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Book Jonas Lau Markussen The Anatomy of Viking Art
Book Jonas Lau Markussen The Anatomy of Viking Art
The Anatomy of
Viking Art
The Anatomy of
Viking Art
Maps 78
Resources 81
850
Introduction
1100
Urnes style
c. 1050 – 1125 Introduction 7
Broa Style c. 750 – 825
Shapes
4 3 1
Outlines
2 1 Lappets with double or triple
tendril frond terminals. Curvy outlines with occasional kinks.
5 7 2 Tightly curled tendril
terminals.
6 3 Head in profile.
4 Round eye. A B C D
Pattern
Semi-tight interlace with little visible
background.
Double contour occurs.
Single-stranded ribbons.
Double-stranded ribbons occur.
Head
Body
Composition
Clear composition almost to the point of geometry.
Repetition of basic compositional lines.
A sense for counterpoint composition.
Apparent symmetry in the composition - However, a difference in detail (A, C).
Compositions often divided or separated by framework (B, C).
B Juxtaposition of different types of motifs (C).
Motifs
Ribbon animals with elongated bodies and Gripping beasts with solid bodies, ribbon-like
extremely stylized features (A, B, D). body and inflated hips, and slender limbs
Squat animals with more naturalistic bodies gripping the frame or neighbouring animals or
(B, C). limbs (C).
B Geometric framework (B, C).
Scandinavia Church. The empire reached its peak around the year Development external sources, and at the same time, it’s a distinct
Life in Scandinavia was in large lived in and around 800, as the Pope crowned Charlemagne of the Caro- The artistic traditions at this time in Scandinavia were Norse motif developed within the school of Scandi-
the longhouse of the farmstead, either clustered in lingian dynasty Holy Roman Emperor in Rome. already well established and several iterations of the navian tradition with no direct ancestors outside of
small villages or as single farms in the open country. Continental Eastern Europe was inhabited by a large Norse trademark, The ribbon animal, had been in use Scandinavia.
Power structures varied but usually, a chieftain was the group of Slavic clans and tribes, which in their way for a few centuries already.
main centre of power in the local community consti- of life and spiritual beliefs were much more similar to The ribbon animals of the Broa style covers a spec- Dating
tuted by a number of farmsteads which paid allegiance the Norse people of Scandinavia. trum of motifs and styles of execution. Common traits The dating of the early Viking Age art styles is difficult
to the chieftain. are heads in profile with round eyes, open hips with and rests partly on the typology of objects and partly
A spiritual practice was inherent in all aspects of life Connections and Exchange intertwining ribbon-like limbs. on the related, dateable Anglo-Carolingian ornament.
and wasn’t centred around any single religious insti- The Norse had already been travelling and exchanging At one end of the spectrum, the animals are extremely Which means that any distinctions should be taken
tution like the Church of the Christian faith. The goods throughout Europe for centuries by sea and abstracted with elongated bodies, simplified facial with caution.
subject of tribute was all the various deities of the land. But the introduction of the sail made their features, and completely uniform limbs whether they
Norse pantheon like Odin, Freya and Thor, each with already magnificent ships a lot faster and thereby picture claws, wings or tendrils intertwined in almost The Broa Mounts
their individual attributes, whom it was paramount longer reaching. This new advantage was the main geometric patterns. The style is more popularly named after the horse
to please with a fitting sacrifice to gain good fortune reason why the Vikings now began to be a force to be At the other end, the animals are almost naturalistic harness-mounts found in Broa, Sweden, but is formally
depending on the matter at hand. reckoned with and ultimately made a lasting and with organic and squat bodies, while maintaining known as Style III/E or just Style E.
The establishment of trading towns like Hedeby profound impression on the history of Europe. many of the characteristic features of the style. They The Broa mounts display a thorough collection of
and Birka began typically as temporary and seasonal Though the large part of the travels and exchange of are often pictured singularly with the only interlace almost all imaginable compositions and motifs of the
marketplaces in conjunction with yearly communal the Norse was probably somewhat peaceful and based of ribbons being the intertwine of their own limbs. style with the occasional gripping beast added to the
thing assemblies with a collection of parcels along on trading goods and making connections, what the The gripping beast, on the other hand, falls almost mix, and even some motifs not found elsewhere like the
the main street with booths of tents and makeshift Scandinavians are best known for is their violent raids. entirely out of the template of the ribbon animals. It animal-head pieces and almost human-like terminals
workshops at either side. They then developed into In the written sources the most famous account of the is always pictured with its head facing forward, and on some of the mounts.
more established market towns where trade could be Norse is of cause the Viking attack on the Monastery its body typically curled up in a single pretzel-knot-
controlled and taxes collected by the local rule. of Lindisfarne situated on the east coast of England. like interlace with solid hips. Its feet always grasping Disc-on-bow Brooches
The southern border of Scandinavia was consti- This event marks what is traditionally regarded by either to itself or the surrounding frame of ornament. The various disc-on-bow brooches typically display the
tuted by Danevirke, a fortification running across the scholars as the beginning of the Viking age in Scan- The individual motifs themselves, whether they be more abstracted and elongated version of the ribbon
narrowest part of the Jutland peninsula with Hedeby dinavia. ribbon animals or gripping beast, are almost always animals in the style juxtaposed with segments of grip-
at the east end, and thereby controlling all land access surrounded by or interlacing with a geometric frame- ping beast motifs.
to Scandinavia from the south and connecting the work like ovals or squares holding the compositions
trading routes by land with those of the sea. together. The Oseberg Academician’s Work
The gradual establishment of controlled trading towns The British Isles were an artistic centre in this time, The Academician’s work from the Oseberg grave
and military structures of this magnitude indicates that but also Anglo-Carolingian art from the Frankish display some great examples of wood-carvings in the
some kind of subjugating measure of power like a king regions made its influence on the Norse. Especially style, though they might be on the verge of transition
organising and controlling subordinate chieftains and the semi-organic animals and birds must have been into the following Oseberg style.
their resources must have been in place already by now. derived from European art in some way, as they don’t
seem to have any predecessors in Scandinavian tradi- Distribution
Europe tion, though developed drastically to fit the Scandi- The Broa style is only found in Scandinavia and is
On the British Isles, the various territories of Christian navian tradition and almost untraceable back to their especially common in Eastern Scandinavia.
faith were divided in a number of Kingdoms. European inspirational sources.
Continental Western Europe was dominated by the The motif of the gripping beast emerging in the Broa
expansive Frankish Empire supported by the Catholic style may also in some way have been inspired by these
740
Examples
750
Dateable Disc-on-bow brooch (IV)
Storhaugen, Stavanger, Rogaland, Norway.
c. 834 B 488
The Animal head post / The lion head
— the Oseberg grave Openwork mount
Scandinavians settle at Ladoga Oseberg, Vestfold, Norway. Othem, Gotland, Sweden.
760 Universitetets Oldsakssamling, Oslo C55000 Historiska Museet, Stockholm SHM 11887
172
Oval brooch (I)
c. 834 Gesala, Romafortuna, Västmanland, Sweden.
The Academician’s animal head post Historiska Museet, Stockholm SHM 31030
— the Oseberg grave
Oseberg, Vestfold, Norway. Oval brooch (II)
770 Universitetets Oldsakssamling, Oslo C55000 Södra Alby, Hulterstad, Oland, Sweden.
100 Historiska Museet, Stockholm SHM 7584
830
Shapes
1
6
Pattern
Tight interlace with almost no visible
background.
Double contour.
Single-stranded ribbons.
Double-stranded ribbons.
Triple-stranded ribbons.
A mix of high and low relief.
Head
Body
Composition
An absence of compositional main lines (A, D).
Carpet-like distribution of motifs of equal size and equal compositional value.
Geometric and zoomorphic framework of oval or rhomb-shape (B, C).
Apparent symmetry in the composition. However, different in detail (A, B, C).
B
Motifs
An eclectic medley of animal bodies rendered
into segments melting together.
Zoomorphic framework (C).
Geometric framework (B).
Trade and Raids south and connected with the British Isles to the west Development Animal limbs and bodies are all thrown together in an
The spirit of the Norse expeditions and exchange with through the Baltic and the rest of Scandinavia to the It is difficult to encircle and document what the style eclectic mix to create the most lively multilevel inter-
the communities of the surrounding European regions east through the North Sea, Hedeby was a crossing between the Broa and Borre style may have looked twining ornaments possible.
was mostly opportunistic. Whether it be for trade, raid point of religious, monetary and cultural influences. like, and various theories have been proposed. What is Even the convention in the Broa style of a clear distinc-
or settlement depended on the circumstances and the There was continual traffic of material goods flowing presented in this guide is a type of style first and fore- tion between, and separation of the ribbon animals
situation of the individual. through the town. most represented in the Oseberg ship-grave, which has and the gripping beasts seem completely disregarded,
Several trading towns were now well established in Both the Orkney, Shetland and Faroe Islands were been dated by dendrochronology to a period between as the features of each is typically merged together.
Scandinavia along the popular trading routes. They settled by Norse emigrants who saw an opportunity in the Broa and Borre style.
were the centre of fluctuating cosmopolitan influences moving their household to the vacant and fertile isles The burial mount of Oseberg features some magnif- The Sledge Poles
and material goods and the manifestation of all the and making a life of their own. The isles soon became icent woodwork composed by sledges, wagons, a The two sledge poles display geometric framework
connections with the various tribes and societies of a bridgehead to the further expeditions and raids of ship, tent poles and more. Among the artefacts are similar to the Broa style, but the animals depart in
Europe through the far-reaching trading routes over- Scotland and the rest of the British Isles. some artworks done in an unmistakably Broa style. In execution. They are mostly single and whole animals,
seas and along the continental rivers. The Bishop Ansgar was appointed missionary of the conjunction, there are also many works which don’t but they melt together occasionally to fit the structure
They soon became an obvious opportunity for the northern lands by the Frankish emperor Louis the seem to fit in with the Broa style proper. Although they of the ornament lines and framework.
influence of power on several levels: economic, mili- Pius, and he was, in turn, able and allowed by the seem to carry many of the same characteristics, they
tary, socially, religious and artistic. This was, therefore, Norse rulers to build churches in some of the most seem to also consistently and radically differ in many The Baroque Animal Head-posts
a crucial place to have control over by the local rule important trading towns. ways. It would seem like these works might represent a On the two Baroque animal head posts, the seem-
who collected taxes and controlled who and what But as the Frankish Empire crumbled, the power, development of the Broa style in a new direction that ingly geometric framework is actually created entirely
entered and left the territory. need or incentive to force the Christian faith upon the in some ways points towards the Borre style. from animal limbs disregarding the individual animals
barbarians of the north lacked the support it needed to The ribbon-like-animals are for instance a clear refer- completely and separating their body parts into mere
The Eastern Routes be successful, and as most of the Norse people didn’t ence back to the elegant and abstract ribbon animals ornamental segments to produce an abundant compo-
The trading town of Birka, Sweden was the gate to see any reason to convert by their own free will, the first of the Broa style, while the emphasis on the more squat sition as a whole.
Eastern Europe. From here all the Slavic regions could attempts at Christening the Norse were in large futile. shape of the animals and the way they now consist-
be reached by the rivers from the Baltic sea like Volga ently grip each other and the surrounding frames point The Fourth Sledge and Gustafson’s Sledge
and Dnieper, eventually reaching Constantinople, the towards the application of the gripping beast in the On Gustafson’s sledge and the fourth sledge, we even
capital of the Byzantine Empire. Borre style. Even the mix of heads in profile typical see the mixed and melted animal ornament in a more
The Norse, or the Rus’ as they were known in for the Broa style, and forward facing typical for the free-flowing form on its own terms.
Eastern Europe, came from what is today Roslagen Borre style points at this style as a possible transitory
of modern-day Sweden and settled along the Northern period between the two styles. Distribution
parts of these routes, to make the journeys more The Oseberg style is a clear development of the Norse The Oseberg style, like the Broa style, is not known
convenient and to better be able to trade and raid traditions in its own right and without any further outside of Scandinavia, which indicates that the style
among the local Slavic tribes. traceable influences from outside of Scandinavia. had developed into the following Borre style before the
The Rus’ chieftain Rurik soon gained control of the The style is generally composed of a more relaxed expansions of the Norse world into more permanent
trading post Ladoga and later established a settlement and unconventional take on the animal ornament. settlements in regions outside of Scandinavia.
further south at Novgorod. Traditionally the individual animal of the orna-
ment interlace would always be depicted as a clear
The Western Routes but extremely abstracted representation of a single
Hedeby situated at the southern border of Scandi- somewhat anatomically correct animal with typically
navia was the gate to Western and Central Continental one head, one body, two or four legs and a tail. In
Europe. the Oseberg style though, there is often no distinc-
Bordering the mighty Catholic Frankish Empire to the tion between the individual animals in the ornament.
880
Oseberg Style 27
890
Borre Style c. 850 — 950
Shapes
4
Outlines
1 Tight knot-like interlace.
6 2 Equal-sided geometric Even outlines without tapering or dents.
figures (circles and squares).
3 Spirals.
5 4 Triangular head facing
forward. A B
5 Round or almond-shaped
8
eyes.
7
6 Protruding ears.
7 Oval snout.
8 Short and squat proportions.
9
9 Slim and elongated legs.
2
Flow
A preference for geometric A Multi-loops.
curves. B Pretzel-knots.
3
Pattern
Very tight interlace with almost no visible
background.
Double contour occur.
Double-stranded ribbons.
Triple-stranded ribbons.
High relief.
Head
Body
Composition
Tight compositions of closed ribbons (D), knots (B, C) and animals (A, B).
Repetition and juxtaposition of geometrical shapes (C, D).
Motifs
Gripping beasts (A, B). Single knots build by interlacing closed ribbons
Ring chains build by repetition and of either geometric shapes or pretzel-knot
juxtaposition of closed interlacing ribbons of patterns (B, C).
equal-sided geometric shapes (D).
Borre Style 37
950
Shapes
3 1 2
Outlines
1 Head in profile.
4 2 Round or almond-shaped Even outlines without tapering or dents.
eye.
3 Curled lip-lappet.
4 Neck tendril.
5 Solid body. A
Flow
A mix of wavy and almost A S-shapes.
geometric curves.
7 6
Pattern
Restrained use of interlace with some visible
background.
Double contour.
Single-stranded ribbons.
Double-stranded ribbons.
Head
Body
Composition
B
Motifs
B Ribbon animals, typically with striated bodies.
English Control of the Danelaw was now able to force Eric to flee to the British Isles Development The Jelling Cup
The Anglo-Saxon King Edward, the Elder, managed where he eventually would be King of Northumbria With the Jelling style begins a revival of the ribbon The style got its name from the small cup, displaying
to take back most of the Danelaw territory except for a few years before his death. animal eventually pushing the motif of the gripping two overlapping S-shaped ribbon animals, found in
Northumbria, which remained under Norse rule. Haakon later fought and was eventually defeated by beast out into oblivion. the burial chamber of the North mound of the Jelling
A few years later his son Eadred finally managed to the sons of Eric supported by Gorm the Old. Though often executed in fairly simple juxtaposed monument site and is believed to have been part of the
gain control over and absorb Northumbria into the and overlapping S-shaped layouts and still drawing grave goods accompanying Gorm the Great in death.
English Kingdom after the death of King Eric Bloo- Bishoprics in Scandinavia heavily on the highly geometric interlace patterns of
daxe and in doing so ending the Norse reign of English Several of the trading towns like Hedeby and Aarhus the previous Borre style like the pretzel knot and chain Horse Harness-bows
territory. became the seat of a bishop under the Archbishopric patterns, the Jelling style is in large a return to the The three horse harness-bows found in Mammen,
of Hamburg and Bremen. Norse traditions of animal ornament reminiscent of Jutland, and Søllested, Funen, displays ornaments in
The Jelling Dynasty the Broa style and even the earlier Germanic styles. a more elaborate and figurative manner, while at the
Power in Denmark now began to concentrate in and The Holy Roman Empire The ribbon animal of the Jelling style is developed same time featuring some of the Jelling style trade-
around the aristocracy of the Jelling area on the penin- Following the death of Emperor Louis the Pious, the further in the following styles and continues to be in marks like the curled lip-lappet and single neck-tendril.
sula of Jutland. Frankish Empire had previously been divided in three; fashion in various iterations right up until the end of They seem like they might be a later development
Gorm the Old is the first historically recognised king West Francia, Middle Francia and East Francia. the Viking Age. of the style on the verge of transitioning into the
of Denmark. There was no Emperor appointed in the West for Compared to the following iterations of the ribbon Mammen style.
His wife Thyra is mentioned on a number of rune several years until the crowning of the Saxon king animal in the Mammen, Ringerike and Urnes style,
stones in the area of Jelling, and not least on the Otto I. the Jelling animal is relatively simple and formalistic in Distribution
lesser Jelling stone itself, which was raised by Gorm its anatomy with its equal-width ribbon body, ribbon Like the preceding Borre style, we find the Jelling style
in memory of her. neck-tendril and curly upper lip-lappet. in all areas where the Norse went about at the time
It is believed that Gorm was buried in the chamber These components all constitute the backbone of the from The British Isles through Eastern and Western
of the North Mound in Jelling when he died, built style and pours over into the following styles with the Europe.
by his son and successor Harald Bluetooth. But the addition of their individual stylistic traits. And though There was no widespread tradition of stone carving in
remains of Gorm was later moved out of the mound the execution of the Jelling style can vary and some- Scandinavia at this time, but a few stone monuments
and placed in a final resting place under the wooden times seem unrelated on the surface, when looking on the British Isles and the Isle of Man displays motifs
church built by Harald when he converted to Chris- closer, the underlying structure is often revealed as which are clearly derived from the contemporary
tianity. strictly conventional. Scandinavian style.
In this way, the style both pays tribute to the ribbon The craftsmen on the British Isles already worked with
The First Norse Christian King animal tradition of the past, but also establishes the animal patterns and interlace, which made a mutual
After the death of Harald Fairhair, his son Haakon new tradition of future Norse animal ornament. influence between the Anglo-Saxon style and the Scan-
the Good returned to Norway to fight his half-brother dinavian style very easy.
Eric Blood-axe for the claim to the throne. Disc Brooches and Circular Pendants
According to legend, Haakon was fostered by the The early Jelling style is often found on disc brooches
Anglo-Saxon king Athelstan, son of Edward the Elder, and circular pendants along with jewellery of approxi-
as part of an agreement made by his father, Harald. mately the same type featuring Borre style decorations.
In England, he was influenced by the Christian faith These Jelling style designs often make use of Borre
of the English people, which he brought back with style compositional schemes, but instead of gripping
him to Norway. beasts, they feature ribbon animals with heads in
Haakon gained support from the Norwegian land- profile and neck tendrils.
owners by promising to give up the rights of taxation
claimed by his father. With the new found support, he
900
Scandinavians attack Constantinople Dateable Nonnebakken, Fyn, Denmark.
Nationalmuseet, Copenhagen C6271
c. 890 (the ship)
Animal head tent pole Gilt silver pendant
— the Gokstad grave Vårby, Södermanland, Sweden.
Gokstad, Vestfold, Norway. Historiska Museet, Stockholm SHM 4516
910 Universitetets Oldsaksamling, Oslo C10408
Normandy is founded by Rollo
Small disc brooch
c. 945 – 946 Birka, Uppland, Sweden.
The Skaill hoard Historiska Museet, Stockholm
Skaill, Orkney.
Silver filigree disc brooch
c. 958 – 959 — the Tråen hoard
920 The Jelling cup Tråen, Buskerud, Norway.
— the Jelling north mount grave
Jelling, Jutland, Denmark. Tongue-shaped bronze brooch
Nationalmuseet, Copenhagen CCCLXXII Birka, Uppland, Sweden.
Historiska Museet, Stockholm SHM 5208
Shapes
6
Outlines
2 3 1 Long and wavy S-shaped
tendrils. Curvy outlines with kinks and frequent dents.
2 Loosely scrolled tendril
4 7 terminals.
3 Spirals as tendril terminals.
4 Pellets intersecting ribbons. A B C
5
5 Concave dents.
6 Head in profile.
7 Round or almond-shaped
eye.
8 Spiral hip joints.
8
Flow
Flowing loose and wavy curves. A Multi-loops.
B Pretzel-knots.
1 C S-shapes.
Pattern
Semi-open interlace with some visible
background.
Double contour.
Single-stranded ribbons.
Double-stranded ribbons.
Head
Body
Composition
Single motifs (A, B, C).
Loosely flowing compositions with a lack of axiality and symmetry (B, C, D).
Additive principles.
Different elements often have the same value – i.e. stems vs tendrils.
C
Motifs
Great Beasts, which is a combination of a Masks (A).
carnivore mammal and one or more serpents Vegetal ornaments (D).
intertwined in battle (C).
Mammals, typically carnivores (C).
Serpents (C).
C Birds (B).
The Conversion of Denmark leading an attack on England with a fleet of 90 ships Development ditional motif in Scandinavia up until now, though
When Gorm the Old died his son, Harald Bluetooth and collecting the first Danegeld. They later returned The animals of the Mammen style are stylistically a executed in an entirely traditional Norse style.
became king of Denmark and gained the power of to collect the second Danegeld, and in return, Olaf continuation of the Jelling style ribbon animal, though The Greater Jelling stone inspired imitations
Norway a few years later. was baptised. now in a more elaborate and often more naturalistic throughout the Norse regions. However, imitations
The joint ruler of the Empire just south of the Dannev- After his success in England, Olaf returned to Scandi- execution. did typically only include the great beast and left out
irke Otto II was keen on Christening the Norse regions, navia and successfully claimed the throne of Norway The style is further inspired by Continental Euro- the depiction of Christ.
and by a violent military crusade if necessary. This and converted the Norwegians to the Christian faith. pean influences which can be seen by more vegetal
thread forced Harald to convert and making Christi- Iceland followed suit a few years later, by a somewhat elements being introduced, such as vines, lobes and The Mammen Axe
anity the state religion of Denmark. To get the point democratic decision at the All-thing, mainly due to spirals. The interlace patterns are even developed in The Mammen style got its name from the deco-
across he erected the Great Jelling Stone with a runic its dependency on trade-connections with Norway. a less geometric and more wavy and flowing manner rated axe head found in a rich grave of an aristocrat
inscription stating that Harald united all of Denmark Olaf Tryggvason later fell foul with Sweyn Forkbeard reminiscent of vegetal vines. connected to the Jelling dynasty buried just after the
and converted the Danes. by marrying Sweyn’s already wed sister Sigrid the time of conversion of Denmark.
To secure his status and control of power further, he Haughty. Sweyn then defeated Olaf in the Battle of Dating One side is filled with a composition of waving foliate
built a number of Ring fortresses throughout the terri- Svolder with the support of Erik Jarl who then became The Christianisation of Scandinavia changed the tendrils, and a bird occupies the other side in the same
tory of Denmark and fortified the Jelling monument king of Norway and Olof Skötkonung who was the Norse burial customs. After the conversion, the dead style.
site, the royal centre of power. first Christian king of a united Sweden. was buried with very few artefacts due to the new reli-
Harald’s display of power may have prevented Otto gious beliefs disregarding the importance of material The Bamberg and Cammin Caskets
II in conquering Denmark, but after his father, Otto Greenland and Vinland goods in the afterlife. The archaeological evidence is Two of the most elaborate works are the casket from
the Great died and in turn making him the sole ruler, After all inhabitable land had been settled in Iceland, therefore mostly from the few hoards possibly buried the cathedral of Kamień Pomorski, Poland, which
he captured Hedeby which was a tremendous blow Erik the Red established the first Norse colony on for safekeeping in times of conflict. Too few objects unfortunately was destroyed during World War II
to Harald. Greenland. His son Leif Eriksson (also known as Leif are therefore found in datable contexts to permit other (though exact copies still exist), and the casket from
Otto II then suddenly died, and with his three-year-old the Lucky) later discovered North America by accident than an approximation of date. the Bamberg Cathedral, Germany.
son as the only legitimate heir, in turn, left the empire and attempted to colonise the land which he named The Cammin casket is an excellent example of the
in a complete political crisis. Which lead to Harald Vinland, but the settlement was ultimately a short and The Greater Jelling Stone integration of Norse artistic traditions with Christian
regaining the power of Hedeby the same year. futile endeavour. The best-known example of the style is the Greater iconography.
The victory though was short lived for Harald as he Jelling stone raised by Harald Bluetooth. On one of Symbolic representations of the four evangelists are
was then killed by his son Sweyn Forkbeard, who took the three sides of the stone, we see for the first time displayed on the lid and sides of the casket. John is
control of the Kingdom. the motif of the Great Beast which came to be the most represented by eagles, Luke by bulls depicted as four-
influential and used motif throughout the rest of the legged animals with hooves, Matthew by a human
The Conversion of the Rus’ Viking Age. The motif consists of a large four-legged mask and Mark by lions with clawed paws.
After a period of exile in Sweden Vladimir, the Great animal, reminiscent of a lion or wolf, and a serpent The shrine may originally have contained a gospel
of the Rurik dynasty returned to Novgorod with a intertwined in battle. or liturgical manuscript. Religious gifts of this kind
Varangian army and took back power from his brother The motif builds heavily on Scandinavian artistic were an essential part in the establishment of contacts
and soon after consolidated his rule of a sizeable traditions while incorporating European influences. between European and Norse rulers and as generous
Kievan territory. He was baptised and Christianised It is therefore difficult to decipher the exact meaning donations to the Church.
all of the Kievan Rus’. of this motif, but it may have been a symbol of royal
power and rule and might very well be inspired by Distribution
The Conversion of Norway similar motifs used in aristocratic environments in The Mammen style was widely popular throughout
The heir to the Norwegian throne, Olaf Tryggvason, Continental and Insular Europe. Scandinavia and the settled areas in Europe, especially
who was chief of Vladimir’s men-at-arms while exiled On one of the other three sides of the stone, we see the British Isles.
from Norway, now teamed up with Sweyn Forkbeard a clear depiction of Christ which is a highly untra-
940
Examples
The Vårby hoard
Undateable
980 The ring fortresses are built in Denmark Mammen style
Greenland is colonised by Scandinavians c. 950 – 1025 Antler handle
Køge, Zealand, Denmark.
Bishops are inserted in Denmark
Nationalmuseet, Copenhagen C18000
Vladimir the Great baptises the Kievan Rus’ The Aarhus 3 runestone
Aarhus, Jutland, Denmark.
990 Nationalmuseet, Copenhagen
Sweyn Forkbeard collects 1st Danegeld
Bone cylinder
1000 The Christianisation of Iceland Årnes, Møre og Romsdal, Norway.
Leif Eriksson discovers America Trondheim Kgl. Norske Videnskabers Selskab
Museet.
Bone disc
London, England.
The British Museum, London.
1010
The Cammin casket
Sweyn Forkbeard conquers England Kamień, Pomorski, Poland.
And dies the following year (destroyed during WWII)
Cnut the Great regains power of England
Cnut the Great regains power of Scandinavia Gilt bronze plate
Aarhus, Jutland, Denmark.
1020 Aarhus Museum, Aarhus.
1040
Ringerike Style c. 1000 — 1075
Shapes
6 4 2 1
Flow
Taut curves only looping in one A Pear-shaped loops.
direction. B Figure-of-eights loops.
3 C Multi-loops.
D Pretzel-knots.
Pattern
Semi-tight interlace with some visible
background.
Double contour occur.
Single-stranded ribbons.
Double-stranded ribbons occur.
Ribbons are broken into panels by intersection.
Head
Body
Composition
Single motifs (A, C).
Tauter compositions.
Axiality and symmetry occur (B, C, D).
Additive principles, i.e. clusters of tendrils (A, B, C).
C Different elements has different value – i.e. stems vs tendrils (A, B, D).
Motifs
Great Beast variations, typically a combination Birds (C).
of a greater carnivore animal and one or more Masks (Not displayed here but very similar to
serpent intertwined in battle (A, C, D). the Mammen style masks).
Mammals (A). Vegetal ornaments (B).
C Serpents (A, B, C, D). Rosetta-like crosses (B).
The Conquest of England succumbed, thus ultimately ending the Norse rule of Development The Ringerike style is the only Viking Age style which
King Æthelred the Unready paid the third Danegeld England for good. The characteristics of the Ringerike style is a direct is not named after an actual find location. Instead, it
to Sweyn Forkbeard. But, due to rumours of an assassi- After the death of Harthacnut, the rule of Denmark and close continuation of the Mammen style, from is actually named after the area of Ringerike, a little
nation attempt against him, Æthelred then slaughtered now fell under the Norwegian king Magnus the Good which it can often be difficult to discern the differences. north of Oslo, from which the sandstone material
a large number of the Norse settlers, in what has since for a few years. The development of the style draws on further inspi- comes from, by which many of the runestones are
been known as the St. Brice’s Day massacre. ration from Western European sources. The use of made of.
In retaliation, Sweyn raided England three consecutive foliate motifs is intensified. The style displays inter-
times, before he and his son Cnut the Great eventually twining tendrils inspired by Frankish conventions, Weather Vanes
conquered England. Though it’s a very short-lived alternating lobes and tendrils of British origin, and Some of the most magnificent examples in the style
victory for Sweyn, who died a few weeks later. leaf-terminals inspired by acanthus leaves which were are the three weather vanes from Norway and Sweden.
popular in both the Frankish and British regions. They were initially used as a metal standard or flag
Expansion and subjugation But the style is still inherently Norse in nature. All on the masthead or prow on ships but survived due to
After the death of Sweyn, his youngest son Harald external influences are modelled to fit Scandinavian being adapted and used as weather vanes on churches
II became king of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. tradition and convention, where the motif of the great and was ultimately still in use almost up until modern
Cnut was announced King of England but was beast introduced in the Mammen era, is now gaining day.
expelled to Denmark. He returned the following year further popularity and is seen in many variations not
with a fleet and conquered the power of England by least on the many new runestones erected in this time. Wooden Staffs
defeating Æthelred’s son Edmund Ironside in the battle The wooden staffs found in Lund and Dublin deserves
of Assandun. Dating a special mention here too, because of their splendid
A few years later, when his brother Harald II died, he With the gradual introduction of Christianity in Scan- animal head terminals reminiscent of the animal head
gained the power of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. dinavia, no equipment was laid in graves. Dating, posts of the Oseberg grave.
In addition to this, the Scottish King subdued to his therefore almost exclusively relies on metalworks
reign, and he was now king of the largest Norse empire found in hoards together with coins included but can Distribution
ever seen thus earning him the name Cnut the Great. be reasonably well established. The style was widely spread throughout Scandinavia
While Cnut was occupied in England, Olof Haraldson and all of the Norse settlements, not least in the British
tried to seize power of the throne of Norway, but his Runestones Isles, where it inspired many of the existing local styles,
attempt was futile, and he was ultimately killed in the Before the Greater Jelling Stone, only a dozen stone and even found great popularity in the Irish regions
battle of Stiklestad. sculptures in Scandinavia had been erected, except were it was heavily adopted and among others directly
for the Gotland picture stones. inspired a few manuscripts. It was even still in use in
Division of the Kingdom The power centre around the Jelling dynasty was this region after it had faded and transitioned into the
When Cnut eventually died his empire was divided probably the driving factor behind the development Urnes style in Scandinavia.
into smaller kingdoms. of the style, with its connections through the Church
Magnus the Good, son of Olof Haraldson and thereby organisation the direct cultural influences must have
a legitimate heir to the Norwegian crown but exiled had an impact as is also reflected in the style.
in Novgorod, was placed on the throne of Norway at The rune stones now became quite popular inspired
11 years of age. by the Jelling stone, and it is from this time we see the
Harold Harefoot, son of Cnut, inherited the throne most erected rune stones in Scandinavia with Uppland,
of England, and Cnut’s other son Harthacnut became Sweden forming the innovative centre. The influence
king of Denmark. Harthacnut eventually gained the from English stone carvers is evident, and the craft
power over England a few short years later when his may have been brought back to Scandinavia through
brother Harold died. But it was not long before he too the Norse settlements.
1090
Urnes Style c. 1050 — 1125
Shapes
Outlines
8
1 Extremely elongated
proportions (head almost Even outlines with slight tapering and almost without kinks and dents.
6
reduced to a mere ribbon
5
terminal).
2 Tendrils usually without
2 offshoots. A
7
3 Tightly scrolled tendril
terminals.
4 Tendrils with a single lobe.
1
5 Head in profile.
6 Almond-shaped eye.
7 Upper and lower lip-lappets.
8 Neck-tendril.
9
9 Spirals representing hip
3
joints.
Flow
Circular curves looping in A Figure-of-eights loops.
opposite directions.
4 1
Pattern
Open interlace with a more visible background.
Single-stranded ribbons.
Usually limited to only two ribbon widths.
Head
Body
Composition
Two basic schemes of interpenetrating loops:
1 Two intersecting ribbons of figure-of-eight loops (A, C).
B 2 Multi-loops – three or more intersecting ribbons (B, D).
Absence of axiality and symmetry.
C Balance in design is built by the fluent juxtaposition of the circular loops.
Motifs
Great Beasts, almost exclusively, and typically Occasional vegetal motives (not displayed
executed in a very similar and extremely here although the terminals of feet and tails in
B formalistic manner. illustration D are of vegetal origin).
The Throne of Norway The Conversion of Sweden Development sources, from which we get a tiny glimpse of the Norse
Harald Hardrada, the half-brother of Olaf Haraldson, There had been numerous attempts to convert the Where the Ringerike style skewed towards a more culture, history and events described by the contempo-
had fled to Kievan Rus’ after he and Olaf were Swedish regions of Scandinavia, but they were not elaborate tendency with numerous tendrils, sprouts rary native people of Scandinavia themselves.
defeated at the battle of Stiklestad. very successful due to the resistance of the Swedish and offshoots in the interlace patterns, the Urnes style
He became a captain in the army of Yaroslav the Wise, people with their deep-rooted Norse beliefs and their is much cleaner and almost geometric and modern. Openwork Brooches
king of the Rus’, and later went to Constantinople, strong traditions around the cult at Uppsala. Though the two styles may seem very different in their A common Urnes style find is the small openwork
where he earned great honour and wealth serving in None of the Christian Swedish Kings had the strength approach to the execution of animal ornament they brooches shaped like a great beast motif. The exact
the Byzantine Varangian Guard. nor the support to force the conversion, until the reign share a lot of common characteristics, among them execution can vary, but they all display a relatively
After fifteen years in the East, he returned to Norway of Inge the Elder, who was a devoted Christian. He is the fondness for the great beast motif invented in the simple figure-of-eights-loops intertwine of a larger
just before the death of Magnus the Good and soon known to have founded the first abbey in Sweden and Mammen style. Plant-based motifs on the other hand animal fighting one or two smaller and thinner
became king of Norway. acted harshly against pagan practices. vastly diminished in importance, although they were serpents.
not altogether abandoned.
The Throne of Denmark European Integration The Urnes Church
Sweyn Estridsson, who had served under Magnus the By now the Norse people in Scandinavia and around Dating But it is of cause the magnificent wood carving of
Good became king of Denmark. Though he was not a Europe had all converted in some form to the Christian The style can be approximately dated through dendro- the Urnes church, from which the style got its name,
direct successor of Cnut, he was the closest living legit- faith. Their leaders grew dependent on the Church to chronological samples of the surviving wood-carv- which comes to mind when recalling great examples
imate heir to the throne by his family link through his support their rule, and on every level, the societies of ings and dateable coins found in hoards together with of the style. The carvings originate from an earlier
mother, Cnut’s sister Estrid Svendsdatter, and he took Scandinavia became more and more dependent and Urnes style metalworks. church built on the site and were reused in the current
the matronymic surname Estridsson after her, empha- similar in culture and customs to the rest of continental surviving iteration of the stave-church.
sising his connection to the Royal Danish bloodline. Europe and the British Isles. The Runestone Style
Sweyn is often considered to be Denmark’s last Viking The development from the Ringerike style can be Distribution
Age king as well as the first Medieval one. traced across a large number of runic memorial The style is found throughout Scandinavia and the
stones spanning the period of transition, which are Norse settlements around Europe, and like the Ring-
The Norman Conquest of England mostly found in Uppland, Sweden. The transitional erike style it was partly adopted in Ireland and had
After securing his power as Duke of Normandy, style is therefore commonly mentioned by the name an afterlife here even when its popularity had faded
William the Conqueror who was a descendant of the runestone style. The runestone carvings consist of in contemporary Scandinavia.
Rollo launched the Norman conquest of England three main phases each dominated by one or more
and claimed the English throne. key craftsmen. Romanesque Art
In the pursuit of the English crown for himself, Harald The early phase was dominated by Asmund Karason, In Norse regions, the Urnes style transitioned towards
Hardrada died in the Battle of Stamford Bridge who is popularly described as the inventor of the style. and blended with the later Romanesque art, which
opposing the Anglo-Saxon king Harold Godwinson. His work includes some of the earliest multi-loop came to dominate the Christian European culture.
Later the same year Harold was defeated by William compositions.
who was then crowned king of England in London. The golden age dominated by Fot and Balli represents
A few years later Sweyn Estridsen made a couple of the middle period.
final attempts at reconquering the English throne to The later phase was dominated by Öpir who was an
reestablish the Great Norse Kingdom but failed. average craftsman with a limited repertoire but a large
These events are traditionally considered to mark the body of work with over eighty inscriptions attributed
end of the Viking Age. to him.
Some of these runestones describe events also known
from later sources like the Icelandic sagas and is, there-
fore, some of the only Norse contemporary written
1040
Harthacnut dies Examples
The end of Viking reign of England
1100 The Vreta Abbey in Sweden is founded by Inge the Elder Box tomb in Vreta monastery
Vreta, Östergötland, Sweden.
Urnes Style 77
1140
Greenland
Iceland
Thingvellir
Reykjavik
Scandinavia
Faroe Islands
Finland
Norway
Sweden
Shetland Islands
Oslo
Gulf of Finland Staraja Ladoga
Stockholm
Birka
Orkney Islands
Novgorod
Gotland
Hebrides
North America
Vinland North Sea
Scotland
Hedeby Gnezdovo
Slavic People
York
Ireland Isle of Man Jomsborg
Russia
Dublin
Danelaw Belarus
Atlantic Ocean
England Kievan Rus’
London Poland
Europe Germany
Hastings Kiev
Modern Region
Modern Placename France
Romania
Viking Age Area
Viking Age Town Italy
Coastline
Black Sea
Border Istanbul
Constantinople
Waterway Rome
City
Site Spain
Ring Fortress Greece Turkey
Byzantine Empire
Athens Middle East
Mediterranean Sea
African Continent
Lapland
Sami People
Scandinavia
Stiklestad
Västerbotten
Resources
Jämtland
Ångermanland
Trondheim
Trøndelag
These are the resources I rely on the most in
my work and of cause have been crucial in
Møre og Romsdal Medelpad researching and creating this guide.
Härjedalen
Norway
Hälsingland Books and articles
Sogn og Fjordane Oppland
Urnes Hedmark Signe Horn Fuglesang, 1982. Early Viking Art. Acta ad
Archaeologiam et Artium Historiam Pertinentia (Series altera in
8°) 125–173.
Gästrikland
Signe Horn Fuglesang, 1980. Some Aspects of the Ringerike
Hordaland Dalarna Style. Odense.
Buskerud
Askershus Sweden Signe Horn Fuglesang, 1981. ‘Stylistic Groups in Late Viking
Ringerike
Oslo Uppland and Early Romanesque Art’ Acta ad Archaeologiam et Artium
Historiam Pertinentia (Series altera in 8º) I: 79–125.
Uppsala
Telemark Värmland Västmanland Sigtuna
James Graham-Campbell, 2013. Viking Art. London.
Oseberg
Gokstad
Borre Østfold Stockholm Asger Jorn, Bente Magnus and Gerard Franceschi, 2005. Bird,
Birka Beast and Man in Nordic Iron Age Art.
Kaupang Närke Södermanland
Asger Jorn, Bente Magnus and Gerard Franceschi, 2005. Men,
Vestfold
Gods and Masks in Nordic Iron Age Art.
Mammen
Jutland The Norwegian collection
Aarhus Blekinge
unimus.no/foto
Denmark Scania
North Sea
Baltic Sea The Swedish collection
Jelling Lund
Zealand mis.historiska.se
Lejre flickr.com/historiska
Ribe
Funen
The British collection
https://britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx
artsandculture.google.com/partner/the-british-museum
Danevirke
Hedeby
Jomsborg
Poland
Mark Atchley
Shane Curran
Doug Hull
Peter Lillian
Ashira Malka
Eric Root
Want more?
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