CWI-Module 4 - Weld Joint Geometry & Welding Symbols (Compatibility Mode)

Module 4
Welding Geometry and Welding Symbols
Certified Welding Inspector Training Program (CWI) © CTWEL JSC 2013 Module 4 Page 4-1 / 80
Section Contents Page
1 Introduction 3
2 Welding joints 4
3 Welding symbols 37
4 Weld symbol Dimensioning 50
5 Key terms and definitions 76
Reference
1. Welding Inspection Technology, 2000
2. Welding Inspection Handbook, 2000
3. Welding Inspection of Steels course number 5 - WIS 5 (CSWIP 3.1/3.0)
4. AWS Welding Handbook, 9th Edition, 2001.
5. AWS A3.0:2001 Standard Welding Terms and Definitions.
6. AWS QC1, Standard for AWS Certification of Welding Inspectors
1. Introduction
 The determinations made about welding specifications are part of the design or
project engineers’ responsibility;
 Knowledge of welded joint terminology is essential in every day job

communication.
 There is a direct relationship between welded joint terms and supplementary

welding symbol data and dimensioning.
 It is imperative for the welding inspector to master these aspects of

communications.
2. Welding Joints
 In the 1994 revision of AWS A3.0,

Standard Terms and Definitions,
Figure 4.1. additional joint classifications
for flanged joints and spliced joints were
added.
 There are five basic joints used in
welded metal fabrication: butt, comer, T-,
lap, and edge. As illustrated in Figure
4.2, certain welds and weld symbols are
applicable to the five basic joint designs
2. Welding Joints
Types of Joints
2. Welding Joints
2. Welding Joints
Flanged joints, Figure 4.3, are formed into one of the five basic joint types in
which at least one of the joint members has a flanged edge shape at the weld joint.
2. Welding Joints
Figure 4.6 identifies basic edge shapes used in welded metal fabrication and the
welds applicable to each.
2. Welding Joints
Figure 4.6 identifies basic edge shapes used in welded metal fabrication and the
welds applicable to each.
2. Welding Joints
Figures 4.7 through 4.11, show the relationship between weld symbol
appearance and combinations of various edge shapes.
2. Welding Joints
Figures 4.7 through 4.11, show the relationship between weld symbol
appearance and combinations of various edge shapes.
2. Welding Joints
2. Welding Joints
2. Welding Joints
2. Welding Joints
2. Welding Joints
2. Welding Joints
2. Welding Joints
Parts of the Weld Joint

The nomenclature associated with these features include:
• joint root
• groove face
• root face
• root edge
• root opening
• bevel
• bevel angle
• groove angle
• groove radius
 Figure 4.12 illustrates some of the variations in the joint root for several
different joint designs. The joint roots are shown as shaded areas in sketches
(A)-(D), or a dark line in sketches (E) and (F).
2. Welding Joints
2. Welding Joints
2. Welding Joints
Types of Welds
 Using AWS A2.4, Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive
Examination, there are nine categories of welds associated with weld symbols
 The categories are:
(1) Groove Welds
(2) Fillet Welds
(3) Plug or Slot Welds
(4) Stud Welds
(5) Spot or Projection Welds
(6) Seam Welds
(7) Back or Backing Welds
(8) Surfacing Welds
(9) Edge Welds
2. Welding Joints
Groove Welds
A groove weld is “a weld made in a groove between the workpieces.” There
are eight types of groove welds:
(1) square-groove
(2) scarf
(3) V-groove
(4) bevel-groove
(5) U-groove
(6) J-groove
(7) flare-V-groove
(8) flare-bevel-groove
2. Welding Joints
Groove Welds
A groove weld is “a weld made in a groove between the workpieces.” There
are eight types of groove welds:
(1) square-groove
(2) scarf
(3) V-groove
(4) bevel-groove
(5) U-groove
(6) J-groove
(7) flare-V-groove
(8) flare-bevel-groove
2. Welding Joints
Fillet Welds
AWS A2.4 defines a fillet weld as “a weld of approximately triangular cross section
joining two surfaces approximately at right angles to each other in a lap joint, T-
joint, or comer joint.”
2. Welding Joints
Plug and Slot Welds

 Two types of welds used for joining overlapping members are plug and slot
welds.
 The plug weld is “a weld made in a circular hole in one member of a joint
fusing that member to another member.”
 A slot weld is “a weld made in an elongated hole in one member of a joint
fusing that member to another member.
2. Welding Joints
Spot and Projection Welds
 A spot weld is “a weld made between and upon overlapping members in which
coalescence.
 Projection welds are made using the resistance welding process
2. Welding Joints
Seam Welds
A seam weld is “a continuous weld made between or upon overlapping
members, in which coalescence may start and occur on the faying surfaces, or
may have proceeded from the outer surface of one member.
2. Welding Joints
Back and Backing Welds

 AWS A3.0 describes a back weld as “a weld made at the back of a single
groove weld.”
 A backing weld is “backing in the form of a weld.”
2. Welding Joints
Surfacing Welds
A surfacing weld is defined as “a weld applied to a surface, as opposed to

making a joint, to obtain desired properties or dimensions.”
• Buildup, “a surfacing variation in which surfacing material is deposited to chieve the
required dimensions.”
• Buttering, “a surfacing variation that deposits surfacing metal on one or more surfaces
to provide metallurgically compatible weld metal for the subsequent completion of a
weld.”
• Cladding, “a surfacing variation that deposits or applies surfacing material, usually to
improve corrosion or heat resistance.”
• Hardfacing, “a surfacing variation in which surfacing material is deposited to reduce
wear
2. Welding Joints
Edge Weds & completed weld

An edge weld is “a weld in an edge joint, a flanged butt joint, or a flanged
corner joint in which the full thickness of the members are fused.”
• Weld Face
• Weld Toe
• Weld Root
• Root Surface
• Face Reinforcement
• Root Reinforcement
2. Welding Joints
Fusion and Penetration Terminology

Depth of fusion
Fusion face
Meld interface
Heat affected zone

Root penetration
Joint penetration
2. Welding Joints
Weld Size Terminology
 To determine the size of a fillet weld, you must

first know whether the final weld configuration is
convex or concave.
 For the convex fillet weld, the leg and size are
equal.
 However, the size of a concave fillet weld is

slightly less than its leg length.
2. Welding Joints
Weld Size Terminology
2. Welding Joints
Weld Application Terminology

 A weld pass is a single progression of welding along a joint.
 The weld bead is that weld which results from a weld pass. Oscillation technique
 A weld layer is a single level of weld within a multiple-pass weld
2. Welding Joints

 The chain intermittent fillet weld has the increments on either
side of the joint directly opposite each other.
 Similarly, a staggered intermittent fillet weld is an intermittent

fillet weld on both sides of a joint in which the weld increments on
one side are alternated with respect to those on the other side
Boxing is defined as “the continuation of a fillet weld around

a comer of a member as an extension of the principal weld”
2. Welding Joints
 The backstep sequence is a technique has the direction of weld pass opposite that of the overall
progression of welding.
 A block sequence is defined as “a combined longitudinal … in which separated increments are
completely or partially welded before intervening increments are welded.”
 A cascade sequence is described as “a combined longitudinal and cross sectional sequence in which
weld passes are made in overlapping layers.”
2. Welding Joints
 Welding symbols provide a system for

placing complete welding information on
drawings
 AWS A2.4, Standard Symbols for

Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive
Examination
3. Welding Symbols
Weld Symbol vs. Welding Symbol
 All welding symbols require a reference line and an arrow; and these are
shown in Figure 4.37.
3. Welding Symbols
 The weld symbol

(see Figure 4.38)
identifies each specific
type of weld and is
only part of the total
information contained
in the welding symbol.
 Weld symbols are

drawn above and
below the reference
line of the welding
symbol.
3. Welding Symbols
 The welding symbol

(Figure 4.39) indicates the
total symbol, including all
information applied to it, to
specify the weld(s) required.
3. Welding Symbols
Welding Symbol Elements
A welding symbol may include the following elements:

• Reference Line (required element)
• Arrow (required element)
• Tail a6
GMAW
• Basic weld symbol
• Dimensions and other data 30o
• Supplementary symbols
• Finish symbols
• Specification, process, or other reference
3. Welding Symbols
3. Welding Symbols
3. Welding Symbols
Weld Symbol Locations
3. Welding Symbols
Weld Symbol Locations
3. Welding Symbols
Combined Weld Symbols
Some welded joints require

more than one type of weld. This
is a common occurrence in
groove welded joints for
structural fabrication.
3. Welding Symbols
Multiple Reference Lines
3. Welding Symbols
Supplementary Symbols
3. Welding Symbols
Supplementary Symbols
4. Welding Symbols Dimentioning
Fillet Welds
Rules:
 Fillet size is located to the left of the weld symbol
 Fillet length is placed to the right of the symbol.
 Pitch dimensions (center to center spacing) of welds are placed to the right of
the length dimension and separated by a hyphen.
 Chain intermittent fillet weld dimensions are placed on both sides of the
reference line;
 Staggered intermittent fillet welds are dimensioned in the same manner, with
welds placed on opposite sides of the joint, but not opposite of each other;
instead, they are spaced symmetrically.
Fillet Welds
Fillet Welds
Plug and Slot Welds
 Plug and slot welds are identified by the same weld symbol
 Three dimensioning elements distinguish plug welds from slot welds;
 first, plug weld diameter is measured as size, while slot welds are
measured for width.
 Second, a length dimension is used for slot welds
 Third, the location and orientation of slots must be shown on the
drawing (see Figures 4.67 and 4.69).
Plug and Slot Welds
Plug and Slot Welds
Stud Welds
The symbol is always placed below the reference line and points directly to the
surface where the studs are welded.
Figure 4.81—Applications of Stud

Weld Symbols
Surfacing Welds
The symbol always appears below the reference line.
Size (minimum thickness) dimensions are placed to the left of the weld symbol.
Figure 4.82—Surfacing Weld Dimensioning

Surfacing Welds
Figure 4.82—Surfacing Weld Dimensioning
Back or Backing Weld Symbols

Backing welds are made to the opposite side of a groove before the groove weld is applied.
Back welds are made after the groove has been welded, usually after some type of back
gouge operation.
Groove Welds
All groove weld symbols have an arrow-side, other-side, and both-sides significance.
Figure 4.88—Applications of Dimensions to Groove Weld Symbols

Groove Welds
Groove Welds
Groove Welds
Groove Welds
Groove Welds
Groove Welds
Figure 4.95—Partial Joint Penetration with Joint Geometry Optional
Groove Welds
Figure 4.97—Specifications of Root Openings for Groove Welds

Groove Welds
Figure 4.98—Specification of Groove Angle of Groove Welds

Groove Welds
Figure 4.99—Applications of Flush and Convex Contour Symbols

Supplementary Symbols for Groove Welds
Figure 4.103—Groove Welds with Backgouging

Supplementary Symbols for Groove Welds
Figure 4.103—Groove Welds with Backgouging

5. Key Terms and Definitions
The End!

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Module 4

Welding Geometry and Welding Symbols

 Knowledge of welded joint terminology is essential in every day job

 There is a direct relationship between welded joint terms and supplementary

 It is imperative for the welding inspector to master these aspects of

 In the 1994 revision of AWS A3.0,

Parts of the Weld Joint

Parts of the Weld Joint

Parts of the Weld Joint

Plug and Slot Welds

Spot and Projection Welds

Back and Backing Welds

A surfacing weld is defined as “a weld applied to a surface, as opposed to

Edge Weds & completed weld

Fusion and Penetration Terminology

Heat affected zone

Weld Size Terminology

 To determine the size of a fillet weld, you must

 However, the size of a concave fillet weld is

Weld Size Terminology

Weld Application Terminology

Weld Application Terminology

 Similarly, a staggered intermittent fillet weld is an intermittent

Boxing is defined as “the continuation of a fillet weld around

Weld Application Terminology

 Welding symbols provide a system for

 AWS A2.4, Standard Symbols for

Weld Symbol vs. Welding Symbol

Weld Symbol vs. Welding Symbol

 The weld symbol

 Weld symbols are

Weld Symbol vs. Welding Symbol

 The welding symbol

Welding Symbol Elements

A welding symbol may include the following elements:

Welding Symbol Elements

Welding Symbol Elements

Weld Symbol Locations

Weld Symbol Locations

Combined Weld Symbols

Some welded joints require

Multiple Reference Lines

Plug and Slot Welds

Plug and Slot Welds

Plug and Slot Welds

Spot and Projection Welds

Spot and Projection Welds

Spot and Projection Welds

Spot and Projection Welds

Figure 4.81—Applications of Stud

Figure 4.82—Surfacing Weld Dimensioning

Figure 4.82—Surfacing Weld Dimensioning

Back or Backing Weld Symbols

Figure 4.88—Applications of Dimensions to Groove Weld Symbols

Figure 4.95—Partial Joint Penetration with Joint Geometry Optional

Figure 4.97—Specifications of Root Openings for Groove Welds

Figure 4.98—Specification of Groove Angle of Groove Welds

Figure 4.99—Applications of Flush and Convex Contour Symbols

Supplementary Symbols for Groove Welds

Figure 4.103—Groove Welds with Backgouging

Supplementary Symbols for Groove Welds

Figure 4.103—Groove Welds with Backgouging

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