽ ůĂƌŐŽ ĚĞů ŵƵŶĚŽ͕ ĂƐş ĐŽŵŽ ĞŶ ŶƵĞƐƚƌŽ
ƉĂşƐ͕ ŚĞŵŽƐ ƐŝĚŽ ƚĞƐƟŐŽƐ ĚĞ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐŝĂƐ
ƉŽƐŝƟǀĂƐLJďƵĞŶĂƐƉƌĄĐƟĐĂƐĚĞĞŵƉƌĞƐĂƌŝŽƐLJ
',('4+-2*/(*&%*2-",(/%/*",:,&*()*"-)=$)",.)*
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Ă ůĂ ƐĂƟƐĨĂĐĐŝſŶ ĚĞů ƵƐƵĂƌŝŽ ƐŝŶŽ ƋƵĞ͕ ƉŽƌ
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WŽƌ ŽƚƌĂ ƉĂƌƚĞ͕ ĞŶ Ğů ŽƚƌŽ ĞdžƚƌĞŵŽ͕ ůĂƐ
%$#-+,/%/(2* %4$2%)* '$"<%2* :("(2* %&* (=(+"(+*
ƐƵƉŽĚĞƌLJĚĞƐĞĂŶĞdžŝŐŝƌŵĄƐĂůĂƐĞŵƉƌĞƐĂƐ͕
%* 8(2%+* /(* ;$(* (2%* %"",.)* )-* 2(* ()"$()#+%*
%:%&%/%* ()* )$(2#+%* &(3,2&%",.)5* W%'8-"-*
2(* /(4(* "-)B$)/,+* (&* +-&* /(&* C2#%/-* "-)*
(&* ;$(* /(2('8(>%* &%* ('8+(2%@* 8$(2* (2#%*
ƷůƟŵĂƉĂŐĂƚƌŝďƵƚŽƐ͕ƉĞƌŽŶŽůŽƐĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂ͘
YƵŝĞŶĞƐĚĞďĞŶĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƌůŽƐĞŶďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽĚĞ
&%*8-4&%",.)*2-)*2$2*%$#-+,/%/(25*
DƵĐŚĂŝĚĞŽůŽŐşĂĞdžŝƐƚĞ͕ĂƐŝŵŝƐŵŽ͕ĐŽŶƌĞůĂĐŝſŶ
Ă ĐŝĞƌƚĂƐ ĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚĞƐ ĞĐŽŶſŵŝĐĂƐ͘ dĂŶƚŽ ůĂƐ
%$#-+,/%/(2* "-'-* &%2* ('8+(2%2* :,)"$&%/%2*
ƟĞŶĞŶĞůĚĞďĞƌĚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƌĂĚĞĐƵĂĚĂŵĞŶƚĞ
%*&%*8-4&%",.)*2,)*'%),8$&%",.)@*2,)*8+(=$,",-2*
ŽĐĂůŝĮĐĂĐŝŽŶĞƐƐƵďũĞƟǀĂƐ͘^ĞĚĞďĞƉƌŽŵŽǀĞƌ
7+Ɯ0,65HYLVWDGH'HUHFKRS
(&* /(4%#(* 7* (&* /,?&-3-* ()#+(* ('8+(2%2* 7* THEMIS 61
Revista de Derecho
%$#-+,/%/(2@* 8$(2@* "-'-* &-* <(* 2(>%&%/-*
%)#(+,-+'()#(@* (&* "+(",',()#-* ("-).',"-* (2*
ƵŶ ƌĞƋƵŝƐŝƚŽ ŝŶƐƵƐƟƚƵŝďůĞ ƉĂƌĂ ůĂ ŝŶĐůƵƐŝſŶ͘ ^ŝŶ
('4%+3-@*(2#-*)-*,'8&,"%*;$(*2(*/(4%*8+,:,&(3,%+*
%* &%2* ('8+(2%2* 8-+* ()",'%* /(&* C2#%/-@* -*
ǀŝĐĞǀĞƌƐĂ͕ Ŷŝ ƉĞƌŵŝƟƌ ůŽƐ ĂďƵƐŽƐ ƋƵĞ ŵĂůŽƐ
(&('()#-2*/(*%'4-2*2("#-+(2*8$(/%)*"-'(#(+5
Alfonso de los Heros Pérez Albela, Beatriz Merino Lucero,
2#3'""'U, zŽ ŶŽ ƚĞŶŐŽ ŵĂLJŽƌ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐŝĂ
()* (&* 2("#-+* 814&,"-* 8(+-* #()3-* $)%* (28(",(*
/(* 2$"(/?)(-* %* (2-* ;$(* (2* ;$(* #+%4%=-* ()*
ůĂ ƉƌĞŶƐĂ͕ ƋƵĞ ĚĞ ĂůŐƵŶĂ ŵĂŶĞƌĂ ƟĞŶĞ ƋƵĞ
ǀĞƌĐŽŶůŽƐĚĞďĂƚĞƐƉƷďůŝĐŽƐĞŶĞůƉĂşƐLJĐŽŶ
ůĂƐ ƉƌĞŽĐƵƉĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ ƉƷďůŝĐĂƐ͘ zŽ Ɛş ĐƌĞŽ ƋƵĞ
<%7* '$"<%* 8-&%+,A%",.)* ()* (&* 0(+1@* %<-+%@*
)-* 2K* 2,* 2(* 8$(/()* 8&%)#(%+* ()* #K+',)-2* /(*
ƋƵĞ ƐĞĂ ƵŶ ĚĞďĂƚĞ ĞƐƉĞĐşĮĐĂŵĞŶƚĞ ĞŶƚƌĞ Ğů
2("#-+* 814&,"-* 7* (&* 2("#-+* 8+,:%/-H* "+(-* ;$(*
(2* $)%* 8-&%+,A%",.)* /(* 8$)#-2* /(* :,2#%* '$7*
('-",-)%&@* /-)/(* <%7* :%+,%2* :,2,-)(2* /(&*
'$)/-5* 0(+-* ;$(* )-* 2(* &,',#%* %* (&&-@* 2,)-*
%* &(%&#%/(2* 7* %* 4%)/-2@* "-'-* #(* /,3-@* "-)*
ƵŶĂ ĐĂƌŐĂ ĞŵŽĐŝŽŶĂů ŵƵLJ ĨƵĞƌƚĞ͘ zŽ ƐŝĞŶƚŽ
ƋƵĞ ĞŶ Ğů ƉĂşƐ ŚĂLJ ǀŝƐŝŽŶĞƐ ŵƵLJ ƉŽůĂƌŝnjĂĚĂƐ
LJ ƉŽĐŽ ĚŝĂůŽŐĂŶƚĞƐ ĞŶƚƌĞ Ɛş͕ ƐŽďƌĞ ŵƵĐŚĂƐ
ĐŽƐĂƐ ƋƵĞ ƟĞŶĞŶ ƋƵĞ ǀĞƌ ĐŽŶ ĐƵĄů ĞƐ ůĂ
ůĞŐşƟŵĂƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂĐŝſŶĚĞůƐƚĂĚŽŽůĂůĞŐşƟŵĂ
ŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶĐŝſŶĚĞƵŶƐƚĂĚŽƚĂŶƚŽĞŶůĂƉŽůşƟĐĂ
ĐŽŵŽ ĞŶ ůĂ ĞĐŽŶŽŵşĂ͖ LJ Ɛş ĞŶĐƵĞŶƚƌŽ ƋƵĞ
'$"<%2* :("(2* <%7* '$7* 8-"%* /,28-2,",.)* %&*
Gonzalo Zegarra Mulanovich
/,?&-3-*7*%*&%*)(3-",%",.)*/(*8$)#-2*'(/,-25*
ŽŵŽ ƚĞ ĚŝŐŽ͕ ƉƌŽďĂďůĞŵĞŶƚĞ ĞƐƚŽ ĞƐƚĠ
ǀŝŶĐƵůĂĚŽĐŽŶůĂĨĂůƚĂĚĞŝŶƐƟƚƵĐŝŽŶĂůŝĚĂĚ͘ů
<("<-*;$(*2(%)*8-2,",-)(2*"-)*'$"<%*"%+3%*
('-",-)%&* 2(* "-)#+%8-)(* %* $)%* 2,#$%",.)*
'?2*2%&$/%4&(@*/-)/(*)-2*()"-)#+('-2*%)#(*
ƌĂnjŽŶĂŵŝĞŶƚŽƐ ĚŝƐƟŶƚŽƐ ƉĞƌŽ ĐŽŶĚŝĐŝŽŶĂĚŽƐ
/(2/(* (&* 8$)#-2* /(* :,2#%* +%",-)%&@* 7* ;$(*
ƚĞŶŐĂ ƋƵĞ ǀĞƌ ũƵƐƚĂŵĞŶƚĞ ĐŽŶ ƵŶĂ ŝĚĞŽůŽŐşĂ
7*$)%*:,2,.)*/(&*'$)/-*'%2*+%",-)%&@*&-*"$%&*
ƐĞ ůŽŐƌĂ ĞŶ ƉĂşƐĞƐ ĐŽŶ ŝŶƐƟƚƵĐŝŽŶĞƐ ŵĄƐ
ƐſůŝĚĂƐ LJ ĐŽŶ ƉĂƌƟĚŽƐ ŵĄƐ ƐſůŝĚŽƐ͘ ĐĄ ŚĂLJ
4%)/-2@* &(%&#%/(2* 7* "%$/,&&,2'-2@* ()#-)"(2*
8+-4%4&('()#(* <%2#%* ;$(* )-* 8-/%'-2*
ĐŽŶƐŽůŝĚĂƌ ŝŶƐƟƚƵĐŝŽŶĞƐ ŵĂƐ ƐſůŝĚĂƐ ;LJŽ ĚĞ
ƚŽĚĂƐŵĂŶĞƌĂƐĐƌĞŽƋƵĞŵƵĐŚĂƐŝŶƐƟƚƵĐŝŽŶĞƐ
2(* <%7%)* ,/-* "-)2-&,/%)/-* ()* (2#-2* %>-2*
/(* /('-"+%",%* 8(+-* (:,/()#('()#(* )-* &-*
ƐƵĮĐŝĞŶƚĞͿLJƐŽďƌĞƚŽĚŽƉĂƌƟĚŽƐŵĄƐƐĞƌŝŽƐ͕
'?2* "-)2,2#()#(2@* /-)/(* &-* ;$(* ,'8-+#(*
2(%)* &%2* ,/(%2* 7* &%* :,2,.)* /(&* '$)/-* 7* )-*
&%2* &(%&#%/(2* /(* &-2* "%$/,&&-2@* )-* 8-/+('-2*
ŶĞŐŽĐŝĂƌ͕ĚŝƐĐƵƟƌĂůƚƵƌĂĚĂŵĞŶƚĞŽĐŽŶĐĞƌƚĂƌ͕
7*2(*'%)#()/+?*(2#%*8-&%+,A%",.)*/(*:,2,-)(2@*
/(*8$)#-2*/(*:,2#%*-*8-2,",-)(25
23
 /$,19(56,Ï135,9$'$$/$/8='(/'(&5(72/(*,6/$7,92
THEMIS 61 ϭϬ͘ &ŝŶĂůŵĞŶƚĞ͕ ͎ƉŽĚƌşĂ ĚĂƌŶŽƐ ƐƵ
Revista de Derecho
ENS><:EO9, BH<>HB, ;<, 6B, :EDGBHEO9,
ĂĐƚƵĂů ĚĞ ŶƵĞƐƚƌŽ ƉĂşƐ ĐŽŵŽ ƵŶ
ĚĞƐƟŶŽĂƚƌĂĐƟǀŽƉĂƌĂůĂŝŶǀĞƌƐŝſŶĚĞ
HBSEDB6<:,<[D>B9R<>8:,<9,H8NSB>BHEO9,
ĂŶƵĞƐƚƌĂƉŽƐŝĐŝſŶĞŶůŽƐĂŹŽƐƉƌĞǀŝŽƐ
B, 6B:, ><78>NB:, <:D>GHDG>B6<:, ;<,
ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŽƐĚĞůŽƐŶŽǀĞŶƚĂƐ͍
-#, +.$, =#".$U, C&* 0(+1* %* &-* &%+3-* /(&*
ƟĞŵƉŽ͕ ĚĞƐĚĞ ƋƵĞ ƐĞ ĚŝĞƌŽŶ ĞƐƚĂƐ ŶŽƌŵĂƐ
()* EFFE* 7* '$"<%2* -#+%2* ;$(* 2(* :%)* /%)/-*
8-2#(+,-+'()#(@*<%*,/-*"-)2#+$7()/-*()*'?2*
/(* :(,)#(* %>-2@* $)* "+(",',()#-* ("-).',"-@*
ƵŶĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůŽLJƵŶĂĐƌĞĚŝďŝůŝĚĂĚĐŽŵŽƵŶƉĂşƐ
ƋƵĞ͕ ĂƵŶƋƵĞ ƚŽĚĂǀşĂ ŝŶƐƵĮĐŝĞŶƚĞƐ͕ ƐŝŐƵĞŶ
ĂĚĞůĂŶƚĞLJĐƌĞŽƋƵĞƚĞŶĚƌĄĠdžŝƚŽ͕ĞŶůĂŵĞĚŝĚĂ
()* ;$(* #-/-2* 8-)3%'-2* )$(2#+-* (2B$(+A-* 7*
)$(2#+%* ,)#(&,3()",%* ()* '%)#()(+* &-2* :%&-+(2*
;$(*,'8&,"%*&-*;$(*2(*<%*&-3+%/-5*I-2*=.:()(2*
/(*<-7*)-*<%)*:,2#-*(&*"%'4,-*/(&*0(+1*/(2/(*
ƋƵĞ ĞŶ ϭϵϲϮ ĂƚĞŶĚşĂŵŽƐ ĐŽŵŽ ĂůƵŵŶŽƐ ĚĞ
ĚĞƌĞĐŚŽĚĞůĂWŽŶƟĮĐŝĂhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝĚĂĚĂƚſůŝĐĂ
ĚĞů WĞƌƷ Ğů ĐŽŶƐƵůƚŽƌŝŽ ũƵƌşĚŝĐŽ ŐƌĂƚƵŝƚŽ ĞŶ
ŽŵĂƐ͕ĐŽŶƵŶĐƷŵƵůŽĚĞĐŚŽnjĂƐĚĞŝŶǀĂƐŝſŶ͕
ƐŝŶĂŐƵĂŶŝůƵnj͕LJŚŽLJĞƐĞůŽŶŽEŽƌƚĞ͕ƵŶĂĚĞůĂƐ
'(=-+(2*A-)%2*/(*&%*",$/%/@*"-)*$)*"+(",',()#-*
8$=%)#(*7*"-)*$)%*I,'%*;$(@*:,-&()#%'()#(*<%*
8%2%/-*/(*$)*',&&.)*7*'(/,-*/(*<%4,#%)#(2*%*
"(+"%*/(*-"<-*',&&-)(25*
^ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞůŽŚĂŶƌĞĐŝďŝĚŽĐŽŵŽĞƐƚĂŚŽLJLJ
)-*(2#?)*"-)B-+'(2*"-)*#-/%*2(3$+,/%/@*8(+-*
/(4()*()#()/(+*;$(*%*"%/%*8(+$%)-@*/()#+-*
/(* 2$* 3()(+%",.)* &(* #-"%* ,+* "-&-"%)/-* 2$*
(2B$(+A-*()*&%*"-)2#+$"",.)*/(*&%*8%#+,%*7*;$(*
ĂƐş ƐĞƌĄ ŵĞũŽƌ ĐĂĚĂ ĚşĂ͘ ů WĞƌƷ ĞƐ ĂƚƌĂĐƟǀŽ
8%+%* &%* ,):(+2,.)@* 8(+-* (&* B+?3,&* %'4,()#(*
()* ;$(* (2#%* 2(* '$(:(* /()#+-* /(* $)* '$)/-*
ĐŽŵƉĞƟƟǀŽ͕ ŶŽƐ ŚĂĐĞ ǀĞƌ ůĂ ŶĞĐĞƐŝĚĂĚ ĚĞ
8(+2(:(+%+* ()* &-* 4$()-* 7* )-* "%(+* -* :-&:(+* %*
ĐĂĞƌ ĞŶ ůŽ ŶĞŐĂƟǀŽ͕ ƉĞƌŽ ƐŝĞŵƉƌĞ ƉĞŶƐĂŶĚŽ
()* ;$(* #-/-2* 2-'-2* 8(+$%)-2* 7* #()('-2*
,3$%&*/(+("<-*%&*/(2%++-&&-5*
F#")%.U,ŽŵŽůŽŚĂĚĞŵŽƐƚƌĂĚŽůĂƌĞĐŝĞŶƚĞ
ĐƌŝƐŝƐ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů͕ ŶƵĞƐƚƌŽ ƉĂşƐ ƐĞ ŚĂ
ĐŽŶǀĞƌƟĚŽ ĞŶ ƵŶ ĚĞƐƟŶŽ ĂƚƌĂĐƟǀŽ ƉĂƌĂ ůŽƐ
ŝŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶŝƐƚĂƐ ĞdžƚƌĂŶũĞƌŽƐ͘ ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŽ ƋƵĞ
(2#-*2(*/(4(@*()*3+%)*'(/,/%@*%*&%2*+(B-+'%2*
(2#+$"#$+%&(2* %/-8#%/%2* ()* &%* /K"%/%* /(&*
ŶŽǀĞŶƚĂ͕ ůĂƐ ĐƵĂůĞƐ ĨƵĞƌŽŶ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĂĚĂƐ LJ
8+-B$)/,A%/%2* ()* (&* 8+,'(+* /("(),-* /(&*
ƐŝŐůŽ yy/͘ >ĂƐ ĞĐŽŶŽŵşĂƐ ĚĞďĞŶ ĂďƌŝƌƐĞ Ăů
'$)/-@* )-* 2-&-* 8%+%* '(=-+%+* (&* 4,()(2#%+*
/(* 2$2* ",$/%/%)-2@* 2,)-* 8%+%* B-'()#%+* &%*
ĐŽŵƉĞƟƟǀŝĚĂĚ ĞŶƚƌĞ ĞůůŽƐ͘ WŽƌ ŽƚƌŽ ůĂĚŽ͕
24
Ğů ďƵĞŶ ŵĂŶĞũŽ ĚĞ ůĂ ĞĐŽŶŽŵşĂ ƉĞƌƵĂŶĂ͕
ůŽƐ ĂůƚŽƐ şŶĚŝĐĞƐ ĚĞ ďŽŶĂŶnjĂ ĞĐŽŶſŵŝĐĂ͕ Ğů
"-'8+-',2-* /(&* C2#%/-* 8(+$%)-* /(* +(2-&:(+*
ƉĂĐşĮĐĂŵĞŶƚĞ ůĂƐ ĐŽŶƚƌŽǀĞƌƐŝĂƐ ƋƵĞ ĚĞďĂ
ĂƚĞŶĚĞƌLJƐŽƐƚĞŶĞƌĐŽŶĞŵƉƌĞƐĂƐĞdžƚƌĂŶũĞƌĂƐ
ŵĞĚŝĂŶƚĞĞů//͕ůĂƐĐůĄƵƐƵůĂƐĚĞĞƐƚĂďŝůŝĚĂĚ
ũƵƌşĚŝĐĂ ƚƌŝďƵƚĂƌŝĂ LJ Ğů ĐƵŵƉůŝŵŝĞŶƚŽ ĚĞ ƐƵƐ
"-'8+-',2-2*,)#(+)%",-)%&(2*"-)#+,4$7(+-)*%*
ĐƌĞĂƌĞƐƚĞĐůŝŵĂĚĞĐŽŶĮĂŶnjĂƉĂƌĂůŽƐŐƌĂŶĚĞƐ
,):(+2,-),2#%25*
!)#(* (2#%2* ",+"$)2#%)",%2@* "%4(* /(2#%"%+*
;$(* &%* &(3,2&%",.)* 8(+$%)%* %"#$%&* 2(*
()'%+"%* /()#+-* /(* &-2* 8+,)",8,-2* /(* &%* &,4+(*
ĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶĐŝĂ͕ ůĂ ůŝďƌĞ ŝŶŝĐŝĂƟǀĂ ƉƌŝǀĂĚĂ LJ ůĂ
%$2()",%* /(* 8+,:,&(3,-2* 8%+%* &%2* ('8+(2%2*
814&,"%25* !2,',2'-@* (2* 8+(",2-* 2$4+%7%+* ;$(*
ĞůƐƚĂĚŽƐŽůŽĞƐƉƌŽŵŽƚŽƌLJĮƐĐĂůŝnjĂĚŽƌ͕ŵĄƐ
ŶŽƵŶƉůĂŶŝĮĐĂĚŽƌĚĞůĂĞĐŽŶŽŵşĂ͘ƐƚĞŶƵĞǀŽ
+-&*/(&*C2#%/-*3()(+%*(2#%4,&,/%/*7*2(3$+,/%/*
ũƵƌşĚŝĐĂ͕LJĂƚƌĂĞĂŶƵĞǀŽƐĐĂƉŝƚĂůĞƐ͘ƐĞĞƐĞů
"%',)-*%*2(3$,+5*
2#3'""'U EŽ ŚĂLJ ƋƵĞ ƐĞƌ ĚĞ ůĂ E^ ƉĂƌĂ
-42(+:%+* ;$(* (&* 0(+1* <%* (:-&$",-)%/-*
2$2#%)",%&'()#(* ()* (2#%* '%#(+,%5* 0+,'(+-@*
ĐŽŵŽ ƵŶĂ ĞĐŽŶŽŵşĂ ƋƵĞ ƐĞ ŵĂŶĞũĂ
ƐĞƌŝĂŵĞŶƚĞ͕ ĐŽŶ ƵŶĂ ƉŽůşƟĐĂ ĮƐĐĂů LJ
'-)(#%+,%*"-)2,2#()#(@*2.&,/%5*I$(3-@*"-)*$)%*
ĐƌĞĐŝĞŶƚĞŝŶƐƟƚƵĐŝŽŶĂůŝĚĂĚƋƵĞǀĂŵĂƐĂůůĄĚĞ
ůĂŵĂĐƌŽĞĐŽŶŽŵşĂ͘ƌĞŽƋƵĞĞŶůŽƐƷůƟŵŽƐ
%>-2*/(*/('-"+%",%*<%)*,/-*/(2%++-&&?)/-2(*
ƉŽĐŽĂƉŽĐŽĂůŐƵŶĂƐŝŶƐƟƚƵĐŝŽŶĞƐ͕ĐŽŵŽƉŽƌ
ĞũĞŵƉůŽ Ğů dƌŝďƵŶĂů ŽŶƐƟƚƵĐŝŽŶĂů͕ ƋƵĞ ŚĂ
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25